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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wheeled" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wheeled"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Wheeled</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wheeled-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wheeled subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wheeled-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unarmored" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unarmored"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Unarmored</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unarmored-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cycles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Cycles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ATVs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ATVs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>ATVs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ATVs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Cars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Buses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Boats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oyster_boats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oyster_boats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5.1</span> <span>Oyster boats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oyster_boats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cargo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cargo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.6</span> <span>Cargo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cargo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trucks_and_barges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trucks_and_barges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.6.1</span> <span>Trucks and barges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trucks_and_barges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armoured" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armoured"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Armoured</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armoured-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tracked" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracked"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tracked</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tracked-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tracked subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tracked-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unarmored_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unarmored_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Unarmored</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unarmored_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-M29_Weasel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#M29_Weasel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>M29 Weasel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-M29_Weasel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armored" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armored"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Armored</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armored-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tanks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Tanks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-unit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-unit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Multi-unit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-unit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deep_fording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deep_fording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Deep fording</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deep_fording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hovercraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hovercraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Hovercraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hovercraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Amphibious vehicle</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مركبة برمائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مركبة برمائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfibiya_ma%C5%9F%C4%B1n" title="Amfibiya maşın – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Amfibiya maşın" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кола-амфибия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кола-амфибия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_amfibi" title="Vehicle amfibi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vehicle amfibi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboj%C5%BEiveln%C3%A9_vozidlo" title="Obojživelné vozidlo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obojživelné vozidlo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibienfahrzeug" title="Amphibienfahrzeug – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amphibienfahrzeug" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veh%C3%ADculo_anfibio" title="Vehículo anfibio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vehículo anfibio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfibia_veturilo" title="Amfibia veturilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amfibia veturilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%A2%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="وسیله نقلیه آبی‌خاکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وسیله نقلیه آبی‌خاکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9hicule_amphibie" title="Véhicule amphibie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Véhicule amphibie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veh%C3%ADculo_anfibio" title="Vehículo anfibio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vehículo anfibio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%A5%99%EC%96%91%EC%9A%A9%EC%B0%A8" title="수륙양용차 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수륙양용차" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ամֆիբիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամֆիբիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8" title="उभयचर वाहन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उभयचर वाहन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfibija_(kopneno_vozilo)" title="Amfibija (kopneno vozilo) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Amfibija (kopneno vozilo)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehiculo_amphibie" title="Vehiculo amphibie – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vehiculo amphibie" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veicolo_anfibio" title="Veicolo anfibio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Veicolo anfibio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%91_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99" title="כלי רכב אמפיבי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כלי רכב אמפיבי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veculo_amfibin" title="Veculo amfibin – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Veculo amfibin" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfibievoertuig" title="Amfibievoertuig – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amfibievoertuig" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%99%B8%E4%B8%A1%E7%94%A8%E8%BB%8A" title="水陸両用車 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水陸両用車" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfibisk_kj%C3%B8ret%C3%B8y" title="Amfibisk kjøretøy – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amfibisk kjøretøy" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfibiske_k%C3%B8yret%C3%B8y" title="Amfibiske køyretøy – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Amfibiske køyretøy" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfibia_(pojazd)" title="Amfibia (pojazd) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Amfibia (pojazd)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C3%ADculo_anf%C3%ADbio" title="Veículo anfíbio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Veículo anfíbio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Машина-амфибия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Машина-амфибия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfibijsko_vozilo" title="Amfibijsko vozilo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Amfibijsko vozilo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Амфибијско возило – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Амфибијско возило" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfibiefordon" title="Amfibiefordon – Swedish" lang="sv" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_tank&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibious tank">Amphibious tank</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Vehicle capable of transport on both land and over/under water</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Formel1_hovercraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Formel1_hovercraft.jpg/151px-Formel1_hovercraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Formel1_hovercraft.jpg/227px-Formel1_hovercraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Formel1_hovercraft.jpg/302px-Formel1_hovercraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphicar-stuttgart-2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Amphicar-stuttgart-2005.jpg/133px-Amphicar-stuttgart-2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Amphicar-stuttgart-2005.jpg/200px-Amphicar-stuttgart-2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Amphicar-stuttgart-2005.jpg/266px-Amphicar-stuttgart-2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:102px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_Sealegs_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B82..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_Sealegs_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B82..jpg/154px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_Sealegs_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B82..jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_Sealegs_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B82..jpg/231px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_Sealegs_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B82..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_Sealegs_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B82..jpg/308px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_Sealegs_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B82..jpg 2x" data-file-width="3689" data-file-height="2450" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:102px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuma_Proving_Ground,_Arizona_(42188342504).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Yuma_Proving_Ground%2C_Arizona_%2842188342504%29.jpg/130px-Yuma_Proving_Ground%2C_Arizona_%2842188342504%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Yuma_Proving_Ground%2C_Arizona_%2842188342504%29.jpg/195px-Yuma_Proving_Ground%2C_Arizona_%2842188342504%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Yuma_Proving_Ground%2C_Arizona_%2842188342504%29.jpg/260px-Yuma_Proving_Ground%2C_Arizona_%2842188342504%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4043" data-file-height="3167" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LARC-V_(Iceland_-_Jokulsarlon_5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/LARC-V_%28Iceland_-_Jokulsarlon_5%29.jpg/288px-LARC-V_%28Iceland_-_Jokulsarlon_5%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/LARC-V_%28Iceland_-_Jokulsarlon_5%29.jpg/432px-LARC-V_%28Iceland_-_Jokulsarlon_5%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/LARC-V_%28Iceland_-_Jokulsarlon_5%29.jpg/576px-LARC-V_%28Iceland_-_Jokulsarlon_5%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4212" data-file-height="2808" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Some examples of amphibious vehicles: a hovercraft, an amphibious automobile, an amphibious boat, an amphibious tank, a specialized cargo vehicle</div></div></div></div> <p>An <b>amphibious vehicle</b> (or simply <b>amphibian</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Vehicle" title="Vehicle">vehicle</a> that works both on land and on or under water. Amphibious vehicles include amphibious <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_cycle" title="Amphibious cycle">bicycles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_ATV" title="Amphibious ATV">ATVs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_automobile" title="Amphibious automobile">cars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duckboats" class="mw-redirect" title="Duckboats">buses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">trucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Railroad_car" title="Railroad car">railway vehicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combat_vehicle" title="Combat vehicle">combat vehicles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">hovercraft</a>. </p><p>Classic <a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">landing craft</a> are not amphibious vehicles as they do not work on land, although they are part of <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious warfare</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ground_effect_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground effect vehicle">Ground effect vehicles</a>, such as <i>ekranoplans</i>, will likely crash on any but the flattest of landmasses so are also not considered to be amphibious vehicles. