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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_by_body_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_by_body_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Types by body system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_by_body_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Stages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Extent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Types of causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Treatments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Epidemiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Burdens_of_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burdens_of_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Burdens of disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burdens_of_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language_of_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_of_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Language of disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_of_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Disease</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 166 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-166" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">166 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siekte" title="Siekte – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Siekte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krankheit" title="Krankheit – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Krankheit" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80dl" title="Ādl – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ādl" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B6" title="مرض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مرض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaut%C3%ADa" title="Malautía – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Malautía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%97%DC%A2%DC%90" title="ܟܘܪܗܢܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܟܘܪܗܢܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հիւանդութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հիւանդութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2ngoari" title="Lângoari – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Lângoari" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="ৰোগ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰোগ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfermed%C3%A1" title="Enfermedá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Enfermedá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mba%27asy" title="Mba'asy – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mba'asy" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Унтел – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Унтел" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usu" title="Usu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Usu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C9%99st%C9%99lik" title="Xəstəlik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xəstəlik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B6%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مریضلیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مریضلیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaw" title="Banaw – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Banaw" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="রোগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রোগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garing" title="Garing – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Garing" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyakit" title="Penyakit – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Penyakit" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Ауырыу – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ауырыу" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Хвароба – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хвароба" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Хвароба – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хвароба" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="रोग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रोग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helang" title="Helang – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Helang" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Болест – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Болест" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BC%8D" title="ན་ཚ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ན་ཚ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolest" title="Bolest – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bolest" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kle%C3%B1ved" title="Kleñved – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kleñved" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B1%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Үбшэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Үбшэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaltia" title="Malaltia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Malaltia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Чир – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чир" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemoc" title="Nemoc – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nemoc" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosha" title="Hosha – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hosha" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clefyd" title="Clefyd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Clefyd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%94riti" title="Dɔriti – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Dɔriti" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sygdom" title="Sygdom – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sygdom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B6" title="مرض – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مرض" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krankheit" title="Krankheit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Krankheit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haigus" title="Haigus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Haigus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Ασθένεια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ασθένεια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Ормат – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ормат" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfermedad" title="Enfermedad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enfermedad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malsano" title="Malsano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malsano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malotia" title="Malotia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Malotia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritasun" title="Eritasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eritasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="بیماری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیماری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemaari" title="Bemaari – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bemaari" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladie" title="Maladie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maladie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykte" title="Sykte – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sykte" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galar" title="Galar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Galar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doenza" title="Doenza – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Doenza" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Лазар – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Лазар" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%9B%E9%87%81" title="痛釁 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="痛釁" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%97" title="રોગ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રોગ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phiang" title="Phiang – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phiang" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EB%B3%91" title="질병 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="질병" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հիվանդություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիվանդություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="रोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolest" title="Bolest – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bolest" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbo" title="Morbo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Morbo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakit" title="Sakit – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sakit" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyakit" title="Penyakit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyakit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladia" title="Maladia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Maladia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8B%E1%93%90%E1%93%82%E1%90%8A%E1%96%85" title="ᐋᓐᓂᐊᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐋᓐᓂᐊᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isifiso" title="Isifiso – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Isifiso" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isifo" title="Isifo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isifo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%BAkd%C3%B3mur" title="Sjúkdómur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjúkdómur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malattia" title="Malattia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Malattia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%94" title="מחלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lelara" title="Lelara – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lelara" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%97" title="ರೋಗ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೋಗ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="დაავადება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დაავადება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A0%D9%85%D9%B2%D8%B1%D8%A0" title="بؠمٲرؠ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بؠمٲرؠ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Дерт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дерт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleves" title="Kleves – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kleves" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugonjwa" title="Ugonjwa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ugonjwa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladi" title="Maladi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Maladi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladi" title="Maladi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Maladi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexwe%C5%9F%C3%AE" title="Nexweşî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nexweşî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83" title="Оору – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Оору" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbus" title="Morbus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Morbus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slim%C4%ABba" title="Slimība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Slimība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krankheet" title="Krankheet – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Krankheet" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga" title="Liga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Liga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krenkde" title="Krenkde – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Krenkde" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bok%C9%94n%C9%94" title="Bokɔnɔ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bokɔnɔ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladia" title="Maladia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Maladia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voimattomus" title="Voimattomus – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Voimattomus" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebirwaza(Diseases)" title="Ebirwaza(Diseases) – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ebirwaza(Diseases)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betegs%C3%A9g" title="Betegség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Betegség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="रोग – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="रोग" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Болест – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Болест" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aretina" title="Aretina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Aretina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="രോഗം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രോഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="रोग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रोग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ლახარა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლახარა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B6" title="مرض – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مرض" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B2" title="ယဲ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ယဲ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyakit" title="Penyakit – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyakit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panyakik" title="Panyakik – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Panyakik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2ng" title="Bâng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bâng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Өвчин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Өвчин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoliztli" title="Cocoliztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Cocoliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veitauvi" title="Veitauvi – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Veitauvi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziekte" title="Ziekte – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ziekte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="रोग – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रोग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%B0%97" title="病気 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="病気" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykdom" title="Sykdom – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sykdom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjukdom" title="Sjukdom – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjukdom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malauti%C3%A1" title="Malautiá – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Malautiá" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasallik" title="Kasallik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kasallik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97" title="ਰੋਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੋਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF" title="روگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%8A" title="ناروغي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ناروغي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diziiz" title="Diziiz – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Diziiz" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krankheid" title="Krankheid – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Krankheid" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroba" title="Choroba – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Choroba" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doen%C3%A7a" title="Doença – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Doença" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boal%C4%83" title="Boală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Boală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unquy" title="Unquy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Unquy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Хворота – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Хворота" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Болезнь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Болезнь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8B" title="Ыарыы – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ыарыы" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/imelang" title="imelang – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="imelang" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱟᱡᱟᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱡᱟᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dishailth" title="Dishailth – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Dishailth" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ABmundja" title="Sëmundja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sëmundja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affizzioni" title="Affizzioni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Affizzioni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9C" title="රෝග – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රෝග" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease" title="Disease – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Disease" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B6" title="مرض – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مرض" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroba" title="Choroba – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Choroba" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolezen" title="Bolezen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bolezen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cudur" title="Cudur – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Cudur" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AE%DB%86%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="نەخۆشی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەخۆشی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Болест – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Болест" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolest" title="Bolest – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bolest" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sairaus" title="Sairaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sairaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjukdom" title="Sjukdom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sjukdom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakit" title="Sakit – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sakit" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="நோய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நோய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tama%E1%B8%8Dunt" title="Tamaḍunt – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tamaḍunt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADan" title="Aṭṭan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aṭṭan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83" title="Авыру – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Авыру" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BF" title="వ్యాధి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వ్యాధి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84" title="โรค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Беморӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Беморӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastal%C4%B1k" title="Hastalık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hastalık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyarewa" title="Nyarewa – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Nyarewa" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Хвороба – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хвороба" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B6" title="مرض – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مرض" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingh" title="Bingh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bingh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malatia" title="Malatia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Malatia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4%C5%BEund" title="Läžund – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Läžund" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%87nh" title="Bệnh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bệnh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B5bi" title="Tõbi – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tõbi" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladeye" title="Maladeye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Maladeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakit" title="Sakit – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sakit" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="疾病 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="疾病" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavabyi" title="Mavabyi – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Mavabyi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-indicator-fr-review-status" class="mw-indicator"><indicator name="fr-review-status" class="mw-fr-review-status-indicator" id="mw-fr-revision-toggle"><span class="cdx-fr-css-icon-review--status--stable"></span><b>Checked</b></indicator></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-autoreview" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#pending" title="All edits by unregistered and new users are subject to review prior to becoming visible to unregistered users"><img alt="Page protected with pending changes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morbid&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Morbid">Morbid</a>)</span><br /> <div id="mw-fr-revision-messages"><div id="mw-fr-revision-details" class="mw-fr-revision-details-dialog" style="display:none;"><div tabindex="0"></div><div class="cdx-dialog cdx-dialog--horizontal-actions"><header class="cdx-dialog__header cdx-dialog__header--default"><div class="cdx-dialog__header__title-group"><h2 class="cdx-dialog__header__title">Page version status</h2><p class="cdx-dialog__header__subtitle">This is an accepted version of this page</p></div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"><span class="cdx-icon cdx-icon--medium
							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Special:Badtitle/Message">reviewed</a> on <i>18 November 2024</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Condition negatively affecting an organism</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Disease_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Disease (disambiguation)">Disease (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>"Maladies" redirects here. For the 2012 film, see <a href="/wiki/Maladies_(film)" title="Maladies (film)"><i>Maladies</i> (film)</a>.</span> <span>"Ailment" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Aliment" title="Aliment">Aliment</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Ancher_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Michael_Ancher_001.jpg/290px-Michael_Ancher_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Michael_Ancher_001.jpg/435px-Michael_Ancher_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Michael_Ancher_001.jpg/580px-Michael_Ancher_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1938" /></a><figcaption>"The Sick Girl", by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ancher" title="Michael Ancher">Michael Ancher</a>, 1882, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Denmark" title="National Gallery of Denmark">National Gallery of Denmark</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>disease</b> is a particular abnormal condition that adversely affects the structure or <a href="/wiki/Function_(biology)" title="Function (biology)">function</a> of all or part of an organism and is not immediately due to any external <a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">injury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diseases are often known to be <b>medical conditions</b> that are associated with specific <a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">signs and symptoms</a>. A disease may be caused by external factors such as <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> or by internal dysfunctions. For example, internal dysfunctions of the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> can produce a variety of different diseases, including various forms of <a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">immunodeficiency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">hypersensitivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune disorders">autoimmune disorders</a>. </p><p>In humans, <i>disease</i> is often used more broadly to refer to any condition that causes <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abnormality_(behavior)" title="Abnormality (behavior)">dysfunction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distress_(medicine)" title="Distress (medicine)">distress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_problems" class="mw-redirect" title="Social problems">social problems</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a> to the person affected, or similar problems for those in contact with the person. In this broader sense, it sometimes includes <a href="/wiki/Injury_in_humans" title="Injury in humans">injuries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disabilities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disorder_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Disorder (medicine)">disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syndrome" title="Syndrome">syndromes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infections</a>, isolated symptoms, deviant <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behaviors</a>, and atypical <a href="/wiki/Human_variability" title="Human variability">variations</a> of structure and function, while in other contexts and for other purposes these may be considered distinguishable categories. Diseases can affect people not only physically but also mentally, as contracting and living with a disease can alter the affected person's perspective on life. </p><p>Death due to disease is called <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes">death by natural causes</a>. There are four main types of disease: infectious diseases, <a href="/wiki/Deficiency_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Deficiency disease">deficiency diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary diseases">hereditary diseases</a> (including both genetic and <a href="/wiki/Non-Mendelian_inheritance" title="Non-Mendelian inheritance">non-genetic hereditary diseases</a>), and physiological diseases. Diseases can also be classified in other ways, such as <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (medicine)">communicable</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Non-communicable_disease" title="Non-communicable disease">non-communicable</a> diseases. The deadliest diseases in humans are <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary artery disease</a> (blood flow obstruction), followed by <a href="/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">cerebrovascular disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_respiratory_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower respiratory infections">lower respiratory infections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In developed countries, the diseases that cause the most sickness overall are <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychiatric_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropsychiatric conditions">neuropsychiatric conditions</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety</a>. </p><p>The study of disease is called <i><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathology</a></i>, which includes the study of <a href="/wiki/Etiology_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Etiology (medicine)"><i>etiology</i></a>, or cause. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disease&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concepts">Concepts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disease&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many cases, terms such as <i>disease</i>, <i>disorder</i>, <i>morbidity</i>, <i>sickness</i> and <i>illness</i> are used interchangeably; however, there are situations when specific terms are considered preferable.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Disease</dt> <dd>The term <i>disease</i> broadly refers to any condition that impairs the normal functioning of the body. For this reason, diseases are associated with the dysfunction of the body's normal <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostatic processes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commonly, the term is used to refer specifically to <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious diseases</a>, which are clinically evident diseases that result from the presence of <a href="/wiki/Pathogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogenic">pathogenic</a> microbial agents, including viruses, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>, protozoa, multicellular organisms, and aberrant proteins known as <a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">prions</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">colonization</a> that does not and will not produce clinically evident impairment of normal functioning, such as the presence of the normal <a href="/wiki/Gut_flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut flora">bacteria and yeasts in the gut</a>, or of a <a href="/wiki/Passenger_virus" title="Passenger virus">passenger virus</a>, is not considered a disease. By contrast, an infection that is asymptomatic during its <a href="/wiki/Incubation_period" title="Incubation period">incubation period</a>, but expected to produce symptoms later, is usually considered a disease. <a href="/wiki/Non-infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-infectious disease">Non-infectious diseases</a> are all other diseases, including most forms of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic disease">genetic disease</a>.</dd> <dt>Acquired disease</dt> <dd>An acquired disease is one that began at some point during one's lifetime, as opposed to disease that was already present at birth, which is <a href="/wiki/Congenital_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital disorder">congenital disease</a>. <i>Acquired</i> sounds like it could mean "caught via contagion", but it simply means acquired sometime after birth. It also sounds like it could imply secondary disease, but acquired disease can be primary disease.