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<span>Purpose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Difficulties_and_criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difficulties_and_criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Difficulties and criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Difficulties_and_criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_local_currencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_local_currencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern local currencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_local_currencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_local_currencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_local_currencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>List of local currencies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_local_currencies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of local currencies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_local_currencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Local currency</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عملة محلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عملة محلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_valyuta" title="Regional valyuta – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Regional valyuta" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneda_local" title="Moneda local – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Moneda local" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_m%C4%9Bna" title="Lokální měna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lokální měna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalw%C3%A4hrung" title="Regionalwährung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Regionalwährung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneda_local" title="Moneda local – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Moneda local" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokiko_diru" title="Tokiko diru – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tokiko diru" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monnaie_locale" title="Monnaie locale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Monnaie locale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%97%AD%ED%99%94%ED%8F%90" title="지역화폐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지역화폐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9" title="Տարածաշրջանային արժույթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տարածաշրջանային արժույթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_uang_lokal" title="Mata uang lokal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mata uang lokal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valuta_locale" title="Valuta locale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Valuta locale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%91%D7%A2_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99" title="מטבע מקומי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מטבע מקומי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8" title="地域通貨 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地域通貨" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneda_locala" title="Moneda locala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Moneda locala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieni%C4%85dz_lokalny" title="Pieniądz lokalny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pieniądz lokalny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moeda_social" title="Moeda social – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Moeda social" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Региональная валюта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Региональная валюта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokalna_valuta" title="Lokalna valuta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lokalna valuta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paikallisvaluutta" title="Paikallisvaluutta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paikallisvaluutta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%96" title="Регіональні гроші – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Регіональні гроші" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81" title="区域货币 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="区域货币" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1570153#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Numismatics" title="Category:Numismatics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: lavender"><a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">Numismatics</a><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">the study of currency</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg/120px-AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg/250px-AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="416" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_numismatics" title="Glossary of numismatics">Glossary</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">Currency</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">Coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterfeit_money" title="Counterfeit money">Forgery</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_currencies" title="List of currencies">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISO</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_circulating_currencies" title="List of circulating currencies">Circulating currencies</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_of_Africa" title="Category:Currencies of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_of_Asia" title="Category:Currencies of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_of_Europe" title="Category:Currencies of Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_of_North_America" title="Category:Currencies of North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_of_South_America" title="Category:Currencies of South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_of_Oceania" title="Category:Currencies of Oceania">Oceania</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Local currencies</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Company_scrip" title="Company scrip">Company scrip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_exchange_trading_system" title="Local exchange trading system">LETS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-based_currency" title="Time-based currency">Time dollars</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Fictional_currency" title="Fictional currency">Fictional currencies</a></dt></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_currencies" title="List of proposed currencies">Proposed currencies</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_money" title="History of money">History of money</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_currencies" title="List of historical currencies">Historical currencies</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksumite_currency" title="Aksumite currency">Aksumite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid currency">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_coinage" title="Byzantine coinage">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Philippine_money" title="History of Philippine money">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_currency" title="Japanese currency">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_money" title="History of Thai money">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_money_of_Tibet" title="Historical money of Tibet">Tibetan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_currencies" title="Category:Medieval currencies">Medieval currencies</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Production</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currency_designers" title="Category:Currency designers">Designers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coining_(mint)" title="Coining (mint)">Coining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milled_coinage" title="Milled coinage">Milling</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammered_coinage" title="Hammered coinage">Hammering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_coinage" title="Cast coinage">Cast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">Metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mint-made_errors" title="Mint-made errors">Errors</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Collection</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Coin_collecting" title="Coin collecting">Coin collecting</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">Coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemorative_coin" title="Commemorative coin">Commemorative coins</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullion_coin" title="Bullion coin">Bullion coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_grading" title="Coin grading">Grading</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Notaphily" title="Notaphily">Notaphily</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemorative_banknote" title="Commemorative banknote">Commemorative banknotes</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Exonumia" title="Exonumia">Exonumia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">Credit cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeton" title="Jeton">Jetons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">Medals</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Token_coin" title="Token coin">Tokens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheque" title="Cheque">Cheques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrip" title="Scrip">Scrips</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Scripophily" title="Scripophily">Scripophily</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stock" title="Stock">Stocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">Bonds</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/20px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/40px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 1.5x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="901" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Numismatics" title="Portal:Numismatics">Numismatics portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/17px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/26px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/34px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Numismatics" title="Template:Numismatics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Numismatics" title="Template talk:Numismatics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Numismatics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Numismatics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, a <b>local currency</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a> that can be spent in a particular geographical locality at participating organisations. A <b>regional currency</b> is a form of local currency encompassing a larger geographical area, while a <b>community currency</b> might be local or be used for exchange within an <a href="/wiki/Online_community" title="Online community">online community</a>. A local currency acts as a <a href="/wiki/Complementary_currency" title="Complementary currency">complementary currency</a> to a national currency, rather than replacing it,<sup id="cite_ref-CCIA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and aims to encourage spending within a local community, especially with locally owned businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-BoE_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such currencies may not be backed by a national government nor be <a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">legal tender</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BoE_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 300 complementary currencies, including local currencies, are listed in the Complementary Currency Resource Center worldwide database.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_currency&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some definitions: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_currency" title="Complementary currency">Complementary currency</a> - is used as a complement to a national currency,<sup id="cite_ref-ccto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a <a href="/wiki/Medium_of_exchange" title="Medium of exchange">medium of exchange</a>, which is usually not <a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">legal tender</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ccg2006_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccg2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 2">: 2 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Community currency">Community currency</a> - a complementary currency used by a group with a <a href="/wiki/Common_bond_of_association" class="mw-redirect" title="Common bond of association">common bond</a>, such as residents of a locality, association, or members of a business or online community.</li> <li><b>Local currency</b> - a complementary currency used in a locality.<sup id="cite_ref-BoE_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Regional currency</b> - a local currency where the locality is a larger region.</li> <li><b>Auxiliary currency</b>, <b>microcurrency</b>, <b>Eco-Money</b> - less common synonyms for community or local currency. (see for example Douthwaite & Wagman 1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_currency" title="Private currency">Private currency</a> - a currency issued by an individual, business or non-governmental organization. Complementary currencies are a type of private currency.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectoral_currency" title="Sectoral currency">Sectoral currency</a> - a complementary currency used within one economic sector, such as education or health care.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative currency">Alternative currency</a> - generally, a synonym for complementary currency, referring to a currency designed to work in conjunction with the national currency; less often refers to a type of private currency which attempts to supplant or circumvent the national currency.