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_technical_notes">General technical notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_vehicle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General technical notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_VAB_propeller_dsc06844.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/French_VAB_propeller_dsc06844.jpg/220px-French_VAB_propeller_dsc06844.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/French_VAB_propeller_dsc06844.jpg/330px-French_VAB_propeller_dsc06844.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/French_VAB_propeller_dsc06844.jpg/440px-French_VAB_propeller_dsc06844.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Pod Water Jet on a French <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9hicule_de_l%27Avant_Blind%C3%A9" title="Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé">VAB</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Two main categories of amphibious vehicles are those that travel on an air cushion (<a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">Hovercraft</a>) and those that do not. Among the latter, many extend the off-road capabilities of land vehicles to all kinds of terrain, including ice, snow, mud, <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamp</a> etc. This explains why many designs use <a href="/wiki/Tracked_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracked vehicle">tracks</a> in addition to or instead of wheels, and in some cases have <a href="/wiki/Articulated_vehicle" title="Articulated vehicle">articulated</a> body configurations or other unconventional designs such as <a href="/wiki/Screw-propelled_vehicle" title="Screw-propelled vehicle">screw-propelled vehicles</a> which use auger-like barrels which propel a vehicle through muddy terrain with a twisting motion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Most land vehicles – even lightly armoured ones – can be made amphibious simply by providing them with a <a href="/wiki/Waterproof" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterproof">waterproof</a> <a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">hull</a> and perhaps a propeller. This is possible as a vehicle's <a href="/wiki/Displacement_(ship)" title="Displacement (ship)">displacement</a> is usually greater than its weight, and thus it will float. Heavily armoured vehicles however sometimes have a <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> greater than water (their weight in kilograms exceeds their volume in <a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">litres</a>) and will need additional <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a>, in the form of inflatable floatation devices, much like the sides of a rubber dinghy, or a waterproof fabric skirt raised from the top perimeter of the vehicle, to increase its displacement. </p><p>For propulsion in or on the water some vehicles simply spin their wheels or tracks,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others use <a href="/wiki/Screw_propeller" class="mw-redirect" title="Screw propeller">screw propeller</a>(s) or <a href="/wiki/Pump-jet" title="Pump-jet">water jet(s)</a>. Most amphibians will work only as a <a href="/wiki/Displacement_hull" class="mw-redirect" title="Displacement hull">displacement hull</a> when in the water – few can <a href="/wiki/Planing_(sailing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Planing (sailing)">hydroplane</a>, skimming over the water like <a href="/wiki/Motorboat" title="Motorboat">speedboats</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_vehicle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smithsonian_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_Conestoga_Wagon_(8307591214).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Smithsonian_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_Conestoga_Wagon_%288307591214%29.jpg/220px-Smithsonian_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_Conestoga_Wagon_%288307591214%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Smithsonian_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_Conestoga_Wagon_%288307591214%29.jpg/330px-Smithsonian_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_Conestoga_Wagon_%288307591214%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Smithsonian_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_Conestoga_Wagon_%288307591214%29.jpg/440px-Smithsonian_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_Conestoga_Wagon_%288307591214%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3701" data-file-height="2469" /></a><figcaption>A conestoga wagon</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the earliest known amphibious vehicles were amphibious carriages, the invention of which is credited to the Neapolitan <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> Prince <a href="/wiki/Raimondo_di_Sangro" title="Raimondo di Sangro">Raimondo di Sangro</a> of Sansevero<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in July 1770 or earlier, or <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bentham" title="Samuel Bentham">Samuel Bentham</a> whose design of 1781 was built in June 1987. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Conestoga_wagon" title="Conestoga wagon">conestoga wagon</a>, a type of a heavy covered wagon, was popular during the 18th and 19th century in the United States and Canada. The wagon was designed in such a way as to be able to cross rivers and streams.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oliver_Evans_-_Steam_carriage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Oliver_Evans_-_Steam_carriage.jpg/220px-Oliver_Evans_-_Steam_carriage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Oliver_Evans_-_Steam_carriage.jpg/330px-Oliver_Evans_-_Steam_carriage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Oliver_Evans_-_Steam_carriage.jpg/440px-Oliver_Evans_-_Steam_carriage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>Amphibious steam-powered carriage designed by Oliver Evans (1775–1819)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first known self-propelled amphibious vehicle, a steam-powered wheeled dredging barge, named the <i>Orukter Amphibolos</i>, was conceived and built by <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> inventor <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Evans" title="Oliver Evans">Oliver Evans</a> in 1805, although it is disputed to have successfully travelled over land or water under its own steam.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inventor <a href="/wiki/Gail_Borden" title="Gail Borden">Gail Borden</a>, better known for <a href="/wiki/Condensed_milk" title="Condensed milk">condensed milk</a>, designed and tested a <a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">sail</a>-powered <a href="/wiki/Wagon" title="Wagon">wagon</a> in 1849. On testing, it reportedly tipped over 50 feet (15 m) from shore, from an apparent lack of <a href="/wiki/Sailing_ballast" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailing ballast">ballast</a> to counteract the force of the wind in the sail.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alligator_boat_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Alligator_boat_1.jpg/220px-Alligator_boat_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Alligator_boat_1.jpg/330px-Alligator_boat_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Alligator_boat_1.jpg/440px-Alligator_boat_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alligator_boat" title="Alligator boat">Alligator tug</a> <i>Bonnechere</i>, 1907</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1870s, logging companies in eastern Canada and the northern United States developed a steam-powered amphibious tug called an <a href="/wiki/Alligator_boat" title="Alligator boat">"Alligator"</a> which could cross between lakes and rivers. The most successful Alligator tugs were produced by the firm of West and Peachey in <a href="/wiki/Simcoe,_Ontario" title="Simcoe, Ontario">Simcoe, Ontario</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the late 1920s, the efforts to unify a boat and an <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a> mostly came down to simply putting wheels and axles on a boat hull, or getting a rolling <a href="/wiki/Chassis" title="Chassis">chassis</a> to float by blending a boat-like hull with the car's frame.<sup id="cite_ref-Pohl_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pohl-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first reasonably well-documented cases was the 1905 amphibious petrol-powered carriage of T. Richmond (Jessup, Iowa, USA). Just like the world's <a href="/wiki/Benz_Patent_Motorwagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Benz Patent Motorwagen">first petrol-powered automobile</a> (1885, Carl Benz), it was a three-wheeler. The single front wheel provided direction, both on land and in the water. A three-cylinder petrol combustion-engine powered the oversized rear wheels. In order to get the wheels to provide propulsion in the water, fins or buckets would be attached to the rear wheel spokes. Remarkably the boat-like hull was one of the first integral bodies ever used on a car.<sup id="cite_ref-Pohl_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pohl-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1920s, many diverse amphibious vehicles designs have been created for a broad range of applications, including recreation, expeditions, search & rescue, and military, leading to a myriad of concepts and variants. In some of them, the amphibious capabilities are central to their purpose, whereas in others they are only an expansion to what has remained primarily a watercraft or a land vehicle. The design that came together with all the features needed for a practical all-terrain amphibious vehicle was by Peter Prell of New Jersey. His design, unlike others, could operate not only on rivers and lakes but the sea and did not require firm ground to enter or exit the water. It combined a boat-like hull with tank-like tracks. In 1931, he tested a scaled down version of his invention.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wheeled">Wheeled</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_vehicle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wheeled"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unarmored">Unarmored</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_vehicle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Unarmored"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cycles">Cycles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_vehicle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cycles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_cycle" title="Amphibious cycle">Amphibious cycle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amfibiefiets_Amphibious_bicycle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Amfibiefiets_Amphibious_bicycle.jpg/220px-Amfibiefiets_Amphibious_bicycle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Amfibiefiets_Amphibious_bicycle.jpg/330px-Amfibiefiets_Amphibious_bicycle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Amfibiefiets_Amphibious_bicycle.jpg/440px-Amfibiefiets_Amphibious_bicycle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>Amphibious bike 'Cyclomer', Paris, 1932</figcaption></figure> <p>An amphibious cycle is a <a href="/wiki/Human-powered_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-powered vehicle">human-powered vehicle</a> capable of operation on both land and water. "Saidullah's Bicycle"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uses four rectangular air filled floats for buoyancy, and is propelled using two fan blades which are attached to the spokes. Moraga's "Cyclo Amphibious"<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uses a simple tricycle frame to support three floaters which provide both the floatation and thrust. The wings on the powered wheels propel the vehicle in a similar way to a <a href="/wiki/Paddle_wheel" title="Paddle wheel">paddle wheel</a>. </p><p>The SBK Engineering Shuttle-Bike consists of two inflatable floats with straps that allow the carrying of a bicycle with a passenger. The ensemble, when deflated, fits in a backpack for carrying by the cyclist.