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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology_and_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Ecology and behavior </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology_and_behavior-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ecology and behavior subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology_and_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Breeding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Feeding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Conservation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Conservation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recovery_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recovery_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Recovery plan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recovery_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reintroduction_to_the_wild" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reintroduction_to_the_wild"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Reintroduction to the wild </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reintroduction_to_the_wild-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obstacles_to_recovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obstacles_to_recovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Obstacles to recovery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obstacles_to_recovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Reproduction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lead_poisoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lead_poisoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 Lead poisoning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lead_poisoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_premature_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_premature_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.3 Other premature death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_premature_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trash_ingestion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trash_ingestion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.4 Trash ingestion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trash_ingestion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.5 Disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Population growth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reintroduction_to_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reintroduction_to_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Reintroduction to Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reintroduction_to_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expanded_range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expanded_range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Expanded range </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expanded_range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Condor_Watch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Condor_Watch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Condor Watch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Condor_Watch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Relationship with humans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cited_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Cited texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">California condor</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" > 53 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كندور كاليفورنيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كندور كاليفورنيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B0" title="ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া কন্ডর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া কন্ডর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Каліфарнійскі кондар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каліфарнійскі кондар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Каліфарнійскі кондар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Каліфарнійскі кондар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Калифорнийски кондор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Калифорнийски кондор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondor_Kalifornia" title="Kondor Kalifornia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kondor Kalifornia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2ndor_de_Calif%C3%B2rnia" title="Còndor de Califòrnia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Còndor de Califòrnia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnogyps_californianus" title="Gymnogyps californianus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Gymnogyps californianus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondor_kalifornsk%C3%BD" title="Kondor kalifornský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kondor kalifornský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condor_Califfornia" title="Condor Califfornia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Condor Califfornia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californisk_kondor" title="Californisk kondor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Californisk kondor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornienkondor" title="Kalifornienkondor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kalifornienkondor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeesh%C3%B3%C3%B3tsoh" title="Jeeshóótsoh – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Jeeshóótsoh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κόνδορας της Καλιφόρνιας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κόνδορας της Καλιφόρνιας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnogyps_californianus" title="Gymnogyps californianus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gymnogyps californianus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornia_kondoro" title="Kalifornia kondoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kalifornia kondoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforniako_kondor" title="Kaliforniako kondor – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kaliforniako kondor" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AE%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="رخ‌کرکس کالیفرنیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رخ‌کرکس کالیفرنیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condor_de_Californie" title="Condor de Californie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Condor de Californie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%98%EB%A6%AC%ED%8F%AC%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84%EC%BD%98%EB%8F%84%EB%A5%B4" title="캘리포니아콘도르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캘리포니아콘도르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondor_california" title="Kondor california – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kondor california" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnogyps_californianus" title="Gymnogyps californianus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gymnogyps californianus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99" title="קונדור קליפורני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קונדור קליפורני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Калифорния кондорасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Калифорния кондорасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukey_(Gymnogyps)" title="Pukey (Gymnogyps) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Pukey (Gymnogyps)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83" title="Калифорния кондору – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Калифорния кондору" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Калифорни кондор – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Калифорни кондор" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornijas_kondors" title="Kalifornijas kondors – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kalifornijas kondors" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforninis_kondoras" title="Kaliforninis kondoras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kaliforninis kondoras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforniai_kondor" title="Kaliforniai kondor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kaliforniai kondor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC" title="കാലിഫോർണിയൻ കോണ്ടോർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാലിഫോർണിയൻ കോണ്ടോർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كندور كاليفورنيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كندور كاليفورنيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californische_condor" title="Californische condor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Californische condor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB" title="カリフォルニアコンドル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カリフォルニアコンドル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforniakondor" title="Kaliforniakondor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kaliforniakondor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforniakondor" title="Kaliforniakondor – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kaliforniakondor" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DA%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="کیلیفورنیا کونڈور – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیلیفورنیا کونڈور" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondor_kalifornijski" title="Kondor kalifornijski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kondor kalifornijski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condor-da-calif%C3%B3rnia" title="Condor-da-califórnia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Condor-da-califórnia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condor_californian" title="Condor californian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Condor californian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Калифорнийский кондор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Калифорнийский кондор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californie_condor" title="Californie condor – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Californie condor" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_condor" title="California condor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="California condor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondor_ve%C4%BEkozob%C3%BD" title="Kondor veľkozobý – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kondor veľkozobý" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornijski_kondor" title="Kalifornijski kondor – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kalifornijski kondor" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforniankondori" title="Kaliforniankondori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaliforniankondori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornienkondor" title="Kalifornienkondor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kalifornienkondor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforniya_kondoru" title="Kaliforniya kondoru – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kaliforniya kondoru" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кондор каліфорнійський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кондор каліфорнійський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A7n_%C6%B0ng_California" title="Thần ưng California – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thần ưng California" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnogyps_californianus" title="Gymnogyps californianus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gymnogyps californianus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a 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text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">California condor <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: 2.5–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a> <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:219.15384615385px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div>Early <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> – <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:California-condor-gymnogyps-californianus-078_(21196759264).