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_currency&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Local currencies aim at using money as a tool to achieve social or environmental objectives. According to the <a href="/wiki/New_Economics_Foundation" title="New Economics Foundation">New Economics Foundation</a> partner Community Currencies in Action:<sup id="cite_ref-CCIA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>... money is simply a social technology and the ways in which it is designed, produced and controlled – far from being neutral or predetermined factors – all influence the effects it has upon society at large.</i></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>People Powered Money: designing, developing and delivering community currencies.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Some of the purposes for community currencies identified by Community Currencies in Action<sup id="cite_ref-CCIA_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> include: </p> <ul><li>Democratizing services and organisations: time credits for volunteering encourage people to actively engage in their community while making services, such as elderly care, more democratic. Zeitvorsoge,<sup id="cite_ref-CCIA_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Makkie<sup id="cite_ref-CCIA_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Supporting small and medium enterprises: Community currencies can serve as a means to promote independent shops over large corporations since they keep on circulating locally. They can also help SMEs support each other financially by lending and receiving credit, goods and services within the currency network. Examples are: <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol Pound">Bristol Pound</a>, SoNantes,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TradeQoin,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chiemgauer" title="Chiemgauer">Chiemgauer</a></li> <li>Countering inequality and <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">social exclusion</a>: Specially designed currencies can address inequality issues by giving everyone the chance to get involved in their community; for instance by rewarding participation in voluntary programs. (Spice Time Credits,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Makkie)</li> <li>Addressing environmental impacts: Community currencies can play a role in better valuation of environmental resources and providing an incentive for more sustainable behavior. For example, the Belgian Portemonnee rewards residents for environmentally positive actions such as composting. Reward currencies can also encourage businesses to adopt more environmentally sound practices.</li> <li>Maintaining the purchasing power, value preservation. Example: Convertible Minute / Minutes Bank</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits">Benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_currency&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/W%C3%B6rgl_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Wörgl experiment">Wörgl experiment</a> illustrates some of the common characteristics and major benefits of local currencies.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Local currencies with negative interest rate or <a href="/wiki/Demurrage_(currency)" title="Demurrage (currency)">demurrage</a> tend to circulate much more rapidly than national currencies. The same amount of currency in circulation is employed more times and results in far greater overall economic activity. It produces greater benefit per unit. The higher <a href="/wiki/Velocity_of_money" title="Velocity of money">velocity of money</a> is a result of the negative interest rate which encourages people to spend the money more quickly.</li> <li>Local currencies enable the community to more fully use its existing productive resources, especially unemployed labor, which has a catalytic effect on the rest of the local economy. They are based on the premise that the community is not fully using its productive capacities, because of a lack of local purchasing power. The alternative currency is used to increase demand, resulting in a greater exploitation of productive resources. So long as the local economy is functioning at less than full capacity, the introduction of local currency need not be inflationary, even when it results in a significant increase in total money supply and total economic activity.</li> <li>Since local currencies are only accepted within the community, their usage encourages the purchase of locally produced and locally-available goods and services. Thus, for any level of economic activity, more of the benefit accrues to the local community and less drains out to other parts of the country or the world. For instance, construction work undertaken with local currencies employs local labor and uses as far as possible local materials. The enhanced local effect becomes an incentive for the local population to accept and use the scrips.</li> <li>Some forms of complementary currency can promote fuller use of resources over a much wider geographic area and help bridge the barriers imposed by distance. The <a href="/wiki/Fureai_kippu" title="Fureai kippu">Fureai kippu</a> system in Japan issues credits in exchange for assistance to senior citizens. Family members living far from their parents can earn credits by offering assistance to the elderly in their local community. The credits can then be transferred to their parents and redeemed by them for local assistance. Airline frequent flyer miles are a form of complementary currency that promotes customer-loyalty in exchange for free travel. The airlines offer most of the coupons for seats on less heavily sold flights where some seats normally go empty, thus providing a benefit to customers at relatively low cost to the airline.</li> <li>While most of these currencies are restricted to a small geographic area or a country, through the Internet electronic forms of complementary currency can be used to stimulate transactions on a global basis. In China, Tencent's <a href="/wiki/QQ_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="QQ coins">QQ coins</a> are a virtual form of currency that has gained wide circulation. QQ coins can be bought for Renminbi and used to buy virtual products and services such as ringtones and on-line video game time. They can also be obtained through on-line exchange for goods and services at about twice the Renminbi price, by which additional 'money' is being directly created. Though virtual currencies are not 'local' in the traditional sense, they do cater to the specific needs of a particular community, a virtual community. Once in circulation, they add to the total effective purchasing power of the on-line population as in the case of local currencies. The Chinese government has begun to tax the coins as they are exchanged from virtual currency to actual hard currency.