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several amphibious cycles have been created by engineering students as university projects. </p><p>Gibbs Sports Amphibians Inc. introduced a motorized version of the amphibious cycle that resembles a jet ski on water and motorcycle on land. The model can reach up to 80 mph by land and 45 mph by water.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ATVs">ATVs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_vehicle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: ATVs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_ATV" title="Amphibious ATV">Amphibious ATV</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphibious-8x8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Amphibious-8x8.jpg/300px-Amphibious-8x8.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Amphibious-8x8.jpg/450px-Amphibious-8x8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Amphibious-8x8.jpg/600px-Amphibious-8x8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>Land Tamer amphibious 8x8 remote access vehicle</figcaption></figure> <p>Amongst the smallest non-air-cushioned amphibious vehicles are amphibious ATVs (all-terrain vehicles). These saw significant popularity in North America during the 1960s and early 1970s. Typically an amphibious ATV (AATV) is a small, lightweight, off-highway vehicle, constructed from an integral hard plastic or fibreglass bodytub, fitted with six (sometimes eight) driven wheels, with low pressure, balloon tires. With no suspension (other than what the tires offer) and no steering wheels, directional control is accomplished through skid-steering – just as on a tracked vehicle – either by braking the wheels on the side in the direction of the desired turn or by applying more throttle to the wheels on the opposite side. Most contemporary designs use garden tractor type engines, that will provide roughly 25 mph (40 km/h) top speed on land. </p><p>Constructed this way, an AATV will float with ample freeboard and is capable of traversing swamps, ponds, and streams as well as dry land. On land these units have high grip and great off-road ability, that can be further enhanced with an optional set of tracks that can be mounted directly onto the wheels. Although the spinning action of the tires is enough to propel the vehicle through the water – albeit slowly – outboard motors can be added for extended water use. </p><p>In October 2013, Gibbs Amphibians introduced the long-awaited Quadski, the first amphibious vehicle capable of traveling 45 mph on land or water. The Quadski was developed using Gibbs' High-Speed Amphibian technology, which Gibbs originally developed for the Aquada, an amphibious car, which the company has still not produced because of regulatory issues.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cars">Cars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_vehicle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_automobile" title="Amphibious automobile">Amphibious automobile</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_automobile" title="Amphibious automobile">Amphibious automobiles</a> have been conceived from ca. 1900; however, the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> significantly stimulated their development. Two of the most significant amphibious cars to date were developed during World War II. The most proliferous was the German <i><a href="/wiki/Schwimmwagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwimmwagen">Schwimmwagen</a></i>, a small jeep-like <a href="/wiki/4x4" class="mw-redirect" title="4x4">4x4</a> vehicle designed by the <a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a> engineering firm in 1942 and widely used in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The amphibious bodywork was designed by <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Komenda" title="Erwin Komenda">Erwin Komenda</a>, the firm's body construction designer, using the engine and drive train of the <i><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_K%C3%BCbelwagen" title="Volkswagen Kübelwagen">Kübelwagen</a></i>. An amphibious version of the <a href="/wiki/Willys_MB" title="Willys MB">Willys MB</a> jeep, the <a href="/wiki/Ford_GPA" title="Ford GPA">Ford GPA</a> or<i> 'Seep' </i>(short for <i>Sea jeep</i>) was developed during World War II as well. A specially modified GPA, called <a href="/wiki/Half-Safe" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-Safe">Half-Safe</a>, was driven and sailed around the world by Australian <a href="/wiki/Ben_Carlin" title="Ben Carlin">Ben Carlin</a> in the 1950s. </p><p>One of the most capable post-war amphibious off-roaders was the German <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphi-Ranger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amphi-Ranger (page does not exist)">Amphi-Ranger</a>, that featured a hull made of seawater-resistant <a href="/wiki/Birmabright" title="Birmabright">AlMg2</a> aluminium alloy. Extensively engineered, this costly vehicle was proven seaworthy at a <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_scale" title="Beaufort scale">Gale force</a> 10 storm off the North Sea coast (Pohl, 1998). Only about 100 were built – those who own one have found it capable of crossing the English Channel almost effortlessly. </p><p>Purely recreational amphibian cars include the 1960s <a href="/wiki/Amphicar" title="Amphicar">Amphicar</a> and the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Gibbs_Aquada" title="Gibbs Aquada">Gibbs Aquada</a>. With almost 4,000 pieces built, the Amphicar is still the most successfully produced civilian amphibious car to date. The Gibbs Aquada stands out due to its capability of high-speed planing on water. Gibbs built fifty Aquadas in the early 2000s after it was developed by a team assembled by founder Alan Gibbs before the company's engine supplier, Rover, was unable to continue providing engines. Gibbs and new partner Neil Jenkins reconstituted the company and are now seeking U.S. regulatory approval for the Aquada.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, a Southern California-based company named <a href="/wiki/WaterCar" title="WaterCar">WaterCar</a> set the Guinness World Record for Fastest Amphibious Vehicle, with their prototype, The Python, which reached top land speeds of 204 km/h (127 mph) and water speeds of 96 km/h (60 mph; 52 knots).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the company launched their first commercial vehicle, The Panther, which has been featured on ABC's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bachelor_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bachelor (U.S. TV series)">The Bachelor</a></i> as well as USA's <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Pains" title="Royal Pains">Royal Pains</a></i>. The WaterCar can do 80 mph (129 km/h) on land, and 44 mph (38 knots; 71 km/h) on sea, and can transition from land to sea in less than 15 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since its release, WaterCar has been popular in the Middle East, selling to the Embassy of the United Arab Emirates, with six additional vehicles being sold to the Crown Prince of Dubai. The WaterCar has also been sold to tech enthusiasts and residents of Silicon Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other amphibious cars include the US <a href="/wiki/Hydra_Spyder" title="Hydra Spyder">Hydra Spyder</a> and the Spira4u.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-721-0372-13A,_Frankreich,_Offiziere_in_Schwimmk%C3%BCbel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="VW Schwimmwagen in June 1944"><img alt="VW Schwimmwagen in June 1944" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-721-0372-13A%2C_Frankreich%2C_Offiziere_in_Schwimmk%C3%BCbel.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-721-0372-13A%2C_Frankreich%2C_Offiziere_in_Schwimmk%C3%BCbel.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-721-0372-13A%2C_Frankreich%2C_Offiziere_in_Schwimmk%C3%BCbel.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-721-0372-13A%2C_Frankreich%2C_Offiziere_in_Schwimmk%C3%BCbel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-721-0372-13A%2C_Frankreich%2C_Offiziere_in_Schwimmk%C3%BCbel.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-721-0372-13A%2C_Frankreich%2C_Offiziere_in_Schwimmk%C3%BCbel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Schwimmwagen" title="Volkswagen Schwimmwagen">VW Schwimmwagen</a> in June 1944</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Drozd%22_amphibious_vehicle_during_the_%22Armiya_2020%22_exhibition_(front_view).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Drozd" amphibious vehicle during the "Armiya 2020""><img alt=""Drozd" amphibious vehicle during the "Armiya 2020"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%22Drozd%22_amphibious_vehicle_during_the_%22Armiya_2020%22_exhibition_%28front_view%29.jpg/200px-%22Drozd%22_amphibious_vehicle_during_the_%22Armiya_2020%22_exhibition_%28front_view%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%22Drozd%22_amphibious_vehicle_during_the_%22Armiya_2020%22_exhibition_%28front_view%29.jpg/300px-%22Drozd%22_amphibious_vehicle_during_the_%22Armiya_2020%22_exhibition_%28front_view%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%22Drozd%22_amphibious_vehicle_during_the_%22Armiya_2020%22_exhibition_%28front_view%29.jpg/400px-%22Drozd%22_amphibious_vehicle_during_the_%22Armiya_2020%22_exhibition_%28front_view%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Drozd" amphibious vehicle during the "<a href="/wiki/Army_(International_Military-Technical_Forum)" title="Army (International Military-Technical Forum)">Armiya 2020</a>"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PICT6224_1_AMPHIBIOUS_LAND_ROVER_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Land Rover with inflatable floats to create a vehicle that will swim much like an improvised raft"><img alt="A Land Rover with inflatable floats to create a vehicle that will swim much like an improvised raft" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/PICT6224_1_AMPHIBIOUS_LAND_ROVER_1.jpg/200px-PICT6224_1_AMPHIBIOUS_LAND_ROVER_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/PICT6224_1_AMPHIBIOUS_LAND_ROVER_1.jpg/300px-PICT6224_1_AMPHIBIOUS_LAND_ROVER_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/PICT6224_1_AMPHIBIOUS_LAND_ROVER_1.jpg/400px-PICT6224_1_AMPHIBIOUS_LAND_ROVER_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="668" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Land_Rover_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Rover Series">Land Rover</a> with inflatable floats to create a vehicle that will swim much like an improvised raft</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WaterCar_Panther_at_High_Speeds.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Water Car Panther driving at High Speeds on Lake Havasu, AZ."><img alt="Water Car Panther driving at High Speeds on Lake Havasu, AZ." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/WaterCar_Panther_at_High_Speeds.jpg/200px-WaterCar_Panther_at_High_Speeds.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/WaterCar_Panther_at_High_Speeds.jpg/300px-WaterCar_Panther_at_High_Speeds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/WaterCar_Panther_at_High_Speeds.jpg/400px-WaterCar_Panther_at_High_Speeds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Panther_(amphibious_vehicle)" title="Panther (amphibious vehicle)">Water Car Panther</a> driving at High Speeds on Lake Havasu, AZ.