</dd> <dt>Acute disease</dt> <dd>An acute disease is one of a short-term nature (<a href="/wiki/Acute_(medicine)" title="Acute (medicine)">acute</a>); the term sometimes also <a href="/wiki/Connotation" title="Connotation">connotes</a> a <a href="/wiki/Fulminant" title="Fulminant">fulminant</a> nature</dd> <dt>Chronic condition or chronic disease</dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/Chronic_condition" title="Chronic condition">chronic disease</a> is one that persists over time, often for at least six months, but may also include illnesses that are expected to last for the entirety of one's natural life.</dd> <dt>Congenital disorder or congenital disease</dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/Congenital_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital disorder">congenital disorder</a> is one that is present at <a href="/wiki/Birth" title="Birth">birth</a>. It is often a <a href="/wiki/Genetic_disorder" title="Genetic disorder">genetic disease or disorder</a> and can be <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">inherited</a>. It can also be the result of a <a href="/wiki/Vertically_transmitted_infection" title="Vertically transmitted infection">vertically transmitted infection</a> from the mother, such as <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>.</dd> <dt>Genetic disease</dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/Genetic_disorder" title="Genetic disorder">genetic disorder</a> or disease is caused by one or more genetic <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a>. It is often inherited, but some mutations are random and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/de_novo" class="extiw" title="wikt:de novo">de novo</a>.</dd> <dt>Hereditary or inherited disease</dt> <dd>A hereditary disease is a type of genetic disease caused by genetic mutations that are <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">hereditary</a> (and can run in families)</dd> <dt>Iatrogenic disease</dt> <dd>An <a href="/wiki/Iatrogenesis" title="Iatrogenesis">iatrogenic disease</a> or condition is one that is caused by medical intervention, whether as a side effect of a treatment or as an inadvertent outcome.</dd> <dt>Idiopathic disease</dt> <dd>An <a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_disease" title="Idiopathic disease">idiopathic disease</a> has an unknown cause or source. As medical science has advanced, many diseases with entirely unknown causes have had some aspects of their sources explained and therefore shed their idiopathic status. For example, when germs were discovered, it became known that they were a cause of infection, but particular germs and diseases had not been linked. In another example, it is known that <a href="/wiki/Autoimmunity" title="Autoimmunity">autoimmunity</a> is the cause of some forms of <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus type 1">diabetes mellitus type 1</a>, even though the particular molecular pathways by which it works are not yet understood. It is also common to know certain factors are <a href="/wiki/Association_(statistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Association (statistics)">associated</a> with certain diseases; however, association does not necessarily imply <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causality</a>. For example, a third factor might be causing both the disease, and the associated phenomenon.</dd> <dt>Incurable disease</dt> <dd>A disease that cannot be <a href="/wiki/Cure" title="Cure">cured</a>. Incurable diseases are not necessarily <a href="/wiki/Terminal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal disease">terminal diseases</a>, and sometimes a disease's symptoms can be treated sufficiently for the disease to have little or no impact on <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>.</dd> <dt>Primary disease</dt> <dd>A primary disease is a disease that is due to a <a href="/wiki/Root_cause_analysis" title="Root cause analysis">root cause</a> of illness, as opposed to secondary disease, which is a <a href="/wiki/Sequela" title="Sequela">sequela</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">complication</a> that is caused by the primary disease. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a> is a primary disease, where <a href="/wiki/Rhinitis" title="Rhinitis">rhinitis</a> is a possible secondary disease, or <a href="/wiki/Sequela" title="Sequela">sequela</a>. A doctor must determine what primary disease, a cold or bacterial infection, is causing a patient's secondary <a href="/wiki/Rhinitis" title="Rhinitis">rhinitis</a> when deciding whether or not to prescribe antibiotics.</dd> <dt>Secondary disease</dt> <dd>A secondary disease is a disease that is a <a href="/wiki/Sequela" title="Sequela">sequela</a> or <a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">complication</a> of a prior, causal disease, which is referred to as the primary disease or simply the underlying cause (<a href="/wiki/Root_cause_analysis" title="Root cause analysis">root cause</a>). For example, a bacterial infection can be primary, wherein a healthy person is exposed to bacteria and becomes infected, or it can be secondary to a primary cause, that predisposes the body to infection. For example, a primary <a href="/wiki/Viral_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral infection">viral infection</a> that weakens the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> could lead to a secondary bacterial infection. Similarly, a primary <a href="/wiki/Burn" title="Burn">burn</a> that creates an open wound could provide an entry point for bacteria, and lead to a secondary bacterial infection.</dd> <dt>Terminal disease</dt> <dd>A terminal disease is one that is expected to have the inevitable result of death. Previously, AIDS was a terminal disease; it is now incurable, but can be managed indefinitely using medications.</dd> <dt>Illness</dt> <dd>The terms <i>illness</i> and <i>sickness</i> are both generally used as synonyms for <i>disease</i>; however, the term <i>illness</i> is occasionally used to refer specifically to the patient's personal experience of their disease.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid3567788_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3567788-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid3567791_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3567791-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this model, it is possible for a person to have a disease without being ill (to have an objectively definable, but <a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic" title="Asymptomatic">asymptomatic</a>, medical condition, such as a <a href="/wiki/Subclinical_infection" title="Subclinical infection">subclinical infection</a>, or to have a clinically apparent physical impairment but not feel sick or distressed by it), and to be <i>ill</i> without being <i>diseased</i> (such as when a person perceives a normal experience as a medical condition, or <a href="/wiki/Medicalizes" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicalizes">medicalizes</a> a non-disease situation in their life – for example, a person who feels unwell as a result of embarrassment, and who interprets those feelings as sickness rather than normal emotions). Symptoms of illness are often not directly the result of infection, but a collection of <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">evolved responses</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sickness_behavior" title="Sickness behavior">sickness behavior</a> by the body – that helps clear infection and promote recovery. Such aspects of illness can include <a href="/wiki/Lethargy" title="Lethargy">lethargy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)" title="Anorexia (symptom)">loss of appetite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sleepiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepiness">sleepiness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperalgesia" title="Hyperalgesia">hyperalgesia</a>, and inability to <a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">concentrate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hart_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hart-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Disorder"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Disorder</span></span></dt> <dd>A disorder is a functional abnormality or disturbance that may or may not show specific signs and symptoms. Medical disorders can be categorized into <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_disorder" title="Physical disorder">physical disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_disorder" title="Genetic disorder">genetic disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">emotional and behavioral disorders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Functional_disorder" title="Functional disorder">functional disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>disorder</i> is often considered more value-neutral and less stigmatizing than the terms <i>disease</i> or <i>illness</i>, and therefore is preferred terminology in some circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mental health, the term <i>mental disorder</i> is used as a way of acknowledging the complex interaction of <a href="/wiki/Biopsychosocial_model" title="Biopsychosocial model">biological, social, and psychological factors</a> in <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatric</a> conditions; however, the term <i>disorder</i> is also used in many other areas of medicine, primarily to identify physical disorders that are not caused by infectious organisms, such as <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_disorder" title="Metabolic disorder">metabolic disorders</a>.</dd> <dt>Medical condition or health condition</dt> <dd>A <i>medical condition</i> or <i>health condition</i> is a broad concept that includes all diseases, <a href="/wiki/Lesion" title="Lesion">lesions</a>, disorders, or nonpathologic condition that normally receives medical treatment, such as <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a>. While the term <i>medical condition</i> generally includes mental illnesses, in some contexts the term is used specifically to denote any illness, injury, or disease <i>except</i> for mental illnesses. The <i><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a></i> (<i>DSM</i>), the widely used psychiatric manual that defines all <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorders</a>, uses the term <i>general medical condition</i> to refer to all diseases, illnesses, and injuries except for mental disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This usage is also commonly seen in the psychiatric literature. Some <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">health insurance</a> policies also define a <i>medical condition</i> as any illness, injury, or disease except for psychiatric illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>As it is more <a href="/wiki/Value-neutral" class="mw-redirect" title="Value-neutral">value-neutral</a> than terms like <i>disease</i>, the term <i>medical condition</i> is sometimes preferred by people with health issues that they do not consider deleterious. However, by emphasizing the medical nature of the condition, this term is sometimes rejected, such as by proponents of the <a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">autism rights movement</a>.</dd> <dd>The term <i>medical condition</i> is also a synonym for <i><a href="/wiki/Medical_state" title="Medical state">medical state</a></i>, in which case it describes an individual patient's current state from a medical standpoint. This usage appears in statements that describe a patient as being <i>in critical condition</i>, for example.</dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Morbidity"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Morbidity</span></span></dt> <dd><b>Morbidity</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> morbidus</i> 'sick, unhealthy') is a diseased state, <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a>, or poor health due to any cause.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term may refer to the existence of any form of disease, or to the degree that the health condition affects the patient. Among severely ill patients, the level of morbidity is often measured by <a href="/wiki/ICU_scoring_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="ICU scoring systems">ICU scoring systems</a>. <a href="/wiki/Comorbidity" title="Comorbidity">Comorbidity</a>, or co-existing disease, is the simultaneous presence of two or more medical conditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a>.</dd> <dd>In <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Actuarial_science" title="Actuarial science">actuarial science</a>, the term <i>morbidity</i> (also <i>morbidity rate</i> or <i>morbidity frequency</i>) can refer to either the <a href="/wiki/Incidence_(epidemiology)" title="Incidence (epidemiology)">incidence</a> rate, the <a href="/wiki/Prevalence" title="Prevalence">prevalence</a> of a disease or medical condition, or the percentage of people who experience a given condition within a given timeframe (e.g., 20% of people will get <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> in a year).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This measure of sickness is contrasted with the <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rate</a> of a condition, which is the proportion of people dying during a given time interval. Morbidity rates are used in actuarial professions, such as health insurance, life insurance, and long-term care insurance, to determine the premiums charged to customers. Morbidity rates help insurers predict the likelihood that an insured will contract or develop any number of specified diseases.</dd> <dt>Pathosis or pathology</dt> <dd><i>Pathosis</i> (plural <i>pathoses</i>) is synonymous with <i>disease</i>. The word <i><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathology</a></i> also has this <a href="/wiki/Word_sense" title="Word sense">sense</a>, in which it is commonly used by physicians in the <a href="/wiki/Medical_literature" title="Medical literature">medical literature</a>, although <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pathology#Usage_notes" class="extiw" title="wikt:pathology">some editors prefer to reserve <i>pathology</i> to its other senses</a>. Sometimes a slight <a href="/wiki/Connotation" title="Connotation">connotative</a> shade causes preference for <i>pathology</i> or <i>pathosis</i> implying "some [as yet poorly analyzed] <a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology" title="Pathophysiology">pathophysiologic process</a>" rather than <i>disease</i> implying "a specific disease entity as defined by diagnostic criteria being already met". This is hard to quantify <a href="/wiki/Denotation" title="Denotation">denotatively</a>, but it explains why <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_synonymy" title="Cognitive synonymy">cognitive synonymy</a> is not invariable.