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Difficulties_and_criticisms">Difficulties and criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_currency&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Difficulties and criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Local currencies and the <a href="/wiki/Transition_Towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition Towns">Transition Towns</a> movement in the UK have been criticized for failing to address the needs of the wider population, especially lower socio-economic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-lewes_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such local currency initiatives have been more widely criticized as having limited success in stimulating spending in local economies, and as an unrealistic strategy to reduce carbon emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_local_currencies">Modern local currencies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_currency&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern local currencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salt_Spring_Island_Dollar_-_One_Dollar.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/63/Salt_Spring_Island_Dollar_-_One_Dollar.jpeg/250px-Salt_Spring_Island_Dollar_-_One_Dollar.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/63/Salt_Spring_Island_Dollar_-_One_Dollar.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="137" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Salt_Spring_dollar" title="Salt Spring dollar">Salt Spring dollars</a> are a community currency issued by the <a href="/wiki/Salt_Spring_Island" title="Salt Spring Island">Salt Spring Island</a> Monetary Foundation. The currency is used by both tourists and local residents of Salt Spring Island.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Modern local currencies can be classified into the following distinct types: </p> <ol><li>Transition currency based on the local currencies used by the <a href="/wiki/Transition_Towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition Towns">Transition Towns</a> movement in the UK. They include <a href="/wiki/Brixton#Brixton_Pound" title="Brixton">Brixton Pound</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol Pound">Bristol Pound</a> in the UK, <a href="/wiki/BerkShares" title="BerkShares">BerkShares</a> in the USA, and <a href="/wiki/Salt_Spring_dollar" title="Salt Spring dollar">Salt Spring Dollars</a> in Canada.<br /> Transition currencies are payment voucher-based systems that are exchangeable with the national currency. Between 2002-2014 many experiments in local currency took this form. Such currencies aim to raise the resilience of local economies by encouraging re-localisation of buying and food production. The drive for this change has arisen from a range of community-based initiatives and social movements. The <a href="/wiki/Transition_Towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition Towns">Transition Towns</a> movement originating in the UK has used local currencies for re-localisation in the face of energy descent from <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. Other drives include movements against <a href="/wiki/Clone_town" title="Clone town">clone town</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Big-box_store" title="Big-box store">big-box</a> trends.</li> <li>Rewards currency based on the frequent flyer model. Consumer spends cash with participating businesses who issue rewards points in a local currency. These rewards points can be used to offset cash prices in future purchases. An example is Oakland Grown in Oakland, CA.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mutual Credit currency based on the <a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">mutual credit</a> system. This can be further sub-divided into two: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Time-based_currency" title="Time-based currency">Time-based currency</a> also known as Time Banks that use time as a measure of value. An example is Dane County Time Bank.</li> <li>Trade exchanges and LETS (<a href="/wiki/Local_exchange_trading_system" title="Local exchange trading system">local exchange trading system</a>) that use price as a measure of value. An example of local currency implemented as a trade exchange is Bay Bucks in the Bay Area of California, USA.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LETS were originally started in Vancouver, Canada, there are presently more than 30 LETS systems operating in Canada and over 400 in the United Kingdom. Australia, France, New Zealand, and Switzerland have similar systems.</li></ol></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_currency&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several software packages have been written supporting the management of community currencies.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, Richard Kay, a senior lecturer at Birmingham City University,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wrote a "Multi-registry System" specification for routing and processing community currency transactions using an approach designed to be decentralized, with no single point of control or failure, using the <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> for server discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_local_currencies">List of local currencies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_currency&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: List of local currencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Complementary_currency#List_of_complementary_currencies" title="Complementary currency">List of complementary currencies</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_currency&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Kenya</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Bangla-Pesa<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>South Africa</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_Exchange_System" title="Community Exchange System">Community Exchange System</a> (CES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ora_(currency)" title="Ora (currency)">Ora</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_currency&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Japan</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fureai_kippu" title="Fureai kippu">Fureai kippu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Korea</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyeonggi_Province" title="Gyeonggi Province">Gyeonggi Province</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Si-ru - Kyunggi-do Sheung city</li> <li>Bucheon Pay - Kyunggido Bucheon City</li> <li>Daeon - Kyunggido Ansan city</li> <li>Seoul Love Gift Token - Seoul city</li> <li>NO WON - Seoul city No won gu</li> <li>Kangdong Bilsalmoney - Seoul city Kang dong gu</li> <li>Incheon Euem Card - Incheon Metropolitan City</li> <li>Ontong Daejeon - Daejeon Metropolitan City</li> <li>Dong baek jeon - Busan Metropolitan City</li> <li>E Bargu pay - Busan Metropolitan City Donggu</li> <li>ohrukdo pay - Busan Metropolitan City Namgu</li> <li>Daegu Hangbok Pay - Daegu Metropolitan City</li> <li>Tamnanen Jeon - Jeju</li></ul> <dl><dt>Malaysia</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kelantanese_dinar" title="Kelantanese dinar">Kelantanese