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buses">Buses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_vehicle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Buses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Amfibus" title="Amfibus">Amfibus</a> amphibious buses made by Dutch Amphibious Transport (DAT) in <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a>, Netherlands are used to operate tours of <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a>, under the <i>Splashtours</i> brand. The buses have a <a href="/wiki/Volvo" title="Volvo">Volvo</a> chassis and carry 43 passengers. The operation started in 2010 in <a href="/wiki/Katendrecht" title="Katendrecht">Katendrecht</a>, Rotterdam, was copied in Amsterdam in 2011 but suspended in 2012 after technical problems, and then relaunched in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A tour of Lübeck was launched in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010 it was tested as a replacement for the <a href="/wiki/Renfrew_Ferry" title="Renfrew Ferry">ferry</a> at Renfrew, Scotland, but not adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar service, using different vehicles, operates in <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Splashtour_%27Amfibus%27_amphibious_bus,_An_der_Untertrave,_L%C3%BCbeck,_12_August_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Splashtour 'Amfibus' amphibious bus, An der Untertrave, Lübeck, 12 August 2020"><img alt="Splashtour 'Amfibus' amphibious bus, An der Untertrave, Lübeck, 12 August 2020" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Splashtour_%27Amfibus%27_amphibious_bus%2C_An_der_Untertrave%2C_L%C3%BCbeck%2C_12_August_2020.jpg/200px-Splashtour_%27Amfibus%27_amphibious_bus%2C_An_der_Untertrave%2C_L%C3%BCbeck%2C_12_August_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Splashtour_%27Amfibus%27_amphibious_bus%2C_An_der_Untertrave%2C_L%C3%BCbeck%2C_12_August_2020.jpg/300px-Splashtour_%27Amfibus%27_amphibious_bus%2C_An_der_Untertrave%2C_L%C3%BCbeck%2C_12_August_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Splashtour_%27Amfibus%27_amphibious_bus%2C_An_der_Untertrave%2C_L%C3%BCbeck%2C_12_August_2020.jpg/400px-Splashtour_%27Amfibus%27_amphibious_bus%2C_An_der_Untertrave%2C_L%C3%BCbeck%2C_12_August_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Splashtour 'Amfibus' amphibious bus, An der Untertrave, Lübeck, 12 August 2020</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphibious_bus_on_Thames_river.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amphibious tour bus – a converted DUKW – on Thames river in London near Lambeth Bridge."><img alt="Amphibious tour bus – a converted DUKW – on Thames river in London near Lambeth Bridge." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Amphibious_bus_on_Thames_river.jpg/106px-Amphibious_bus_on_Thames_river.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Amphibious_bus_on_Thames_river.jpg/160px-Amphibious_bus_on_Thames_river.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Amphibious_bus_on_Thames_river.jpg/213px-Amphibious_bus_on_Thames_river.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Amphibious tour bus – a converted <a href="/wiki/DUKW" title="DUKW">DUKW</a> – on Thames river in London near Lambeth Bridge.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Boats">Boats</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_vehicle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Boats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some amphibious vehicles, rather than being designed for land transport with the ability to cross water, are designed as water-transport vehicles with the ability to travel on land. The distinction is that the vehicles are designed to be high performing on water, with the land transport ability added to give additional functionality, rather than being the main function. <a href="/wiki/Sealegs_Amphibious_Craft" title="Sealegs Amphibious Craft">Sealegs Amphibious Craft</a> are an example of this, which are a range of aluminium three-wheeled fabricated boats (mostly <a href="/wiki/Rigid-hulled_inflatable_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigid-hulled inflatable boat">RIBs</a>) designed and manufactured in <a href="/wiki/Auckland,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Auckland, New Zealand">Auckland, New Zealand</a> since 2005. These craft can travel up to 39 knots on water, but travel at only 7.5 km/h on land, showing the preference for water performance in design. Various versions of this type of amphibious boat design have been produced, including the French <a href="/wiki/Iguana_Yachts" title="Iguana Yachts">Iguana Yacht</a>, an amphibious <a href="/wiki/Motorboat" title="Motorboat">motorboat</a> featuring all-terrain <a href="/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">tracks</a> (covered in the "Tracked" section below). </p><p>Recently,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> Gibbs Amphibians has developed a new type of amphibian, one capable of high speeds on both land and water. The vehicles use a patented hydraulic system to raise the wheels into the wheel wells, allowing the vehicles to plane on water. These vehicles can transition between land and water modes in about five seconds. The first Gibbs fast amphibian is the <a href="/wiki/Gibbs_Quadski" title="Gibbs Quadski">Quadski</a>, introduced in October 2012. It went on sale in January 2013.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTPROMOTION" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTPROMOTION"><span title="Material appears to be promotional in nature. (June 2021)">promotion?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berky_Amphi_King_Typ_6450.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amphibious boat used for water maintenance"><img alt="This amphibious boat 'amphi king' is used for maintaining waterways, like freeing them from water plants" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Berky_Amphi_King_Typ_6450.jpg/200px-Berky_Amphi_King_Typ_6450.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Berky_Amphi_King_Typ_6450.jpg/300px-Berky_Amphi_King_Typ_6450.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Berky_Amphi_King_Typ_6450.jpg/400px-Berky_Amphi_King_Typ_6450.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Amphibious boat used for water maintenance</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_Sealegs_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B82..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sealegs Amphibious Craft"><img alt="Sealegs Amphibious Craft" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_Sealegs_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B82..jpg/200px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_Sealegs_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B82..jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_Sealegs_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B82..jpg/300px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_Sealegs_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B82..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_Sealegs_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B82..jpg/400px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_Sealegs_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B82..jpg 2x" data-file-width="3689" data-file-height="2450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sealegs_Amphibious_Craft" title="Sealegs Amphibious Craft">Sealegs Amphibious Craft</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Oyster_boats">Oyster boats</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_vehicle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Oyster boats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oyster_boat,_Gorey.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Oyster_boat%2C_Gorey.JPG/220px-Oyster_boat%2C_Gorey.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Oyster_boat%2C_Gorey.JPG/330px-Oyster_boat%2C_Gorey.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Oyster_boat%2C_Gorey.JPG/440px-Oyster_boat%2C_Gorey.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Oyster boat in the harbour at <a href="/wiki/Gorey,_Jersey" title="Gorey, Jersey">Gorey, Jersey</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Since 1977, several boat builders in Brittany have built specialized amphibious vehicles for use in the area's <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">oyster farming</a> occupations. The boats are made of aluminium, are relatively flat-bottomed, and have three, four, or six wheels, depending on the size of the boat. When the tide is out the boats can run on the tidal flats using their wheels. When the tide is in, they use a propeller to move through the water. Oyster farmers in <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> make use of similar boats. Currently, <i>Constructions Maritimes du Vivier Amphibie</i> has a range of models.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cargo">Cargo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_vehicle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cargo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Trucks_and_barges">Trucks and barges</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_vehicle&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Trucks and barges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almost_a_duck_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6121934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Almost_a_duck_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6121934.jpg/220px-Almost_a_duck_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6121934.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Almost_a_duck_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6121934.jpg/330px-Almost_a_duck_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6121934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Almost_a_duck_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6121934.jpg/440px-Almost_a_duck_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6121934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Amphibious vehicle used by coastguard</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Duck_tours" class="mw-redirect" title="Duck tours">Duck tours</a></div> <p>With more than 20,000 units produced, the <a href="/wiki/DUKW" title="DUKW">DUKW</a> was the most successful amphibious truck of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. This 31-foot (9.4 m) <a href="/wiki/6x6" class="mw-redirect" title="6x6">6x6</a> truck was used to establish and supply beachheads. It was designed as a wartime project by <a href="/wiki/Sparkman_%26_Stephens" title="Sparkman & Stephens">Sparkman & Stephens</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Yacht" title="Yacht">yacht</a> design firm who also designed the hull for the <a href="/wiki/Ford_GPA" title="Ford GPA">Ford GPA 'Seep'</a>. Britain developed the <a href="/wiki/Terrapin_(amphibious_vehicle)" title="Terrapin (amphibious vehicle)">Terrapin</a> <a href="/wiki/8x8" title="8x8">8x8</a> amphibious cargo carrier which was used by <a href="/wiki/79th_Armoured_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="79th Armoured Division">79th Armoured Division</a> during the Walcheren campaign. While offering greater capacity than the DUKW, ease of operation favoured the DUKW. An improved version of the Terrapin never got beyond prototype stage. During the war, Germany produced the <i><a href="/wiki/Landwasserschlepper" title="Landwasserschlepper">Landwasserschlepper</a></i>. In the 1950s, the Soviets developed the <a href="/wiki/GAZ-46" title="GAZ-46">GAZ-46</a>, <a href="/wiki/BAV_485" title="BAV 485">BAV 485</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PTS_(amphibious_vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="PTS (amphibious vehicle)">PTS</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">US Army</a> used the amphibious articulated <a href="/wiki/Gama_Goat" title="Gama Goat">Gama Goat</a> and the larger <a href="/wiki/M520_Goer" title="M520 Goer">M520 Goer</a> truck-series to move supplies through the canals and <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">rice paddies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. The latter was based on a 1950s civil construction vehicle and became the US Army's standard heavy tactical truck before its replacement by the <a href="/wiki/HEMTT" class="mw-redirect" title="HEMTT">HEMTT</a>. Although the vehicles' wheels were mounted without suspension or steering action, and land speeds over 20 mph (32 km/h) were ill-advised, its articulated design provided it with good maneuverability and helped it to keep all four wheels firmly in touch with uneven ground. Coupled with its amphibious capability, in the Vietnam War, the <a href="/wiki/M520_Goer" title="M520 Goer">M520 Goer</a> developed a reputation of being able to go where other trucks could not. </p><p>For taking vehicles and supplies onto the beaches the US used the 1950s designed <a href="/wiki/LARC-V" title="LARC-V">LARC-V</a> and the huge <a href="/wiki/LARC-LX" title="LARC-LX">LARC-LX</a> which could carry 60 tons of cargo. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> used the 6x6 wheeled <a href="/wiki/Alvis_Stalwart" title="Alvis Stalwart">Alvis Stalwart</a> as their amphibious cargo carrier. In the water <a href="/wiki/Vectored_thrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Vectored thrust">vectored thrust</a> water-jet propulsion units drove it along at about 6 knots. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/M3_Amphibious_Rig" title="M3 Amphibious Rig">M3 Amphibious Rig</a> can be used as a ferry or as a floating bridge for trucks and heavy combat vehicles. </p><p>Gibbs has also developed other types of fast amphibians including the Phibian, a 30-foot (9.1 m) amphibian that is aimed at first responder market, and the Humdinga, a 21-foot (6.4 m) amphibian that is capable of traversing extreme terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DUKW.image2.army.