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/California-condor-gymnogyps-californianus-078_%2821196759264%29.jpg/260px-California-condor-gymnogyps-californianus-078_%2821196759264%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/California-condor-gymnogyps-californianus-078_%2821196759264%29.jpg/390px-California-condor-gymnogyps-californianus-078_%2821196759264%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/California-condor-gymnogyps-californianus-078_%2821196759264%29.jpg/520px-California-condor-gymnogyps-californianus-078_%2821196759264%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1114" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Condor #534 soaring over the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a>, U.S. </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Status_iucn3.1_CR.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_CR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Status_iucn3.1_CR.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_CR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Status_iucn3.1_CR.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_CR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /> <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered species">Critically Endangered</a>  (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1">[1]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a> Appendix I (<a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Gymnogyps" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Accipitriformes" title="Accipitriformes">Accipitriformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_World_vulture" title="New World vulture">Cathartidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gymnogyps" title="Gymnogyps">Gymnogyps</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">G. californianus</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Gymnogyps californianus <div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/George_Shaw_(biologist)" title="George Shaw (biologist)">Shaw</a>, 1797)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Gymnogyps_californianus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Gymnogyps_californianus.svg/260px-Gymnogyps_californianus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Gymnogyps_californianus.svg/390px-Gymnogyps_californianus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Gymnogyps_californianus.svg/520px-Gymnogyps_californianus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="953" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Range map of California condor: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  Extant (resident)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  Possibly extinct</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> Genus-level: <ul><li>Antillovultur Arredondo, 1971</li> <li>Pseudogryphus <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ridgway" title="Robert Ridgway">Ridgway</a>, 1874<a href="#cite_note-Ridgway,_1874-3">[3]</a></li></ul> Species-level: <ul><li>Vultur californianus Shaw, 1797<a href="#cite_note-Shaw,_1797-4">[4]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a <a href="/wiki/New_World_vulture" title="New World vulture">New World vulture</a> and the largest <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> land bird. It became <a href="/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild" title="Extinct in the wild">extinct in the wild</a> in 1987 when all remaining wild individuals were captured, but has since been reintroduced to northern Arizona and southern Utah (including the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a> area and <a href="/wiki/Zion_National_Park" title="Zion National Park">Zion National Park</a>), the coastal mountains of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, and northern <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. It is the only surviving member of the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <a href="/wiki/Gymnogyps" title="Gymnogyps">Gymnogyps</a>, although four extinct members of the genus are also known. The species is listed by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_the_Conservation_of_Nature" class="mw-redirect" title="International Union for the Conservation of Nature">International Union for the Conservation of Nature</a> as <a href="/wiki/Critically_Endangered" title="Critically Endangered">Critically Endangered</a>, and similarly considered Critically Imperiled by <a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">plumage</a> is black with patches of white on the underside of the wings; the head is largely bald, with skin color ranging from gray on young birds to yellow and bright orange on breeding adults. Its 3.0 m (9.8 ft) <a href="/wiki/Wingspan" title="Wingspan">wingspan</a> is the widest of any North American bird, and its weight of up to 12 kg (26 lb) nearly equals that of the <a href="/wiki/Trumpeter_swan" title="Trumpeter swan">trumpeter swan</a>, the heaviest among native North American bird species. The condor is a <a href="/wiki/Scavenger" title="Scavenger">scavenger</a> and eats large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">carrion</a>. It is one of the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_long-living_organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of long-living organisms">longest-living</a> birds, with a lifespan of up to 60 years.<a href="#cite_note-cnn.com-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Condor" title="Condor">Condor</a> numbers dramatically declined in the 20th century due to agricultural chemicals (<a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a>), <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead poisoning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SDPop-7">[7]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">conservation</a> plan put in place by the United States government led to the capture of all the remaining wild condors by 1987, with a total population of 27 individuals.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> These surviving birds were bred at the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Wild_Animal_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego Wild Animal Park">San Diego Wild Animal Park</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Zoo" title="Los Angeles Zoo">Los Angeles Zoo</a>. Numbers rose through <a href="/wiki/Captive_breeding" title="Captive breeding">captive breeding</a>, and beginning in 1991, condors were reintroduced into the wild. Since then, their population has grown, but the California condor remains one of the world's rarest bird species. By 31 December 2023, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">Fish and Wildlife Service</a> had updated the total world population of 561.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_2023-9">[9]</a> A May 2024 population estimate of 561 is provided by the non-profit Ventana Wildlife Society on their website.<a href="#cite_note-VSt_2-10">[10]</a> The condor is a significant bird to many Californian Native American groups and plays an important role in several of their <a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas">traditional myths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WOS_2-11">[11]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_condor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Naturalist%27s_Miscellany_Vol_9_Pl_301_California_condor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_Naturalist%27s_Miscellany_Vol_9_Pl_301_California_condor.jpg/170px-The_Naturalist%27s_Miscellany_Vol_9_Pl_301_California_condor.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_Naturalist%27s_Miscellany_Vol_9_Pl_301_California_condor.jpg/255px-The_Naturalist%27s_Miscellany_Vol_9_Pl_301_California_condor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_Naturalist%27s_Miscellany_Vol_9_Pl_301_California_condor.jpg/340px-The_Naturalist%27s_Miscellany_Vol_9_Pl_301_California_condor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1713" data-file-height="2835" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Polydore_Nodder" title="Frederick Polydore Nodder">Frederick Polydore Nodder</a>'s illustration accompanying <a href="/wiki/George_Shaw_(biologist)" title="George Shaw (biologist)">George Shaw</a>'s 1797 <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">species description</a></figcaption></figure> The California condor was described by English naturalist <a href="/wiki/George_Shaw_(biologist)" title="George Shaw (biologist)">George Shaw</a> in 1797 as Vultur californianus; <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Menzies" title="Archibald Menzies">Archibald Menzies</a> collected the <a href="/wiki/Type_specimen" class="mw-redirect" title="Type specimen">type specimen</a> "from the coast of California" during the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver expedition">Vancouver expedition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shaw,_1797-4">[4]</a> It was originally classified in the same genus as the <a href="/wiki/Andean_condor" title="Andean condor">Andean condor</a> (V. gryphus), but, due to the Andean condor's slightly different markings, slightly longer wings, and tendency to kill small animals to eat,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> the California condor has been placed in its own <a href="/wiki/Monotypic_taxon" title="Monotypic taxon">monotypic genus</a>. The generic name Gymnogyps is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> gymnos/γυμνος "naked" or "bare", and gyps/γυψ "vulture",<a href="#cite_note-Liddell_1980-13">[13]</a> while the specific name californianus comes from its location in California. The word condor itself is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua</a> word kuntur.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calif_condor_skull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Calif_condor_skull.jpg/220px-Calif_condor_skull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Calif_condor_skull.jpg/330px-Calif_condor_skull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Calif_condor_skull.jpg/440px-Calif_condor_skull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A California condor skull</figcaption></figure> The exact <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic</a> placement of the California condor and the other six species of <a href="/wiki/New_World_vulture" title="New World vulture">New World vultures</a> remains unclear.