dinar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_currency&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Austria</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>TriestingTaler<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Belgium</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Zinne<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>France</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abeille_(local_currency)" title="Abeille (local currency)">Abeille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusko" title="Eusko">Eusko</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Krôkô<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_(local_currency)" title="Occitan (local currency)">Occitan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Germany</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Approximately 300 <i>Tauschringe</i> (comparable to <a href="/wiki/Local_exchange_trading_system" title="Local exchange trading system">LETS</a>)</li> <li>Berliner Regional<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiemgauer" title="Chiemgauer">Chiemgauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urstromtaler" title="Urstromtaler">Urstromtaler</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Greece</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Ilios<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Italy</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giacinto_Auriti#The_Experiment_of_SIMeC" title="Giacinto Auriti">Simec</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dt>Russia</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolion" title="Kolion">Kolion</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Slovakia</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Zvolenský živec<sup id="cite_ref-zivec_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zivec-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Spain</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Recurs Econòmic Ciutadà (<a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-rec_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rec-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Boniato</li> <li>Costavales</li> <li>Eco</li> <li>Ecoseny</li> <li>Ecosol</li> <li>Edenred</li> <li>Ekhi</li> <li>EuroDelta</li> <li>Expronceda</li> <li>Illa</li> <li>Irati</li> <li>Mola</li> <li>Ogerleko</li> <li>Osel</li> <li>Ossetana</li> <li>Pancha</li> <li>Puma</li> <li>Turuta</li> <li>Txanpon</li> <li>Txantxi</li> <li>Varamedí</li></ul> <dl><dt>Switzerland</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WIR_Bank" title="WIR Bank">WIR franc</a> (since 1934)<sup id="cite_ref-Erard_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erard-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Reka-Check (since 1940)<sup id="cite_ref-Erard_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erard-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Léman<sup id="cite_ref-Erard_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erard-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Farinet (since 2017)<sup id="cite_ref-Erard_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erard-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>United Kingdom</dt> <dd><i>See here: <a href="/wiki/List_of_community_currencies_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of community currencies in the United Kingdom">List of community currencies in the United Kingdom</a></i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_currency&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Canada</dt> <dd><i>See here: <a href="/wiki/List_of_community_currencies_in_Canada" title="List of community currencies in Canada">List of community currencies in Canada</a></i></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Mexico</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Amanatli<sup id="cite_ref-auto_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2025">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Caribe<sup id="cite_ref-auto_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fausto<sup id="cite_ref-auto_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Itacate<sup id="cite_ref-auto_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kuni<sup id="cite_ref-auto_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Túmin<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>United States</dt> <dd><i>See here: <a href="/wiki/List_of_community_currencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of community currencies in the United States">List of community currencies in the United States</a></i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_currency&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Argentina</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dito" title="Crédito">Crédito</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_currency&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: International"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_Exchange_System" title="Community Exchange System">Community Exchange System</a> (CES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ven_(currency)" title="Ven (currency)">Ven</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hub_Culture" title="Hub Culture">Hub Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convertible_Minute_(currency)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Convertible Minute (currency) (page does not exist)">Convertible Minute (currency)</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minutes_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minutes Bank (page does not exist)">Minutes Bank</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_currency&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/40px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/60px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 1.5x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="901" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Numismatics" title="Portal:Numismatics">Numismatics portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col 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href="/wiki/Local_multiplier_effect" title="Local multiplier effect">Local multiplier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Glover_(activist)" title="Paul Glover (activist)">Paul Glover (activist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schumacher_Center_for_New_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Schumacher Center for New Economics">Schumacher Center for New Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrip" title="Scrip">Scrip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-based_currency" title="Time-based currency">Time-based currency</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_currency&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CCIA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CCIA_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCIA_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCIA_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCIA_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCIA_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neweconomics.org/2015/05/people-powered-money">"People Powered Money: designing, developing and delivering community currencies"</a>. Community Currencies in Action<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=People+Powered+Money%3A+designing%2C+developing+and+delivering+community+currencies&rft.pub=Community+Currencies+in+Action&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fneweconomics.org%2F2015%2F05%2Fpeople-powered-money&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALocal+currency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoE-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BoE_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BoE_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BoE_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNaqvi2013" class="citation web cs1">Naqvi, Mona (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923192145/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/Documents/quarterlybulletin/2013/qb1304prereleasebanknotes.pdf">"Banknotes, local currencies and central bank objectives"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>bankofengland.