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A DUKW during World War II"><img alt="A DUKW during World War II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/DUKW.image2.army.jpg/200px-DUKW.image2.army.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/DUKW.image2.army.jpg/300px-DUKW.image2.army.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/DUKW.image2.army.jpg/400px-DUKW.image2.army.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="587" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/DUKW" title="DUKW">DUKW</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alvis_Stalwart_W%26P2011.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A British Alvis Stalwart"><img alt="A British Alvis Stalwart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Alvis_Stalwart_W%26P2011.JPG/200px-Alvis_Stalwart_W%26P2011.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Alvis_Stalwart_W%26P2011.JPG/300px-Alvis_Stalwart_W%26P2011.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Alvis_Stalwart_W%26P2011.JPG/400px-Alvis_Stalwart_W%26P2011.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A British <a href="/wiki/Alvis_Stalwart" title="Alvis Stalwart">Alvis Stalwart</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LARC_V_vehicle.JPEG" class="mw-file-description" title="A LARC-V 5-ton U.S. amphibious cargo vehicle"><img alt="A LARC-V 5-ton U.S. amphibious cargo vehicle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/LARC_V_vehicle.JPEG/200px-LARC_V_vehicle.JPEG" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/LARC_V_vehicle.JPEG/300px-LARC_V_vehicle.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/LARC_V_vehicle.JPEG/400px-LARC_V_vehicle.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="1038" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/LARC-V" title="LARC-V">LARC-V</a> 5-ton U.S. amphibious cargo vehicle</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armoured">Armoured</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_vehicle&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Armoured"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BTR-80_coming_ashore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/BTR-80_coming_ashore.jpg/220px-BTR-80_coming_ashore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/BTR-80_coming_ashore.jpg/330px-BTR-80_coming_ashore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/BTR-80_coming_ashore.jpg/440px-BTR-80_coming_ashore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>BTR-80s coming ashore, engine snorkels and waterjet deployed</figcaption></figure> <p>Many modern military vehicles, ranging from light wheeled command and reconnaissance vehicles, through <a href="/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier" title="Armoured personnel carrier">armoured personnel carriers</a> (APCs), <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibious warfare ships">amphibious warfare ships</a>, are manufactured with amphibious capabilities. </p><p>The French <a href="/wiki/Panhard_VBL" class="mw-redirect" title="Panhard VBL">Panhard VBL</a> is a compact, lightly armoured <a href="/wiki/4x4" class="mw-redirect" title="4x4">4x4</a> all-terrain vehicle that is fully amphibious and can swim at 5.4 km/h (3.4 mph). The <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9hicule_de_l%27Avant_Blind%C3%A9" title="Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé">VAB</a> is a French fully amphibious APC, powered in the water by two water jets, mounted one on either side of the rear hull (<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#General_technical_notes">see detail picture above</a>). It entered service in 1976 and around 5000 were produced in many configurations. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet bloc">Soviet bloc</a> states developed a number of amphibious APCs, fighting vehicles and tanks, both wheeled and tracked. Most of the vehicles the Soviets designed were amphibious or could ford deep water. Wheeled examples are the <a href="/wiki/BRDM-1" title="BRDM-1">BRDM-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/BRDM-2" title="BRDM-2">BRDM-2</a> <a href="/wiki/4x4" class="mw-redirect" title="4x4">4x4</a> armoured scout cars, as well as the <a href="/wiki/BTR-60" title="BTR-60">BTR-60</a>, <a href="/wiki/BTR-70" title="BTR-70">BTR-70</a>, <a href="/wiki/BTR-80" title="BTR-80">BTR-80</a> and <a href="/wiki/BTR-94" title="BTR-94">BTR-94</a> <a href="/wiki/Eight-wheel_drive" title="Eight-wheel drive">8x8</a> APCs and the <a href="/wiki/BTR-90" title="BTR-90">BTR-90</a> <a href="/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">infantry fighting vehicle</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tracked">Tracked</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_vehicle&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tracked"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unarmored_2">Unarmored</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_vehicle&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Unarmored"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="M29_Weasel">M29 Weasel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_vehicle&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: M29 Weasel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/M29_Weasel" title="M29 Weasel">M29 Weasel</a> (Studebaker Weasel), whilst originally designed as a snow vehicle, operated successfully in an amphibious role by the addition of front and rear floats. The basic vehicle will float but its bow is square so the additional floats add stability and load carrying capacity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armored">Armored</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_vehicle&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Armored"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AAV-australia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/AAV-australia.jpg/220px-AAV-australia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/AAV-australia.jpg/330px-AAV-australia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/AAV-australia.jpg/440px-AAV-australia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="1012" /></a><figcaption>Two U.S. Marine Corps <a href="/wiki/Assault_Amphibious_Vehicle" title="Assault Amphibious Vehicle">AAV-7s</a> emerge from the Aberdeen.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acrossthescheldt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Acrossthescheldt.jpg/220px-Acrossthescheldt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Acrossthescheldt.jpg/330px-Acrossthescheldt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Acrossthescheldt.jpg/440px-Acrossthescheldt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Landing_Vehicle_Tracked" title="Landing Vehicle Tracked">LVT</a> 'Buffalos' taking Canadian troops across the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Scheldt in 1944</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tracked armored vehicles with amphibious capabilities include those that are intended for use in <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_assault" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibious assault">amphibious assault</a>. The United States started developing a long line of LVT (<a href="/wiki/Landing_Vehicle_Tracked" title="Landing Vehicle Tracked">Landing Vehicle Tracked</a>) designs from around 1940. </p><p>Many tracked armored vehicles that are primarily intended for land-use, such as <a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">armoured fighting vehicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier" title="Armoured personnel carrier">armoured personnel carriers</a> nevertheless also have amphibious ability, tactically useful inland, reducing dependence on destroyable and easily targeted bridges. To provide motive power, they use their <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Caterpillar track">tracks</a>, sometimes with an added propeller or water jets. As long as the opposite bank has a shallow enough slope for the vehicle to climb out within a few miles, they can cross rivers and water obstacles. An American example is the <a href="/wiki/M113_Armored_Personnel_Carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="M113 Armored Personnel Carrier">M113 Armored Personnel Carrier</a>. Soviet examples are the <a href="/wiki/PT-76" title="PT-76">PT-76</a> amphibious tank, and the <a href="/wiki/BTR-50" title="BTR-50">BTR-50</a> and <a href="/wiki/MT-LB" title="MT-LB">MT-LB</a> APCs based on its chassis. </p><p>Some heavier tanks have an amphibious mode in which a fabric skirt is needed to add <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">Sherman</a> <a href="/wiki/DD_tank" title="DD tank">DD tank</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">D-Day invasion</a> had this setup. When in water the waterproof float screen was raised and propellers deployed. The M2 and M3 Bradleys also need such a skirt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tanks">Tanks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_vehicle&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tanks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of World War I a <a href="/wiki/Mark_IX_tank" title="Mark IX tank">Mark IX tank</a> had drums attached to the side and front and was tested as an amphibious vehicle launched into <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendon_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hendon Reservoir (page does not exist)">Hendon Reservoir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A modified <a href="/wiki/Medium_Mark_D" title="Medium Mark D">Medium Mark D</a> successfully swam in a river near Christchurch.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 1930s, Vickers had developed an amphibious tank. By using very thin armour, flotation could be achieved without external buoyancy aids. The British Army trialled the <a href="/wiki/Vickers-Carden-Loyd_Light_Amphibious_Tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Vickers-Carden-Loyd Light Amphibious Tank">Vickers-Carden-Loyd Light Amphibious Tank</a> but did not adopt it for service use. An order was placed with Vickers by the USSR for a small number of tanks. After negotiations to purchase the Vickers tank by Poland failed, they developed their own design the <a href="/wiki/PZIn%C5%BC_130" title="PZInż 130">PZInż 130</a> but dropped the idea of amphibious tanks as obsolete. A pontoon based tank, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=L1E3_Tank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L1E3 Tank (page does not exist)">L1E3</a>, was produced by Vickers in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-Fletcher5_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fletcher5-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was tested but further work was halted during WW2.<sup id="cite_ref-Fletcher5_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fletcher5-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was tested again at the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Fletcher5_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fletcher5-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In World War II the British further developed amphibious tanks. The <a href="/wiki/Crusader_tank" title="Crusader tank">Crusader</a> was trialled with two pontoons that could be attached or removed, the tracks driving the tank in the water. The "Medium Tank A/T 1" was a tank with inbuilt buoyancy some 24 ft (7.3 m) long and 11 ft (3.4 m) tall. The Valentine, then the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman tank">M4 Sherman</a> medium tank were made amphibious with the addition of a rubberized canvas screen to provide additional <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a> and propellers driven by the main engine to give propulsion. These were <a href="/wiki/DD_tank" title="DD tank">DD tanks</a> (from "Duplex Drive") and the Sherman DD was used on <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a> to provide close fire support on the beaches during the initial landings. The Sherman DD could not fire when afloat as the buoyancy screen was higher than the gun. A number swamped and sank in the operation, due to rough weather in the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> (with some tanks having been launched too far out), and to turning in the current to converge on a specific point on the battlefield, which allowed waves to breach over the screens. Those making it ashore, however, provided essential fire support in the first critical hours. </p><p>Before World War II, The Soviets produced light amphibious tanks called the <a href="/wiki/T-37A_tank" title="T-37A tank">T-37A</a> and <a href="/wiki/T-38_tank" title="T-38 tank">T-38</a>. A third serial model, the <a href="/wiki/T-40" class="mw-redirect" title="T-40">T-40</a>, started production after the beginning of the war. A 14-ton tank, the PT-1, was created but was not mass-produced. In addition, an attempt was made to attach pontoons to the <a href="/wiki/T-26" title="T-26">T-26</a>. While successful, the project was closed due to the high vulnerability and unwieldiness of the construction. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Light_tank" title="Light tank">light tanks</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/PT-76" title="PT-76">PT-76</a> are amphibious, typically being propelled in the water by <a href="/wiki/Hydrojet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrojet">hydrojets</a> or by their tracks. In 1969, the U.S. Army rushed the new <a href="/wiki/M551_Sheridan" title="M551 Sheridan">M551 Sheridan</a> to Vietnam. This 17-ton light tank was built with an aluminium hull, steel turret, and the 152 mm "gun-launcher" (which could fire the <a href="/wiki/MGM-51_Shillelagh" title="MGM-51 Shillelagh">MGM-51 Shillelagh</a> missile), and could swim across bodies of water. The M551 upon arrival in Vietnam began replacing the <a href="/wiki/M48_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="M48 tank">M48A3 Patton</a> in all cavalry squadrons, leaving only the M48A3 in the U.S. Army's three armored battalions in Vietnam, the 1/77th, 1/69th, and the <a href="/wiki/34th_Armor_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="34th Armor Regiment (United States)">2/34th Armor</a>. The Sheridan needed no modifications for river crossings: crewmen simply raised the cloth sides that were tucked inside rubber tubes along the hull's upper edges, raised the driver's front shield which had an <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrylic glass">acrylic glass</a> window, the driver turned on his bilge pumps, shifted his transmission lever to water operations and the Sheridan entered the water. For newly arrived Sheridans, this might work as engineered. For "war-weary" M551s, the driver's window was often "yellowed" or cracked as to obscure his vision, and the rubber tubes that contained the rolled up side sleeves were often cracked or frozen into place. The Sheridan could still cross a body of water, but like its swimming cousin, the <a href="/wiki/M113_armored_personnel_carrier" title="M113 armored personnel carrier">M113 armoured personnel carrier</a>, also built of aluminium) the river had to be narrow, less than 100 yards (100 m). In all cases, the bilge pumps had to be working properly, and even then by the time the Sheridan or the APC reached the other side, water would often fill the insides up to their armoured roofs, spilling through the hatches' cracks and emptying onto the earth once safely ashore. Often a fold-down trim vane is erected to stop water washing over the bow of the tank and thus reducing the risk of the vehicle being swamped via the driver's hatch. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the Swedish <a href="/wiki/Stridsvagn_103" title="Stridsvagn 103">Stridsvagn 103</a> main battle tank carried flotation gear all the time and was, therefore, theoretically, always amphibious. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vickers_Light_Amphibious_Tank.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vickers Carden Loyd amphibious tank"><img alt="Vickers Carden Loyd amphibious tank" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Vickers_Light_Amphibious_Tank.jpg/200px-Vickers_Light_Amphibious_Tank.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Vickers_Light_Amphibious_Tank.jpg/300px-Vickers_Light_Amphibious_Tank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Vickers_Light_Amphibious_Tank.jpg/400px-Vickers_Light_Amphibious_Tank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vickers Carden Loyd amphibious tank</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DD-Tank.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1944 Sherman DD (Duplex Drive) amphibious tank with float screens lowered"><img alt="1944 Sherman DD (Duplex Drive) amphibious tank with float screens lowered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/DD-Tank.jpg/200px-DD-Tank.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/DD-Tank.jpg/300px-DD-Tank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/DD-Tank.jpg/400px-DD-Tank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="572" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1944 Sherman DD (Duplex Drive) amphibious tank with float screens lowered</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PT_76_7_DOW_TBiU_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Polish PT-76 amphibious light tank coming out of the water during an amphibious exercise"><img alt="A Polish PT-76 amphibious light tank coming out of the water during an amphibious exercise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PT_76_7_DOW_TBiU_12.jpg/200px-PT_76_7_DOW_TBiU_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PT_76_7_DOW_TBiU_12.jpg/300px-PT_76_7_DOW_TBiU_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PT_76_7_DOW_TBiU_12.jpg/400px-PT_76_7_DOW_TBiU_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1767" data-file-height="1110" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Polish PT-76 amphibious light tank coming out of the water during an amphibious exercise</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-unit">Multi-unit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_vehicle&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Multi-unit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_5055th_Range_Squadron_M973_SUSV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/US_5055th_Range_Squadron_M973_SUSV.jpg/220px-US_5055th_Range_Squadron_M973_SUSV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/US_5055th_Range_Squadron_M973_SUSV.jpg/330px-US_5055th_Range_Squadron_M973_SUSV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/US_5055th_Range_Squadron_M973_SUSV.jpg/440px-US_5055th_Range_Squadron_M973_SUSV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2810" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Hagglunds Bv206 in US military service as M-973 SUSV (small unit support vehicle)</figcaption></figure> <p>According to a 1999 article in <i>Military Parade</i> magazine,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> multi-unit, all-terrain transport vehicles were first proposed by the British in 1913, and by the 1950s, over 40 types of articulated tracked vehicles (ATV) were in production. The articulated tracked concept is chosen primarily for its combination of high maneuverability, cross-country abilities, and load-carrying capacity. In some cases the design is made amphibious, giving them all-terrain capability in the truest sense. Usually, the front unit houses at least the engine, gearboxes, fuel tank(s) and the driver's compartment, and perhaps there is some space left for cargo or passengers, whereas the rear unit is the primary load carrier. </p><p>Examples of this concept are the Russian <a href="/wiki/Vityaz_(ATV)" title="Vityaz (ATV)">Vityaz</a>, Swedish Volvo <a href="/wiki/Bandvagn_202" title="Bandvagn 202">Bv202</a> and Hagglunds <a href="/wiki/Bandvagn_206" title="Bandvagn 206">Bv206</a> designs, and the <a href="/wiki/Bronco_All_Terrain_Tracked_Carrier" title="Bronco All Terrain Tracked Carrier">Bronco All Terrain Tracked Carrier</a> of Singapore. </p><p>A highly specialised development is the ARKTOS Craft, that uses a linkage with two joints to connect the two units and each unit having independent drive systems, giving enhanced mobility and redundancy. They are capable of climbing large ice steps from open water.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deep_fording">Deep fording</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_vehicle&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Deep fording"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deep_wading" title="Deep wading">Deep wading</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leopard_2A4_-_Turm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Leopard_2A4_-_Turm.jpg/220px-Leopard_2A4_-_Turm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Leopard_2A4_-_Turm.jpg/330px-Leopard_2A4_-_Turm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Leopard_2A4_-_Turm.jpg/440px-Leopard_2A4_-_Turm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2491" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption>German <a href="/wiki/Leopard_2" title="Leopard 2">Leopard 2</a>A4 with turret snorkel, 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>Some military vehicles are capable of "wading" using waterproof screens to keep the upper hull dry. In World War II the tanks following the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_DD" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman DD">Sherman DDs</a> were given waterproofed hulls and trunking was fixed to the engine intakes and exhausts to allow them to come ashore from landing craft in shallow water. The Germans gave their <a href="/wiki/Tiger_I" title="Tiger I">Tiger tank</a> a long <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_snorkel" title="Vehicle snorkel">snorkel</a>, essentially a long tube on the commander's hatch that allowed it to wade through four metres of water. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Leopard_2" title="Leopard 2">Leopard 2</a> tank can use a series of rings to create a long tube. This tube is then fitted to the crew commander's hatch and provides air and an escape route for the crew. The height of the tube is limited to around three meters. </p><p>The Russian <a href="/wiki/T-90" title="T-90">T-90</a> tank is also able to perform deep fording operations. The Russian snorkel is only a few inches around and does not provide a crew escape path, but it can be stored on the tank. </p><p>Some civilian deep wading vehicles achieve their capability by means of legs or <a href="/wiki/Stilts" title="Stilts">stilts</a> to raise the body of the vehicle from its wheels. One example is the <a href="/wiki/Sea_tractor" title="Sea tractor">sea tractor</a>, a motor vehicle that can travel through shallow water, with driver and passengers on a raised platform. Another is the <a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Rottingdean_Seashore_Electric_Railway" title="Brighton and Rottingdean Seashore Electric Railway">Brighton and Rottingdean Seashore Electric Railway</a>, a coastline railway that ran on submerged rails through the shallow coastal waters of the English Channel between 1896 and 1901. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hovercraft">Hovercraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_vehicle&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hovercraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">Hovercraft</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SRN4_Hovercraft_Mountbatten_Class.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/SRN4_Hovercraft_Mountbatten_Class.jpg/220px-SRN4_Hovercraft_Mountbatten_Class.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/SRN4_Hovercraft_Mountbatten_Class.jpg/330px-SRN4_Hovercraft_Mountbatten_Class.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/SRN4_Hovercraft_Mountbatten_Class.jpg/440px-SRN4_Hovercraft_Mountbatten_Class.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1756" data-file-height="1128" /></a><figcaption>BHC <a href="/wiki/SR.N4" title="SR.N4">SR.N4</a> Mk.3, a large civilian hovercraft</figcaption></figure> <p>An air-cushion vehicle (ACV) or <a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">hovercraft</a> can travel over land or water supported by a cushion of air ejected downwards against the surface below it.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In principle, a hovercraft can travel over any sufficiently smooth surface: solid, liquid, mixed, or anything in between. Large hovercraft, riding on an air-cushion contained by skirts several meters tall, can deal with obstacles 1 to 2 meters in height. The smallest <a href="/wiki/Personal_hovercraft" title="Personal hovercraft">personal hovercraft</a> are nimble enough to follow some rolling of the terrain. </p><p>One of the benefits of this type of amphibious craft is the possibility of making them large – the British-built <a href="/wiki/SR.N4" title="SR.N4">SR.N4</a> Mk.3 ferries could carry dozens of vehicles. ACVs have a high speed over water (an SR.N4 Mk.1 could do 83 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">knots</a> (95 mph or 154 km/h)) and can make the transition between land and water at speed – unlike most wheeled or tracked amphibians. Drawbacks are high fuel consumption and noise levels. </p><p>For some military applications wheeled and tracked amphibious vehicles are slowly being supplanted by <a href="/wiki/Air-cushioned_landing_craft" title="Air-cushioned landing craft">air-cushioned landing craft</a>. The hovercraft's ability to distribute its laden weight evenly across the surface below it makes it well suited to the role of amphibious landing craft. The US Navy <a href="/wiki/Landing_Craft_Air_Cushion" title="Landing Craft Air Cushion">LCAC</a> can take troops and materials (if necessary an <a href="/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a> tank) from ship to shore and can access more than 70% of the world's coastline, as opposed to conventional landing craft, which are only capable of landing along 17% of that coastline. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_media">In media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_vehicle&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The BBC television series <i><a href="/wiki/Top_Gear_(2002_TV_series)" title="Top Gear (2002 TV series)">Top Gear</a></i> has, on several occasions, used amphibious vehicles as the basis for <a href="/wiki/Top_Gear_challenges" title="Top Gear challenges">challenges</a>. In S08E03, <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Clarkson" title="Jeremy Clarkson">Clarkson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hammond" title="Richard Hammond">Hammond</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_May" title="James May">May</a> competed to see who could build the best amphibious car, starting with a used vehicle of their choice. Clarkson used a <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Hilux" title="Toyota Hilux">Toyota Hilux</a>, which he nicknamed the "Toybota", and powered it with a large <a href="/wiki/Outboard_motor" title="Outboard motor">outboard motor</a>. Hammond used a <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Vanagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Vanagon">Volkswagen Vanagon</a>, which he combined with a boat hull to build a drivable <a href="/wiki/Cabin_cruiser" title="Cabin cruiser">cabin cruiser</a> called the "Dampervan". May started with a <a href="/wiki/Triumph_Herald" title="Triumph Herald">Triumph Herald</a> and fitted it with a sail. During the challenge, which was to drive across a <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoir</a>, the Toybota made it almost all the way to the end before <a href="/wiki/Capsizing" title="Capsizing">capsizing</a>, the Dampervan immediately sank, and the Triumph was the only vehicle to complete the trip, although it took a very long time to do so. </p><p>The show returned to the concept in S10E02, when the presenters built updated versions of their designs with lessons learned from the first time. Clarkson built his "Nissank" out of a <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Hardbody" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissan Hardbody">Nissan Hardbody</a>, the overall design being very similar to the Toybota, but now with <a href="/wiki/Oil_drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil drums">oil drums</a> as stabilizers. Hammond built a near-identical Dampervan, which had many of the same problems as its predecessor. May used the same actual vehicle as before, with only minor improvements (including a retractable <a href="/wiki/Daggerboard" title="Daggerboard">daggerboard</a>). The challenge was to drive the cars across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>. Hammond's vessel sank shortly after departing, and May's couldn't depart due to bad winds, and as such all three presenters ended up making the trip aboard Clarkson's vehicle. Along the way, they attempted to beat <a href="/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson">Richard Branson</a>'s world record for crossing the channel in an amphibious vehicle, but failed. The pickup truck successfully crossed the channel and landed in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, although they ended up in <a href="/wiki/Sangatte" title="Sangatte">Sangatte</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>, their intended destination. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Top_Gear_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Top Gear USA">Top Gear USA</a></i> featured a very similar challenge in S04E06. Their vehicles were a <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf" title="Volkswagen Golf">Volkswagen Golf</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Rutledge_Wood" title="Rutledge Wood">Rutledge Wood</a> combined with a Sea Ray boat; a <a href="/wiki/Jeep_Wrangler_YJ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeep Wrangler YJ">Jeep Wrangler YJ</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferrara" title="Adam Ferrara">Adam Ferrara</a> turned into an <a href="/wiki/Airboat" title="Airboat">airboat</a>; and a <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Conquest" class="mw-redirect" title="Plymouth Conquest">Plymouth Conquest</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Tanner_Foust" title="Tanner Foust">Tanner Foust</a> turned into a speedboat called the "Turboat". In the initial tests, the VW had issues on both water and land, the Jeep worked well on water but not on land (the airboat motor left him stranded on the highway), and the Turboat performed well on land but sank immediately in the water. The Jeep sank as well after Foust and Ferrara got into an impromptu sea battle. All three presenters then attempted to cross <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a> in the VW. Foust abandoned the trip halfway through, being picked up by a friend's yacht. Wood and Ferrara made it to the Canadian border, but were turned away because they did not bring <a href="/wiki/Passports" class="mw-redirect" title="Passports">passports</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_vehicle&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibian_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibian aircraft">Amphibian aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_automobile" title="Amphibious automobile">Amphibious automobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_excavator" title="Amphibious excavator">Amphibious excavator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_(nautical)" title="Float (nautical)">Float (nautical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle" title="Paddle">Paddle</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_vehicle&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHanlon2007" class="citation web cs1">Hanlon, Mike (28 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gizmag.com/go/6906/">"Killer amphibious vehicle - 39 mph on water and 55 mph on land"</a>. <i>Gizmag</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spira4u.com&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspira4u.com%2Faboutus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmphibious+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dutchamsterdam.nl/406-amphibious-bus-canal-tours-amsterdam">"Splashtours: Amphibious bus ride through the canals of Amsterdam"</a>. 26 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Splashtours%3A+Amphibious+bus+ride+through+the+canals+of+Amsterdam&rft.date=2018-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdutchamsterdam.nl%2F406-amphibious-bus-canal-tours-amsterdam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmphibious+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splashtour-luebeck.de/EN/Splashtours-bus/">"Splashtour Lübeck - Splashtours bus"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Splashtour+L%C3%BCbeck+-+Splashtours+bus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.splashtour-luebeck.de%2FEN%2FSplashtours-bus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmphibious+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newatlas.com/stagecoach-amphibious-bus-amfibus/14130/">"Britain's first amphibious bus nearly becomes a submarine"</a>. 11 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+first+amphibious+bus+nearly+becomes+a+submarine&rft.date=2010-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewatlas.com%2Fstagecoach-amphibious-bus-amfibus%2F14130%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmphibious+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cmv-amphibie.com/en/">"Our projects"</a>. <i>CMV Amphibie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fast+Amphibians&rft.atitle=Gibbs+Launches+30-foot+Phibian+High+Speed+Amphibian&rft.date=2012-02-09&rft.aulast=Laviolette&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastamphibians.com%2Fgibbs-launches-30-foot-phibian-high-speed-amphibian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmphibious+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFossMcKenzie1988" class="citation book cs1">Foss, Christopher F.; McKenzie, Peter (1988). <i>The Vickers Tanks: From Landships to Challenger</i>. Patrick Stephens Limited. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85260-141-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85260-141-8"><bdi>1-85260-141-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vickers+Tanks%3A+From+Landships+to+Challenger&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Patrick+Stephens+Limited&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=1-85260-141-8&rft.aulast=Foss&rft.aufirst=Christopher+F.&rft.au=McKenzie%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmphibious+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher, David (2001). <i>The British Tanks 1915-1919</i>. Crowood Press. pp. 178, 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fletcher5-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fletcher5_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fletcher5_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fletcher5_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Fletcher_(military_historian)" title="David Fletcher (military historian)">Fletcher, David</a> (2017). <i>British Battle Tanks British-made Tanks of World War II</i>. Osprey Publishing. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472820037" title="Special:BookSources/9781472820037"><bdi>9781472820037</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Battle+Tanks+British-made+Tanks+of+World+War+II&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781472820037&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmphibious+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShangin1999" class="citation magazine cs1">Shangin, Vladimir (February 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216091705/http://milparade.udm.ru/security/31/052x.htm">"Vityaz Transporters From Ishumbai"</a>. <i>Military Parade</i>. No. 31. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://milparade.udm.ru/security/31/052x.htm">the original</a> on 16 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Parade&rft.atitle=Vityaz+Transporters+From+Ishumbai&rft.issue=31&rft.date=1999-02&rft.aulast=Shangin&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilparade.udm.ru%2Fsecurity%2F31%2F052x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmphibious+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arktoscraft.com">"ARKTOS Craft"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARKTOS+Craft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arktoscraft.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmphibious+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWragg1973" class="citation book cs1">Wragg, David W. (1973). <i>A Dictionary of Aviation</i> (first ed.). Osprey. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780850451634" title="Special:BookSources/9780850451634"><bdi>9780850451634</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Aviation&rft.pages=18&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780850451634&rft.aulast=Wragg&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmphibious+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_vehicle&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ben Carlin, <i>Half-Safe</i>, Andre Deutsch Ltd, 1955.</li> <li>Ben Carlin, <i>The Other Half of Half-Safe</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9598731-1-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-9598731-1-2">0-9598731-1-2</a>, Guildford Grammar School Foundation, 1989.