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Fisika - Wikipedia, entziklopedia askea.

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<div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu nagusia" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu nagusia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu nagusia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Nabigazioa </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Azala" title="Azala bisitatu [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Azala</span></a></li><li id="n-Txikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Txikipedia:Azala"><span>Txikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Ikusgela" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela"><span>Ikusgela</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Txokoa" title="Proiektuaren inguruan, zer egin dezakezu, non aurkitu nahi duzuna"><span>Txokoa</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:AzkenAldaketak" title="Wikiko azken aldaketen zerrenda. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Aldaketa berriak</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa" title="Ausazko orrialde bat kargatu [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ausazko orria</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" title="Aurkitzeko lekua."><span>Laguntza</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Azala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Entziklopedia askea" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-eu.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:Bilatu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Bilatu</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Bilatu</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itxura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itxura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=eu" class=""><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&amp;returnto=Fisika" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&amp;returnto=Fisika" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&amp;returnto=Fisika" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&amp;returnto=Fisika" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Historia azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antzinaroa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antzinaroa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Antzinaroa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antzinaroa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antzinako_Grezia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antzinako_Grezia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Antzinako Grezia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antzinako_Grezia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erdi_Aroa_eta_islamiar_filosofia_naturala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erdi_Aroa_eta_islamiar_filosofia_naturala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Erdi Aroa eta islamiar filosofia naturala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erdi_Aroa_eta_islamiar_filosofia_naturala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pizkundea,_iraultza_zientifikoa_eta_metodo_zientifikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pizkundea,_iraultza_zientifikoa_eta_metodo_zientifikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Pizkundea, iraultza zientifikoa eta metodo zientifikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pizkundea,_iraultza_zientifikoa_eta_metodo_zientifikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mekanika,_termodinamika_eta_elektromagnetismoaren_garapena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mekanika,_termodinamika_eta_elektromagnetismoaren_garapena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Mekanika, termodinamika eta elektromagnetismoaren garapena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mekanika,_termodinamika_eta_elektromagnetismoaren_garapena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fisika_modernoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fisika_modernoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Fisika modernoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fisika_modernoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fisikaren_filosofia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fisikaren_filosofia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fisikaren filosofia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fisikaren_filosofia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oinarrizko_teoriak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oinarrizko_teoriak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Oinarrizko teoriak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oinarrizko_teoriak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Oinarrizko teoriak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Oinarrizko_teoriak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fisika_klasikoan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fisika_klasikoan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fisika klasikoan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fisika_klasikoan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fisika_modernoan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fisika_modernoan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fisika modernoan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fisika_modernoan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikerketa-eremuak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikerketa-eremuak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ikerketa-eremuak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ikerketa-eremuak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Ikerketa-eremuak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ikerketa-eremuak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fisika_teorikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fisika_teorikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Fisika teorikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fisika_teorikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materia_kondentsatuaren_fisika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materia_kondentsatuaren_fisika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Materia kondentsatuaren fisika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materia_kondentsatuaren_fisika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fisika_molekularra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fisika_molekularra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Fisika molekularra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fisika_molekularra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fisika_atomikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fisika_atomikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Fisika atomikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fisika_atomikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fisika_nuklearra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fisika_nuklearra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Fisika nuklearra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fisika_nuklearra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partikulen_fisika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partikulen_fisika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Partikulen fisika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partikulen_fisika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astrofisika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astrofisika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Astrofisika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astrofisika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biofisika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biofisika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Biofisika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biofisika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fisika</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 243 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-243" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">243 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – acehnera" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="acehnera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physik" title="Physik – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Physik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%B0%E1%8D%88%E1%8C%A5%E1%88%AE_%E1%88%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%8C%8B%E1%89%B5_%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%93%E1%89%B5" title="የተፈጥሮ ሕግጋት ጥናት – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የተፈጥሮ ሕግጋት ጥናት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fisica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जीव-विज्ञान – angikera" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जीव-विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="فيزياء – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيزياء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%9D%DC%A3%DC%9D%DC%9F" title="ܦܝܣܝܟ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܝܣܝܟ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%83" title="فيزيك – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فيزيك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فيزيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيزيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Física" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altelopa" title="Altelopa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Altelopa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="भौतिक शास्त्र – awadhiera" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="भौतिक शास्त्र" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="فیزیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فیزیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physik" title="Physik – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Physik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiz%C4%97ka" title="Fizėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Fizėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisika" title="Pisika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pisika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фізіка – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фізіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фізыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фізыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88lmu_tab%C3%A8at" title="Èlmu tabèat – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Èlmu tabèat" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="भौतिकी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भौतिकी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisika" title="Pisika – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pisika" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%95%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ရူပဗေဒ – Pa&#039;O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ရူပဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa&#039;O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পদার্থবিজ্ঞান – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পদার্থবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B" title="དངོས་ཁམས་རིག་པ་ – tibetera" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དངོས་ཁམས་རིག་པ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পদার্থবিজ্ঞান – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="পদার্থবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%84%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%80" title="ᨄᨗᨔᨗᨀ – buginera" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨄᨗᨔᨗᨀ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="buginera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Физикэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Физикэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Física" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%ACk-l%C4%AB" title="Ŭk-lī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ŭk-lī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – txetxenera" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="txetxenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisika" title="Pisika – cebuanoera" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pisika" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="فیزیک – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیزیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica – korsikera" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Fisica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyzika" title="Fyzika – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fyzika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizyka" title="Fizyka – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Fizyka" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffiseg" title="Ffiseg – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffiseg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysik" title="Fysik – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fysik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physik" title="Physik – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Physik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B6%C3%B6ckat%C9%94%C9%94r" title="Piööckatɔɔr – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Piööckatɔɔr" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyzika" title="Fyzika – behe-sorabiera" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Fyzika" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="behe-sorabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pijik" title="Pijik – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Pijik" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%A9%DE%92%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7%DE%87%DE%A9_%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%89%DE%AA" title="ފީޒިޔާއީ އިލްމު – dhivehia" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފީޒިޔާއީ އިލްމު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="dhivehia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94" title="དངོས་ཁམས་རིག་པ – dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="དངོས་ཁམས་རིག་པ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Φυσική – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φυσική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AEsica" title="Fîsica – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Fîsica" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" title="Physics – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Physics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiziko" title="Fiziko – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fiziko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Física" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BC%C3%BCsika" title="Füüsika – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Füüsika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Física" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="فیزیک – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیزیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysiikka" title="Fysiikka – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fysiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BC%C3%BCsiga" title="Füüsiga – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Füüsiga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisiki" title="Fisiki – fijiera" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Fisiki" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisfr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Alisfrøði – faroera" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Alisfrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faroera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physique" title="Physique – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Physique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fesica" title="Fesica – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Fesica" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCsiik" title="Füsiik – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Füsiik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisiche" title="Fisiche – friulera" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Fisiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuerkunde" title="Natuerkunde – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Natuerkunde" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisic" title="Fisic – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fisic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="物理學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiosaig" title="Fiosaig – Eskoziako gaelikoa" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fiosaig" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Eskoziako gaelikoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Física" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mba%27erekokuaa" title="Mba&#039;erekokuaa – guaraniera" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mba&#039;erekokuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – gorontaloera" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontaloera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AD%E0%AB%8C%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="ભૌતિકશાસ્ત્ર – gujaratera" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ભૌતિકશાસ્ત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujaratera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%BCjia" title="Atüjia – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Atüjia" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishig" title="Fishig – manxera" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Fishig" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vu%CC%8Dt-l%C3%AE-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Vu̍t-lî-ho̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vu̍t-lî-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81laik%C5%ABlohea" title="Kālaikūlohea – hawaiiera" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kālaikūlohea" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaiiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="פיזיקה – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיזיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="भौतिक शास्त्र – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भौतिक शास्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhautik_vigyan" title="Bhautik vigyan – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bhautik vigyan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyzika" title="Fyzika – goi-sorabiera" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Fyzika" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="goi-sorabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Ֆիզիկա – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆիզիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physica" title="Physica – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Physica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – ibanera" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ibanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Fisica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8C%CC%80m%E1%BB%A5%CC%80nt%E1%BB%A5d%E1%BB%8B" title="Ọ̀mụ̀ntụdị – igboera" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ọ̀mụ̀ntụdị" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igboera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisika" title="Pisika – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pisika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiziko" title="Fiziko – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fiziko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B0lisfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Eðlisfræði – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eðlisfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fisica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%86%E1%92%AB%E1%91%A6%E1%93%B1%E1%93%95%E1%95%86%E1%93%82%E1%96%85/umatsuliriniq" title="ᐆᒫᑦᓱᓕᕆᓂᖅ/umatsuliriniq – inuitera" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐆᒫᑦᓱᓕᕆᓂᖅ/umatsuliriniq" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuitera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="物理学 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="物理学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizix" title="Fizix – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Fizix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/termu%27eske" title="termu&#039;eske – lojbana" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="termu&#039;eske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojbana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ფიზიკა – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფიზიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasengama" title="Tasengama – kabiliera" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasengama" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – tyapa" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyapa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" title="Physics – kikuyuera" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Physics" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyuera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uumaatsulerineq" title="Uumaatsulerineq – groenlandiera" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Uumaatsulerineq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="groenlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="រូបវិទ្យា – khemerera" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រូបវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khemerera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಭೌತಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭೌತಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="물리학 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="물리학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%9B%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%8F%D8%AA" title="ترٛایُت – kaxmirera" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ترٛایُت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kaxmirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiz%C3%AEk" title="Fizîk – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fizîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysegieth" title="Fysegieth – kornubiera" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Fysegieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornubiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physica" title="Physica – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Physica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – ladinoa" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladinoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physik" title="Physik – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Physik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – lezginera" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezginera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Fisica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebyobuzimbe" title="Ebyobuzimbe – luganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ebyobuzimbe" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="luganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuurkunde" title="Natuurkunde – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Natuurkunde" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixica" title="Fixica – liguriera" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Fixica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Fisica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fisica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADz%C3%ADk%C3%AD" title="Fízíkí – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Fízíkí" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9F%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%AA%E0%BB%8C" title="ຟີຊິກສ໌ – laosera" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຟີຊິກສ໌" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – madurera" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madurera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="भौतिक शास्‍त्र – maithilia" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="भौतिक शास्‍त्र" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Физикась – mokxera" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Физикась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Физике – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Физике" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – minangkabauera" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabauera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ഭൗതികശാസ്ത്രം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭൗതികശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Физик – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Физик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="भौतिकशास्त्र – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भौतिकशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C5%BCika" title="Fiżika – maltera" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Fiżika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física – mirandesa" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Física" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%95%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ရူပဗေဒ – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရူပဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – erziera" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="فزیک – mazandarandera" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فزیک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADseca" title="Físeca – napoliera" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Físeca" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physik" title="Physik – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Physik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netuurkunde" title="Netuurkunde – behe-saxoiera" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Netuurkunde" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="behe-saxoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="भौतिक शास्त्र – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भौतिक शास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="भौतिक शास्त्र – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भौतिक शास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuurkunde" title="Natuurkunde – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Natuurkunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysikk" title="Fysikk – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fysikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysikk" title="Fysikk – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fysikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisike" title="Fisike – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Fisike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C5%B7sique" title="Phŷsique – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Phŷsique" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – pediera" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="pediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fisica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiiziksii" title="Fiiziksii – oromoera" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Fiiziksii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A5_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ପଦାର୍ଥ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପଦାର୍ଥ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Физикæ – osetiera" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Физикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਭੌਤਿਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭੌਤਿਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsika" title="Físika – pampangera" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Físika" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampangera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisike" title="Fisike – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Fisike" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisiks" title="Fisiks – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Fisiks" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizyka" title="Fizyka – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fizyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ACsica" title="Fìsica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fìsica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B2%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="فزکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فزکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="فزیک – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فزیک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Física" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachaykamay" title="Pachaykamay – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pachaykamay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizic%C4%83" title="Fizică – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fizică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizic%C3%A2" title="Fizicâ – aromaniera" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Fizicâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фізіка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Фізіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="भौतिकशास्त्रम् – sanskritoa" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="भौतिकशास्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskritoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ACsica" title="Fìsica – sardiniera" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Fìsica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ACsica" title="Fìsica – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Fìsica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naitural_philosophy" title="Naitural philosophy – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Naitural philosophy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="طبيعيات – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="طبيعيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasngama" title="Tasngama – tachelhita" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasngama" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%81%A2%E1%82%86%E1%80%B8%E1%82%81%E1%81%A2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="ပၢႆးႁၢင်ႈ – shanera" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ပၢႆးႁၢင်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="භෞතික විද්‍යාව – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="භෞතික විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" title="Physics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Physics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyzika" title="Fyzika – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fyzika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_(%D9%81%D8%B2%DA%A9%D8%B3)" title="طبیعیات (فزکس) – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="طبیعیات (فزکس)" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisiki" title="Fisiki – samoera" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Fisiki" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundoyetsimba" title="Fundoyetsimba – shonera" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Fundoyetsimba" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiisigis" title="Fiisigis – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Fiisigis" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabi_fu_natru" title="Sabi fu natru – sranan tongoa" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Sabi fu natru" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="sranan tongoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisiksi" title="Fisiksi – hegoaldeko sothoera" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Fisiksi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="hegoaldeko sothoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physik" title="Physik – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Physik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysik" title="Fysik – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fysik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizikia" title="Fizikia – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fizikia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizyka" title="Fizyka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Fizyka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="இயற்பியல் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இயற்பியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಭೌತ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಭೌತ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="భౌతిక శాస్త్రం – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భౌతిక శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="ฟิสิกส์ – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟิสิกส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8A%E1%8B%9A%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5" title="ፊዚክስ – tigrinyera" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ፊዚክስ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="tigrinyera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – turkmenera" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisika" title="Pisika – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pisika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik%C9%99" title="Fizikə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Fizikə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisiki" title="Fisiki – tongera" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Fisiki" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="tongera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntivo-Ntumbuluko" title="Ntivo-Ntumbuluko – tsongera" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ntivo-Ntumbuluko" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsongera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisiks" title="Fisiks – tumbukera" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Fisiks" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbukera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – tuvera" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – udmurtera" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurtera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%89%D8%B2%D9%89%D9%83%D8%A7" title="فىزىكا – uigurrera" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="فىزىكا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurrera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фізика – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фізика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="طبیعیات – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="طبیعیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizega" title="Fizega – veneziera" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fizega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BD_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Vật lý học – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vật lý học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCs%C3%BCd" title="Füsüd – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Füsüd" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizike" title="Fizike – valoniera" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Fizike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%ABmm" title="Jëmm – wolofera" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Jëmm" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolofera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="物理学 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="物理学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – kalmykera" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmykera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifiziki" title="Ifiziki – xhosera" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ifiziki" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ფიზიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფიზიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7" title="פיזיק – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פיזיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADs%C3%ADks%C3%AC" title="Físíksì – jorubera" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Físíksì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuzlij" title="Vuzlij – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vuzlij" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuurkunde" title="Natuurkunde – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Natuurkunde" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B3%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ – amazigera estandarra" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="amazigera estandarra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="物理学 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="物理学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="物理學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%CC%8Dt-l%C3%AD-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="物理學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umchazandalo" title="Umchazandalo – zuluera" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umchazandalo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zuluera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q413#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eztabaida:Fisika" rel="discussion" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input 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title="Orri honetaranzko esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Honanzko esteka duten orriak</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/Fisika" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Fitxategia igo</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:OrrialdeBereziak" title="Orri berezi guztien zerrenda [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Orri bereziak</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;oldid=9509680" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra"><span>Lotura iraunkorra</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;action=info" title="Orrialde honi buruzko informazio gehiago"><span>Orri honen datuak</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:CiteThisPage&amp;page=Fisika&amp;id=9509680&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Orri honen aipua egiteko moduari buruzko informazioa"><span>Artikulu hau aipatu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFisika"><span>URL laburra lortu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFisika"><span>QR kodea jaitsi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Inprimatu/esportatu </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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hau Wikipedia guztiek izan beharreko artikuluen zerrendaren parte da"><img alt="Artikulu hau Wikipedia guztiek izan beharreko artikuluen zerrendaren parte da" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/20px-Wikipedia-1000.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/30px-Wikipedia-1000.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/40px-Wikipedia-1000.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-2-HezkuntzaPrograma" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza" title="Artikulu hau &quot;Kalitatezko 2.000 artikulu 12-16 urteko ikasleentzat&quot; proiektuaren parte da"><img alt="Artikulu hau &quot;Kalitatezko 2.000 artikulu 12-16 urteko ikasleentzat&quot; proiektuaren parte da" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/19px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/28px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/38px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="794" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:CollageFisica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/CollageFisica.jpg/220px-CollageFisica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/CollageFisica.jpg/330px-CollageFisica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/CollageFisica.jpg/440px-CollageFisica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Fisikak lege kopuru mugatu batekin azaltzen ditu Unibertsoko materiaren eta energiaren arteko erlazioak, partikula subatomikoak dituzten fenomenoetatik hasi eta izar baten sorrera bezalako fenomenoetaraino.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fisika</b> <a href="/wiki/Materia" title="Materia">materiaren</a> ikerketa egiten duen <a href="/wiki/Zientzia_natural" class="mw-redirect" title="Zientzia natural">zientzia naturala</a> da<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Materia, haren <a href="/wiki/Oinarrizko_partikula" title="Oinarrizko partikula">funtsezko osagaiak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Espazio-denbora" title="Espazio-denbora">espazioaren eta denboraren</a> bidezko <a href="/wiki/Higidura" title="Higidura">higidura</a> eta portaera, eta <a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energiarekin</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Indar" title="Indar">indarrarekin</a> lotutako gaiak aztertzen ditu<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Fisika diziplina <a href="/wiki/Zientzia" title="Zientzia">zientifiko</a> funtsezkoenetako bat da, eta <a href="/wiki/Unibertsoa" title="Unibertsoa">unibertsoaren</a> portaera ulertzea du helburu nagusia<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Fisikan espezializatutako <a href="/wiki/Zientzialari" title="Zientzialari">zientzialari</a> bati <a href="/wiki/Fisikari" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisikari">fisikari</a> deritzo. </p><p>Fisika <a href="/wiki/Diziplina_akademiko" title="Diziplina akademiko">diziplina akademiko</a> zaharrenetako bat da, eta, <a href="/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia">astronomian</a> sartzen denez, agian antzinakoena<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Azken bi milurtekoetako zati handi batean, fisika, <a href="/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika">kimika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia">biologia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">matematikaren</a> zenbait adar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia_natural&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Filosofia natural (sortu gabe)">filosofia naturalaren</a> parte izan ziren, baina XVII. mendeko <a href="/wiki/Iraultza_Zientifikoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraultza Zientifikoa">Iraultza Zientifikoan</a>, natur zientzia horiek ikerketa-jarduera bakar gisa sortu ziren, eskubide osoz. Fisika diziplina arteko ikerketa-arlo askorekin nahasten da, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Biofisika" title="Biofisika">biofisikarekin</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Kimika_kuantiko" title="Kimika kuantiko">kimika kuantikoarekin</a>, eta fisikaren mugak ez daude zurrun definituta. Fisikaren ideia berriek maiz azaltzen dituzte beste zientzia batzuek aztertutako funtsezko mekanismoak, eta ikerketa-bide berriak iradokitzen dituzte diziplina akademiko horietan eta beste batzuetan, hala nola matematikan eta <a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">filosofian</a>. </p><p>Fisikaren aurrerapenek teknologia berriak garatzea ahalbidetzen dute maiz. Esate baterako, <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetismo" title="Elektromagnetismo">elektromagnetismoaren</a> ulermenean, <a href="/wiki/Egoera_solidoaren_fisika" title="Egoera solidoaren fisika">egoera solidoaren fisikan</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Fisika_nuklear" title="Fisika nuklear">fisika nuklearrean</a> egindako aurrerapenek zuzenean ekarri zuten produktu berriak garatzera, egungo gizartea nabarmen eraldatu dutenak, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Telebista" title="Telebista">telebista</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordenagailu" title="Ordenagailu">ordenagailuak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etxetresna_elektriko" title="Etxetresna elektriko">etxetresna elektrikoak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Arma_nuklear" title="Arma nuklear">arma nuklearrak</a>; <a href="/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika">termodinamikan</a> egindako aurrerapenek <a href="/wiki/Industrializazio" title="Industrializazio">industrializazioa</a> garatzera eraman zuten; eta <a href="/wiki/Mekanika" title="Mekanika">mekanikako</a> aurrerapenek, berriz, <a href="/wiki/Kalkulu_(matematikaren_adarra)" title="Kalkulu (matematikaren adarra)">kalkuluaren</a> garapena inspiratu zuten. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Historia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Fisikaren_historia" title="Fisikaren historia">Fisikaren historia</a>»</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antzinaroa">Antzinaroa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Antzinaroa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Antzinaroa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antzinatik, jendea jakitun zen <a href="/wiki/Natura" title="Natura">Naturaren</a> erregulartasunaz<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Aspalditik zekiten <a href="/wiki/Ilargi-ziklo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilargi-ziklo">ilargi-zikloak</a> gutxi gorabehera 28 egun irauten zuela eta objektuak, euskarririk gabe, erori egiten zirela<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Hasieran, erregulartasun horiek azaltzen saiatu ziren <a href="/wiki/Metafisika" title="Metafisika">metafisika</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Mitologia" title="Mitologia">mitologia</a> erabiliz; erregulartasun horiek <a href="/wiki/Jainko_(deitatea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainko (deitatea)">jainkoen eta jainkosen</a> lana ziren, mundua beren nahierara kontrolatzen zutenak<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Hala ere, fisika, antzinatik XVIII. mendera arte <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia_natural&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Filosofia natural (sortu gabe)">filosofia natural</a> gisa ezagutzen dena, fenomeno naturalen <a href="/wiki/Azalpen_zientifiko" title="Azalpen zientifiko">azalpen</a> arrazionalak lortzeko saiakera gisa hasi zen, infiltrazio <a href="/wiki/Erlijio" title="Erlijio">erlijioso</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Magia" title="Magia">magikoak</a> saihestuz. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lurra" title="Lurra">Lurraren</a> gaineko hainbat tokitako herriak zientzia garatzen hasi ziren, beti filosofia naturalaren inguruan, garai eta garrantzi desberdinekin. <a href="/wiki/Indiar" title="Indiar">Indiarrek</a> gai fisikoei buruz hausnartzen zuten Kristo aurreko hirugarren milurtekotik<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. K.a. IX. eta VI. mendeen artean, Indiako filosofoek <a href="/wiki/Heliozentrismo" title="Heliozentrismo">heliozentrismoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Atomismo" title="Atomismo">atomismoa</a> aldezten zituzten. K.a. IV. mendean, <a href="/wiki/Txinatar" title="Txinatar">txinatarrek</a> jadanik esana zuten gaur egun <a href="/wiki/Newtonen_Lehen_Legea" class="mw-redirect" title="Newtonen Lehen Legea">Newtonen Lehen Legea</a> deitzen dena<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. K.a. I. mendean, herri <a href="/wiki/Maien_zibilizazioa" title="Maien zibilizazioa">maiek</a> <a href="/wiki/Zero" title="Zero">zeroaren</a> nozioa egina zuten, baita europarrek baino lehenago ere<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antzinako_Grezia">Antzinako Grezia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Antzinako Grezia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Antzinako Grezia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/220px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/330px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/440px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2275" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> <a href="/wiki/Antzinako_Grezia" title="Antzinako Grezia">Antzinako Grezian</a> fenomeno naturalen azalpenean gehien sakondu zuen filosofoen artean dago.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fenomeno naturalei azalpen arrazionala emateko <a href="/wiki/Mendebaldea_(kultura)" title="Mendebaldea (kultura)">Mendebaldeko</a> lehen saiakera <a href="/wiki/Antzinako_Grezia" title="Antzinako Grezia">greziarrekin</a> iritsi ziren<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Tales_Miletokoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tales Miletokoa">Tales Miletokoa</a> izan ziren historikoki fenomeno naturalen naturaz gaindiko azalpenak, erlijiosoak edo mitologikoak baztertu zituen mendebaldeko lehen filosofoa, gertaera fisiko orok kausa naturala duela argudiatuz<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Pitagoras" title="Pitagoras">Pitagorasek</a> eta haren jarraitzaileek uste zuten mundua, zenbaki-sistema osoa bezala, elementu finituetan banatuta zegoela, <a href="/wiki/Atomismo" title="Atomismo">atomismoaren</a> nozioa sortuz<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Demokrito" title="Demokrito">Demokrito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leuzipo" title="Leuzipo">Leuzipo Miletokoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Epikuro" title="Epikuro">Epikurok</a>, K.a. V. eta III. mendeen artean, atomismoaren filosofia bultzatu zuten, eta bertan proposatu zuten materia guztia <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">atomo</a> zatiezin txikiz osatuta zegoela<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Aristarko_Samoskoa" title="Aristarko Samoskoa">Aristarko Samoskoak</a> <a href="/wiki/Heliozentrismo" title="Heliozentrismo">heliozentrismoaren</a> lehen defendatzaileetako bat izan zen, nahiz eta Antzinako Grezian paradigma <a href="/wiki/Teoria_geozentriko" title="Teoria geozentriko">geozentrista</a> gailendu zen<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Esperientzia" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Esperientzia">Esperientzia</a>, eskulan oro bezala, ez zen kontuan hartzen Antzinako Grezian, mundu fisikoaren azalpenak printzipio filosofiko gutxi batzuetan oinarritzen baitziren<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Arkimedes" title="Arkimedes">Arkimedesek</a>, ordea, esperientzia baloratzen zuen: <a href="/wiki/Estatika" title="Estatika">estatikaren</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Hidrostatika" title="Hidrostatika">hidrostatikaren</a> oinarriak Arkimedesen dute jatorria. <a href="/wiki/Flotagarritasun" title="Flotagarritasun">Flotagarritasun</a> kontzeptuaren printzipioak azaldu zituen lehen aldiz Arkimedesek. Kontzeptu hori <a href="/wiki/Arkimedesen_printzipio" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkimedesen printzipio">Arkimedesen printzipio</a> gisa ezagutzen zen<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> Antzinako Greziako filosofo natural nagusietako bat da. Haren aburuz, eta <a href="/wiki/Enpedokles" title="Enpedokles">Enpedoklesen</a> ideiari jarraituz, Unibertsoa <a href="/wiki/Elementu_klasikoak" title="Elementu klasikoak">oinarrizko lau elementuz</a> osatuta zegoen: <a href="/wiki/Aire" title="Aire">airea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lurra" title="Lurra">lurra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">ura</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Su" title="Su">sua</a>, gehi bosgarren elementu bat, <a href="/wiki/Eter_(fisika)" title="Eter (fisika)">eterra</a>, Ilargiaren orbitatik kanpo Unibertsoaren gainerakoa beteko zuen elementu perfektua. Aristotelesen aburuz, <a href="/wiki/Huts_(fisika)" title="Huts (fisika)">hutsaren</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Infinitu" title="Infinitu">infinituaren</a> nozioa ulertezina zen. Elementu bakoitzak bere tokia izango luke Unibertsoan, Lurra Unibertsoaren erdian geratzeko tenkatuta, eta sua handik ihesi<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fisika_(Aristoteles)" title="Fisika (Aristoteles)">Fisika</a></i> lanean, Aristotelesek dio mugimenduaren kausa indar eragilea dela; indarra utzi orduko, mugimendua eten egiten du. Mugimenduaren kausarekin kontaktua galdu ondoren egiten den mugimenduarekin jarraitzea izango litzateke aireak pasatzean jaurtigai batek uzten duen hutsa betetzeko duen joera. "Betetze" horren ondorioz, jaurtigaia aurrerantz bultzatuko lukeen indarra sortuko litzateke, baina efektu hori ez litzateke betiko izango, eta uneren batean amaituko litzateke<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Mugimendu planetarioa azaltzeko, <a href="/wiki/Eudoxo_Knidokoa" title="Eudoxo Knidokoa">Eudoxo Knidokoak</a>, K.a. IV. mendean, lehenengo behaketa kuantitatiboak egin zituen planeten mugimenduen eredu matematikoa kalkulatzeko. Eudoxok <a href="/wiki/Esfera" title="Esfera">esfera</a> zentrokideen sistema garatu zuen, eta horietako bakoitzak planeta bat zuen<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Sistema hori hobetuz joan zen mendeak igaro ahala, grekoek sistema geozentriko batean sinesten baitzuten. Behatutako anomalia guztiak, hala nola planeten itxurazko erregresioa eta are <a href="/wiki/Prezesio" title="Prezesio">Lurraren ardatzaren prezesioa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiparko_Nizeakoa" title="Hiparko Nizeakoa">Hiparkok</a> aurkitu zituenak, esferen sistema geozentrikoa gero eta konplexuagoa zelako azaltzen ziren<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Ptolomeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolomeo">Ptolomeok</a>, K.a. II. mendean, 80 esfera eta epiziklo baino gehiagoko planeten sistema esferiko bat asmatu zuen, eta bere lana, <i><a href="/wiki/Almagesto" title="Almagesto">Almagesto</a></i> izenez ezagutu zen 13 liburuko bilduma batean laburtua, arabiarrek eta europarrek asko erabili