<a href="#cite_note-SACC-15">[15]</a> Though similar in appearance and <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">ecological roles</a> to <a href="/wiki/Old_World_vulture" title="Old World vulture">Old World vultures</a>, the New World vultures evolved from a different ancestor in a different part of the world. Just how different the two are is under debate, with some earlier authorities suggesting that the New World vultures are more closely related to <a href="/wiki/Stork" title="Stork">storks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> More recent authorities maintain their overall position in the order <a href="/wiki/Falconiformes" title="Falconiformes">Falconiformes</a> along with the Old World vultures<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> or place them in their own order, Cathartiformes.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/South_American_Classification_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="South American Classification Committee">South American Classification Committee</a> has removed the New World vultures from <a href="/wiki/Ciconiiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciconiiformes">Ciconiiformes</a> and instead placed them in <a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a>, but notes that a move to Falconiformes or Cathartiformes is possible.<a href="#cite_note-SACC-15">[15]</a> As of the 51st Supplement (2010) of the American Ornithologists' Union, the California condor is in the family <a href="/wiki/Cathartidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathartidae">Cathartidae</a> of the order <a href="/wiki/Cathartiformes" title="Cathartiformes">Cathartiformes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_history">Evolutionary history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_condor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Evolutionary history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gymnogyps_amplus_skeleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gymnogyps_amplus_skeleton.jpg/220px-Gymnogyps_amplus_skeleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gymnogyps_amplus_skeleton.jpg/330px-Gymnogyps_amplus_skeleton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gymnogyps_amplus_skeleton.jpg/440px-Gymnogyps_amplus_skeleton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Fossil of the extinct species <a href="/wiki/Gymnogyps_amplus" title="Gymnogyps amplus">Gymnogyps amplus</a> from the <a href="/wiki/La_Brea_Tar_Pits" title="La Brea Tar Pits">La Brea Tar Pits</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> Gymnogyps is an example of a <a href="/wiki/Relict_(biology)" title="Relict (biology)">relict</a> distribution. During the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> Epoch, this genus was widespread across the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. From fossils, the Floridian Gymnogyps kofordi from the <a href="/wiki/Early_Pleistocene" title="Early Pleistocene">Early Pleistocene</a> and the Peruvian <a href="/wiki/Gymnogyps_howardae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnogyps howardae">Gymnogyps howardae</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a> have been described.<a href="#cite_note-CornellBNA-20">[20]</a> A condor found in Late Pleistocene deposits on <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> was initially described as Antillovultur varonai, but has since been recognized as another member of Gymnogyps, <a href="/wiki/Gymnogyps_varonai" title="Gymnogyps varonai">Gymnogyps varonai</a>. It may even have derived from a founder population of California condors.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The California condor is the sole surviving member of Gymnogyps and has no accepted subspecies. However, there is a Late Pleistocene form that is sometimes regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Chronospecies" title="Chronospecies">palaeosubspecies</a>, Gymnogyps californianus amplus. Opinions are mixed, regarding the classification of the form as either a chronospecies or a separate species, Gymnogyps amplus.<a href="#cite_note-Syverson_1-22">[22]</a> Gymnogyps amplus occurred over much of the bird's historical range – even extending into Florida – but was larger, having about the same weight as the <a href="/wiki/Andean_condor" title="Andean condor">Andean condor</a>. This bird also had a wider bill.<a href="#cite_note-c1-23">[23]</a> As the climate changed during the last <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a>, the entire population became smaller until it had evolved into the Gymnogyps californianus of today,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> although more recent studies by Syverson question that theory.<a href="#cite_note-Syverson_1-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_condor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Condor_in_flight.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Condor_in_flight.JPG/170px-Condor_in_flight.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Condor_in_flight.JPG/255px-Condor_in_flight.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Condor_in_flight.JPG/340px-Condor_in_flight.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1414" data-file-height="2121" /></a><figcaption>An adult in flight. Tracking tags can be seen on both wings.</figcaption></figure> The adult California condor is a uniform black with the exception of large triangular patches or bands of white on the underside of the <a href="/wiki/Bird_flight#Wing" title="Bird flight">wings</a>. It has gray legs and feet, an ivory-colored bill, a frill of black <a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">feathers</a> surrounding the base of the neck, and brownish red eyes.<a href="#cite_note-Cornell-26">[26]</a> The juvenile is mostly a mottled dark brown with blackish coloration on the head. It has mottled gray instead of white on the underside of its <a href="/wiki/Flight_feather" title="Flight feather">flight feathers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BirdLife-27">[27]</a> The condor's head has little to no feathers, which helps keep it clean when feeding on carrion.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The skin of the head and neck is capable of flushing noticeably in response to emotional state.<a href="#cite_note-CoolFacts-29">[29]</a> The skin color varies from yellowish to a glowing reddish-orange.<a href="#cite_note-Cornell-26">[26]</a> The birds do not have true <a href="/wiki/Syrinx_(bird_anatomy)" title="Syrinx (bird anatomy)">syringeal</a> vocalizations. They can make a few hissing or grunting sounds only heard when very close.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kondor1_gro%C3%9F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Kondor1_gro%C3%9F.jpg/170px-Kondor1_gro%C3%9F.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Kondor1_gro%C3%9F.jpg/255px-Kondor1_gro%C3%9F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Kondor1_gro%C3%9F.jpg/340px-Kondor1_gro%C3%9F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The upper body and head</figcaption></figure> The female condor is smaller than the male, an exception to the rule among <a href="/wiki/Birds_of_prey" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds of prey">birds of prey</a> (the related <a href="/wiki/Andean_condor" title="Andean condor">Andean condor</a> is another exception). Overall length ranges from 109 to 140 cm (43 to 55 in) and wingspan from 2.49 to 3 m (8 ft 2 in to 9 ft 10 in). Their weight ranges from 7 to 14.1 kg (15 to 31 lb), with estimations of average weight ranging from 8 to 9 kg (18 to 20 lb).<a href="#cite_note-BirdLife-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Wingspans of up to 3.4 m (11 ft) have been reported but no wingspan over 3.05 m (10.0 ft) has been verified.<a href="#cite_note-Wood-32">[32]</a> Most measurements are from birds raised in captivity, so it is difficult to determine if major differences exist between wild and captive condors. California condors have the largest wingspan of any North American bird. They are surpassed in both body length and weight only by the <a href="/wiki/Trumpeter_swan" title="Trumpeter swan">trumpeter swan</a> and the introduced <a href="/wiki/Mute_swan" title="Mute swan">mute swan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/American_white_pelican" title="American white pelican">American white pelican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whooping_crane" title="Whooping crane">whooping crane</a> also have longer bodies than the condor. Condors are so large that they can be mistaken for a small, distant airplane, which possibly occurs more often than that they are mistaken for other bird species.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The middle toe of the California condor's foot is greatly elongated, and the hind toe is only slightly developed. The <a href="/wiki/Claw" title="Claw">talons</a> of all the toes are straight and blunt and are thus more adapted to walking than gripping. This is more similar to their supposed relatives the <a href="/wiki/Stork" title="Stork">storks</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-j1-35">[35]</a> than to birds of prey and <a href="/wiki/Old_World_vulture" title="Old World vulture">Old World vultures</a>, which use their feet as weapons or organs of <a href="/wiki/Prehension" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehension">prehension</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historic_range">Historic range</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_condor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Historic range">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sonomamtneflank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sonomamtneflank.jpg/220px-Sonomamtneflank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sonomamtneflank.jpg/330px-Sonomamtneflank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sonomamtneflank.jpg/440px-Sonomamtneflank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>California oak savanna on the east flank of <a href="/wiki/Sonoma_Mountain" title="Sonoma Mountain">Sonoma Mountain</a></figcaption></figure> At the time of <a href="/wiki/Human_settlement_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Human settlement of the Americas">human settlement of the Americas</a>, the California condor was widespread across North America; condor bones from the late Pleistocene have been found at the <a href="/wiki/Cutler_Fossil_Site" title="Cutler Fossil Site">Cutler Fossil Site</a> in southern Florida.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> However, at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a> came the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary extinction event">extinction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a> that led to a subsequent reduction in range and population. Five hundred years ago, the California condor roamed across the <a href="/wiki/American_Southwest" class="mw-redirect" title="American Southwest">American Southwest</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a>. Faunal remains of condors have been found documented in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>,<a href="#cite_note-c2-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>,<a href="#cite_note-c3-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>,<a href="#cite_note-c4-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-c5-40">[40]</a> and Texas.<a href="#cite_note-c6-41">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a> of the early 19th century reported on their sighting and shooting of California condors near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-majors-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-time-43">[43]</a> In the 1970s, two Condor Observation Sites were established in the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_River_Valley" title="Santa Clara River Valley">Santa Clara River Valley</a> to host hopeful birders interested in the endangered species: one about 15 miles north of <a href="/wiki/Fillmore,_California" title="Fillmore, California">Fillmore, California</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Sespe_Wildlife_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Sespe Wildlife Area">Sespe Wildlife Area</a> of <a href="/wiki/Los_Padres_National_Forest" title="Los Padres National Forest">Los Padres National Forest</a>, and one atop <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pinos" title="Mount Pinos">Mount Pinos</a>, "accessible from a dirt road off the highway in from <a href="/wiki/Gorman,_California" title="Gorman, California">Gorman</a>".