</li> <li>René Pohl: <i>Mit dem Auto baden gehen</i>. HEEL Verlag, Gut-Pottscheidt Konigswinter, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89365-702-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-89365-702-9">3-89365-702-9</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_vehicle&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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title="Subcompact car">Subcompact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-segment" title="B-segment">Supermini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_car" title="Family car">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_car" title="Compact car">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-size_car" title="Mid-size car">Mid-size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-size_car" title="Full-size car">Full-size</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Custom_car" title="Custom car">Custom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_rod" title="Hot rod">Hot rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_sled" title="Lead sled">Lead sled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowrider" title="Lowrider">Lowrider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_rod#1960s_rise_of_the_street_rod" title="Hot rod">Street rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-bucket" title="T-bucket">T-bucket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luxury_car" title="Luxury car">Luxury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_executive_car" title="Compact executive car">Compact executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_car" title="Executive car">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_luxury_car" title="Personal luxury car">Personal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minivan" title="Minivan">Minivan / MPV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_MPV" title="Compact MPV">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leisure_activity_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Leisure activity vehicle">Leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_MPV" title="Mini MPV">Mini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SUV" title="SUV">SUV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_sport_utility_vehicle" title="Compact sport utility vehicle">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)" title="Crossover (automobile)">Crossover (CUV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_SUV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini SUV">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_SUV" title="Coupe SUV">Coupe SUV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_car" title="Sports car">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_tourer" title="Grand tourer">Grand tourer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_hatch" title="Hot hatch">Hot hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_car" title="Muscle car">Muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_car" title="Pony car">Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_compact" title="Sport compact">Sport compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_sedan" title="Sports sedan">Sports sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercar" title="Supercar">Super</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antique_car" title="Antique car">Antique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_car" title="Classic car">Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_car" title="Economy car">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_(vehicle)" title="Ute (vehicle)">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van" title="Van">Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_car" title="Vintage car">Vintage car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euro_Car_Segment" title="Euro Car Segment">EU</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-segment" title="A-segment">A-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-segment" title="B-segment">B-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-segment" title="C-segment">C-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-segment" title="D-segment">D-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-segment" title="E-segment">E-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-segment" title="F-segment">F-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-segment" class="mw-redirect" title="J-segment">J-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-segment" class="mw-redirect" title="M-segment">M-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-segment" title="S-segment">S-segment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Car_body_style" title="Car body style">Body styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_(car_body_style)" title="2+2 (car body style)">2+2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baquet_(car_body_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baquet (car body style)">Baquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barchetta" title="Barchetta">Barchetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlinetta" title="Berlinetta">Berlinetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brougham_(car_body)" title="Brougham (car body)">Brougham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabrio_coach" title="Cabrio coach">Cabrio coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cab_over" title="Cab over">Cab over</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe" title="Coupe">Coupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe de Ville">Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9_utility" title="Coupé utility">Coupé utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastback" title="Fastback">Fastback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardtop" title="Hardtop">Hardtop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">Hatchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammback" title="Kammback">Kammback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landaulet_(car)" title="Landaulet (car)">Landaulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liftback" title="Liftback">Liftback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousine" title="Limousine">Limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microvan" title="Microvan">Microvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minibus" title="Minibus">Minibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-stop_truck" title="Multi-stop truck">Multi-stop truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notchback" title="Notchback">Notchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_van" title="Panel van">Panel van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_body" title="Phaeton body">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">Pickup truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Quad coupé">Quad coupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Retractable hardtop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadster_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadster (automobile)">Roadster / Spider / Spyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runabout_(car)" title="Runabout (car)">Runabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">Saloon / Sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_van" title="Panel van">Sedan delivery/Panel van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_brake" title="Shooting brake">Shooting brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon">Station wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targa_top" title="Targa top">Targa top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_(car)" title="Torpedo (car)">Torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touring_car" title="Touring car">Touring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe de Ville">Town (Coupé de Ville)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-top" title="T-top">T-top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vis-%C3%A0-vis_(carriage)" title="Vis-à-vis (carriage)">Vis-à-vis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized <br />vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-terrain_vehicle" title="All-terrain vehicle">All-terrain vehicle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_car" title="Connected car">Connected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Driverless (autonomous)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrocar" title="Gyrocar">Gyrocar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadracycle" title="Quadracycle">Pedal car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_car" title="Police car">Police car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_car" title="Flying car">Flying car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">Taxicab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tow_truck" title="Tow truck">Tow truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiturette" title="Voiturette">Voiturette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_propulsion" title="Ground propulsion">Propulsion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas">Autogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">Compressed natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle" title="Neighborhood Electric Vehicle">NEV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">Ethanol</a> (<a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">Fuel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Gasoline / petrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection" title="Gasoline direct injection">direct injection</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition" title="Homogeneous charge compression ignition">Homogeneous charge compression ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_engine" title="Liquid nitrogen engine">Liquid nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquified_petroleum_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquified petroleum gas">Liquified petroleum gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_car" title="Steam car">Steam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drive_wheel" title="Drive wheel">Drive wheels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-wheel drive">Front-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout#Rear_wheel_drive_layouts" title="Powertrain layout">Rear-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-wheel_drive" title="Two-wheel drive">Two-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">Four-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-wheel_drive" title="Six-wheel drive">Six-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-wheel_drive" title="Eight-wheel drive">Eight-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten-wheel drive">Ten-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve-wheel drive">Twelve-wheel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Engine position</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine_design" title="Front-engine design">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-engine_design" title="Mid-engine design">Mid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear-engine_design" title="Rear-engine design">Rear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Layout</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(engine / drive)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-mid-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-mid-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front mid-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Rear-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Front-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear_mid-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear mid-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Front-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Mid-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Mid-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Mid-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Rear-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Dual-motor,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Dual-motor, four-wheel-drive layout">Dual motor-four-wheel</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">Engine configuration</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Boxer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-stroke_engine" title="Four-stroke engine">Four-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H_engine" title="H engine">H-block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Reciprocating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-cylinder_engine" title="Single-cylinder engine">Single-cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_engine" title="Straight engine">Straight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-stroke_engine" title="Two-stroke engine">Two-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_engine" title="V engine">V (Vee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_engine" title="W engine">W engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li> <li><a 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