zuten <a href="/wiki/Goi_Erdi_Aro" class="mw-redirect" title="Goi Erdi Aro">Goi Erdi Arora</a> arte<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erdi_Aroa_eta_islamiar_filosofia_naturala">Erdi Aroa eta islamiar filosofia naturala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erdi Aroa eta islamiar filosofia naturala»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Erdi Aroa eta islamiar filosofia naturala"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/IV._mende" class="mw-redirect" title="IV. mende">IV. mendean</a> <a href="/wiki/Mendebaldeko_Erromatar_Inperioaren_erorialdia" title="Mendebaldeko Erromatar Inperioaren erorialdia">Erromatar Inperioa erori zenean</a>, Greziako filosofia natural gehienak eta hezkuntza osoak garrantzia galdu zuten<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Garai hori "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aro_ilun&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aro ilun (sortu gabe)">Aro ilun</a>" gisa ezagutu zen, ezagutza naturalaren historiari erreparatuz gero<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Hala ere, grekoen berezko ezagutza ez zen erabat galdu, <a href="/wiki/Ekialde_Ertain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekialde Ertain">Ekialde Ertainean</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Egipto" title="Egipto">Egipton</a> mantendu eta garatu zen. Eskualde horretan bizi ziren arabiarrek literatura grekoa arabierara itzuli zuten. Hala, arabiarrek, greziar ezagutzak eskuratzeaz gain, perfekzionatu egin zituzten<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi" title="Al-Khwarizmi">Al-Khwarizmi</a> gaur egun ezagutzen dugun <a href="/wiki/Aljebra" title="Aljebra">aljebraren</a> sortzailetzat hartzen da<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Astrolabio" title="Astrolabio">Astrolabioa</a>, ustez Ptolomeok asmatua, persiarrek hobetu zuten<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>XI. mendean, espainiarrek <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalusko</a> zati handiak konkistatu ostean, haiek zituzten greziar testu gehienak <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latinera</a> itzultzen hasi ziren. Hala, <a href="/wiki/Erdi_Aro" class="mw-redirect" title="Erdi Aro">Erdi Aroko</a> Europak filosofia naturala berriro ikusi zuen, hainbat mende ilun igaro ondoren. Dokumentu guztiak itzuli ondoren, eliza eta katedralekin batera ezarritako eskolek aztertu zituzten lehenik. Eskola horiek geroago bihurtu ziren Erdi Aroko lehen <a href="/wiki/Unibertsitate" title="Unibertsitate">unibertsitateetan</a>. XIII. mendean sortu ziren <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeko_Unibertsitatea" title="Cambridgeko Unibertsitatea">Cambridge</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Oxfordeko_unibertsitatea" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxfordeko unibertsitatea">Oxfordeko unibertsitateak</a>. Hezkuntza <a href="/wiki/Eskolastiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskolastiko">eskolastikoa</a> eskaintzeari utzi gabe, unibertsitate horiek lehen aurrerapen zientifikoei laguntzen hasi ziren. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gilen_Ockhamekoa" title="Gilen Ockhamekoa">Gilen Ockhamekoa</a> Erdi Aroko filosofo natural garrantzitsuenetako bat izan zen. Mugimenduaren azalpen aristotelikoa eta <i>impetus</i>aren teoria baztertu zituen, Grezia zaharrean garatua eta <a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Jean Buridanek</a> itzulia. Ockhamek zioenez, jaurtitzailearekiko kontaktua galdu ondoren, mugitzen ari den objektu bat ez da jada inolako indarren "eramailea", <i>impetu</i>aren teoriaren arabera, jada ezin baita bereizi mugitzen ari den objektua: mugimenduan dagoen objektua jaurtigaia izan daiteke, jaurtitzailearen ikuspegitik, edo jaurtitzailea bera, jaurtigaiaren ikuspegitik. "<a href="/wiki/Ockhamen_labana" title="Ockhamen labana">Ockhamen labana</a>"k ezartzen du edozein fenomenoren azalpenek hura azaltzeko behar-beharrezkoak diren premisak bakarrik hartu behar dituela bere gain, eta hipotesi edo teoriaren iragarpenetan itxurazko desberdintasunik eragiten ez duten guztiak ezabatu behar dituela. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pizkundea,_iraultza_zientifikoa_eta_metodo_zientifikoa"><span id="Pizkundea.2C_iraultza_zientifikoa_eta_metodo_zientifikoa"></span>Pizkundea, iraultza zientifikoa eta metodo zientifikoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Pizkundea, iraultza zientifikoa eta metodo zientifikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Pizkundea, iraultza zientifikoa eta metodo zientifikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Iraultza_zientifikoa" title="Iraultza zientifikoa">Iraultza zientifikoa</a>»</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:De_Revolutionibus_manuscript_p9b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/De_Revolutionibus_manuscript_p9b.jpg/220px-De_Revolutionibus_manuscript_p9b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/De_Revolutionibus_manuscript_p9b.jpg/330px-De_Revolutionibus_manuscript_p9b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/De_Revolutionibus_manuscript_p9b.jpg/440px-De_Revolutionibus_manuscript_p9b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="1270" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium" title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium">De revolutionibus orbium coelestium</a></i>, Kopernikoren lan garrantzitsua.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pizkunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Pizkunde">Pizkundea</a>, Europan jakintza berraurkitzeko garaia izan zen. Hainbat gertakarik Europako gizartearen pentsaera aldatu zuten. 1543an, <a href="/wiki/Nikolas_Koperniko" title="Nikolas Koperniko">Nikolas Kopernikok</a> <i><a href="/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium" title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium">De revolutionibus orbium coelestium</a></i> argitaratu zuen, <a href="/wiki/Sistema_heliozentriko" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistema heliozentriko">sistema heliozentriko</a> baten eredu matematiko osoa aurkezten zuena<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> zientzia modernoaren sortzailetzat hartzen da<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Galileoren arabera, zientzialariak ez du zeresan handirik naturan gertatzen diren fenomenoak zergatik gertatzen diren azaltzeko, bere egin beharra horiek azaltzea baino ez da. Bere lanetako batean, Galileok ez zuen esan <a href="/wiki/Erorketa_libre" class="mw-redirect" title="Erorketa libre">erorketa librea</a> esplikatzen zuenik. Galileo izan zen, halaber, Europan <a href="/wiki/Inertzia" title="Inertzia">inertziaren</a> kontzeptua asmatzen lehena, eta fisikaren sortzailea izan zen, gaur egun ezagutzen dugun bezala, matematikak fenomeno naturalak deskribatzeko erabiltzen baititu, esperimentazioak berretsita. <a href="/wiki/Teleskopio" title="Teleskopio">Teleskopioaren</a> garapenari egindako ekarpenak heliozentrismoa pixkanaka finkatzen lagundu zuen, <a href="/wiki/Jupiterren_sateliteak" title="Jupiterren sateliteak">Jupiterren sateliteak</a> aurkitu eta gero<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Galileoren metodo zientifikoak <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartesek</a> garatzen zuten filosofia-forma berriaren deribazio bat ziren, filosofia natural islamiarraren "urrezko arotik" saiatutako metodo zientifikoaren oinarriak formulatuz. Baconen arabera, zientzia <a href="/wiki/Saiakuntza" title="Saiakuntza">esperimentala</a>, kualitatiboa eta induktiboa da. Errefusatu zituen <i><a href="/wiki/A_priori" class="mw-redirect" title="A priori">a priori</a></i> kasuak, eta, behar adina behaketa egonez gero, horiek oinarrizko printzipioak eragiteko edo orokortzeko balioko lukete. Pentsamendu honen garapenari <a href="/wiki/Metodo_zientifiko" title="Metodo zientifiko">metodo zientifiko</a> izena eman zaio<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>René Descartesek beste logika bat proposatu zuen: gertaera "gordinekin" egindako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Behaketeta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Behaketeta (sortu gabe)">behaketetatik</a> abiatu ordez, Descartesek uste zuen Natura arautzen duten oinarrizko printzipioak arrazoimen hutsaren eta <a href="/wiki/Logika_matematiko" title="Logika matematiko">logika matematikoaren</a> konbinazioaren bidez lor zitezkeela. Haren ikuspegia analitikoa zen; problemak "deskonposatu" eta logikoki berrantolatu behar ziren. <a href="/wiki/Fenomeno" title="Fenomeno">Fenomenoak</a> oinarrizko osagaietaraino murriztu eta azter zitezkeen. Funtsezko osagaiak ulertzen baziren, fenomenoa ere ulertzen zen. Baconen eta Descartesen pentsamenduen arteko kongruentziak, eztabaida batzuetan sartu arren, ikerketa zientifikoak menderatu zituen hurrengo hiru mendeetan. </p><p>Filosofia kartesiarrak, edo <a href="/wiki/Kartesianismo" title="Kartesianismo">kartesianismoak</a>, ezezkoa ematen dio autoritateari ezagutza lortzeko bide gisa. Natura arautzen duten oinarrizko printzipioak arrazoimen hutsaren eta logika matematikoaren konbinazioaren bidez lor daitezke. Bestela esanda, <a href="/wiki/Egia" title="Egia">egiaren</a> bilaketa <a href="/wiki/Arrazoi" title="Arrazoi">arrazoian</a> bakarrik oinarritzen da. Paradigma horretatik kanpo geratu ziren <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a> erlijiosoak, <a href="/wiki/Aurreiritzi" title="Aurreiritzi">aurreiritzi</a> sozialak, zentsura politikoak eta zentzumenek emandako alderdiak<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Matematika zientziarekin zerikusia zuten ezagutza guztien eredu eta hizkuntza bihurtu zen. Filosofia kartesiarretik zenbait pentsamendu-korronte sortu ziren, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Arrazionalismo" class="mw-disambig" title="Arrazionalismo">arrazionalismoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Enpirismo" title="Enpirismo">enpirismoa</a>, eta haietatik sortu ziren <a href="/wiki/Determinismo" title="Determinismo">determinismoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erredukzionismo" title="Erredukzionismo">erredukzionismoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Mekanizismo" title="Mekanizismo">mekanizismoa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mekanika,_termodinamika_eta_elektromagnetismoaren_garapena"><span id="Mekanika.2C_termodinamika_eta_elektromagnetismoaren_garapena"></span>Mekanika, termodinamika eta elektromagnetismoaren garapena</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Mekanika, termodinamika eta elektromagnetismoaren garapena»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Mekanika, termodinamika eta elektromagnetismoaren garapena"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg/220px-GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg/330px-GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg/440px-GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, historiako fisikaririk garrantzitsuenetako bat.</figcaption></figure> <p>Galileoren ondoren, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> <a href="/wiki/Mekanika_klasiko" title="Mekanika klasiko">mekanika klasikoaren</a> garapenean zientzialari garrantzitsuenetakoa izan zen<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Bere <a href="/wiki/Newtonen_legeak" title="Newtonen legeak">hiru legeak</a> mekanika guztiaren oinarri izan ziren XX. mendearen hasiera arte. Haren mekanika etorkizuneko teoria zientifikoak eraikitzeko eredu bihurtu zen<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Bere liburuan, <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a></i>, historiako argitalpen zientifikorik emankorrena<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, bere legeen unibertsaltasuna deskribatu zuen, eta fisikaren historiaren lehen bateratze handia amaitu zuen, Galileok hasia, zerua eta lurra lege fisiko berberekin, hots, <a href="/wiki/Grabitazio" title="Grabitazio">grabitazio</a> unibertsalarekin, elkartzean. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lurrun-makina" title="Lurrun-makina">Lurrun-makinaren</a> asmakuntzak, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newcomen" title="Thomas Newcomen">Thomas Newcomenek</a> eta <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Wattek</a> hobetuak, interes zientifiko handia piztu zuen <a href="/wiki/Bero" title="Bero">beroa</a> aztertzeko orduan. XIX. mendean, <a href="/wiki/Sadi_Carnot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadi Carnot">Sadi Carnot</a> frantsesak makina termikoak ulertzeko oinarriak ezarri zituen. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Joseph Black</a> beroa neurtzen hasi zen, substantzien <a href="/wiki/Bero-ahalmen" title="Bero-ahalmen">bero-ahalmena</a> neurtuz. <a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joulek</a> <a href="/wiki/Lan_(fisika)" title="Lan (fisika)">lanaren</a> eta beroaren arteko zenbakizko baliokidetasuna ezarri zuen, eta frogatu zuen <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}"></span> erresistentzia-eroale batean <a href="/wiki/Korronte_elektriko" title="Korronte elektriko">korronte elektriko</a> batek sortutako beroa <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I^{2}R}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>R</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I^{2}R}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b90e31bc6a3527ab59d39ca9e1e9134f744f46b0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.035ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I^{2}R}"></span> dela, gaur egun <a href="/wiki/Jouleren_Legea" class="mw-redirect" title="Jouleren Legea">Jouleren Legea</a> deritzona. Jouleren lanak <a href="/wiki/Energiaren_kontserbazioaren_printzipioa" title="Energiaren kontserbazioaren printzipioa">energiaren kontserbazioaren printzipioa</a> ezarri zuen, eta printzipio hori <a href="/wiki/Termodinamikaren_lehenengo_legea" title="Termodinamikaren lehenengo legea">termodinamikaren lehen legearen</a> oinarri bihurtu zen, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" title="Rudolf Clausius">Rudolf Clausius</a> eta <a href="/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson">William Thomsonek</a> (Lord Kelvin) formulatua. Clausiusek <a href="/wiki/Entropia" title="Entropia">entropia</a> kontzeptua ere azaldu zuen, <a href="/wiki/Termodinamikaren_bigarren_legea" title="Termodinamikaren bigarren legea">termodinamikaren bigarren legearen</a> oinarria. Mekanika newtondarra oinarrizko hiru legetan oinarritzen den bezala, termodinamikaren lau legeek arlo horretako ezagutza guztiak sostengatzen dituzte. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indar_magnetiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Indar magnetiko">Indar magnetiko</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Indar_elektriko" class="mw-redirect" title="Indar elektriko">elektrikoak</a> antzinatik ezagutzen dira. Hala ere, elektrizitatearen eta magnetismoaren azterketa zientifikoa XVII. mendean hasi zuen <a href="/wiki/William_Gilbert" title="William Gilbert">William Gilbertek</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Magnete&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="De Magnete (sortu gabe)">De Magnete</a></i> liburuan. <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Guericke" title="Otto von Guericke">Otto von Guerickek</a> egin zuen lehen sorgailu elektrostatikoa. <a href="/wiki/Pieter_van_Musschenbroek" title="Pieter van Musschenbroek">Pieter van Musschenbroek</a> <a href="/wiki/Karga_elektriko" title="Karga elektriko">karga elektrikoak</a> metatzen dituen <a href="/wiki/Leidenen_botila" class="mw-redirect" title="Leidenen botila">Leidenen lehen botila</a> eraiki zuen<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Voltak</a> lehen <a href="/wiki/Pila" title="Pila">pila</a> voltaikoa eraiki zuen, <a href="/wiki/Korronte_elektriko" title="Korronte elektriko">korronte elektriko</a> jarraitua eman zezakeena<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> izan zen <a href="/wiki/Tximista" title="Tximista">tximista</a> elektrizitate mota bat zela proposatu zuen lehenetariko bat. Karga elektrikoak bi motatan banatzea ere proposatu zuen, negatiboak eta positiboak, aldaratzen ziren karga elektriko berdinekin eta erakartzen ziren kontrako kargekin. <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsteden</a> arabera, korronte elektrikoak magnetismoa sortzen du hari eroalearen inguruan. <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">André-Marie Ampèrek</a> magnetismoaren lehen euskarri matematikoa eman zuen korronte elektrikoaren arabera<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faradayk</a> adierazi zuen kontrakoa ere egia zela, eremu magnetikoaren aldaketak korronte elektrikoa sortzea eragiten baitzuen. Faradayk eredu kualitatibo bat garatu zuen indar elektriko eta magnetikoek nola jarduten duten azaltzeko. <a href="/wiki/Eremu_magnetiko" title="Eremu magnetiko">Eremu magnetiko</a> eta elektrikoaren kontzeptuak ere garatu zituen. <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwellek</a> Ampère, Faraday eta <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Gaussen</a> teoria elektriko eta magnetikoak bateratu zituen, eta <a href="/wiki/Teoria_elektromagnetiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Teoria elektromagnetiko">teoria elektromagnetikoaren</a> sorrera ekarri zuen, bere aurrekoen lan esperimentala matematikoki lau ekuaziotan laburtuz (<a href="/wiki/Maxwellen_ekuazioak" title="Maxwellen ekuazioak">Maxwellen ekuazioak</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Maxwellek <a href="/wiki/Uhin_elektromagnetiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Uhin elektromagnetiko">uhin elektromagnetikoak</a> izatea proposatu zuen eta <a href="/wiki/Argi" title="Argi">argia</a> bera uhin elektromagnetikoaren adibidea zela iradoki zuen. Uhin horien existentzia <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertzek</a> frogatu zuen 1888an<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, eta argia uhin elektromagnetiko gisa ulertzeak fisikaren beste bateratze handi bat osatu zuen, elektrizitatea, magnetismoa eta <a href="/wiki/Optika" title="Optika">optika</a> teoria