</dd> <dt>Syndrome</dt> <dd>A <i><a href="/wiki/Syndrome" title="Syndrome">syndrome</a></i> is the association of several <a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">signs and symptoms</a>, or other characteristics that often occur together, regardless of whether the cause is known. Some syndromes such as <a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a> are known to have only one cause (an extra <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosome</a> at birth). Others such as <a href="/wiki/Parkinsonian_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkinsonian syndrome">Parkinsonian syndrome</a> are known to have multiple possible causes. <a href="/wiki/Acute_coronary_syndrome" title="Acute coronary syndrome">Acute coronary syndrome</a>, for example, is not a single disease itself but is rather the manifestation of any of several diseases including <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a> secondary to <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary artery disease</a>. In yet other syndromes, however, the <a href="/wiki/Idiopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiopathy">cause is unknown</a>. A familiar syndrome name often remains in use even after an underlying cause has been found or when there are a number of different possible primary causes. Examples of the first-mentioned type are that <a href="/wiki/Turner_syndrome" title="Turner syndrome">Turner syndrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/DiGeorge_syndrome" title="DiGeorge syndrome">DiGeorge syndrome</a> are still often called by the "syndrome" name despite that they can also be viewed as disease entities and not solely as sets of signs and symptoms.</dd> <dt>Predisease</dt> <dd><span class="anchor" id="Predisease"></span><b>Predisease</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Subclinical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subclinical">subclinical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prodrome" title="Prodrome">prodromal</a> vanguard of a disease. <a href="/wiki/Prediabetes" title="Prediabetes">Prediabetes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prehypertension" title="Prehypertension">prehypertension</a> are common examples. The <a href="/wiki/Nosology" title="Nosology">nosology</a> or epistemology of predisease is contentious, though, because there is seldom a <a href="/wiki/Bright_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright line">bright line</a> differentiating a legitimate concern for subclinical or premonitory status and the <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflict of interest</a>–driven <a href="/wiki/Medicalization" title="Medicalization">over-medicalization</a> (e.g., by pharmaceutical manufacturers) or de-medicalization (e.g., by medical and disability insurers). Identifying legitimate predisease can result in useful preventive measures, such as motivating the person to get a healthy amount of physical exercise,<sup id="cite_ref-Lenzer_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenzer-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but labeling a healthy person with an unfounded notion of predisease can result in <a href="/wiki/Overtreatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Overtreatment">overtreatment</a>, such as taking drugs that only help people with severe disease or paying for treatments with a poor <a href="/wiki/Benefit%E2%80%93cost_ratio" title="Benefit–cost ratio">benefit–cost ratio</a>.</dd> <dd>One review proposed three criteria for predisease: <ul><li>a high risk for progression to disease making one "far more likely to develop" it than others are- for example, a <a href="/wiki/Precancerous_condition" title="Precancerous condition">pre-cancer</a> will almost certainly turn into cancer over time</li> <li>actionability for risk reduction – for example, removal of the precancerous tissue prevents it from turning into a potentially deadly cancer</li> <li>benefit that outweighs the harm of any interventions taken – removing the precancerous tissue prevents cancer, and thus prevents a potential death from cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid_21624963_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid_21624963-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_by_body_system">Types by body system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disease&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types by body system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Mental</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">Mental illness</a> is a broad, generic label for a category of illnesses that may include affective or <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotional</a> instability, behavioral dysregulation, cognitive dysfunction or impairment. Specific illnesses known as mental illnesses include <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depression</a>, generalized <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a>, to name a few. Mental illness can be of biological (e.g., anatomical, chemical, or genetic) or psychological (e.g., trauma or conflict) origin. It can impair the affected person's ability to work or study and can harm interpersonal relationship.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd> <dt>Organic</dt> <dd>An organic disease is one caused by a physical or physiological change to some tissue or organ of the body. The term sometimes excludes infections. It is commonly used in contrast with mental disorders. It includes emotional and behavioral disorders if they are due to changes to the physical structures or functioning of the body, such as after a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> or a traumatic brain injury, but not if they are due to <a href="/wiki/Psychosocial" title="Psychosocial">psychosocial</a> issues.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stages">Stages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disease&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Stages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an infectious disease, the <a href="/wiki/Incubation_period" title="Incubation period">incubation period</a> is the time between infection and the appearance of symptoms. The <a href="/wiki/Latency_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Latency period">latency period</a> is the time between infection and the ability of the disease to spread to another person, which may precede, follow, or be simultaneous with the appearance of symptoms. Some viruses also exhibit a dormant phase, called <a href="/wiki/Viral_latency" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral latency">viral latency</a>, in which the virus hides in the body in an inactive state. For example, <a href="/wiki/Varicella_zoster_virus" title="Varicella zoster virus">varicella zoster virus</a> causes <a href="/wiki/Chickenpox" title="Chickenpox">chickenpox</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Acute_(medicine)" title="Acute (medicine)">acute phase</a>; after recovery from chickenpox, the virus may remain dormant in nerve cells for many years, and later cause <a href="/wiki/Herpes_zoster" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes zoster">herpes zoster</a> (shingles). </p> <dl><dt>Acute disease</dt> <dd>An <a href="/wiki/Acute_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute disease">acute disease</a> is a short-lived disease, like the <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a>.</dd> <dt>Chronic disease</dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/Chronic_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic disease">chronic disease</a> is one that lasts for a long time, usually at least six months. During that time, it may be constantly present, or it may go into <a href="/wiki/Remission_(medicine)" title="Remission (medicine)">remission</a> and periodically <a href="/wiki/Relapse" title="Relapse">relapse</a>. A chronic disease may be stable (does not get any worse) or it may be progressive (gets worse over time). Some chronic diseases can be permanently cured. Most chronic diseases can be beneficially treated, even if they cannot be permanently cured.</dd> <dt>Clinical disease</dt> <dd>One that has clinical consequences; in other words, the stage of the disease that produces the characteristic signs and symptoms of that disease.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> is the clinical disease stage of <a href="/wiki/HIV_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV infection">HIV infection</a>.</dd> <dt>Cure</dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/Cure" title="Cure">cure</a> is the end of a medical condition or a treatment that is very likely to end it, while <a href="/wiki/Remission_(medicine)" title="Remission (medicine)">remission</a> refers to the disappearance, possibly temporarily, of symptoms. Complete remission is the best possible outcome for incurable diseases.</dd> <dt><span class="anchor" id="Flare-up"></span>Flare-up</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Flareup" redirects here. For the Transformers character, see <a href="/wiki/Flareup_(Transformers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flareup (Transformers)">Flareup (Transformers)</a>.</div> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Exacerbation" title="Exacerbation">Exacerbation</a></div>A flare-up can refer to either the recurrence of symptoms or an onset of more severe symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Shiel_2019_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shiel_2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Progressive disease</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Progressive_disease" title="Progressive disease">Progressive disease</a> is a disease whose typical natural course is the worsening of the disease until death, serious debility, or organ failure occurs. Slowly progressive diseases are also <a href="/wiki/Chronic_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic disease">chronic diseases</a>; many are also <a href="/wiki/Degenerative_disease" title="Degenerative disease">degenerative diseases</a>. The opposite of progressive disease is <i>stable disease</i> or <i>static disease</i>: a medical condition that exists, but does not get better or worse.</dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Refractory_disease"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Refractory disease</span></span></dt> <dd>A refractory disease is a disease that resists treatment, especially an individual case that resists treatment more than is normal for the specific disease in question.</dd> <dt>Subclinical disease</dt> <dd>Also called <i>silent disease</i>, <i>silent stage</i>, or <i>asymptomatic disease</i>. This is a stage in some diseases before the symptoms are first noted.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Terminal phase</dt> <dd>If a person will die soon from a disease, regardless of whether that disease typically causes death, then the stage between the earlier disease process and active dying is the terminal phase.</dd> <dt>Recovery</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Convalescence" title="Convalescence">Convalescence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recuperation_(recovery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Recuperation (recovery)">Recuperation</a></div>Recovery can refer to the repairing of physical processes (tissues, organs etc.) and the resumption of healthy functioning after damage causing processes have been cured.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extent">Extent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disease&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Extent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poison_ivy_rash.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="skin rash on the leg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Poison_ivy_rash.JPG/175px-Poison_ivy_rash.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Poison_ivy_rash.JPG/263px-Poison_ivy_rash.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Poison_ivy_rash.JPG/350px-Poison_ivy_rash.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>This rash only affects one part of the body, so it is a localized disease.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Localized disease</dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/Localized_disease" title="Localized disease">localized disease</a> is one that affects only one part of the body, such as <a href="/wiki/Athlete%27s_foot" title="Athlete's foot">athlete's foot</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Human_eye#Disease" title="Human eye">eye infection</a>.</dd> <dt>Disseminated disease</dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/Disseminated_disease" title="Disseminated disease">disseminated disease</a> has spread to other parts; with cancer, this is usually called <a href="/wiki/Metastatic_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastatic disease">metastatic disease</a>.</dd> <dt>Systemic disease</dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/Systemic_disease" title="Systemic disease">systemic disease</a> is a disease that affects the entire body, such as <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">high blood pressure</a>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disease&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nosology" title="Nosology">Nosology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medical_classification" title="Medical classification">Medical classification</a></div> <p>Diseases may be classified by cause, <a href="/wiki/Pathogenesis" title="Pathogenesis">pathogenesis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(biology)" title="Mechanism (biology)">mechanism</a> by which the disease is caused), or by <a href="/wiki/Symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">symptoms</a>. Alternatively, diseases may be classified according to the <a href="/wiki/Organ_system" title="Organ system">organ system</a> involved, though this is often complicated since many diseases affect more than one organ. </p><p>A chief difficulty in nosology is that diseases often cannot be defined and classified clearly, especially when cause or pathogenesis are unknown. Thus diagnostic terms often only reflect a symptom or set of symptoms (<a href="/wiki/Syndrome" title="Syndrome">syndrome</a>). </p><p>Classical classification of human disease derives from the observational correlation between pathological analysis and clinical syndromes. Today it is preferred to classify them by their cause if it is known.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most known and used classification of diseases is the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>'s <a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>. This is periodically updated. Currently, the last publication is the <a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">ICD-11</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disease&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cause_(medicine)" title="Cause (medicine)">Cause (medicine)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (medicine)">Transmission (medicine)</a></div> <p>Diseases can be caused by any number of factors and may be acquired or <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">congenital</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">Microorganisms</a>, genetics, the environment or a combination of these can contribute to a diseased state.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only some diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> are contagious and commonly believed infectious. The <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> that cause these diseases are known as pathogens and include varieties of bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi. <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">Infectious diseases</a> can be transmitted, e.g. by hand-to-mouth contact with infectious material on surfaces, by bites of <a href="/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (epidemiology)">insects or other carriers</a> of the disease, and from contaminated water or food (often via <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">fecal</a> contamination), etc.