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/Documents/quarterlybulletin/2013/qb1304prereleasebanknotes.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bankofengland.co.uk&rft.atitle=Banknotes%2C+local+currencies+and+central+bank+objectives&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Naqvi&rft.aufirst=Mona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bankofengland.co.uk%2Fpublications%2FDocuments%2Fquarterlybulletin%2F2013%2Fqb1304prereleasebanknotes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALocal+currency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFComplementary_Currency_Resource_Center" class="citation web cs1">Complementary Currency Resource Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116075240/http://www.complementarycurrency.org/ccDatabase/les_public.html">"Online Database of Complementary Currency Systems Worldwide"</a>. <i>www.complementarycurrency.org</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lok%C3%A1lna+mena+%C5%BEivec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lokalnamena.sk%2Fsk%2Flokalna-mena%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALocal+currency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rec-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rec_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/lafabricadelsol/ca/noticia/neix-el-rec-el-projecte-pilot-de-la-moneda-ciutadana">"Recurs Econòmic Ciutadà"</a> (in Catalan)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Recurs+Econ%C3%B2mic+Ciutad%C3%A0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fajuntament.barcelona.cat%2Flafabricadelsol%2Fca%2Fnoticia%2Fneix-el-rec-el-projecte-pilot-de-la-moneda-ciutadana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALocal+currency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erard-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erard_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erard_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erard_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erard_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lila Erard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.letemps.ch/suisse/2016/11/18/farinet-monnaie-locale-100-valaisanne-verra-jour-debut-2017">"Le Farinet, monnaie locale 100% valaisanne, verra le jour début 2017"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_temps" class="mw-redirect" title="Le temps">Le temps</a></i>, 18 November 2016 (page visited on 18 November 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20170623-the-criminal-who-inspired-a-new-currency">The criminal who inspired a new currency</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> (www.bbc.com). June 27, 2017. Retrieved on 2017-06-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://masdemx.com/2017/02/monedas-alternativas-comunitarias-mexico/">Conoce las monedas alternativas que circulan en México</a> Retrieved on 2019-12-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/elpais/2016/05/23/alterconsumismo/1463985060_146398.html">Túmin, moneda alternativa en México</a> Retrieved on 2019-12-21.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_currency&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>People Powered Money: designing, developing and delivering community currencies</i> (2015) Community Currencies in Action (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://neweconomics.org/uploads/files/0dba46d13aa81f0fe3_zhm62ipns.pdf">https://neweconomics.org/uploads/files/0dba46d13aa81f0fe3_zhm62ipns.pdf</a> PDF])</li> <li><i>An overview of parallel, local and community currency systems</i> by DeMeulenaere, S (1998) Complementary Currency Resource Centre</li> <li><i>An economic analysis of contemporary local currencies in the United States</i> by Krohn, G and Snyder, A (2008) International Journal of Community Currency Research, Vol. 12, pages 53–68</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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Mesoamerica & N. Andes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean</a> (Mesoamerica)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koku" title="Koku">Koku</a> (rice)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manilla_(money)" title="Manilla (money)">Manilla</a> (W. Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quachtli" title="Quachtli">Quachtli</a> (cotton cloth)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">Salt</a> (Roman world)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekel" title="Shekel">Shekel</a> (barley)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_money" title="Shell money">Shells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_beads" title="Trade beads">Trade bead</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Water buffalo</a> (SE Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cow</a> (Hindu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camel</a> (Arabia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a> (Tibet, China)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Representative_money" title="Representative money">Representative money</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimetallism" title="Bimetallism">Bimetallism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_certificate_(United_States)" title="Gold certificate (United States)">Gold certificates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/48px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/64px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">Money</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Fiat_money" title="Fiat money">Fiat</a>/<a href="/wiki/Token_money" title="Token money">Token</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailment" title="Bailment">Bailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank_digital_currency" title="Central bank digital currency">Central bank digital currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">Chattel/movable property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheque" title="Cheque">Cheque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearing_(finance)" title="Clearing (finance)">Clearing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheque_clearing" title="Cheque clearing">Cheque clearing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">Clay