elektromagnetikoaren barruan bateratuz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fisika_modernoa">Fisika modernoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Fisika modernoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Fisika modernoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Solvay_conference_1927.jpg/800px-Solvay_conference_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="579" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Solvay_conference_1927.jpg/1200px-Solvay_conference_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Solvay_conference_1927.jpg/1600px-Solvay_conference_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2171" usemap="#ImageMap_7613bac85b824cc6" resource="/wiki/Fitxategi:Solvay_conference_1927.jpg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_7613bac85b824cc6"><area href="/wiki/Auguste_Piccard" shape="rect" coords="116,189,150,238" alt="Auguste Piccard" title="Auguste Piccard" /><area href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Henriot_(kimikaria)" shape="rect" coords="178,212,209,252" alt="Émile Henriot (kimikaria)" title="Émile Henriot (kimikaria)" /><area href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrenfest" shape="rect" coords="220,226,254,267" alt="Paul Ehrenfest" title="Paul Ehrenfest" /><area href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herzen" shape="rect" coords="286,223,317,264" alt="Édouard Herzen" title="Édouard Herzen" /><area href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_de_Donder" shape="rect" coords="359,232,391,268" alt="Théophile de Donder" title="Théophile de Donder" /><area href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" shape="rect" coords="419,214,451,256" alt="Erwin Schrödinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger" /><area href="/wiki/Jules-%C3%89mile_Verschaffelt" shape="rect" coords="486,222,518,259" alt="Jules-Émile Verschaffelt" title="Jules-Émile Verschaffelt" /><area href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" shape="rect" coords="549,214,583,257" alt="Wolfgang Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli" /><area href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" shape="rect" coords="605,212,640,252" alt="Werner Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg" /><area href="/wiki/R.H._Fowler" shape="rect" coords="650,192,681,232" alt="R.H. Fowler" title="R.H. Fowler" /><area href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Brillouin" shape="rect" coords="689,215,722,256" alt="Léon Brillouin" title="Léon Brillouin" /><area href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" shape="rect" coords="32,267,62,306" alt="Peter Debye" title="Peter Debye" /><area href="/wiki/Martin_Knudsen" shape="rect" coords="104,280,136,320" alt="Martin Knudsen" title="Martin Knudsen" /><area href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" shape="rect" coords="185,269,215,309" alt="Lawrence Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg" /><area href="/wiki/Hendrik_Anthony_Kramers" shape="rect" coords="274,269,308,312" alt="Hendrik Anthony Kramers" title="Hendrik Anthony Kramers" /><area href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" shape="rect" coords="371,263,400,302" alt="Paul Dirac" title="Paul Dirac" /><area href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" shape="rect" coords="439,266,471,306" alt="Arthur Compton" title="Arthur Compton" /><area href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" shape="rect" coords="517,271,548,312" alt="Louis de Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie" /><area href="/wiki/Max_Born" shape="rect" coords="602,271,635,315" alt="Max Born" title="Max Born" /><area href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" shape="rect" coords="682,276,715,319" alt="Niels Bohr" title="Niels Bohr" /><area href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" shape="rect" coords="55,291,90,336" alt="Irving Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir" /><area href="/wiki/Max_Planck" shape="rect" coords="141,296,176,341" alt="Max Planck" title="Max Planck" /><area href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" shape="rect" coords="219,293,257,336" alt="Marie Curie" title="Marie Curie" /><area href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" shape="rect" coords="312,299,346,344" alt="Hendrik Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz" /><area href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" shape="rect" coords="415,288,457,335" alt="Albert Einstein" title="Albert Einstein" /><area href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" shape="rect" coords="490,292,528,338" alt="Paul Langevin" title="Paul Langevin" /><area href="/wiki/Charles_Eugene_Guye" shape="rect" coords="558,293,591,337" alt="Charles Eugene Guye" title="Charles Eugene Guye" /><area href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" shape="rect" coords="649,299,683,340" alt="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" /><area href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" shape="rect" coords="713,308,746,350" alt="Owen Willans Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson" /></map><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Piccard" title="Auguste Piccard">A. Piccard</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Henriot_(kimikaria)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Émile Henriot (kimikaria) (sortu gabe)">E. Henriot</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Ehrenfest&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Ehrenfest (sortu gabe)">P. Ehrenfest</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89douard_Herzen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Édouard Herzen (sortu gabe)">E. Herzen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9ophile_de_Donder&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Théophile de Donder (sortu gabe)">Th. De Donder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">E. Schrödinger</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules-%C3%89mile_Verschaffelt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jules-Émile Verschaffelt (sortu gabe)">J.E. Verschaffelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">W. Pauli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">W. Heisenberg</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=R.H._Fowler&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="R.H. Fowler (sortu gabe)">R.H. Fowler</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9on_Brillouin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Léon Brillouin (sortu gabe)">L. Brillouin</a>.<br /><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">P. Debye</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Knudsen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Knudsen (sortu gabe)">M. Knudsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Bragg">W.L. Bragg</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Anthony_Kramers&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hendrik Anthony Kramers (sortu gabe)">H.A. Kramers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">P.A.M. Dirac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">A.H. Compton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">L. de Broglie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">M. Born</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a>.<br /><a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">I. Langmuir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">M. Planck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">H.A. Lorentz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">A. Einstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">P. Langevin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Eugene_Guye&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Eugene Guye (sortu gabe)">Ch. E. Guye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C.T.R. Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O.W. Richardson</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solvayko_konferentzia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Solvayko konferentzia (sortu gabe)">Solvayko konferentziaren</a> 5. edizioa, 1927.<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Gnome-searchtool.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Gnome-searchtool.svg/20px-Gnome-searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Gnome-searchtool.svg/30px-Gnome-searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Gnome-searchtool.svg/40px-Gnome-searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Solvay_conference_1927.jpg" title="Fitxategi:Solvay conference 1927.jpg">Irudia handitu</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>XIX. mendearen amaieran, fisikaren teoria klasikoak oso finkatuta zeuden. Fisikariei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstante_unibertsal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstante unibertsal (sortu gabe)">konstante unibertsalen</a> neurketa zehatzagoak egitea eta ikasitakoa etorkizuneko teknologietan aplikatzea geratzen zitzaien. "Fenomeno menderakaitzak" arazo bat ziren, baina "denbora-kontua besterik ez" zen horiek indarrean zeuden teorietara egokitzea. Hala ere, "fenomeno bihurri" horiek erronka handia bihurtu ziren fisikarentzat XIX. mendearen amaieran eta XX. mendearen hasieran. </p><p>Fenomeno errebeldeen artean, <a href="/wiki/Gorputz_beltzaren_erradiazio" title="Gorputz beltzaren erradiazio">gorputz beltzaren erradiazioa</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Efektu_fotoelektriko" title="Efektu fotoelektriko">efektu fotoelektrikoa</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Espektro-lerro&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Espektro-lerro (sortu gabe)">oinarrizko izpien espektroa</a> zeuden. 1900ean, <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planckek</a>, gorputz beltzaren erradiazioari matematika-laguntza emateko saiakera batean, erradiazioa eragiten zuten <a href="/wiki/Osziladore_harmoniko" title="Osziladore harmoniko">osziladoreen</a> bibrazioan energia-muga bat zegoela proposatu zuen; osziladore batek ezin zuen edozein energiarekin bibratu, energia "mugatu" batzuekin baizik, hau da, energia diskretuekin, zeinaren balioak <a href="/wiki/Zenbaki_natural" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenbaki natural">zenbaki naturalen</a> multiploak baitziren. Energiaren eskualde diskretuei energia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuantu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuantu (sortu gabe)">kuantu</a> deitu zitzaien. Kopuru horien energia zenbaki natural baten, maiztasunaren eta konstante unibertsal baten biderkadurak emango luke, eta <a href="/wiki/Plancken_konstante" class="mw-redirect" title="Plancken konstante">Plancken konstante</a> izena hartu zuen. </p><p>1905ean, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einsteinek</a> bost artikulu argitaratu zituen <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annalen_der_Physik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Annalen der Physik (sortu gabe)">Annalen der Physik</a></i> aldizkari alemanean, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erlatibitate&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Erlatibitate (sortu gabe)">erlatibitatearen</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Mekanika_kuantiko" title="Mekanika kuantiko">mekanika kuantikoaren</a> hastapenak aurkeztu zizkion munduari. Plancken konstanterako emaitza bera lortu ondoren, Einsteinek <a href="/wiki/Efektu_fotoelektriko" title="Efektu fotoelektriko">efektu fotoelektrikoa</a> ere azaldu zuen eta energia-kopuru guztiak egoteko argudio fisikoak eman zituen. Halaber, adierazi zuen <a href="/wiki/Argiaren_abiadura" title="Argiaren abiadura">argiaren abiadura</a> konstantea dela edozein erreferentzia-marko inertzialetan. Hamar urte geroago, Einsteinek <a href="/wiki/Erlatibitate_orokor" class="mw-redirect" title="Erlatibitate orokor">erlatibitate orokorraren</a> teoria argitaratu zuen, eta erlatibitatea <a href="/wiki/Erreferentzia-sistema_inertzial" title="Erreferentzia-sistema inertzial">inertzialak</a> ez diren erreferentzietara eta grabitaziora zabaltzen zuen. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:View_inside_detector_at_the_CMS_cavern_LHC_CERN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/View_inside_detector_at_the_CMS_cavern_LHC_CERN.jpg/220px-View_inside_detector_at_the_CMS_cavern_LHC_CERN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/View_inside_detector_at_the_CMS_cavern_LHC_CERN.jpg/330px-View_inside_detector_at_the_CMS_cavern_LHC_CERN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/View_inside_detector_at_the_CMS_cavern_LHC_CERN.jpg/440px-View_inside_detector_at_the_CMS_cavern_LHC_CERN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/CERN" class="mw-redirect" title="CERN">CERNen</a> <a href="/wiki/LHC" class="mw-redirect" title="LHC">LHC</a> azeleragailuko <a href="/w/index.php?title=CMS_esperimentua&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="CMS esperimentua (sortu gabe)">CMS esperimentuaren</a> nukleoa.</figcaption></figure> <p>1924an, <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">Louis de Brogliek</a> <a href="/wiki/Uhin-partikula_dualtasuna" title="Uhin-partikula dualtasuna">uhin-partikula dualtasuna</a> proposatu zuen <a href="/wiki/Elektroi" title="Elektroi">elektroiarentzat</a>, eta, bi urte geroago, <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödingerrek</a> <a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dingerren_ekuazioa" title="Schrödingerren ekuazioa">bere ekuazioa</a> argitaratu zuen, mekanika kuantiko modernoaren oinarria. Hurrengo urtean, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenbergek</a> argudiatu zuen ezin dela aldi berean <a href="/wiki/Partikula_subatomiko" title="Partikula subatomiko">partikula subatomiko</a> baten posizioa eta abiadura neurtu, <a href="/wiki/Heisenbergen_ziurgabetasunaren_printzipioa" title="Heisenbergen ziurgabetasunaren printzipioa">Ziurgabetasunaren Printzipioa</a> ezarriz. 1940ko hamarkadaren amaieran, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynmanek</a> <a href="/wiki/Elektrodinamika_kuantiko" title="Elektrodinamika kuantiko">elektrodinamika kuantikoa</a> garatu zuen, gizakiak inoiz asmatu duen teoria zehatzenetako bat. Feynmanek <a href="/wiki/Eremu-teoria_kuantiko" title="Eremu-teoria kuantiko">eremuen lehen teoria kuantikoetako</a> bat garatu zuen, eta, <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarkak</a> idealizatu eta aurkituz, <a href="/wiki/Kromodinamika_kuantiko" title="Kromodinamika kuantiko">kromodinamika kuantikoa</a> garatu zen. Elektrodinamika eta kromodinamika kuantikoa <a href="/wiki/Eredu_Estandarra" title="Eredu Estandarra">eredu estandar</a> izeneko eremu-teoria kuantikoen multzo baten oinarriak dira. Teoria horrek naturaren <a href="/wiki/Oinarrizko_elkarrekintza" title="Oinarrizko elkarrekintza">lau funtsezko indarretatik</a> hiru deskribatzen ditu. </p><p>Hala ere, Eredu Estandarra ez da gai grabitazioa deskribatzeko, zientzia modernoaren hasieratik aztertu baita, Galileok erorketa askearen esperimentua egin zuenean. Grabitazioak oraindik ez du fisika modernoan sustraitutako euskarri esperimentalik. Einsteinen erlatibitate orokorra ez dator bat mekanika kuantikoarekin, eta gaur egungo fisikari teoriko eta esperimentalen erronka handienetako bat da. <a href="/wiki/Higgsen_bosoia" class="mw-redirect" title="Higgsen bosoia">Higgsen bosoiarekin</a> bat datozen propietateak dituen partikula bat aurkitu ondoren <a href="/wiki/CERN" class="mw-redirect" title="CERN">CERNen</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, 2012an, eredu estandarraren bidez predikatzen diren <a href="/wiki/Oinarrizko_partikula" title="Oinarrizko partikula">oinarrizko partikula</a> guztiak, eta bat ere ez gehienago, existitzen direla dirudi; hala ere, fisikak, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eredu_estandarretik_harantzagoko_fisika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eredu estandarretik harantzagoko fisika (sortu gabe)">eredu estandarretik harantzago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supersimetria" title="Supersimetria">supersimetria</a> bezalako teoriekin, ikerketa-eremu aktiboa da<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">Matematikaren</a> arloak, oro har, garrantzitsuak dira eremu horretarako, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Probabilitate" title="Probabilitate">probabilitateen</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Talde-teoria" title="Talde-teoria">taldeen</a> azterketa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fisikaren_filosofia">Fisikaren filosofia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Fisikaren filosofia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Fisikaren filosofia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zentzu askotan, fisika <a href="/wiki/Antzinako_greziar_filosofia" title="Antzinako greziar filosofia">antzinako filosofia grekotik</a> dator. Zenbait filosofo grekoren teoriek aurrera egin zuten: batetik, <a href="/wiki/Tales" title="Tales">Talesek</a> materia karakterizatzeko egindako lehen saiakeratik hasi, <a href="/wiki/Demokrito" title="Demokrito">Demokritoren</a> astronomia ptolemaikoaren garapenera edo <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristotelesen</a> <i>Fisika</i> libururaino (fisikako lehen liburuetako bat, filosofiaren ikuspegitik mugimendua aztertzen eta definitzen saiatzen zena). Fisikari filosofia natural deitu zioten XVIII. mendearen bukaera arte, are, batzuek oraindik erabiltzen dute<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>XIX. mendean, fisika filosofiaz eta gainerako zientziez bestelako diziplinatzat hartu zen. Fisika, gainerako zientziak bezala, <a href="/wiki/Zientziaren_filosofia" title="Zientziaren filosofia">zientziaren filosofian</a> eta haren "<a href="/wiki/Metodo_zientifiko" title="Metodo zientifiko">metodo zientifikoan</a>" oinarritzen da, mundu fisikoaren ezagutzan aurrera egiteko. Metodo zientifikoak <a href="/wiki/A_priori_eta_a_posteriori" title="A priori eta a posteriori"><i>a priori</i> arrazoitzea</a>, <i>a posteriori</i> arrazoitzea