<a href="#cite_note-sunset-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Habitat">Habitat</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_condor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Habitat">edit</a>]</div> The California condor lives in rocky <a href="/wiki/Shrubland" title="Shrubland">shrubland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coniferous_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Coniferous forest">coniferous forest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oak_savanna" title="Oak savanna">oak savanna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1">[1]</a> They are often found near cliffs or large trees, which they use as nesting sites. Individual birds have a huge range and have been known to travel up to 250 km (160 mi) in search of <a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">carrion</a>. There are two sanctuaries chosen because of their prime condor nesting habitat: the Sisquoc Condor Sanctuary in the <a href="/wiki/San_Rafael_Wilderness" title="San Rafael Wilderness">San Rafael Wilderness</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sespe_Condor_Sanctuary" title="Sespe Condor Sanctuary">Sespe Condor Sanctuary</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Los_Padres_National_Forest" title="Los Padres National Forest">Los Padres National Forest</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Los_Padres_Condor_Range_and_River_Protection_Act_of_1992" title="Los Padres Condor Range and River Protection Act of 1992">Los Padres Condor Range and River Protection Act of 1992</a> expanded existing wilderness by 34,200 hectares (84,400 acres) and designated 127,900 hectares (316,050 acres) of new wilderness that provide habitat for the condor in the Los Padres. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology_and_behavior">Ecology and behavior</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_condor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ecology and behavior">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Condors-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Condors-1.jpg/170px-Condors-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Condors-1.jpg/255px-Condors-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Condors-1.jpg/340px-Condors-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>Preening condors</figcaption></figure> The California condor's large flight muscles are not anchored by a correspondingly large <a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">sternum</a>, which restricts them to being primarily soarers. The birds flap their wings when taking off from the ground, but after attaining a moderate elevation they largely glide, sometimes going for miles without a single flap of their wings. They have been known to fly up to speeds of 90 km/h (56 mph) and as high as 4,600 m (15,100 ft).<a href="#cite_note-USFW-46">[46]</a> They prefer to roost on high perches from which they can launch without any major wing-flapping effort. Often, these birds are seen soaring near rock cliffs, using <a href="/wiki/Thermals" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermals">thermals</a> to aid them in keeping aloft.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The California condor has a long life span, reaching up to 60 years.<a href="#cite_note-cnn.com-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-SDPop-7">[7]</a> If it survives to adulthood, the condor has few natural threats other than humans.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Because they lack a <a href="/wiki/Syrinx_(bird_anatomy)" title="Syrinx (bird anatomy)">syrinx</a>, their vocal display is limited to grunts and hisses.<a href="#cite_note-CoolFacts-29">[29]</a> Condors bathe frequently and can spend hours a day preening their feathers.<a href="#cite_note-USFW-46">[46]</a> Condors also perform <a href="/wiki/Urohidrosis" title="Urohidrosis">urohidrosis</a>, or defecate on their legs, to reduce their <a href="/wiki/Body_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Body temperature">body temperature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CoolFacts-29">[29]</a> There is a well-developed social structure within large groups of condors, with competition to determine a pecking order decided by body language, competitive play behavior, and a variety of hisses and grunts. This social hierarchy is displayed especially when the birds feed, with the dominant birds eating before the younger ones.<a href="#cite_note-Behavior-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding">Breeding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_condor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Breeding">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gymnogyps_californianus_-near_Hopper_Mountain_National_Wildlife_Refuge,_California,_USA_-adult_and_chick-8_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Gymnogyps_californianus_-near_Hopper_Mountain_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_California%2C_USA_-adult_and_chick-8_%281%29.jpg/220px-Gymnogyps_californianus_-near_Hopper_Mountain_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_California%2C_USA_-adult_and_chick-8_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Gymnogyps_californianus_-near_Hopper_Mountain_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_California%2C_USA_-adult_and_chick-8_%281%29.jpg/330px-Gymnogyps_californianus_-near_Hopper_Mountain_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_California%2C_USA_-adult_and_chick-8_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Gymnogyps_californianus_-near_Hopper_Mountain_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_California%2C_USA_-adult_and_chick-8_%281%29.jpg/440px-Gymnogyps_californianus_-near_Hopper_Mountain_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_California%2C_USA_-adult_and_chick-8_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2176" /></a><figcaption>An adult with a 30-day-old chick in a cave nest near the <a href="/wiki/Hopper_Mountain_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Hopper Mountain National Wildlife Refuge">Hopper Mountain National Wildlife Refuge</a>, California, U.S.</figcaption></figure> Condors begin to look for a mate when they reach sexual maturity at the age of 6.<a href="#cite_note-USFW-46">[46]</a> To attract a prospective mate, the male condor performs a display, in which the male turns his head red and puffs out his neck feathers. He then spreads his wings and slowly approaches the female. If the female lowers her head to accept the male, the condors become mates for life.<a href="#cite_note-Behavior-49">[49]</a> The pair makes a simple nest in caves or on cliff clefts, especially ones with nearby roosting trees and open spaces for landing. A mated female lays one bluish-white <a href="/wiki/Egg_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (biology)">egg</a> every other year. Eggs are laid as early as January to as late as April.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The egg weighs about 280 grams (10 oz) and measures from 90 to 120 mm (3.5 to 4.7 in) in length and about 67 mm (2.6 in) in width. If the chick or egg is lost or removed, the parents "double clutch", or lay another egg to take the lost one's place. Researchers and breeders take advantage of this behavior to double the reproductive rate by taking the first egg away for <a href="/wiki/Puppet-rearing" title="Puppet-rearing">puppet-rearing</a>; this induces the parents to lay a second (or even third) egg, which the condors are sometimes allowed to raise.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPS-CCRec-52">[52]</a> The eggs hatch after 53 to 60 days of <a href="/wiki/Avian_incubation" class="mw-redirect" title="Avian incubation">incubation</a> by both parents. Chicks are born with their eyes open and sometimes can take up to a week to leave the shell completely.<a href="#cite_note-CoolFacts-29">[29]</a> The young are covered with a grayish down until they are almost as large as their parents. They are able to fly after 5 to 6 months, but continue to roost and forage with their parents until they are in their second year, at which point the parents typically turn their energies to a new nest.<a href="#cite_note-Cornell-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Common_raven" title="Common raven">Ravens</a> are the main predatory threat to condor eggs, while <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bears</a> are potential predators of condor offspring. In 2021, the San Diego Zoo reported having had two unfertilized eggs hatch within its breeding program in 2001 and 2009, producing male young by <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">parthenogenesis</a> as indicated by genetic studies. The mothers had been housed with males and had mated before, but the offspring lacked markers of male paternity and showed all-maternal inheritance, suggesting the specific mechanism of parthenogenesis involved automixis, gametic fusion, or endomitosis.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-NatGeo2021Oct28-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Earlier evidence of similar parthenogenesis in birds found that among the known examples the embryos died before hatching, unlike these condor chicks. Neither chick lived to sexual maturity, preventing data collection on their reproductive potential.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In July 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Zoo" title="Los Angeles Zoo">LA Zoo</a> reported that a record-setting 17 California condor chicks hatched during the year's breeding season, crediting the surge on novel breeding and rearing techniques developed by their condor team. The technique involves introducing 2 to 3 chicks to a single surrogate mature condor who raises them. Due to the endangered status of the California condor, all 17 chicks are to be released into the wild. <a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding">Feeding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_condor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Feeding">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:California-Condor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/California-Condor.jpg/220px-California-Condor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/California-Condor.jpg/330px-California-Condor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/California-Condor.jpg/440px-California-Condor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3580" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption>Juveniles feeding</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_anachronism" title="Evolutionary anachronism">Evolutionary anachronism</a></div> Wild condors maintain a large home range, often traveling 250 km (160 mi) a day in search of <a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">carrion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ventana-58">[58]</a> It is thought that in the early days of its existence as a species, the California condor lived off the carcasses of the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene_megafauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleistocene megafauna">Pleistocene megafauna</a>, which are largely extinct in North America. They still prefer to feast on large, terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammalian</a> carcasses such as <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkeys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, pigs, <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">cougars</a>, bears, or <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>. Alternatively, they may feed on the bodies of smaller mammals such as <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">squirrels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyotes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_mammal" title="Aquatic mammal">aquatic mammals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a> and <a href="/wiki/California_sea_lion" title="California sea lion">California sea lions</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-animaldiversity.org-59">[59]</a> Bird and <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptile</a> carcasses are rarely eaten. Condors prefer fresh kills, but they also eat decayed food when necessary.