token</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_(finance)" title="Deposit (finance)">Deposit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_account" title="Deposit account">Deposit account</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">Legal tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notary" title="Notary">Notary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_money" title="Paper money">Paper money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possession_(law)" title="Possession (law)">Possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promissory_note" title="Promissory note">Promissory note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_value" title="Redemption value">Redemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe" title="Safe">Safekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_currencies" title="List of historical currencies">List of historical currencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coincidence_of_wants" title="Coincidence of wants">Coincidence of wants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_de_change" title="Bureau de change">Bureau de change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearing_house_(finance)" title="Clearing house (finance)">Clearinghouse bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_bank" title="Savings bank">Savings bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depository_institution" title="Depository institution">Depository institution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement">Akkadian standards of measurement</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2150 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Banker_(ancient)" title="Banker (ancient)">§100; §122–125</a>; c. 1750 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallism" title="Metallism">Commodity theory of money (Metallism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_theory_of_money" title="Credit theory of money">Credit theory of money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantity_theory_of_money" title="Quantity theory of money">Quantity theory of money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">Market monetarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_deferred_payment" title="Standard of deferred payment">Standard of deferred payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_of_value" title="Store of value">Store of value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_account" title="Unit of account">Unit of account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">Digital currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">Cryptocurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_gold_currency" title="Digital gold currency">Digital gold currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_currency" title="Virtual currency">Virtual currency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Local currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_currency" title="Complementary currency">Complementary currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectoral_currency" title="Sectoral currency">Sectoral currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-based_currency" title="Time-based currency">Time-based currency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tax_resistance86" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tax_resistance" title="Template:Tax resistance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tax_resistance" title="Template talk:Tax resistance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tax_resistance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tax resistance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tax_resistance86" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection_to_military_taxation" title="Conscientious objection to military taxation">Conscientious objection to military taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_acts_of_tax_resistance" title="List of historical acts of tax resistance">List of historical acts of tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance_in_the_United_States" title="Tax resistance in the United States">Tax resistance in the United States</a> .</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tax_resisters" title="Category:Tax resisters">List of tax resisters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Local currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficiency">Self-sufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_avoidance" title="Tax avoidance">Tax avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreported_employment" title="Unreported employment">Unreported employment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiopizzo" title="Addiopizzo">Addiopizzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aide-toi,_le_ciel_t%27aidera" title="Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera">Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Britain_Anti-Poll_Tax_Federation" title="All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation">All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Poll_Tax_Unions" title="Anti-Poll Tax Unions">Anti-Poll Tax Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Real_Estate_Taxpayers" title="Association of Real Estate Taxpayers">Association of Real Estate Taxpayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalunya_Diu_Prou" title="Catalunya Diu Prou">Catalunya Diu Prou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Non-Violent_Action" title="Committee for Non-Violent Action">Committee for Non-Violent Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani" title="Fasci Siciliani">Fasci Siciliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Don%27t_Pay_Movement" title="I Don't Pay Movement">I Don't Pay Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Land_League" title="Irish National Land League">Irish National Land League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Campaign_for_a_Peace_Tax_Fund" title="National Campaign for a Peace Tax Fund">National Campaign for a Peace Tax Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_War_Tax_Resistance_Coordinating_Committee" title="National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee">National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_California_War_Tax_Resistance" title="Northern California War Tax Resistance">Northern California War Tax Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagal_Panthis" title="Pagal Panthis">Pagal Panthis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_churches" title="Peace churches">Peace churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacemakers" title="Peacemakers">Peacemakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planka.nu" title="Planka.nu">Planka.nu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Tax_Resistance_League" title="Women's Tax Resistance League">Women's Tax Resistance League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuism" title="Zuism">Zuism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Act_of_Conscience" title="An Act of Conscience">An Act of Conscience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clericis_laicos" title="Clericis laicos">Clericis