eta <a href="/wiki/Inferentzia_bayestar" title="Inferentzia bayestar">inferentzia bayestarraren</a> erabilera erabiltzen ditu teoria jakin baten baliotasuna neurtzeko<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Fisikaren garapenak lehen filosofoen galdera askori erantzun die, baina beste batzuk ere planteatu ditu. Fisikaren inguruko gai filosofikoak, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisikaren_filosofia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fisikaren filosofia (sortu gabe)">fisikaren filosofia</a>, aztertzeak, besteak beste, gai hauek ukitzen ditu: <a href="/wiki/Espazio" title="Espazio">espazioaren</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Denbora" title="Denbora">denboraren</a> izaera, <a href="/wiki/Determinismo" title="Determinismo">determinismoa</a> eta ikuspegi <a href="/wiki/Metafisiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Metafisiko">metafisikoak</a>, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Enpirismo" title="Enpirismo">enpirismoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naturalismo_(filosofia)" title="Naturalismo (filosofia)">naturalismoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Errealismo_filosofiko" title="Errealismo filosofiko">errealismoa</a>. </p><p>Fisikari askok beren lanaren inplikazio filosofikoei buruz idatzi dute, hala nola Laplacek (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Determinismo_kausal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Determinismo kausal (sortu gabe)">determinismo kausala</a> defendatu zuen) eta <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödingerrek</a> (mekanika kuantikoari buruz idatzi zuen<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>). <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a> fisikari matematikaria <a href="/wiki/Platonismo" title="Platonismo">platonistatzat</a> hartu du <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawkingek</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Penrosek <i>The Road to Reality</i> liburuan azaltzen du iritzi hori<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Hawkingek bere burua "erredukzionista lotsagabe" gisa definitu zuen eta Penroseren iritziekin bat ez zetorren<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oinarrizko_teoriak">Oinarrizko teoriak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Oinarrizko teoriak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Oinarrizko teoriak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fisika gai ugariz arduratzen den arren, fisikari askok teoria batzuk erabiltzen dituzte. Teoria horietako bakoitza behin baino gehiagotan frogatu da esperimentalki, eta naturarako hurbilpen egokia izan da. Adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Mekanika_klasiko" title="Mekanika klasiko">mekanika klasikoaren</a> teoriak zehaztasunez deskribatzen du objektuen mugimendua, baldin eta <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">atomoak</a> baino askoz handiagoak badira eta argiarena baino askoz abiadura txikiagoan mugitzen badira. Teoria horiek gaur egun ere ikerketa-arlo aktiboak dira. <a href="/wiki/Kaosaren_teoria" title="Kaosaren teoria">Kaosaren teoria</a>, mekanika klasikoaren alderdi nabarmena, XX. mendean aurkitu zen, Newtonek mekanika klasikoaren jatorrizko formulazioa egin eta hiru mende geroago (1642-1727). </p><p>Teoria nagusi horiek tresna garrantzitsuak dira gai espezializatuagoak ikertzeko, eta edozein fisikarik, espezializazioa edozein dela ere, gai horiek ezagutzea espero da. Horien artean daude mekanika klasikoa, <a href="/wiki/Mekanika_kuantiko" title="Mekanika kuantiko">mekanika kuantikoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika">termodinamika</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika_estatistiko&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fisika estatistiko (sortu gabe)">fisika estatistikoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetismo" title="Elektromagnetismo">elektromagnetismoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Erlatibitate_berezi" class="mw-redirect" title="Erlatibitate berezi">erlatibitate berezia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fisika_klasikoan">Fisika klasikoan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Fisika klasikoan»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Fisika klasikoan"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fisika klasikoak XX. mendearen hasiera baino lehen onartutako eta ondo garatutako adar eta gai tradizionalak biltzen ditu: <a href="/wiki/Mekanika_klasiko" title="Mekanika klasiko">mekanika klasikoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akustika" title="Akustika">akustika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optika" title="Optika">optika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika">termodinamika</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetismo" title="Elektromagnetismo">elektromagnetismoa</a>. Mekanika klasikoa <a href="/wiki/Indar" title="Indar">indarrez</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Higidura" title="Higidura">higiduran</a> dauden gorputzez arduratzen da, eta honela bana daiteke: <a href="/wiki/Estatika" title="Estatika">estatika</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azelerazio" title="Azelerazio">azeleraziorik</a> gabeko gorputz baten edo gorputzen gaineko indarren azterketa), <a href="/wiki/Zinematika" title="Zinematika">zinematika</a> (mugimenduaren azterketa, arrazoiak kontuan hartu gabe) eta <a href="/wiki/Dinamika" title="Dinamika">dinamika</a> (higiduraren eta hari eragiten dioten indarren azterketa); mekanika ere zati daiteke <a href="/wiki/Solidoen_mekanika" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidoen mekanika">solidoen mekanika</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Jariakinen_mekanika" class="mw-redirect" title="Jariakinen mekanika">jariakinen mekanika</a> (pneumodinamika gisa ezagutzen dena); azken hori <a href="/wiki/Hidrodinamika" title="Hidrodinamika">hidrodinamikaren</a> adarra da. <a href="/wiki/Soinu" title="Soinu">Soinua</a> nola sortzen, kontrolatzen, transmititzen eta jasotzen den aztertzea da akustika. Akustikaren adar moderno garrantzitsuen artean hauek daude: <a href="/wiki/Ultrasoinu" title="Ultrasoinu">ultrasoinuak</a>, oso maiztasun handiko soinu-uhinen azterketa, giza entzumenaren helmenetik haratago; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioakustika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bioakustika (sortu gabe)">bioakustika</a>, ahotsaren fisika eta animalien entzumena<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektroakustika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektroakustika (sortu gabe)">elektroakustika</a>, elektronikaren bidez entzun daitezkeen soinu-uhinen manipulazioa<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Optikak, <a href="/wiki/Argi" title="Argi">argiaren</a> azterketak, argi ikusgaiaz gain, <a href="/wiki/Erradiazio_infragorri" class="mw-redirect" title="Erradiazio infragorri">erradiazio infragorriaz</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Erradiazio_ultramore" class="mw-redirect" title="Erradiazio ultramore">erradiazio ultramoreaz</a> ere arduratzen da. Erradiazio horiek argi ikusgaiaren fenomeno guztiak erakusten dituzte, ikuspena izan ezik, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Islapen" title="Islapen">islapena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Errefrakzio" title="Errefrakzio">errefrakzioa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interferentzia" title="Interferentzia">interferentzia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Difrakzio" class="mw-redirect" title="Difrakzio">difrakzioa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakabanaketa_optiko" title="Sakabanaketa optiko">sakabanaketa</a> eta argiaren <a href="/wiki/Polarizazio" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Polarizazio">polarizazioa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bero" title="Bero">Beroa</a> energia-mota bat da, substantzia bat osatzen duten partikulek duten barne-energia; termodinamika beroaren eta beste energia-forma batzuen arteko erlazioez arduratzen da. <a href="/wiki/Elektrizitate" title="Elektrizitate">Elektrizitatea</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Magnetismo" title="Magnetismo">magnetismoa</a> fisikaren adar bakar gisa aztertu dira, XIX. mendearen hasieran <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetismo" title="Elektromagnetismo">haien arteko lotura</a> estua aurkitu zenetik; korronte elektriko batek eremu magnetiko bat sortzen du, eta eremu magnetiko aldakor batek korronte elektrikoa eragiten du. <a href="/wiki/Elektrostatika" title="Elektrostatika">Elektrostatika</a> pausagunean dauden karga elektrikoez, mugitzen ari diren kargen elektrodinamikaz eta atsedenean dauden <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polo_magnetiko&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Polo magnetiko (sortu gabe)">polo magnetikoen</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnetostatika" title="Magnetostatika">magnetostatikaz</a> arduratzen da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fisika_modernoan">Fisika modernoan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Fisika modernoan»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Fisika modernoan"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fisika klasikoa, oro har, materiaz eta energiaz arduratzen da behaketa-eskala arruntean; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika_moderno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fisika moderno (sortu gabe)">fisika modernoaren</a> parte handi bat, berriz, materiaren portaeraz eta energiaz arduratzen da, muturreko baldintzetan edo oso eskala handian edo oso txikian. Adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Fisika_atomiko" title="Fisika atomiko">fisika atomikoak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Fisika_nuklear" title="Fisika nuklear">fisika nuklearrak</a> materia eskala txikienean aztertzen dute, non <a href="/wiki/Elementu_kimiko" title="Elementu kimiko">elementu kimikoak</a> identifika daitezkeen. <a href="/wiki/Oinarrizko_partikulen_fisika" class="mw-redirect" title="Oinarrizko partikulen fisika">Oinarrizko partikulen fisika</a> are eskala txikiagoan dago, materiaren unitate oinarrizkoenez arduratzen baita; fisikaren adar horri <a href="/wiki/Energia_handiko_fisika" class="mw-redirect" title="Energia handiko fisika">energia handiko fisika</a> ere esaten zaio, <a href="/wiki/Partikula-azeleragailu" title="Partikula-azeleragailu">partikula-azeleragailuetan</a> partikula mota asko sortzeko behar diren energia oso altuengatik. Eskala horretan, espazioaren, denboraren, materiaren eta energiaren nozio arrunt eta komunak jada ez dira baliozkoak<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Fisika modernoaren bi teoria nagusiek espazioari, denborari eta materiari buruzko kontzeptuen irudi desberdina ematen dute, fisika klasikoak aurkeztutakoaren aldean. Mekanika klasikoak jarraitu gisa hurbiltzen du natura; <a href="/wiki/Teoria_kuantiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Teoria kuantiko">teoria kuantikoak</a>, berriz, fenomeno askoren izaera diskretuaz arduratzen da, maila atomikoan eta subatomikoan, eta partikulen eta uhinen alderdi osagarriez, fenomeno horien deskribapenean. <a href="/wiki/Erlatibitatearen_teoria" title="Erlatibitatearen teoria">Erlatibitatearen teoria</a> behatzaile batekiko mugimenduan dagoen erreferentzia-esparru batean gertatzen diren fenomenoen deskribapenaz arduratzen da; <a href="/wiki/Erlatibitate_berezia" title="Erlatibitate berezia">erlatibitatearen teoria berezia</a> <a href="/wiki/Eremu_grabitatorio" class="mw-redirect" title="Eremu grabitatorio">eremu grabitatoriorik</a> gabeko mugimenduaz eta mugimenduaren erlatibitatearen eta grabitazioarekin duen loturaren teoria orokorraz arduratzen da. Bai teoria kuantikoak bai erlatibitatearen teoriak fisika modernoaren arlo guztietan dituzte aplikazioak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikerketa-eremuak">Ikerketa-eremuak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikerketa-eremuak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Ikerketa-eremuak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fisika_teorikoa">Fisika teorikoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Fisika teorikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Fisika teorikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Fisika_teoriko" title="Fisika teoriko">Fisika teoriko</a>»</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Noether.jpg/220px-Noether.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/Fitxategi:Noether.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Noether.jpg/220px-Noether.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Noether.jpg/330px-Noether.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Noether.jpg/440px-Noether.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Noether" title="Emmy Noether">Emmy Noether</a>, goren mailako fisiko teorikoa. <a href="/wiki/Eraztun_(matematika)" title="Eraztun (matematika)">Eraztunen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorputz_(matematika)" title="Gorputz (matematika)">gorputzen</a> eta aljebren teoriak irauli zituen. Bere izena daraman teoremak, Noetherren teoremak berak formulatuak, fisikako simetriaren eta kontserbazio-legeen arteko funtsezko lotura azaltzen du.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Fisika_teoriko" title="Fisika teoriko">Fisika teorikoa</a> fisikaren adarra da, eta matematika-hizkuntza erabiliz teoriak eta ereduak sortzen ditu, fenomeno fisikoak azaldu eta ulertzeko, eta sistema fisikoen portaera aztertzeko eta iragartzeko beharrezko tresnak ematen ditu. Fisika teorikoaren helburua unibertsoa ulertzea da, naturaren fenomenoak arrazionalizatu, azaldu eta aurresateko erabiltzen diren errealitateko eredu matematiko eta kontzeptualak eginez, errealitatearen teoria fisiko bat planteatuz.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aurreko lanak diziplina horren zatitzat har daitezkeen arren, fisika teorikoak indar berezia hartzen du mekanika analitikoaren formulaziotik (<a href="/wiki/Joseph-Louis_Lagrange" title="Joseph-Louis Lagrange">Joseph-Louis Lagrange</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton" title="William Rowan Hamilton">William Rowan Hamilton</a>), eta lehen mailako garrantzia hartzen du XX. mendearen hasierako iraultza <a href="/wiki/Mekanika_kuantiko" title="Mekanika kuantiko">kuantiko</a> eta erlatibistetatik abiatuta (adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Bonba_nuklear" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonba nuklear">bonba atomikoa</a> fisika teorikoaren iragarpen bat izan zen). </p><p>Azkenaldian, fisikako ikerketaren kultura espezializatu egin da, eta, horren ondorioz, bereizi egin dira teorian aritzen diren fisikoak eta esperimentuetan aritzen diren beste batzuk. Emaitza esperimentalak azalduko dituzten eta etorkizuneko emaitzak aurresaten lagunduko duten eredu matematikoak bilatzen dituzte teorialariek. Beraz, teoria eta esperimentuak estu lotuta daude. Fisikako aurrerapena, askotan, esperimentu batek emaitza bat aurkitzen duenean gertatzen da, eta emaitza hori ezin da azaldu gaur egungo teoriekin; beraz, ikuspegi kontzeptual berri bat bilatu behar da problema ebazteko. </p><p>Fisika teorikoak erlazio garrantzitsua du fisika matematikoarekin. Azken horretan, fisika teorikoan erabiltzen diren egitura matematikoen propietateak aztertzen dira, eta <a href="/wiki/Fisika_matematiko" title="Fisika matematiko">fisika</a> teorikoan aztertutako sistemen deskribapen matematiko konplexuago eta orokorrago gisa balio dezaketen orokortasunak teorizatzen dira. Fisika teorikoa oso lotuta dago matematikarekin, <a href="/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">matematikek</a> ematen baitute teoria fisikoak garatzeko erabilitako hizkuntza. Teorialariek <a href="/wiki/Kalkulu_diferentzial" title="Kalkulu diferentzial">kalkulu diferentzial</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Integral" title="Integral">integralean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zenbakizko_analisi" title="Zenbakizko analisi">zenbakizko analisian</a> eta ordenagailu bidezko simulazioetan sinesten dute beren eredu fisikoak balioztatu eta probatzeko. Fisika konputazionalaren eta matematikaren eremuak ikerketa-arlo aktiboak dira. </p><p>Teorialariek zenbait kontzeptu uler ditzakete, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Unibertso_paralelo" title="Unibertso paralelo">unibertso paraleloak</a>, dimentsio anitzeko espazioak, bibratzen duten <a href="/wiki/Korden_teoria" title="Korden teoria">hari ñimiñoak</a> edo osotasunaren teoria, eta hortik abiatuta, hipotesi fisikoak egin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materia_kondentsatuaren_fisika">Materia kondentsatuaren fisika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Materia kondentsatuaren fisika»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Materia kondentsatuaren fisika"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Materia_kondentsatuaren_fisika" title="Materia kondentsatuaren fisika">Materia kondentsatuaren fisika</a>»</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Materia_kondentsatuaren_fisika" title="Materia kondentsatuaren fisika">Materia kondentsatuaren fisika</a> <a href="/wiki/Materia" title="Materia">materiaren</a> propietate makroskopikoak aztertzen dituen <a class="mw-selflink selflink">fisikaren</a> atala da. Bereziki, fase "kondentsatuetan" espezializatzen da zeinetan sistema osatzen duten osagaien kopurua oso altua den eta osagai horien arteko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elkarrekintza (sortu gabe)">elkarrekintzak</a> oso indartsuak direnean. Fase hauen adibiderik ohikoenak <a href="/wiki/Likido" title="Likido">likidoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gasa</a> dira, zeinak <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">atomoen</a> arteko elkarrekintza <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektromagnetiko">elektromagnetikoengatik</a> eratzen diren. Fase hauen adibide ez hain ohikoak <a href="/wiki/Tenperatura" title="Tenperatura">tenperatura</a> baxuetan dauden sistema atomikoetan eratzen <a href="/wiki/Superfluido" title="Superfluido">superfluidoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Bose-Einstein_kondentsatu" title="Bose-Einstein kondentsatu">Bose-Einstein kondentsatua</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Supereroankortasun" title="Supereroankortasun">supereroankortasunaren</a> fasea dira. </p><p>Materia kondentsatuaren fisika, gaur egungo fisikaren atalik garrantzitsuena da duda izprik gabe eta azken urteotan aurrerapen handiak egin dira materia kondentsatuaren fisika teorikoan. Historikoki, materia kondentsatuaren fisika <a href="/wiki/Egoera_solidoaren_fisika" title="Egoera solidoaren fisika">egoera solidoaren fisikatik</a> jaiotako <a class="mw-selflink selflink">fisikaren</a> atala da, orain azken hau materia kondentsatuaren fisikaren azpiatal garrantzitsuena delarik. "Materia kondentsatuaren fisika"-ren izenaren egiletzat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Anderson&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Anderson (sortu gabe)">Philip Anderson</a> kontsideratu da,<a href="/wiki/1967" title="1967">1967an</a> bere ikerkuntza taldeari izen hau jarri zionean (aurretik Egoera Solidoaren Teoria izena zuen honek). </p><p>Izena aldatzeko arrazoietariko bat zera da: solidoetan ikerturiko propietate asko <a href="/wiki/Jariakin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jariakin">fluidoen</a> sistemetara ere zabal daitezkeela. Esate baterako, materia kondentsatuaren fisikak zerikusi handia du <a href="/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika">kimika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanoteknologia" title="Nanoteknologia">nanoteknologia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Materialen_zientzia" title="Materialen zientzia">materialen zientziarekin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fisika_molekularra">Fisika molekularra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Fisika molekularra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Fisika molekularra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Fisika_molekular" title="Fisika molekular">Fisika molekular</a>»</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Diamond_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Diamond_animation.gif/220px-Diamond_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Diamond_animation.