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, there are <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted disease">sexually transmitted diseases</a>. In some cases, microorganisms that are not readily spread from person to person play a role, while other diseases can be prevented or ameliorated with appropriate <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutrition</a> or other lifestyle changes. </p><p>Some diseases, such as most (but <a href="/wiki/Infectious_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious cancer">not all</a>) forms of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>, and mental disorders, are <a href="/wiki/Non-infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-infectious disease">non-infectious diseases</a>. Many non-infectious diseases have a partly or completely genetic basis (see <a href="/wiki/Genetic_disorder" title="Genetic disorder">genetic disorder</a>) and may thus be transmitted from one generation to another. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a> are the social conditions in which people live that determine their health. Illnesses are generally related to social, economic, political, and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_disease" title="Environmental disease">environmental circumstances</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social determinants of health have been recognized by several health organizations such as the Public Health Agency of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and the World Health Organization to greatly influence collective and personal well-being. The World Health Organization's Social Determinants Council also recognizes <a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a>. </p><p>When the cause of a disease is poorly understood, societies tend to mythologize the disease or use it as a <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> or symbol of whatever that culture considers evil. For example, until the bacterial cause of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> was discovered in 1882, experts variously ascribed the disease to <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary disease">heredity</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sedentary_lifestyle" title="Sedentary lifestyle">sedentary lifestyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depressed mood</a>, and overindulgence in sex, rich food, or alcohol, all of which were <a href="/wiki/Social_ills" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ills">social ills</a> at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a disease is caused by a <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogenic</a> organism (e.g., when <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> is caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Plasmodium" title="Plasmodium">Plasmodium</a></i>), one should not confuse the <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogen</a> (the cause of the disease) with disease itself. For example, <a href="/wiki/West_Nile_virus" title="West Nile virus">West Nile virus</a> (the pathogen) causes <a href="/wiki/West_Nile_fever" title="West Nile fever">West Nile fever</a> (the disease). The misuse of basic definitions in <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiology</a> is frequent in scientific publications.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_causes">Types of causes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disease&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Types of causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walking_the_dog_7th_Brigade_Park_Chermside_P1040698.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A child rides a bicycle. An adult and a child walk a dog along a path in a green park.." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Walking_the_dog_7th_Brigade_Park_Chermside_P1040698.jpg/220px-Walking_the_dog_7th_Brigade_Park_Chermside_P1040698.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Walking_the_dog_7th_Brigade_Park_Chermside_P1040698.jpg/330px-Walking_the_dog_7th_Brigade_Park_Chermside_P1040698.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Walking_the_dog_7th_Brigade_Park_Chermside_P1040698.jpg/440px-Walking_the_dog_7th_Brigade_Park_Chermside_P1040698.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Regular physical activity, such as riding a bicycle or walking, reduces the risk of lifestyle diseases.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Airborne</dt> <dd>An <a href="/wiki/Airborne_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Airborne disease">airborne disease</a> is any disease that is caused by pathogens and transmitted through the air.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Foodborne</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">Foodborne illness</a> or food poisoning is any illness resulting from the consumption of food contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, toxins, viruses, prions or parasites.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Infectious</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">Infectious diseases</a>, also known as transmissible diseases or communicable diseases, comprise clinically evident illness (i.e., characteristic medical signs or symptoms of disease) resulting from the infection, presence and growth of pathogenic biological agents in an individual host organism.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Included in this category are <i><a href="/wiki/Contagious_disease" title="Contagious disease">contagious diseases</a></i> – an infection, such as <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a>, that commonly spreads from one person to another – and <i><a href="/wiki/Communicable_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Communicable disease">communicable diseases</a></i> – a disease that can spread from one person to another, but does not necessarily spread through everyday contact.</dd> <dt>Lifestyle</dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_disease" title="Lifestyle disease">lifestyle disease</a> is any disease that appears to increase in frequency as countries become more industrialized and people live longer, especially if the risk factors include behavioral choices like a sedentary lifestyle or a diet high in unhealthful foods such as refined carbohydrates, trans fats, or alcoholic beverages.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Non-communicable</dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/Non-communicable_disease" title="Non-communicable disease">non-communicable disease</a> is a medical condition or disease that is non-transmissible.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-communicable diseases cannot be spread directly from one person to another. <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">Heart disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> are examples of non-communicable diseases in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disease&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Preventive_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Preventive medicine">Preventive medicine</a></div> <p>Many diseases and disorders can be prevented through a variety of means. These include <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>, proper <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutrition</a>, adequate <a href="/wiki/Exercise" title="Exercise">exercise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccinations</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Self-care" title="Self-care">self-care</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> measures, <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">such as obligatory <a href="/wiki/Cloth_face_mask" title="Cloth face mask">face mask</a> mandates</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatments">Treatments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disease&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Treatments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">Therapy</a></div> <p>Medical therapies or treatments are efforts to cure or improve a disease or other health problems. In the medical field, therapy is synonymous with the word <i>treatment</i>. Among psychologists, the term may refer specifically to <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a> or "talk therapy". Common treatments include <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical devices">medical devices</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Self-care" title="Self-care">self-care</a>. Treatments may be provided by an organized <a href="/wiki/Health_care_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care system">health care system</a>, or informally, by the patient or family members. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive healthcare</a> is a way to avoid an injury, sickness, or disease in the first place. A treatment or cure is applied after a medical problem has already started. A treatment attempts to improve or remove a problem, but treatments may not produce permanent cures, especially in <a href="/wiki/Chronic_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic diseases">chronic diseases</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cure" title="Cure">Cures</a> are a subset of treatments that reverse diseases completely or end medical problems permanently. Many diseases that cannot be completely cured are still treatable. <a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">Pain management</a> (also called pain medicine) is that branch of medicine employing an interdisciplinary approach to the relief of pain and improvement in the quality of life of those living with pain.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Treatment for <a href="/wiki/Medical_emergencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical emergencies">medical emergencies</a> must be provided promptly, often through an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_department" title="Emergency department">emergency department</a> or, in less critical situations, through an <a href="/wiki/Urgent_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Urgent care">urgent care</a> facility. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disease&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></div> <p>Epidemiology is the study of the factors that cause or encourage diseases. Some diseases are more common in certain geographic areas, among people with certain genetic or socioeconomic characteristics, or at different times of the year. </p><p>Epidemiology is considered a cornerstone methodology of public health research and is highly regarded in <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">evidence-based medicine</a> for identifying <a href="/wiki/Risk_factor_(epidemiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk factor (epidemiology)">risk factors</a> for diseases. In the study of communicable and non-communicable diseases, the work of epidemiologists ranges from <a href="/wiki/Outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="Outbreak">outbreak</a> investigation to study design, data collection, and analysis including the development of statistical models to test hypotheses and the documentation of results for submission to peer-reviewed journals. Epidemiologists also study the interaction of diseases in a population, a condition known as a <a href="/wiki/Syndemic" title="Syndemic">syndemic</a>. Epidemiologists rely on a number of other scientific disciplines such as <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> (to better understand disease processes), <a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">biostatistics</a> (the current raw information available), <a href="/wiki/Geographic_Information_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic Information Science">Geographic Information Science</a> (to store data and map disease patterns) and <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a> disciplines (to better understand proximate and distal risk factors). Epidemiology can help identify causes as well as guide prevention efforts. </p><p>In studying diseases, epidemiology faces the challenge of defining them. Especially for poorly understood diseases, different groups might use significantly different definitions. Without an agreed-on definition, different researchers may report different numbers of cases and characteristics of the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some morbidity databases are compiled with data supplied by states and territories health authorities, at national levels<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or larger scale (such as European Hospital Morbidity Database (HMDB))<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may contain hospital discharge data by detailed diagnosis, age and sex. The European HMDB data was submitted by European countries to the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burdens_of_disease">Burdens of disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disease&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Burdens of disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Disease_burden" title="Disease burden">Disease burden</a> is the impact of a health problem in an area measured by financial cost, mortality, morbidity, or other indicators. </p><p>There are several measures used to quantify the burden imposed by diseases on people. The <a href="/wiki/Years_of_potential_life_lost" title="Years of potential life lost">years of potential life lost</a> (YPLL) is a simple estimate of the number of years that a person's life was shortened due to a disease. For example, if a person dies at the age of 65 from a disease, and would probably have lived until age 80 without that disease, then that disease has caused a loss of 15 years of potential life. YPLL measurements do not account for how disabled a person is before dying, so the measurement treats a person who dies suddenly and a person who died at the same age after decades of illness as equivalent. In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> calculated that 932 million years of potential life were lost to premature death.<sup id="cite_ref-WHODALY_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHODALY-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Quality-adjusted_life_year" title="Quality-adjusted life year">quality-adjusted life year</a> (QALY) and <a href="/wiki/Disability-adjusted_life_year" title="Disability-adjusted life year">disability-adjusted life year</a> (DALY) metrics are similar but take into account whether the person was healthy after diagnosis. In addition to the number of years lost due to premature death, these measurements add part of the years lost to being sick. Unlike YPLL, these measurements show the burden imposed on people who are very sick, but who live a normal lifespan. A disease that has high morbidity, but low mortality, has a high DALY and a low YPLL. In 2004, the World Health Organization calculated that 1.5 billion disability-adjusted life years were lost to disease and injury.<sup id="cite_ref-WHODALY_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHODALY-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the developed world, <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> cause the most loss of life, but <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychiatric_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropsychiatric conditions">neuropsychiatric conditions</a> like <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a> cause the most years lost to being sick. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Disease category </th> <th scope="col" style="width:10%;">Percent of all YPLLs lost, worldwide<sup id="cite_ref-WHODALY_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHODALY-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:10%;">Percent of all DALYs lost, worldwide<sup id="cite_ref-WHODALY_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHODALY-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:10%;">Percent of all YPLLs lost, Europe<sup id="cite_ref-WHODALY_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHODALY-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:10%;">Percent of all DALYs lost, Europe<sup id="cite_ref-WHODALY_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHODALY-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:10%;">Percent of all YPLLs lost, US and Canada<sup id="cite_ref-WHODALY_41-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHODALY-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:10%;">Percent of all DALYs lost, US and Canada<sup id="cite_ref-WHODALY_41-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHODALY-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Infectious and parasitic diseases, especially <a href="/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Lower respiratory tract infection">lower respiratory tract infections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> </td> <td>37% </td> <td>26% </td> <td>9% </td> <td>6% </td> <td>5% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychiatric_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropsychiatric conditions">Neuropsychiatric conditions</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a> </td> <td>2% </td> <td>13% </td> <td>3% </td> <td>19% </td> <td>5% </td> <td>28% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Injuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Injuries">Injuries</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor vehicle accidents">motor vehicle accidents</a> </td> <td>14% </td> <td>12% </td> <td>18% </td> <td>13% </td> <td>18% </td> <td>10% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular diseases</a>, principally <a href="/wiki/Heart_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attacks">heart attacks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> </td> <td>14% </td> <td>10% </td> <td>35% </td> <td>23% </td> <td>26% </td> <td>14% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Premature_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature birth">Premature birth</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Perinatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Perinatal">perinatal</a> deaths </td> <td>11% </td> <td>8% </td> <td>4% </td> <td>2% </td> <td>3% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a> </td> <td>8% </td> <td>5% </td> <td>19% </td> <td>11% </td> <td>25% </td> <td>13% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disease&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Mellin_(attributed)_-_Portrait_of_a_Gentleman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Charles_Mellin_%28attributed%29_-_Portrait_of_a_Gentleman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Charles_Mellin_%28attributed%29_-_Portrait_of_a_Gentleman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Charles_Mellin_%28attributed%29_-_Portrait_of_a_Gentleman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Charles_Mellin_%28attributed%29_-_Portrait_of_a_Gentleman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Charles_Mellin_%28attributed%29_-_Portrait_of_a_Gentleman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Charles_Mellin_%28attributed%29_-_Portrait_of_a_Gentleman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6837" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a> was a status symbol in <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> culture: "The Tuscan General <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_del_Borro" class="mw-redirect" title="Alessandro del Borro">Alessandro del Borro</a>", attributed to <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Sacchi" title="Andrea Sacchi">Andrea Sacchi</a>, 1645.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is now generally regarded as a disease.</figcaption></figure> <p>How a society responds to diseases is the subject of <a href="/wiki/Medical_sociology" title="Medical sociology">medical sociology</a>. </p><p>A condition may be considered a disease in some cultures or eras but not in others. For example, <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a> was associated with prosperity and abundance, and this perception persists in many African regions, especially since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/AIDS_wasting" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS wasting">HIV/AIDS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HaslamJames_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaslamJames-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">Epilepsy</a> is considered a sign of spiritual gifts among the <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sickness confers the social legitimization of certain benefits, such as illness benefits, work avoidance, and being looked after by others. The person who is sick takes on a social role called the <a href="/wiki/Sick_role" title="Sick role">sick role</a>. A person who responds to a dreaded disease, such as <a href="/wiki/Cancer_survivor" title="Cancer survivor">cancer</a>, in a culturally acceptable fashion may be publicly and privately honored with higher <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In return for these benefits, the sick person is obligated to seek treatment and work to become well once more. As a comparison, consider <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>, which is not interpreted as a disease or sickness, even if the mother and baby may both benefit from medical care. </p><p>Most religions grant exceptions from religious duties to people who are sick. For example, one whose life would be endangered by <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a> on <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a> or during the month of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> is exempted from the requirement, or even forbidden from participating.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People who are sick are also exempted from social duties. For example, ill health is the only socially acceptable reason for an American to refuse an invitation to the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The identification of a condition as a disease, rather than as simply a variation of human structure or function, can have significant social or economic implications. The controversial recognition of diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Repetitive_stress_injury" class="mw-redirect" title="Repetitive stress injury">repetitive stress injury</a> (RSI) and <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a> (PTSD) has had a number of positive and negative effects on the financial and other responsibilities of governments, corporations, and institutions towards individuals, as well as on the individuals themselves. The social implication of viewing <a href="/wiki/Senescence" title="Senescence">aging</a> as a disease could be profound, though this classification is not yet widespread. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">Lepers</a> were people who were historically shunned because they had an infectious disease, and the term "leper" still evokes <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">social stigma</a>. Fear of disease can still be a widespread social phenomenon, though not all diseases evoke extreme social stigma. </p><p>Social standing and economic status affect health. <a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_poverty" title="Diseases of poverty">Diseases of poverty</a> are diseases that are associated with <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> and low social status; <a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_affluence" title="Diseases of affluence">diseases of affluence</a> are diseases that are associated with high social and economic status. Which diseases are associated with which states vary according to time, place, and technology. Some diseases, such as <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a>, may be associated with both poverty (poor food choices) and affluence (long lifespans and sedentary lifestyles), through different mechanisms. The term <a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_disease" title="Lifestyle disease"><i>lifestyle diseases</i></a> describes diseases associated with longevity and that are more common among older people. For example, <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> is far more common in societies in which most members live until they reach the age of 80 than in societies in which most members die before they reach the age of 50. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_of_disease">Language of disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disease&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Language of disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Illness_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Illness narrative">illness narrative</a> is a way of organizing a medical experience into a coherent story that illustrates the sick individual's personal experience. </p><p>People use <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphors</a> to make sense of their experiences with disease. The metaphors move disease from an objective thing that exists to an <a href="/wiki/Affective" class="mw-redirect" title="Affective">affective</a> experience. The most popular metaphors draw on <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> concepts: Disease is an enemy that must be feared, fought, battled, and routed. The patient or the healthcare provider is a <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">warrior</a>, rather than a passive victim or bystander. The agents of communicable diseases are <a href="/wiki/Invasion" title="Invasion">invaders</a>; non-communicable diseases constitute internal <a href="/wiki/Insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurrection">insurrection</a> or <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>. Because the threat is urgent, perhaps a matter of life and death, unthinkably radical, even oppressive, measures are society's and the patient's moral duty as they courageously mobilize to struggle against destruction. The <a href="/wiki/War_on_Cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Cancer">War on Cancer</a> is an example of this metaphorical use of language.<sup id="cite_ref-Gwyn_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gwyn-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This language is empowering to some patients, but leaves others feeling like they are failures.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another class of metaphors describes the experience of illness as a journey: The person travels to or from a place of disease, and changes himself, discovers new information, or increases his experience along the way. He may travel "on the road to recovery" or make changes to "get on the right track" or choose "pathways".<sup id="cite_ref-Gwyn_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gwyn-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some are explicitly immigration-themed: the patient has been exiled from the home territory of health to the land of the ill, changing identity and relationships in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-Diedrich_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diedrich-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This language is more common among British healthcare professionals than the language of physical aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some metaphors are disease-specific. <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> is a common metaphor for <a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">addictions</a>: The alcoholic is enslaved by drink, and the smoker is captive to nicotine. Some cancer patients treat the loss of their hair from <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonymy</a> or metaphor for all the losses caused by the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Gwyn_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gwyn-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some diseases are used as metaphors for social ills: "Cancer" is a common description for anything that is endemic and destructive in society, such as poverty, injustice, or racism. AIDS was seen as a divine judgment for moral decadence, and only by purging itself from the "pollution" of the "invader" could society become healthy again.<sup id="cite_ref-Gwyn_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gwyn-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, when AIDS seemed less threatening, this type of emotive language was applied to <a href="/wiki/Avian_flu_outbreak_of_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="Avian flu outbreak of 2009">avian flu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Type_2_diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 2 diabetes mellitus">type 2 diabetes mellitus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Authors in the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuberculosis in popular culture">commonly used tuberculosis</a> as a symbol and a metaphor for <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendence</a>. People with the disease were portrayed in literature as having risen above daily life to become ephemeral objects of spiritual or artistic achievement. In the 20th century, after its cause was better understood, the same disease became the emblem of poverty, squalor, and other social problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Diedrich_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diedrich-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disease&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/18px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/24px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/48px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/64px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptogenic_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptogenic disease">Cryptogenic disease</a>, a disease whose cause is currently unknown</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_disability" title="Developmental disability">Developmental disability</a>, severe, lifelong disabilities attributable to mental or physical impairments</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_disease" title="Environmental disease">Environmental disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host%E2%80%93pathogen_interaction" title="Host–pathogen interaction">Host–pathogen interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_diseases" title="Lists of diseases">Lists of diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_disease" title="Mitochondrial disease">Mitochondrial disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_medicine" title="Philosophy of medicine">Philosophy of medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_disease" title="Rare disease">Rare disease</a>, a disease that affects very few people</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">Sociology of health and illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndrome" title="Syndrome">Syndrome</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disease&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090628224336/http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/three/000030493.htm">"Disease"</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Dorland%27s_medical_reference_works" title="Dorland's medical reference works">Dorland's Medical Dictionary</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2017</span> – via medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com. <q>a stage in the history of a pathological condition that begins with anatomical or physiological changes that are sufficient to produce recognizable signs and symptoms of a disease</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mosby%27s+Medical+Dictionary&rft.atitle=clinical+disease&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com%2Fclinical%2Bdisease&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shiel_2019-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shiel_2019_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShiel2019" class="citation web cs1">Shiel WC Jr (20 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=156154">"Definition of Flare"</a>. <i>MedicineNet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200123145648/https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=156154">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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CDC: 607–625. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid0505.990502">10.3201/eid0505.990502</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1080-6040">1080-6040</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2627714">2627714</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10511517">10511517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emerging+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Food-Related+Illness+and+Death+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=607-625&rft.date=1999-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2627714%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1080-6040&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10511517&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3201%2Feid0505.990502&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rft.au=Slutsker%2C+Laurence&rft.au=Dietz%2C+Vance&rft.au=McCaig%2C+Linda+F.&rft.au=Bresee%2C+Joseph+S.&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+Craig&rft.au=Griffin%2C+Patricia+M.&rft.au=Tauxe%2C+Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2627714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_SeventerHochberg2017" class="citation cs2">van Seventer JM, Hochberg NS (2017), "Principles of Infectious Diseases: Transmission, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Control", <i>International Encyclopedia of Public Health</i>, Elsevier, pp. 22–39, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-803678-5.00516-6">10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00516-6</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-803708-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-803708-9"><bdi>978-0-12-803708-9</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150340">7150340</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Principles+of+Infectious+Diseases%3A+Transmission%2C+Diagnosis%2C+Prevention%2C+and+Control&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Public+Health&rft.pages=22-39&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7150340%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-803678-5.00516-6&rft.isbn=978-0-12-803708-9&rft.aulast=van+Seventer&rft.aufirst=Jean+Maguire&rft.au=Hochberg%2C+Natasha+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Maskari" class="citation web cs1">Al-Maskari F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/lifestyle-diseases-economic-burden-health-services">"Lifestyle Diseases: An Economic Burden on the Health Services"</a>. <i>UN Chronicle</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Lifestyle+Diseases%3A+An+Economic+Burden+on+the+Health+Services&rft.aulast=Al-Maskari&rft.aufirst=Fatma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fchronicle%2Farticle%2Flifestyle-diseases-economic-burden-health-services&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifrc.org/our-work/health-and-care/community-health/non-communicable-diseases">"Non-communicable diseases"</a>. <i>IFRC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240516050902/https://www.ifrc.org/our-work/health-and-care/community-health/non-communicable-diseases">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IFRC&rft.atitle=Non-communicable+diseases&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifrc.org%2Four-work%2Fhealth-and-care%2Fcommunity-health%2Fnon-communicable-diseases&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases">"Non communicable diseases"</a>. <i>World Health Organization</i>. 16 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Non+communicable+diseases&rft.date=2023-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews-room%2Ffact-sheets%2Fdetail%2Fnoncommunicable-diseases&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy,_Paul_A.Hardy,_Paul_A._J.1997" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, Paul A., Hardy, Paul A. J. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EtZ-4eb_aDUC&pg=PA10"><i>Chronic Pain Management: The Essentials</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900151-85-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900151-85-6"><bdi>978-1-900151-85-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36881282">36881282</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151003091442/https://books.google.com/books?id=EtZ-4eb_aDUC&pg=PA10">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronic+Pain+Management%3A+The+Essentials&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36881282&rft.isbn=978-1-900151-85-6&rft.au=Hardy%2C+Paul+A.&rft.au=Hardy%2C+Paul+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEtZ-4eb_aDUC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuller,_David2011" class="citation news cs1">Tuller, David (4 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/08/health/research/08fatigue.html">"Defining an illness is fodder for debate"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170103054656/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/08/health/research/08fatigue.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Defining+an+illness+is+fodder+for+debate&rft.date=2011-03-04&rft.au=Tuller%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F03%2F08%2Fhealth%2Fresearch%2F08fatigue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130813000437/http://aihw.gov.au/national-hospital-morbidity-database/">"National Hospital Morbidity Database"</a>. <i>aihw.gov.au</i>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Health_and_Welfare" title="Australian Institute of Health and Welfare">Australian Institute of Health and Welfare</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aihw.gov.au/national-hospital-morbidity-database/">the original</a> on 13 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aihw.gov.au&rft.atitle=National+Hospital+Morbidity+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aihw.gov.au%2Fnational-hospital-morbidity-database%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=3203&Item_Id=1724">"Hospital Morbidity Database (HMDB)"</a>. <i>statcan.gc.ca</i>. Statistics Canada. 24 October 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160630153315/http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=3203&Item_Id=1724">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Hospital+Morbidity+Database+%28HMDB%29&rft.date=2007-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww23.statcan.gc.ca%2Fimdb%2Fp2SV.pl%3FFunction%3DgetSurvey%26SDDS%3D3203%26Item_Id%3D1724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130902224516/http://data.euro.who.int/hmdb/">"European Hospital Morbidity Database"</a>. <i>who.int</i>. World Health Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.euro.who.int/hmdb/">the original</a> on 2 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=who.int&rft.atitle=European+Hospital+Morbidity+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.euro.who.int%2Fhmdb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHODALY-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHODALY_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHODALY_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHODALY_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHODALY_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHODALY_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHODALY_41-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHODALY_41-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHODALY_41-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101224055121/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_regional/en/index.html">"Disease and injury regional estimates for 2004"</a>. <i>who.int</i>. World Health Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_regional/en/index.html">the original</a> on 24 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=who.int&rft.atitle=Disease+and+injury+regional+estimates+for+2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fhealthinfo%2Fglobal_burden_disease%2Festimates_regional%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisease" class="Z3988"></span> Standard DALYs (3% discounting, age weights). Also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/DALY14_2004.xls">DALY spreadsheet</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/YLL14_2004.xls">YLL spreadsheet</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerten-Jackson" class="citation web cs1">Gerten-Jackson C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090502012818/http://www.cab.u-szeged.hu/cgfa/m/m-12.htm">"The Tuscan General Alessandro del Borro"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cab.u-szeged.hu/cgfa/m/m-12.htm">the original</a> on 2 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Tuscan+General+Alessandro+del+Borro&rft.aulast=Gerten-Jackson&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cab.u-szeged.hu%2Fcgfa%2Fm%2Fm-12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HaslamJames-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HaslamJames_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaslamJames2005" class="citation journal cs1">Haslam DW, James WP (2005). "Obesity". <i>Lancet</i>. <b>366</b> (9492): 1197–209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2805%2967483-1">10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67483-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16198769">16198769</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208791491">208791491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Obesity&rft.volume=366&rft.issue=9492&rft.pages=1197-209&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A208791491%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16198769&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2805%2967483-1&rft.aulast=Haslam&rft.aufirst=DW&rft.au=James%2C+WP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFadiman1997" class="citation book cs1">Fadiman A (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spiritcatchesyou00fadi"><i>The spirit catches you and you fall down: a Hmong child, her American doctors, and the collision of two cultures</i></a>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-52564-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-52564-4"><bdi>978-0-374-52564-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+spirit+catches+you+and+you+fall+down%3A+a+Hmong+child%2C+her+American+doctors%2C+and+the+collision+of+two+cultures&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus%2C+and+Giroux&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-374-52564-4&rft.aulast=Fadiman&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspiritcatchesyou00fadi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSulik,_Gayle2010" class="citation book cs1">Sulik, Gayle (2010). <i>Pink Ribbon Blues: How Breast Cancer Culture Undermines Women's Health</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974045-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974045-1"><bdi>978-0-19-974045-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pink+Ribbon+Blues%3A+How+Breast+Cancer+Culture+Undermines+Women%27s+Health&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-974045-1&rft.au=Sulik%2C+Gayle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuptaGusdorf2023" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta N, Gusdorf J (13 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gmr.scholasticahq.com/article/83342-guidance-for-physicians-on-the-yom-kippur-fast">"Guidance for Physicians on the Yom Kippur Fast"</a>. <i>Georgetown Medical Review</i>. <b>7</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.52504%2F001c.83342">10.52504/001c.83342</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2689-095X">2689-095X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Georgetown+Medical+Review&rft.atitle=Guidance+for+Physicians+on+the+Yom+Kippur+Fast&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2023-07-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.52504%2F001c.83342&rft.issn=2689-095X&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Nikita&rft.au=Gusdorf%2C+Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgmr.scholasticahq.com%2Farticle%2F83342-guidance-for-physicians-on-the-yom-kippur-fast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRashed1992" class="citation journal cs1">Rashed AH (29 February 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1881417">"The fast of Ramadan"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>304</b> (6826): 521–522. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.304.6826.521">10.1136/bmj.304.6826.521</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-8138">0959-8138</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1881417">1881417</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1559053">1559053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=The+fast+of+Ramadan.&rft.volume=304&rft.issue=6826&rft.pages=521-522&rft.date=1992-02-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1881417%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0959-8138&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1559053&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.304.6826.521&rft.aulast=Rashed&rft.aufirst=A.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1881417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin,_Judith2005" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Judith (2005). <i>Miss Manners' Guide to Excruciatingly Correct Behavior</i>. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. p. 703. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05874-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05874-1"><bdi>978-0-393-05874-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57549405">57549405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miss+Manners%27+Guide+to+Excruciatingly+Correct+Behavior&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=703&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57549405&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05874-1&rft.au=Martin%2C+Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gwyn-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gwyn_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gwyn_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gwyn_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gwyn_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwyn,_Richard1999" class="citation book cs1">Gwyn, Richard (1999). "10". In Cameron, Lynne, Low, Graham (eds.). <i>Researching and applying metaphor</i>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64964-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64964-3"><bdi>978-0-521-64964-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40881885">40881885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10&rft.btitle=Researching+and+applying+metaphor&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40881885&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64964-3&rft.au=Gwyn%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpan,_Paula2014" class="citation news cs1">Span, Paula (22 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newoldage.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/04/22/fighting-words-are-rare-among-british-doctors">"Fighting Words Are Rarer Among British Doctors"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140702025715/http://newoldage.