laicos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cold_War_and_the_Income_Tax:_A_Protest" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest">The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vyborg_Manifesto" title="Vyborg Manifesto">Vyborg Manifesto</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns<br />by century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuchin_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuchin Revolt">Tuchin Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harelle" title="Harelle">Harelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Rebellion_of_1497" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish Rebellion of 1497">Cornish Rebellion of 1497</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croquant_rebellions" title="Croquant rebellions">Croquant rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rappenkrieg_(Basel)" title="Rappenkrieg (Basel)">Rappenkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Pitauds" title="Revolt of the Pitauds">Revolt of the Pitauds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelets" title="Angelets">Angelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_papier_timbr%C3%A9" title="Revolt of the papier timbré">Revolt of the papier timbré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_va-nu-pieds" title="Revolt of the va-nu-pieds">Revolt of the va-nu-pieds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Tax_Revolt" title="Salt Tax Revolt">Salt Tax Revolt</a> in Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_uprising_of_1648" title="Moscow uprising of 1648">Salt Riot</a> in Moscow</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fries%27s_Rebellion" title="Fries's Rebellion">Fries's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspee_affair" title="Gaspee affair"><i>Gaspee</i> affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Tea_Party" title="Philadelphia Tea Party">Philadelphia Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_Movement_in_North_Carolina" title="Regulator Movement in North Carolina">Regulator Movement in North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Lotus_Rebellion" title="White Lotus Rebellion">White Lotus Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Rent_War" title="Anti-Rent War">Anti-Rent War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_Tax_War" title="Dog Tax War">Dog Tax War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1810_House_Tax_Hartal" title="1810 House Tax Hartal">House Tax Hartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut_Tax_War_of_1898" title="Hut Tax War of 1898">Hut Tax War of 1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Rebellion" title="Low Rebellion">Low Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mejba_Revolt" title="Mejba Revolt">Mejba Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Riots" title="Rebecca Riots">Rebecca Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saminism_Movement" title="Saminism Movement">Saminism Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tancament_de_Caixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tancament de Caixes">Tancament de Caixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_uprising_of_1821" title="Wallachian uprising of 1821">Wallachian uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agbekoya" title="Agbekoya">Agbekoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">Bambatha Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Sahour" title="Beit Sahour">Beit Sahour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondelswarts_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Bondelswarts affair">Bondelswarts affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Kahl" title="Gordon Kahl">Gordon Kahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kheda Satyagraha">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Schiff" title="Irwin Schiff">Irwin Schiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_cult" title="Johnson cult">Johnson cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_movement" title="Mau movement">Mau movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poll_Tax_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll Tax Riots">Poll Tax Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplar_Rates_Rebellion" title="Poplar Rates Rebellion">Poplar Rates Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupper_Saussy" title="Tupper Saussy">Tupper Saussy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turra_Coo" title="Turra Coo">Turra Coo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_poll_tax_repeal_movement" title="Women's poll tax repeal movement">Women's poll tax repeal movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_War" title="Women's War">Women's War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Greece" title="Anti-austerity movement in Greece">Anti-austerity movement in Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bin_Tax_Campaign" title="Anti-Bin Tax Campaign">Anti-Bin Tax Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_and_Elaine_Brown" title="Edward and Elaine Brown">Edward and Elaine Brown standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnets_Rouges" title="Bonnets Rouges">Bonnets Rouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Home_and_Water_Taxes" title="Campaign Against Home and Water Taxes">Campaign Against Home and Water Taxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movimento_Passe_Livre" title="Movimento Passe Livre">Movimento Passe Livre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Pos_Me_Salto" title="Movimiento Pos Me Salto">Movimiento Pos Me Salto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_vests_protests" title="Yellow vests protests">Yellow vests protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Income_tax_threshold" title="Income tax threshold">Income tax threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_dangerous_taxpayer" title="Potentially dangerous taxpayer">Potentially dangerous taxpayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Render_unto_Caesar" title="Render unto Caesar">Render unto Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land</a> / <a href="/wiki/Redemption_movement" title="Redemption movement">Redemption movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">Tax inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_noncompliance" title="Tax noncompliance">Tax noncompliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester" title="Tax protester">Tax protester</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_arguments" title="Tax protester arguments">arguments</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_history_in_the_United_States" title="Tax protester history in the United States">history in the United States</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_riot" title="Tax riot">Tax riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_as_slavery" title="Taxation as slavery">Taxation as slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_as_theft" title="Taxation as theft">Taxation as theft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox757" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top 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