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="192" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diamante" title="Diamante">Diamante</a> baten egitura.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Fisika_molekular" title="Fisika molekular">Fisika molekularra</a> fisikaren adarra da, eta <a href="/wiki/Materia" title="Materia">materiaren</a> egitura <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">atomikoarekin</a> eta ingurunearekin, hau da, materiarekin edo <a href="/wiki/Argi" title="Argi">argiarekin</a>, duen elkarreraginarekin zerikusia duten arazoak aztertzen ditu. </p><p>Adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Dinamika" title="Dinamika">dinamika</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Erreakzio_kimiko" title="Erreakzio kimiko">erreakzioak</a>, sakabanaketa, <a href="/wiki/Eremu_elektromagnetiko" title="Eremu elektromagnetiko">eremu elektromagnetiko</a> estatiko eta dinamikoekiko interakzioak, atomoen hoztea eta harrapatzea, <a href="/wiki/Interferometria" title="Interferometria">interferometria</a> atomikoa, <a href="/wiki/Ioi" title="Ioi">ioi</a>- eta atomo-sorten elkarrekintzak gainazal eta <a href="/wiki/Solido" title="Solido">solidoekin</a>. Gainera, lotura ugari ditu <a href="/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia">biologiarekin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fisiko-kimika" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisiko-kimika">fisiko-kimikarekin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Materialen_zientzia" title="Materialen zientzia">materialen zientziekin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optika" title="Optika">optikarekin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera">atmosferaren</a> fisikarekin, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmaren_fisika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasmaren fisika (sortu gabe)">plasmaren fisikarekin</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Astrofisika" title="Astrofisika">astrofisikarekin</a>, besteak beste. Funtsezko zeregina du atomoen eta <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekulen</a> azterketan ebatzi gabeko funtsezko galderak ebazteko. </p><p>Fisika molekularrak tratamendu <a href="/wiki/Fisika_klasiko" title="Fisika klasiko">klasikoak</a> nahiz <a href="/wiki/Mekanika_kuantiko" title="Mekanika kuantiko">kuantikoak</a> ditu, bere arazoak ikuspuntu mikroskopiko edo makroskopikoetatik trata ditzakeelako. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fisika_atomikoa">Fisika atomikoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Fisika atomikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Fisika atomikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Fisika_atomiko" title="Fisika atomiko">Fisika atomiko</a>»</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fisika_atomiko" title="Fisika atomiko">Fisika atomikoa</a> <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">atomoen</a> propietateak eta portaera (elektroiak eta nukleo atomikoak) aztertzen dituen fisikaren adarra da, baita materia-materia eta argi-materia elkarrekintzak ere atomo indibidualen eskalan. Fisika atomikoaren azterketak <a href="/wiki/Ioi" title="Ioi">ioiak</a>, atomo neutroak eta atomoen zatitzat hartzen den beste edozein partikula hartzen ditu barne. Fisika atomikoak tratamendu klasikoak zein kuantikoak barne hartzen ditu, bere arazoak ikuspuntu mikroskopiko eta makroskopikoetatik trata ditzakeelako. </p><p>Fisika atomikoak eta <a href="/wiki/Fisika_nuklear" title="Fisika nuklear">fisika nuklearrak</a> gai ezberdinak jorratzen dituzte, lehenak atomoaren zati guztiekin tratatzen du, bigarrenak atomoaren nukleoarekin bakarrik egiten duen bitartean, azken hau berezia delarik bere konplexutasunagatik. Esan liteke fisika atomikoak atomoaren indar elektromagnetikoekin tratatzen duela eta nukleoa partikula puntual bihurtzen duela, <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">masa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karga_elektriko" title="Karga elektriko">karga</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spinaren</a> propietate intrintsekoak dituena. </p><p>Fisika atomikoaren gaur egungo ikerketak hainbat jarduera ditu ardatz, hala nola atomoak eta ioiak hoztea eta atzematea, eta hori interesgarria da neurrietan "zarata" ezabatzeko eta beste esperimentu edo neurketa batzuk egiteko orduan zehaztasunik eza saihesteko (<a href="/wiki/Erloju_atomiko" title="Erloju atomiko">erloju atomikoetan</a>, adibidez); halaber, funtsezko konstante fisikoen neurketen zehaztasuna handitzen du, eta horrek beste teoria batzuk baliozkotzen laguntzen du, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Erlatibitatearen_teoria" title="Erlatibitatearen teoria">erlatibitatea</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Eredu_estandarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Eredu estandarra">eredu estandarra</a>; Egitura eta dinamika atomikoa, eta elkarrekintza ahula duten gas-atomoen portaera kolektiboaren neurketa eta ulermena (adibidez, atomo gutxiko <a href="/wiki/Bose-Einstein_kondentsatu" title="Bose-Einstein kondentsatu">Bose-Einstein kondentsatu</a> batean) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fisika_nuklearra">Fisika nuklearra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Fisika nuklearra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Fisika nuklearra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Fisika_nuklear" title="Fisika nuklear">Fisika nuklear</a>»</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fisika_nuklear" title="Fisika nuklear">Fisika nuklearra</a> <a href="/wiki/Atomo_nukleo" title="Atomo nukleo">atomoaren nukleoa</a> aztertzeaz arduratzen den fisikaren adarra da. Bere zereginen artean daude: nukleo atomikoa osatzen duten funtsezko partikulen (<a href="/wiki/Protoi" title="Protoi">protoia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Neutroi" title="Neutroi">neutroia</a>, hots, <a href="/wiki/Nukleoi" title="Nukleoi">nukleoiak</a>) izaera eta euren elkarrekintzak egiaztatzea, nukleoaren ezaugarriak sailkatu eta azaltzea, <a href="/wiki/Erradioaktibitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Erradioaktibitate">desintegrazio nuklearrak</a> azaltzea eta <a href="/wiki/Erreakzio_nuklear" title="Erreakzio nuklear">erreakzio nuklearrak</a> aztertzea. Fisika nuklearra ez da <a href="/wiki/Fisika_atomiko" title="Fisika atomiko">fisika atomikoarekin</a> nahastu behar. </p><p>Nukleoak hainbat partikulaz daude osatuta (goian aipatutako funtsezko protoi eta neutroiaz gain). <a href="/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal">Kristalak</a> ez bezala, txikiegiak dira elementu periodikoak bezala deskribatzeko. Hau dela eta, nukleoak teorikoki azaltzea ez da erraza eta normalean saiakuntzetarako proposatzen diren nukleo ereduak izaera nuklearraren ezaugarri ia guztiak azaltzen dituzte. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partikulen_fisika">Partikulen fisika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Partikulen fisika»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Partikulen fisika"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Partikulen_fisika" title="Partikulen fisika">Partikulen fisika</a>»</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Partikulen_fisika" title="Partikulen fisika">Partikulen fisika</a> fisikaren adarra da, materiaren oinarrizko osagaiak eta haien arteko elkarreraginak aztertzen ditu. Energia handiko fisika izena ere hartzen du, partikula horietako asko <a href="/wiki/Partikula-azeleragailu" title="Partikula-azeleragailu">partikula-azeleragailuetan</a> eragindako talka handietan baino ezin baitira ikusi. </p><p>Gaur egun, oinarrizko partikulak bi talde handitan sailkatzen dira eredu estandarra deritzonaren arabera: <a href="/wiki/Bosoi" title="Bosoi">bosoiak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Fermioi" title="Fermioi">fermioiak</a>. Bosoiek spin osoa dute (0, 1 edo 2), eta materiarekin elkarreragiten duten partikulak dira; fermioiek, berriz, espin erdiak dituzte (1/2 edo 3/2), eta materia eratzen duten partikulak dira. Eredu estandarrean, partikula (bosoi) formako oinarrizko elkarrekintzek materia-partikulekin (fermioi) nola eragiten duten azaltzen da. Hala, <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetismo" title="Elektromagnetismo">elektromagnetismoak</a> <a href="/wiki/Fotoi" title="Fotoi">fotoi</a> izeneko partikula du, <a href="/wiki/Elkarrekintza_nuklear_sendo" class="mw-redirect" title="Elkarrekintza nuklear sendo">elkarrekintza nuklear sendoak</a> <a href="/wiki/Gluoi" title="Gluoi">gluoia</a>, elkarrekintza nuklear ahulak <a href="/wiki/W_eta_Z_bosoi" title="W eta Z bosoi">W eta Z bosoiak</a>, eta <a href="/wiki/Grabitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Grabitate">grabitateak</a> <a href="/wiki/Grabitoi" title="Grabitoi">grabitoi</a> izeneko partikula hipotetiko bat. Fermioien artean aldaera gehiago daude; bi mota daude: <a href="/wiki/Leptoi" title="Leptoi">leptoiak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarkak</a>. Oro har, eredu estandarrak materia osatzen duten 24 partikula nagusi ditu (12 partikula-pare eta horiei dagozkien partikula-<a href="/wiki/Antipartikula" title="Antipartikula">antipartikulak</a>), elkarreraginak garraiatzeko ardura duten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gauge-bosoi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gauge-bosoi (sortu gabe)">gauge-bosoien</a> hiru familiarekin batera<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Partikulei buruzko ikerketa-zentro nagusiak Fermi edo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermilab_Laborategi_Nazionala&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fermilab Laborategi Nazionala (sortu gabe)">Fermilab Laborategi Nazionala</a> (AEB) eta <a href="/wiki/Ikerketa_Nuklearrerako_Europako_Zentroa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikerketa Nuklearrerako Europako Zentroa">Ikerketa Nuklearrerako Europako Zentroa</a> (CERN) dira, Suitzaren eta Frantziaren arteko mugan. Laborategi horietan, <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bangean</a> izan zirenen antzeko energiak lortzen dira, eta, hala, unibertsoaren jatorriaren gero eta froga gehiago lortu nahi dira<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Andromeda_galaxy_Ssc2005-20a1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Andromeda_galaxy_Ssc2005-20a1.jpg/300px-Andromeda_galaxy_Ssc2005-20a1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Andromeda_galaxy_Ssc2005-20a1.jpg/450px-Andromeda_galaxy_Ssc2005-20a1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Andromeda_galaxy_Ssc2005-20a1.jpg/600px-Andromeda_galaxy_Ssc2005-20a1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8193" data-file-height="2410" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_galaxia" title="Andromeda galaxia">Andromeda</a> galaxiaren irudia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astrofisika">Astrofisika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Astrofisika»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Astrofisika"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Astrofisika" title="Astrofisika">Astrofisika</a>»</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Astrofisika" title="Astrofisika">Astrofisika</a> <a href="/wiki/Unibertso" class="mw-redirect" title="Unibertso">unibertsoaren</a> izaera eta bertan dauden astroak (adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Kometa" title="Kometa">kometak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaxia" title="Galaxia">galaxiak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Erreakzio_nuklear" title="Erreakzio nuklear">erreakzio nuklearrak</a>) aztertzen dituen <a class="mw-selflink selflink">fisikaren</a> arloa da. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nikolas_Koperniko" title="Nikolas Koperniko">Koperniko</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a> zientzialarien garaian lortu ziren gai honetan lehen aurkikuntza nagusiak. Aurrez behaketak egin eta datuak bildu ziren, eta ondoren teoriak eman, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Keplerrek</a> <a href="/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta">planeten</a> higidurari buruz emandako legeak adibidez. <a href="/wiki/Newton" class="mw-disambig" title="Newton">Newton</a> izan zen <a class="mw-selflink selflink">fisikako</a> legeak astronomian baliatu zituen lehenetakoa, Kepler-en teoriatik abiatuta haren oinarrian grabitazioaren dinamika zegoela baieztatuz. XVII. eta <a href="/wiki/XVIII._mendea" title="XVIII. mendea">XVIII. mendeetan</a> aurrerapen handia izan zen teknikari dagokionez. Horren ondorioz ezagutu ahal izan ziren <a href="/wiki/Eguzki-sistema" title="Eguzki-sistema">eguzki-sistemako</a> planetak eta <a href="/wiki/Satelite" class="mw-disambig" title="Satelite">sateliteak</a>. Astrofisika, zientzia moderno gisa, XIX. mendean jaio zen, <a href="/wiki/Espektroskopia" title="Espektroskopia">espektroskopia</a> garatu zenean. Hari esker, urrutiko izarren konposizioa jakin daiteke. Astrofisikaren beste teknika batzuk fotometria eta astrofotografia dira. <a href="/wiki/XX._mendea" title="XX. mendea">XX. mendean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teleskopio" title="Teleskopio">teleskopio</a> erraldoiak eraiki ziren, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Wilson_Behatokia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Wilson Behatokia">Wilson mendikoa</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palomar_mendia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Palomar mendia (sortu gabe)">Palomar mendikoa</a>, adibidez. Lallemand zientzialariak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teleskopio_elektroniko&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teleskopio elektroniko (sortu gabe)">teleskopio elektronikoa</a> asmatu zuen; horri esker, ohiko teleskopio optikoen indarra ehun aldiz handiagoa da. Teknikari dagokionez, azken hamarkadetan berrikuntza handiak izan dira: alde batetik, argi ikusgaiaz gain erradiazio elektromagnetikoaren beste maiztasun batzutan ere aztertzen da unibertsoa (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Irrati_astronomia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Irrati astronomia (sortu gabe)">irrati astronomia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Izpi_ultramoreak" class="mw-redirect" title="Izpi ultramoreak">izpi ultramoreak</a>... ); bestetik, <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera">atmosferatik</a> at teleskopioak orbitan jartzeak abantaila handiak dakartza, hala nola atmosferak eragindako distortsioak saihestea, 24 orduz etenik gabe behatu ahal izatea eta atmosfera zeharkatu ezin duten maiztasunetan behatzea (<a href="/wiki/Ultramore" title="Ultramore">ultramorea</a>). </p><p>Izarren higidura, <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">masa</a>, neurria eta elkarrekiko distantzia astronomiaren aurrerapenei esker ezagutu dira, gure galaxiaren egitura zehaztu egin da, astroen arteko gaiak zein eginkizun betetzen duen jakin da, izarren artean taldeak bereizi dira, elkarrekiko distantzia eta bakoitzaren higidura neurtu ahal izan da. Hori guztia, ordea, ez da nahikoa; ikuspegia zurruna da, ez aldakorra. Gaur egun, grabitazioaren teoriaz gainera, <a href="/wiki/Erlatibitatearen_teoria" title="Erlatibitatearen teoria">erlatibitatearen teoria</a> ere erabiltzen da. Hala, ideien garapenaren ildotik esperientzia berriak bultzatzen dira, eta etengabe aldatuz doan zerbait bilakatu da unibertsoa azken urteotan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biofisika">Biofisika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Biofisika»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Biofisika"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Biofisika" title="Biofisika">Biofisika</a>»</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Biofisika" title="Biofisika">Biofisikak</a> <a href="/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia">biologia</a> aztertzen du <a class="mw-selflink selflink">fisikaren</a> printzipio eta metodoekin, <a href="/wiki/Zelula" title="Zelula">zelula</a> eta organismo <a href="/wiki/Bizi" title="Bizi">bizidunen</a> jardueraren fenomeno fisikoak deskribatzeko<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Biomekanika" title="Biomekanika">Biomekanika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bioelektromagnetismo" title="Bioelektromagnetismo">bioelektromagnetismoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika">termodinamikaren</a> eta beste diziplina batzuen aplikazioa <a href="/wiki/Sistema_biologiko" title="Sistema biologiko">sistema biologikoen</a> funtzionamendua ulertzeko. Berriki egindako saio batean, <a href="/wiki/Mekanika_kuantiko" title="Mekanika kuantiko">mekanika kuantikoaren</a> aplikazioa eta sistema biologikoen probabilitate-izaera sartzen dira; horri esker, propietate biologikoak azaltzeko metodo fisiko hutsak lor daitezke. </p><p>Biofisika fisikaren, biologiaren edo bien adarra den eztabaidatzen da. Esan daiteke ezagutza trukeak biologia besterik ez duela helburu, kontzeptu fisikoez aberastuz joan baita, eta ez alderantziz. Ikuspuntu batetik, pentsa daiteke fisika puruan metatutako ezagutzak eta ikuspegiak sistema biologikoen azterketan aplika daitezkeela. Kasu horretan, biofisikak ezagutza ematen dio biologiari, baina ez fisikari. Hala ere, biofisikak teoria berresteko aukera ematen duen ebidentzia esperimentala eskaintzen dio fisikari. Horren adibide dira, besteak beste, <a href="/wiki/Entzumen" title="Entzumen">entzumenaren</a> fisika, <a href="/wiki/Biomekanika" title="Biomekanika">biomekanika</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motor_molekular&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Motor molekular (sortu gabe)">motor molekularrak</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komunikazio_molekular&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Komunikazio molekular (sortu gabe)">komunikazio molekularra</a>. Biomekanika, esate baterako, <a href="/wiki/Dinamika" title="Dinamika">dinamika</a> klasikoaren eta <a href="/wiki/Solido_deformagarrien_mekanika" title="Solido deformagarrien mekanika">solido deformagarrien mekanikaren</a> kontzeptuak gorputzeko atalen portaera zinematikoari, dinamikoari eta egiturazkoari aplikatzean datza. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson" title="Karl Pearson">Karl Pearsonek</a> sortu zuen biofisika terminoa 1892an<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Biofisika terminoa ere erregularki erabiltzen da esparru akademikoan, sistema biologikoetako kantitate fisikoen (<a href="/wiki/Korronte_elektriko" title="Korronte elektriko">korronte elektrikoaren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenperatura" title="Tenperatura">tenperaturaren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estres" title="Estres">estresaren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entropia" title="Entropia">entropiaren</a>) azterketa adierazteko. Beste zientzia biologiko batzuek organismo bizien propietate biofisikoak ere ikertzen dituzte, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Biologia_molekular" title="Biologia molekular">biologia molekularra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biologia_zelular" title="Biologia zelular">biologia zelularra</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologia_kimiko&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologia kimiko (sortu gabe)">biologia kimikoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Biokimika" title="Biokimika">biokimika</a>. </p><p>XXI. mendearen hasieran, fisikariek, biologoek eta kimikariek laborategietan bertan duten elkartzea handitu egingo dela kalkulatzen da. <a href="/wiki/Neurozientzia" title="Neurozientzia">Neurozientziako</a> azterketek, adibidez, gora egin dute, eta gero eta emaitza hobeak izan dituzte elektromagnetismoaren, optikaren eta fisika molekularraren legeak neuronen azterketara ezartzen hasi zirenetik. </p><p>Beste azterketa batzuen arabera, fisikaren adar batzuk sakonki garatu behar dira, bizitako materiarekin lotutako arazo fisiko gisa. Hala, adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Polimero" title="Polimero">polimero</a> biologikoak (hala nola <a href="/wiki/Proteina" title="Proteina">proteinak</a>) ez dira sistema mekaniko gisa tratatzeko bezain handiak, eta, aldi berean, ez dira disoluzioan dauden molekula bakun gisa tratatzeko bezain txikiak. <a href="/wiki/Entzima" title="Entzima">Entzima</a> batek katalizatutako <a href="/wiki/Erreakzio_kimiko" title="Erreakzio kimiko">erreakzio kimiko</a> batean gertatzen diren energia-aldaketek, edo akoplamendu kimiko-osmotikoak, esaterako, ikuspegi fisiko teoriko sakona eskatzen dute ebaluazio biologikoa baino gehiago. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFFeynmanLeightonSandsFeynman2007">Feynman,&#32;Richard P.&#59;&#32;Leighton,&#32;Robert B.&#59;&#32;Sands,&#32;Matthew L.&#59;&#32;Feynman,&#32;Richard P.. &#32;(2007).&#32;<i>Mainly mechanics, radiation, and heat. </i>&#32;(Nachdr.. argitaraldia)&#32;Addison-Wesley&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-201-02116-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-201-02116-5">978-0-201-02116-5</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-06-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMaxwell1991">Maxwell,&#32;James Clerk. &#32;(1991).&#32;Larmor, Joseph&#32;ed.&#32;<i>Matter and motion. </i>&#32;(Reissue of the Dover ed. of 1952. argitaraldia)&#32;Dover Publ&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-486-66895-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-486-66895-6">978-0-486-66895-6</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-06-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHolznerWohns2010">Holzner,&#32;Steven&#59;&#32;Wohns,&#32;Daniel. &#32;(2010).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicsessential0000holz"><i>Physics essentials for dummies. </i></a>&#32;Wiley Publishing, Inc&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-470-61841-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-470-61841-7">978-0-470-61841-7</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-06-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFKrupp2003-08-05">Krupp,&#32;E. C.. &#32;(2003-08-05).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7rMAJ87WTF0C"><i>Echoes of the Ancient Skies: The Astronomy of Lost Civilizations. </i></a>&#32;Courier Corporation&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-486-42882-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-486-42882-6">978-0-486-42882-6</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-06-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Portugesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Portugesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://educador.brasilescola.uol.com.br/estrategias-ensino/a-relacao-homem-com-natureza.htm">«A relação do Homem com a Natureza»</a>&#32;<i>Educador Brasil Escola</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-06-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Portugesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Portugesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.btdea.ufscar.br/teses-e-dissertacoes/um-curso-introdutorio-a-astronomia-para-a-formacao-inicial-de-professores-de-ensino-fundamental-em-nivel-medio">«Um curso introdutório à astronomia para a formação inicial de professores de ensino fundamental, em nível médio»</a>&#32;<i>Plone site</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-06-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Portugesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Portugesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDelgado">Delgado,&#32;Helena.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.passeidireto.com/arquivo/35634866/a-filosofia-do-conhecimento-da-antiguidade-grega-a-era-da-informacao">«A FILOSOFIA DO CONHECIMENTO DA ANTIGUIDADE GREGA À ERA DA INFORMAÇÃO - Filosofia»</a>&#32;<i>Passei Direto</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-06-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFKak1999">Kak,&#32;Subhash. &#32;(1999).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/9903010"><i>Concepts of Space, Time, and Consciousness in Ancient India. </i></a>&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.48550%2FARXIV.PHYSICS%2F9903010">10.48550/ARXIV.PHYSICS/9903010</a></span>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-06-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAku">Aku,&#32;Kamu.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10919242/A_Brief_History_and_Philosophy_of_Physics"><i>A Brief History and Philosophy of Physics. </i></a>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-06-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-is-the-origin-of-zer/">«What is the origin of zero? How did we indicate nothingness before zero?»</a>&#32;<i>Scientific American</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-06-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730172627/http://www.uniesp.edu.br/revista/revista6/pdf/17.pdf">«Wayback Machine»</a>&#32;<i>web.archive.org</i>&#32;2013-07-30&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-06-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120201033250/http://www.mundofisico.joinville.udesc.br/index.php?idSecao=101&amp;idSubSecao=&amp;idTexto=72">«Udesc Joinville - Mundo Físico»</a>&#32;<i>web.archive.org</i>&#32;2012-02-01&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-06-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Portugesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Portugesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFVargas1996-12">Vargas,&#32;Milton. &#32;(1996-12).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scielo.br/j/ea/a/KvXj97vJmNhCvPTSV6TVMLh/?lang=pt">«História da matematização da natureza»</a>&#32;<i>Estudos Avançados</i>&#32;10: 249–276.&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1590%2FS0103-40141996000300011">10.1590/S0103-40141996000300011</a></span>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0103-4014">0103-4014</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-06-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLeucippusDemocritusTaylor2010-01-01">Leucippus&#59;&#32;Democritus&#59;&#32;Taylor,&#32;C. 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font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Portugesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Portugesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mundoeducacao.uol.com.br/fisica/radiacao-corpo-negro.htm">«Radiação do Corpo Negro»</a>&#32;<i>Mundo Educação</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-26)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCho2012-07-13">Cho,&#32;Adrian. &#32;(2012-07-13).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.337.6091.141">«Higgs Boson Makes Its Debut After Decades-Long Search»</a>&#32;<i>Science</i>&#32;337&#32;(6091): 141–143.&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.337.6091.141">10.1126/science.337.6091.141</a></span>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-26)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924114111/http://www.symmetrymagazine.org/sites/default/files/legacy/pdfs/200502/beyond_the_standard_model.pdf">«Wayback Machine»</a>&#32;<i>web.archive.org</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-26)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFNoll2006-07-01">Noll,&#32;Walter. &#32;(2006-07-01).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10659-006-9068-y">«On the Past and Future of Natural Philosophy»</a>&#32;<i>Journal of Elasticity</i>&#32;84&#32;(1): 1–11.&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10659-006-9068-y">10.1007/s10659-006-9068-y</a></span>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1573-2681">1573-2681</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-26)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGodfrey-Smith2008">Godfrey-Smith,&#32;Peter. &#32;(2008).&#32;<i>Theory and reality: an introduction to the philosophy of science. </i>&#32;(4. print. argitaraldia)&#32;Univ. of Chicago Press&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-226-30063-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-226-30063-4">978-0-226-30063-4</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-26)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSchrödinger1995">Schrödinger,&#32;Erwin. &#32;(1995).&#32;Bitbol, Michel&#32;ed.&#32;<i>The interpretation of quantum mechanics: Dublin seminars (1949 - 1955) and other unpublished essays. </i>&#32;Ox Bow Press&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-881987-09-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-881987-09-3">978-1-881987-09-3</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-26)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHawkingPenrose2000">Hawking,&#32;Stephen W.&#59;&#32;Penrose,&#32;Roger. &#32;(2000).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780691050843"><i>The nature of space and time. </i></a>&#32;Princeton University Press&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-691-05084-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-691-05084-3">978-0-691-05084-3</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-26)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPenrose2006">Penrose,&#32;Roger. &#32;(2006).&#32;<i>The road to reality: a complete guide to the laws of the universe. </i>&#32;(8. printing. argitaraldia)&#32;Knopf&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-679-45443-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-679-45443-4">978-0-679-45443-4</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-26)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPenrose2007">Penrose, Roger, ed.&#32;(2007).&#32;<i>The large, the small and the human mind. </i>&#32;(Canto ed, 7th print. argitaraldia)&#32;Cambridge Univ. Press&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-521-78572-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-521-78572-3">978-0-521-78572-3</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-26)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120905120546/http://www.bioacoustics.info/">«Bioacoustics | Bioacoustics journal»</a>&#32;<i>web.archive.org</i>&#32;2012-09-05&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-26)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904010934/http://asaweb.devcloud.acquia-sites.com/education_outreach/careers_in_acoustics">«Acoustics and You (A Career in Acoustics?) | ASA»</a>&#32;<i>web.archive.org</i>&#32;2015-09-04&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-26)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFTiplerLlewellyn2003">Tipler,&#32;Paul Allen&#59;&#32;Llewellyn,&#32;Ralph A.. &#32;(2003).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernphysics0000tipl"><i>Modern physics. </i></a>&#32;(4th ed., 1nd pr. argitaraldia)&#32;W.H. Freeman&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-7167-4345-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-7167-4345-3">978-0-7167-4345-3</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-26)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFZientzia2002-05-01">Zientzia,&#32;Elhuyar. &#32;(2002-05-01).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aldizkaria.elhuyar.eus/albisteak/pedro-migel-etxenike-fisikaria-aurtengo-iberdrola1/">«Pedro Migel Etxenike fisikaria, aurtengo Iberdrola sariduna»</a>&#32;<i>Elhuyar aldizkaria</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-10-28)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080403165556/http://pdg.web.cern.ch/pdg/particleadventure/spanish/index.html">«La Aventura de las Partículas»</a>&#32;<i>web.archive.org</i>&#32;2008-04-03&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fisicahoy.com/">«Caprichos de ricos y famosos: la guía completa - Física»</a>&#32;<i>www.fisicahoy.com</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/biophysics">«Biophysics | Molecular Biology, Physics &amp; Chemistry | Britannica»</a>&#32;<i>www.britannica.com</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFZhou2011-12">Zhou,&#32;Huan-Xiang. &#32;(2011-12).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7007-9-13">«Q&amp;A: What is biophysics?»</a>&#32;<i>BMC Biology</i>&#32;9&#32;(1)&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1741-7007-9-13">10.1186/1741-7007-9-13</a></span>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1741-7007">1741-7007</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGlaser2012">Glaser,&#32;Roland. &#32;(2012).&#32;<i>Biophysics: an introduction. </i>&#32;(2nd ed. argitaraldia)&#32;Springer&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-3-642-25212-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-3-642-25212-9">978-3-642-25212-9</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bibliografia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Bibliografia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>UEUko Fisika Saila, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ueu.eus/argitaletxea/liburuak/fisikaren-historia-laburra">Fisikaren Historia laburra</a></i>, UEU, Iruñea (1990). ISBN: 84-86967-27-9.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control,.mw-parser-output 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/></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Physics">Physics</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&amp;search=%22Q413%22">Q413</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933127h">11933127h</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933127h">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4045956-1">4045956-1</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85101653">sh85101653</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561121">00561121</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph114601">ph114601</a></span></li> <li><span 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