<a href="#cite_note-animaldiversity.org-59">[59]</a> Since they do not have a <a href="/wiki/Sense_of_smell" title="Sense of smell">sense of smell</a>,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> they spot these corpses by looking for other scavengers, like <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagles</a> and smaller <a href="/wiki/Vulture" title="Vulture">vultures</a>, the latter of which cannot rip through the tougher hides of these larger animals with the efficiency of the larger condor. They can usually intimidate other scavengers away from the carcass, with the exception of bears, which will ignore them, and <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagles</a>, which will fight a condor over a kill or a carcass.<a href="#cite_note-Cornell-26">[26]</a> In the wild they are intermittent eaters, often going for between a few days to two weeks without eating,<a href="#cite_note-Ventana-58">[58]</a> then gorging themselves on 1–1.5 kilograms (2.2–3.3 lb) of meat at once. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_condor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conservation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Numbered_condor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Numbered_condor.jpg/220px-Numbered_condor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Numbered_condor.jpg/330px-Numbered_condor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Numbered_condor.jpg/440px-Numbered_condor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>A juvenile in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a>, with its numbered tag prominent.</figcaption></figure> The California condor conservation project may be one of the most expensive species conservation projects in United States history,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> costing over $35 million, including $20 million in federal and state funding, since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Frequently_Asked_Questions-62">[62]</a> As of 2007, the annual cost for the condor conservation program was around $2.0 million per year.<a href="#cite_note-Frequently_Asked_Questions-62">[62]</a> Successful reintroduction of captive-bred condors into the wild has become a multi-step and complex process, fraught with the need to periodically recapture the birds to test for lead poisoning and sometimes the necessity for lead removal by <a href="/wiki/Chelation" title="Chelation">chelation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-undark-2022-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recovery_plan">Recovery plan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_condor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Recovery plan">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gymnogyps_californianus1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Gymnogyps_californianus1.jpg/170px-Gymnogyps_californianus1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Gymnogyps_californianus1.jpg/255px-Gymnogyps_californianus1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Gymnogyps_californianus1.jpg/340px-Gymnogyps_californianus1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>A condor chick being fed by a condor head feeding puppet</figcaption></figure> As the condor's population continued to decline, discussion began about starting a captive breeding program for the birds. Opponents to this plan argued that the condors had the right to freedom and that capturing all of the condors would change the species' habits forever, and that the cost was too great.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The project received the approval of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States government</a>, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife service established the California Condor Recovery Program in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The capture of the remaining wild condors was completed on <a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Sunday">Easter Sunday</a> 1987, when AC-9, the last wild condor, was captured.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> At that point, there were only 22 surviving condors, all of them in captivity.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The goal of the California Condor Recovery Plan was to establish two geographically separate populations, one in California and the other in Arizona, each with 150 birds and at least 15 breeding pairs. The study and capture of the remaining California condors was made possible through the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hamber" title="Jan Hamber">Jan Hamber</a>, an ornithologist with the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History">Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History</a>. Hamber personally captured AC-9,<a href="#cite_note-:0-68">[68]</a> the final wild California condor, and her dedication to the bird's conservation led her to compile decades of field notes into the Condor Archives, a searchable database focused on condor biology and conservation.<a href="#cite_note-:0-68">[68]</a> The captive breeding program, led by the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Wild_Animal_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego Wild Animal Park">San Diego Wild Animal Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Zoo" title="Los Angeles Zoo">Los Angeles Zoo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> and with other participating zoos around the country, including the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Zoo_and_Botanical_Garden" title="Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden">Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden</a>, got off to a slow start due to the condor's mating habits. However, utilizing the bird's ability to double <a href="/wiki/Clutch_(eggs)" title="Clutch (eggs)">clutch</a>, biologists began removing the first egg from the nest and raising it with puppets, allowing the parents to lay another egg. Aside from breeding programs, the Condor Recovery Center at <a href="/wiki/Oakland_Zoo" title="Oakland Zoo">Oakland Zoo</a> treats condors that are ill from <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead poisoning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:California-Condor3-Szmurlo_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large black bird with featherless head and hooked bill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/California-Condor3-Szmurlo_edit.jpg/170px-California-Condor3-Szmurlo_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/California-Condor3-Szmurlo_edit.jpg/255px-California-Condor3-Szmurlo_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/California-Condor3-Szmurlo_edit.jpg/340px-California-Condor3-Szmurlo_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="2222" /></a><figcaption>The California condor once numbered only 22 birds, but conservation measures have raised that number to over 500 today.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reintroduction_to_the_wild">Reintroduction to the wild</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_condor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reintroduction to the wild">edit</a>]</div> In 1988, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a> began a reintroduction experiment involving the release of captive <a href="/wiki/Andean_condor" title="Andean condor">Andean condors</a> into the wild in California. Only females were released, to eliminate the possibility of accidentally introducing a South American species into the United States. The experiment was a success, and all the Andean condors were recaptured and re-released in South America.<a href="#cite_note-USFW-46">[46]</a> California condors were released in 1991 and 1992 in California at <a href="/wiki/Big_Sur" title="Big Sur">Big Sur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinnacles_National_Park" title="Pinnacles National Park">Pinnacles National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bitter_Creek_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Bitter Creek National Wildlife Refuge">Bitter Creek National Wildlife Refuge</a> and in 1996 at the <a href="/wiki/Vermilion_Cliffs" title="Vermilion Cliffs">Vermilion Cliffs</a> release site in Arizona near the Grand Canyon.<a href="#cite_note-BirdLife-27">[27]</a> The Fish and Wildlife Service designated the Arizona condors as an experimental, nonessential animal so they would not affect land regulations or development as ranchers were concerned they could be charged with an offense if any birds were injured on their property after the release.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_1996-12-10-71">[71]</a> Though the birth rate remains low in the wild, their numbers are increasing steadily through regular releases of captive-reared adolescents.<a href="#cite_note-USAToday-72">[72]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bitter_Creek_National_Wildlife_Refuge,_California,_USA_-sign-18Aug2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bitter_Creek_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_California%2C_USA_-sign-18Aug2010.jpg/220px-Bitter_Creek_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_California%2C_USA_-sign-18Aug2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bitter_Creek_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_California%2C_USA_-sign-18Aug2010.jpg/330px-Bitter_Creek_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_California%2C_USA_-sign-18Aug2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bitter_Creek_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_California%2C_USA_-sign-18Aug2010.jpg/440px-Bitter_Creek_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_California%2C_USA_-sign-18Aug2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>A USFWS sign at <a href="/wiki/Bitter_Creek_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Bitter Creek National Wildlife Refuge">Bitter Creek National Wildlife Refuge</a> showing the site's association with the California Condor Recovery Program</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obstacles_to_recovery">Obstacles to recovery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_condor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Obstacles to recovery">edit</a>]</div> In modern times, numerous causes have contributed to the California condor's decline, both before and after recovery efforts began. For example, between 1992 and 2013, 237 condor deaths occurred in the wild population.