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/04/22/fighting-words-are-rare-among-british-doctors">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Fighting+Words+Are+Rarer+Among+British+Doctors&rft.date=2014-04-22&rft.au=Span%2C+Paula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewoldage.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F04%2F22%2Ffighting-words-are-rare-among-british-doctors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diedrich-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diedrich_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diedrich_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiedrich,_Lisa2007" class="citation book cs1">Diedrich, Lisa (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/treatmentslangua00died"><i>Treatments: language, politics, and the culture of illness</i></a></span>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/treatmentslangua00died/page/n32">8</a>, 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4697-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4697-5"><bdi>978-0-8166-4697-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/601862594">601862594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treatments%3A+language%2C+politics%2C+and+the+culture+of+illness&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=8%2C+29&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F601862594&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-4697-5&rft.au=Diedrich%2C+Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftreatmentslangua00died&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanneHawken2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hanne M, Hawken SJ (December 2007). "Metaphors for illness in contemporary media". <i>Med Humanit</i>. <b>33</b> (2): 93–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjmh.2006.000253">10.1136/jmh.2006.000253</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23674429">23674429</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207000141">207000141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Med+Humanit&rft.atitle=Metaphors+for+illness+in+contemporary+media&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=93-99&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207000141%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23674429&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjmh.2006.000253&rft.aulast=Hanne&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Hawken%2C+SJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disease&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> <b>Disease</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Disease" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Disease">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Disease" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Disease">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Disease" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Disease">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Disease" class="extiw" title="q:Disease">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Disease" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Disease">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Pathology" class="extiw" title="v:Pathology">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136" class="extiw" title="d:Q12136">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00548m0">"Man and Disease"</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> discussion with Anne Hardy, David Bradley & Chris Dye (<i><a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)">In Our Time</a></i>, 15 December 2002)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctdbase.org/">CTD</a> The <a href="/wiki/Comparative_Toxicogenomics_Database" title="Comparative Toxicogenomics Database">Comparative Toxicogenomics Database</a> is a scientific resource connecting chemicals, genes, and human diseases.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://siteman.wustl.edu/prevention/ydr/">Free online health-risk assessment</a> by <a href="/wiki/Your_Disease_Risk" title="Your Disease Risk">Your Disease Risk</a> at Washington University in St. Louis</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/health-topics.html#a">Health Topics A–Z</a>, fact sheets about many common diseases at the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Centers for Disease Control">Centers for Disease Control</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/healthtopics.html">Health Topics</a>, <a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a> descriptions of most diseases, with access to current research articles.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/">NLM</a> Comprehensive database from the <a href="/wiki/US_National_Library_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="US National Library of Medicine">US National Library of Medicine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/">OMIM</a> Comprehensive information on genes that cause disease at <a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241563710">Report: <i>The global burden of disease</i></a> from the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO), 2004</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merckmanuals.com/home"><i>The Merck Manual</i></a> containing detailed description of most diseases</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Basic_medical_terms_used_to_describe_disease_conditions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medical_terms_to_describe_disease_conditions" title="Template:Medical terms to describe disease conditions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medical_terms_to_describe_disease_conditions" title="Template talk:Medical terms to describe disease conditions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medical_terms_to_describe_disease_conditions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medical terms to describe disease conditions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Basic_medical_terms_used_to_describe_disease_conditions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Basic <a href="/wiki/Medical_terminology" title="Medical terminology">medical terms</a> used to describe disease conditions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Signs and symptoms</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Syndrome" title="Syndrome">Syndrome</a><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Disease</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Medical diagnosis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Acute_(medicine)" title="Acute (medicine)">Acute</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chronic_condition" title="Chronic condition">Chronic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cure" title="Cure">Cure</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_eponymously_named_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of eponymously named diseases">Eponymous disease</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations" title="List of medical abbreviations">Acronym or abbreviation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Remission_(medicine)" title="Remission (medicine)">Remission</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pathology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pathology" title="Template:Pathology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pathology" title="Template talk:Pathology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pathology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pathology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pathology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles of pathology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">Neoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_(medicine)" title="Cause (medicine)">Cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathogenesis" title="Pathogenesis">Pathogenesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemodynamics" title="Hemodynamics">Hemodynamics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">Ischemia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_damage" title="Cell damage">Cell damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wound_healing" title="Wound healing">Wound healing</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cellular_adaptation" title="Cellular adaptation">Cellular adaptation</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atrophy" title="Atrophy">Atrophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hypertrophy" title="Hypertrophy">Hypertrophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hyperplasia" title="Hyperplasia">Hyperplasia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dysplasia" title="Dysplasia">Dysplasia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metaplasia" title="Metaplasia">Metaplasia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Squamous_metaplasia" title="Squamous metaplasia">Squamous</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glandular_metaplasia" title="Glandular metaplasia">Glandular</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Cell death</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">Necrosis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Coagulative_necrosis" title="Coagulative necrosis">Coagulative necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liquefactive_necrosis" title="Liquefactive necrosis">Liquefactive necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrenous necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caseous_necrosis" title="Caseous necrosis">Caseous necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fat_necrosis" title="Fat necrosis">Fat necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fibrinoid_necrosis" title="Fibrinoid necrosis">Fibrinoid necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Myocytolysis" title="Myocytolysis">Myocytolysis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pyknosis" title="Pyknosis">Pyknosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karyorrhexis" title="Karyorrhexis">Karyorrhexis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karyolysis" title="Karyolysis">Karyolysis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>Accumulations</i></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hemosiderin" title="Hemosiderin">Hemosiderin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lipochrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipochrome">Lipochrome</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lipofuscin" title="Lipofuscin">Lipofuscin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">Melanin</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Steatosis" title="Steatosis">Steatosis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical pathology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_pathology" title="Surgical pathology">Surgical pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">Autopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_pathology" title="Molecular pathology">Molecular pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Forensic pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_pathology" title="Oral and maxillofacial pathology">Oral and maxillofacial pathology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gross_processing" title="Gross processing">Gross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">Histopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">Immunohistochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">Electron microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunofluorescence" title="Immunofluorescence">Immunofluorescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization" title="Fluorescence in situ hybridization">Fluorescence in situ hybridization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematopathology" title="Hematopathology">Hematopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" title="Transfusion medicine">Transfusion medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">Medical microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunoassay" title="Immunoassay">Diagnostic immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunopathology" title="Immunopathology">Immunopathology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_assay" title="Enzyme assay">Enzyme assay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_cytometry" title="Flow cytometry">Flow cytometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_bank" title="Blood bank">Blood bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiological_culture" title="Microbiological culture">Microbiological culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serology" title="Serology">Serology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div 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title="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_disorder" title="Metabolic disorder">Metabolic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_disorder" title="Immune disorder">Immune disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematologic_disease" title="Hematologic disease">Hematologic disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">Mental disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neurological_disorder" title="Neurological disorder">Neurological disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_disease" title="Eye disease">Eye disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ear disease">Ear disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_disease" title="Lymphatic disease">Lymphatic disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">Respiratory disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxillofacial_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxillofacial disorder">Maxillofacial disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disease" title="Gastrointestinal disease">Gastrointestinal disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urologic_disease" title="Urologic disease">Urologic disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_disease" title="Female genital disease">Female genital disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_disease" title="Breast disease">Breast disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_genital_disease" title="Male genital disease">Male genital disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complications_of_pregnancy" title="Complications of pregnancy">Complications of pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_labor_complication" title="Obstetric labor complication">Obstetric labor complication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_disorder" title="Postpartum disorder">Postpartum disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skin_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin disease">Skin disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musculoskeletal_disorder" title="Musculoskeletal disorder">Musculoskeletal disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft tissue disorder">Soft tissue disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue_disease" title="Connective tissue disease">Connective tissue disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_disease" title="Bone disease">Bone disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondropathy" title="Chondropathy">Chondropathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital disorder">Congenital disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal disease">Fetal disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571210">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="nemoc"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123211&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="nemoci"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117238&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX524957">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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