<a href="#cite_note-Eco_Jan2015-73">[73]</a> The leading cause of mortality in condor nestlings is the ingestion of trash that is fed to them by their parents.<a href="#cite_note-j4-74">[74]</a> Among juveniles and adults, <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead poisoning</a> (from eating animal carcasses containing lead shot) is the leading cause of death.<a href="#cite_note-j5-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eco_Jan2015-73">[73]</a> Significant past damage to the condor population has also been attributed to <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a>,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> poisoning,<a href="#cite_note-c7-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-DDT_2013-78">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">electric power lines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egg_collecting" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg collecting">egg collecting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a>, some condors were even kept as pets.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_condor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reproduction">edit</a>]</div> Its low clutch size (one young per nest) and late age of sexual maturity (≈6 years) make the bird vulnerable to artificial population decline. Inbreeding may be causing increased incidence of fatal <a href="/wiki/Chondrodystrophy" title="Chondrodystrophy">chondrodystrophic</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwarfism" title="Dwarfism">dwarfism</a> in wild condors, as well as a syndrome presenting with 14 rather than the typical 12 tail feathers.<a href="#cite_note-UCBGenome-80">[80]</a> A 2021 study found a surprising degree of genomic diversity in condors, however.<a href="#cite_note-Robinson2021CurBio-81">[81]</a> Such data allow refinement to conservation strategies, helping mitigate the effects of inbreeding. One of the study's authors hopes to complete genomic analysis of all 22 individuals from which all living condors descend.<a href="#cite_note-UCBGenome-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lead_poisoning">Lead poisoning</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_condor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lead poisoning">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a> is a significant threat to condors and other avian and terrestrial scavengers<a href="#cite_note-sci_news_1-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPSMyths-83">[83]</a> Fragmented lead ammunition in large game waste is highly problematic for condors due to their extremely strong digestive juices.<a href="#cite_note-j2-84">[84]</a> Blood-lead analysis of wild condors showed lead isotope signature matches to ammunition purchased by researchers near the range of the affected condors.<a href="#cite_note-j2-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Church2006LeadAmmo-85">[85]</a> In California, the Ridley-Tree Condor Preservation Act went into effect July 1, 2008, requiring that hunters use <a href="/wiki/Bullet#Materials" title="Bullet">non-lead ammunition</a> when hunting in the condor's range.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Blood lead levels in golden eagles as well as turkey vultures has declined with the implementation of the Ridley-Tree Condor Preservation Act, demonstrating that the legislation has helped reduce other species' lead exposures aside from the California condor.<a href="#cite_note-j3-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> There is no comparable anti-lead-bullet legislation in the other states in which the condor resides. In 2015, Bruce Rideout, director of the wildlife disease laboratories for San Diego Zoo Global, indicated that lead poisoning is the most common cause of death for juvenile and adult condors in the wild. Among wild deaths with known causes between 1992 and 2013, over 60% (excluding chicks and fledglings) have been as a result of lead poisoning.<a href="#cite_note-Eco_Jan2015-73">[73]</a> Due to condors' long lifespan (over 50 years) and relatively late age of sexual maturity (≈6 years), and small clutch size in the wild (one egg every year or two), the population is very poorly suited to withstand the neurotoxic effects of lead exposure."<a href="#cite_note-Eco_Jan2015-73">[73]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Epidemiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidemiologist">epidemiologist</a> Terra Kelly, until all natural food sources are free from lead-based ammunition, "lead poisoning will threaten recovery of naturally sustaining populations of condors in the wild."<a href="#cite_note-Eco_Jan2015-73">[73]</a> While researchers and veterinarians involved in the condor recovery program note that hunters who use lead-free ammunition actually provide critical sources of food for condors and other scavengers, they caution that using lead ammunition presents a serious and preventable threat to condors and other wildlife.<a href="#cite_note-Eco_Jan2015-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kelly2014Lead-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_premature_death">Other premature death</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_condor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other premature death">edit</a>]</div> Premature condor death may also occur due to contact with <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagles</a>, whose talons enable defense of carrion against condors. Evidence from condor release efforts also suggests golden eagles may occasionally kill condors.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-GOEAAttack-92">[92]</a> Collision with power lines can also result in condor death. Since 1994, captive-bred California condors have been trained to avoid power lines and people. Since the implementation of this aversion conditioning program, the number of condor deaths due to power lines has greatly decreased.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trash_ingestion">Trash ingestion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_condor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Trash ingestion">edit</a>]</div> "Being vultures, condors not only eat dead animals but they also have been observed eating small pieces of bone [which is especially crucial during the egg-laying period]. Although extremely intelligent, condors can’t always tell the difference between small pieces of trash and pieces of bone," according to Tim Hauck, Project Director for the California Condor Reintroduction Program.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Indigestible trash can cause impaction, starvation, and death if affected condors do not receive timely medical intervention. Parent birds may unintentionally feed microtrash to nestlings,<a href="#cite_note-Hovey2020-95">[95]</a> which some research has shown to be the leading cause of death among wild condor nestlings.<a href="#cite_note-j4-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disease">Disease</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_condor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Disease">edit</a>]</div> In 2023, Highly Pathogenic <a href="/wiki/Avian_Influenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Avian Influenza">Avian Influenza</a> (HPAI) infected members of the Utah-Arizona flock, killing 21 condors (including 13 individuals from 8 breeding pairs).<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FWS-HPAI-2June2023-97">[97]</a> Other individuals were released back into the wild following medical treatment. Sixteen condors were treated as part of a vaccine trial.<a href="#cite_note-FWS-HPAI-4Aug2023-98">[98]</a> As of 2 February 2024, 94 condors had received at least the first of two doses of the vaccine.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> During routine winter trapping intended to assess lead levels, blood samples collected from 21 condors were tested for HPAI antibodies. About half the samples showed the presence of antibodies to the H5N1 strain of HPAI, indicating these birds were exposed to the virus and survived naturally. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_growth">Population growth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_condor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Population growth">edit</a>]</div> Nesting milestones have been reached by the reintroduced condors. In 2003, the first nestling <a href="/wiki/Fledge" title="Fledge">fledged</a> in the wild since 1981.<a href="#cite_note-SheppardSoftware-100">[100]</a> In March 2006, a pair of California condors, released by <a href="/wiki/Ventana_Wildlife_Society" title="Ventana Wildlife Society">Ventana Wildlife Society</a>, attempted to nest in a hollow tree near <a href="/wiki/Big_Sur" title="Big Sur">Big Sur</a>, California. This was the first time in more than 100 years that a pair of California condors had been seen nesting in Northern California.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In October 2010, the wild condor population reached 100 individuals in its namesake state of California, plus 73 wild condors in Arizona.<a href="#cite_note-USAToday-72">[72]</a> In November 2011, there were 394 living individuals, 205 of them in the wild<a href="#cite_note-cnn.com-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-SDPop-7">[7]</a> and the rest in the San Diego Zoo Safari Park, the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara_Zoo" title="Santa Barbara Zoo">Santa Barbara Zoo</a>, the Los Angeles Zoo, the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Zoo" title="Oregon Zoo">Oregon Zoo</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/World_Center_for_Birds_of_Prey" title="World Center for Birds of Prey">World Center for Birds of Prey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise, Idaho</a>. In May 2012, the number of living individuals had reached 405, with 179 living in captivity.<a href="#cite_note-Muldoon-102">[102]</a> By June 2014, the condor population had reached 439: 225 in the wild and 214 in captivity.<a href="#cite_note-CCRP_June2014-103">[103]</a> Official statistics from the December 2016 USFWS recorded an overall population of 446, of which 276 are wild and 170 are captive.<a href="#cite_note-fedcondor-104">[104]</a> A key milestone was reached in 2015 when more condors were born in the wild than died.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reintroduction_to_Mexico">Reintroduction to Mexico</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_condor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Reintroduction to Mexico">edit</a>]</div> As the Recovery Program achieved milestones, a fifth active release site in <a href="/wiki/Sierra_de_San_Pedro_M%C3%A1rtir_National_Park" title="Sierra de San Pedro Mártir National Park">Sierra de San Pedro Mártir National Park</a>, Baja California, Mexico, was added to the three release sites in California and the release site in Arizona.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In early 2007, a California condor laid an egg in Mexico for the first time since at least the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In June 2016, three chicks that were born in <a href="/wiki/Chapultepec_Zoo" title="Chapultepec Zoo">Chapultepec Zoo</a> in Mexico City, were flown to <a href="/wiki/Sierra_de_San_Pedro_M%C3%A1rtir_National_Park" title="Sierra de San Pedro Mártir National Park">Sierra de San Pedro Mártir National Park</a>, Baja California, Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In the spring of 2009, a second wild chick was born in the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_de_San_Pedro_M%C3%A1rtir_National_Park" title="Sierra de San Pedro Mártir National Park">Sierra de San Pedro Mártir National Park</a> and was named Inyaa ("Sun" in the <a href="/wiki/Kiliwa_language" title="Kiliwa language">Kiliwa language</a>) by local environmentalists.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expanded_range">Expanded range</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_condor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Expanded range">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_formations_at_Pinnacles_National_Park_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Rock_formations_at_Pinnacles_National_Park_2.jpg/220px-Rock_formations_at_Pinnacles_National_Park_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Rock_formations_at_Pinnacles_National_Park_2.jpg/330px-Rock_formations_at_Pinnacles_National_Park_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Rock_formations_at_Pinnacles_National_Park_2.jpg/440px-Rock_formations_at_Pinnacles_National_Park_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4332" data-file-height="3488" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Pinnacles_National_Park" title="Pinnacles National Park">Pinnacles National Park</a>, a release site</figcaption></figure> In 2014, Condor #597, also known as "Lupine", was spotted near <a href="/wiki/Pescadero,_California" title="Pescadero, California">Pescadero</a>, a coastal community south of <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Timesherald_1-111">[111]</a> Lupine had been routinely seen at <a href="/wiki/Pinnacles_National_Park" title="Pinnacles National Park">Pinnacles National Park</a> after having been released into the wild at Big Sur the previous year. Younger birds of the central California population are seeking to expand their territory, which could mean that a new range expansion is possible for the more than 60 condors flying free in central California.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Also in 2014 the first successful breeding in Utah was reported. A pair of condors that had been released in Arizona, nested in <a href="/wiki/Zion_National_Park" title="Zion National Park">Zion National Park</a> and the hatching of one chick was confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The 1,000th chick since recovery efforts began hatched in Zion in May 2019.<a href="#cite_note-CNN_2019/07/22-114">[114]</a> The California condor was seen for the first time in nearly 50 years in <a href="/wiki/Sequoia_National_Park" title="Sequoia National Park">Sequoia National Park</a> in late May 2020.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> As part of an effort headed by the <a href="/wiki/Yurok" title="Yurok">Yurok</a> tribe to <a href="/wiki/Yurok#Condor_restoration" title="Yurok">reintroduce the condor</a> (Yurok name 'prey-go-neesh') to the <a href="/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" title="Sequoia sempervirens">coastal redwoods</a> of northern California, birds hatched at the Oregon Zoo and the World Center for Birds of Prey were released at <a href="/wiki/Redwood_National_and_State_Parks" title="Redwood National and State Parks">Redwood National Park</a> in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-PGN_1-117">[117]</a> The first condor brought to the Yurok site was called Paaytoqin from the <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce" title="Nez Perce">Nez Perce</a> language meaning 'Come back'; he is also known as 'Mentor' or #736.<a href="#cite_note-MTC_1-118">[118]</a> He was brought to the site, but not released, to help instruct the younger condors how to behave "because of his calm nature and good disposition".<a href="#cite_note-MTC_1-118">[118]</a> Mentor condors are used to serve as a role model and establish a social hierarchy within a flock as an essential part of its survival.<a href="#cite_note-HTYI_1-119">[119]</a> The first condor to be released was called Poy’-we-son (Yurok for "the one who goes ahead"), followed by Nes-kwe-chokw ("He returns"), Ney-gem’ ‘Ne-chweenkah’ ("She carries our prayers") and ‘Hlow Hoo-let’ ("At last I (or we) fly!").<a href="#cite_note-MTC_1-118">[118]</a> The youngsters felt at home with one another having lived together at other facilities.<a href="#cite_note-HTYI_1-119">[119]</a> As of March 2024 11 birds (4 females and 7 males) have been successfully introduced, with another 5 or more being released this year.<a href="#cite_note-HER_1-120">[120]</a> An article in the <a href="/wiki/North_Coast_Journal" title="North Coast Journal">North Coast Journal</a> from November 2023 describes the 11 birds with their names and translations.<a href="#cite_note-RTAL_1-121">[121]</a> By the end of November 2024, 18 condors have been released at the site.<a href="#cite_note-HATB_1-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Condor_Watch">Condor Watch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_condor&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Condor Watch">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avatar_condors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Avatar_condors.jpg/110px-Avatar_condors.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Avatar_condors.jpg/165px-Avatar_condors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Avatar_condors.jpg/220px-Avatar_condors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zooniverse_(citizen_science_project)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zooniverse (citizen science project)">Zooniverse</a> icon for Condor Watch</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">crowdsourcing</a> project called Condor Watch (CW) was started on April 14, 2014, and ended in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-CW_ZooAr-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-SaCruz_1-124">[124]</a> Hosted by the web portal <a href="/wiki/Zooniverse_(citizen_science_project)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zooniverse (citizen science project)">Zooniverse</a>, volunteers were asked to examine <a href="/wiki/Remote_camera#Game_camera" title="Remote camera">motion-capture images</a> of California condors associated with release sites managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> and Ventana Wildlife Society.<a href="#cite_note-SciDai_1-125">[125]</a> The tasks on the website included identifying tagged condors and marking the distance to feeding sources such as animal carcasses. Biologists can then use this data to deduce which birds are at risk of lead poisoning. Condor Watch enabled volunteers, or <a href="/wiki/Citizen_scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen scientists">citizen scientists</a>, to participate in active research. The project had up 175,000 images to view and assess far more than the team could hope to view on their own.<a href="#cite_note-SaCruz_1-124">[124]</a> Lead scientist Myra Finkelstein believes volunteering is fun because it allows enthusiasts to track the "biographies" of individual condors. Citizen science has long been used in <a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">ornithology</a>, for instance in the <a href="/wiki/National_Audubon_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="National Audubon Society">Audubon Society</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Bird_Count" title="Christmas Bird Count">Christmas Bird Count</a>, which began in 1900 and the <a href="/wiki/Breeding_bird_survey" title="Breeding bird survey">breeding bird survey</a> which began in 1966. McCaffrey (2005) believes this approach not only directly benefits ongoing projects, but will also help train aspiring ornithologists.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_humans">Relationship with humans</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_condor&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Relationship with humans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:California_quarter,_reverse_side,_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/California_quarter%2C_reverse_side%2C_2005.jpg/150px-California_quarter%2C_reverse_side%2C_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/California_quarter%2C_reverse_side%2C_2005.jpg/225px-California_quarter%2C_reverse_side%2C_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/California_quarter%2C_reverse_side%2C_2005.jpg/300px-California_quarter%2C_reverse_side%2C_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1167" data-file-height="1189" /></a><figcaption>Condor on California's <a href="/wiki/50_State_quarters" title="50 State quarters">state quarter</a></figcaption></figure> Throughout its historic range, the California condor has been a popular subject of <a href="/wiki/Native_American_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American mythology">mythology</a> and an important symbol to <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>. Unusually,<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> this bird takes on different roles in the storytelling of the different tribes. The <a href="/wiki/Wiyot" title="Wiyot">Wiyot</a> tribe of California say that the condor recreated mankind after Above Old Man wiped humanity out with a flood.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> However, other tribes, such as California's <a href="/wiki/Mono_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mono tribe">Mono</a>, view the condor as a destroyer, not a creator; they say that Condor seized humans, cut off their heads, and drained their blood so that it would flood <a href="/wiki/Ground_Squirrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground Squirrel">Ground Squirrel</a>'s home. Condor then seized Ground Squirrel after he fled, but Ground Squirrel managed to cut off Condor's head when Condor paused to take a drink of the blood.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Yokuts_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yokuts people">Yokuts people</a>, the condor sometimes ate the moon, causing the lunar cycle, and his wings caused <a href="/wiki/Eclipse" title="Eclipse">eclipses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nielsen40-130">[130]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a> tribe of Southern California tell that the condor was once a white bird, but it turned black when it flew too close to a fire.<a href="#cite_note-Nielsen40-130">[130]</a> Condor bones have been found in Native American graves,<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> as have condor feather <a href="/wiki/War_bonnet" title="War bonnet">headdresses</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a> of condors have also been discovered.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Some tribes ritually killed condors to make ceremonial clothing out of their feathers.<a href="#cite_note-WOS_1-133">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamans</a> then danced while wearing these to reach the upper and lower spiritual worlds.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Whenever a Shaman died, his clothes were said to be cursed,<a href="#cite_note-Nielsen41-134">[134]</a> so new clothing had to be made for his successor. Some researchers such as Snyder believe that this practice of making ceremonial clothing contributed to the condor's decline, writing that California Indians killed up to 700 condors each year.<a href="#cite_note-Nielsen41-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-TCCA_1-135">[135]</a> Snyder continues that this figure of 700 is "no doubt an unrealistically high estimate", writing that any estimate "would remain impressively high even if divided by 10".<a href="#cite_note-TCCA_1-135">[135]</a> A few tribes were known to have killed condors such as the <a href="/wiki/Miwok" title="Miwok">Miwok</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patwin" title="Patwin">Patwin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o" title="Luiseño">Luiseño</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pomo" title="Pomo">Pomo</a> but how many is not known and difficult to judge.<a href="#cite_note-MC_1-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-TPAN_1-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-BHL_1-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-CED_1-139">[139]</a> Using available information, Wilbur writes that "a pre-European loss of condors to Indians might not have exceeded a dozen [12] or so annually."<a href="#cite_note-C&I_1-140">[140]</a> Wilbur concludes that Indians might have contributed to the decline of California condors, "but their impact was minor except in highly localized situations."<a href="#cite_note-C&I_1-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_condor&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colpocephalum_californici" title="Colpocephalum californici">Colpocephalum californici</a>, a species of louse that exclusively parasitized the California condor until pesticide treatment of the entire remaining condor population under the California Condor Recovery Program resulted in <a href="/wiki/Conservation-induced_extinction" title="Conservation-induced extinction">conservation-induced extinction</a> of the species</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_condor&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IUCN-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBirdLife_International2020" class="citation journal cs1">BirdLife International (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697636/181151405">"Gymnogyps californianus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2020: e.T22697636A181151405. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697636A181151405.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697636A181151405.en</a>. Retrieved March 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Gymnogyps+californianus&rft.volume=2020&rft.pages=e.T22697636A181151405&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697636A181151405.en&rft.au=BirdLife+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F22697636%2F181151405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+condor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php">"Appendices | CITES"</a>. cites.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100204020215/http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2010. 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Vol. 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40319076">Pl. 301</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107181022/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40319073">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved October 31, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vultur+californianus+The+Californian+Vulture&rft.btitle=The+Naturalist%27s+Miscellany&rft.pages=Pl.+301.&rft.date=1797&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F40319073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+condor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101273/Gymnogyps_californianus">"NatureServe Explorer 2.0"</a>. explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved November 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=explorer.natureserve.org&rft.atitle=NatureServe+Explorer+2.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexplorer.natureserve.org%2FTaxon%2FELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101273%2FGymnogyps_californianus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+condor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn.com-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnn.com_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnn.com_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnn.com_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/04/26/california.condor/index.html?hpt=C2">"Once nearly extinct, the California condor nears new milestones"</a>. CNN. April 27, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180804052658/http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/04/26/california.condor/index.html?hpt=C2">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2018. Retrieved April 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Once+nearly+extinct%2C+the+California+condor+nears+new+milestones&rft.date=2011-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2011%2FUS%2F04%2F26%2Fcalifornia.condor%2Findex.html%3Fhpt%3DC2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+condor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SDPop-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SDPop_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SDPop_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SDPop_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-condor.html">"San Diego Zoo's Animal Bytes: California Condor"</a>. The Zoological Society of San Diego's Center for Conservation and Research for Endangered Species. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030803211953/http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-condor.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2003. Retrieved April 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=San+Diego+Zoo%27s+Animal+Bytes%3A+California+Condor&rft.pub=The+Zoological+Society+of+San+Diego%27s+Center+for+Conservation+and+Research+for+Endangered+Species&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegozoo.org%2Fanimalbytes%2Ft-condor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+condor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/news/Historic/NewsReleases/1987/19870421.pdf">"Last Wild California Condor Capture for Breeding Program"</a> (PDF). U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (press release). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818080111/https://www.fws.gov/news/Historic/NewsReleases/1987/19870421.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved May 6, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Fish+%26+Wildlife+Service+%28press+release%29&rft.atitle=Last+Wild+California+Condor+Capture+for+Breeding+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fws.gov%2Fnews%2FHistoric%2FNewsReleases%2F1987%2F19870421.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+condor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPS_2023-9"><a href="#cite_ref-NPS_2023_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://11ae4d20-b6ab-49c3-9b63-36196fc358e7.usrfiles.com/ugd/11ae4d_758a5cc7833b4836b7cc140ff60526b8.pdf">"World CA Condor Update – 2023 Population Status"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. December 31, 2023. Retrieved May 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+CA+Condor+Update+%E2%80%93+2023+Population+Status&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=2023-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F11ae4d20-b6ab-49c3-9b63-36196fc358e7.usrfiles.com%2Fugd%2F11ae4d_758a5cc7833b4836b7cc140ff60526b8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+condor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VSt_2-10"><a href="#cite_ref-VSt_2_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ventanaws.org/status.html">"Condor Status"</a>. Ventana Wildlife Society. May 19, 2024. Retrieved May 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ventana+Wildlife+Society&rft.atitle=Condor+Status&rft.date=2024-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ventanaws.org%2Fstatus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+condor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WOS_2-11"><a href="#cite_ref-WOS_2_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster,_J.W2024" class="citation web cs1">Foster, J.W (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=23527">"Wings of the Spirit: The Place of the California Condor Among Native Peoples of the Californias"</a>. <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation" class="mw-redirect" title="California Department of Parks and Recreation">California Department of Parks and Recreation</a>. <a href="/wiki/State_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="State of California">State of California</a>. Retrieved April 22, 2024. <q>It is apparent that California condors held a special place in the lives and ceremonies of California natives.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=California+Department+of+Parks+and+Recreation&rft.atitle=Wings+of+the+Spirit%3A+The+Place+of+the+California+Condor+Among+Native+Peoples+of+the+Californias&rft.date=2024&rft.au=Foster%2C+J.W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parks.ca.gov%2F%3Fpage_id%3D23527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+condor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Nielsen 2006, p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-Liddell_1980-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Liddell_1980_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddell,_Henry_GeorgeRobert_Scott1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_George_Liddell" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry George Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a> & <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Robert Scott</a> (1980). <a href="/wiki/A_Greek-English_Lexicon" class="mw-redirect" title="A Greek-English Lexicon">A Greek-English Lexicon</a> (Abridged ed.). United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-910207-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-910207-5"><bdi>978-0-19-910207-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.edition=Abridged&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-19-910207-5&rft.au=Liddell%2C+Henry+George&rft.au=Robert+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+condor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson,_J.Weiner,_E.1989" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Simpson, J.; Weiner, E., eds. (1989). "Raven". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861186-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861186-8"><bdi>978-0-19-861186-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Raven&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861186-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+condor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SACC-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SACC_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SACC_15-1">b</a> Remsen, J. V. Jr.; C. D. Cadena; A. Jaramillo; M. Nores; J. F. Pacheco; M. B. Robbins; T. S. Schulenberg; F. G. Stiles; D. F. Stotz & K. J. Zimmer. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.html">A Classification of the Bird Species of South America</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302073659/http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.html">Archived</a> March 2, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> South American Classification Committee. Retrieved on October 15, 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sibley" title="Charles Sibley">Sibley, Charles G.</a> and Monroe, Burt L. 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0300049692">Distribution and Taxonomy of the Birds of the World</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717204631/https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0300049692">Archived</a> July 17, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-04969-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-04969-2">0-300-04969-2</a>. Accessed April 11, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sibley" title="Charles Sibley">Sibley, Charles G.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jon_Edward_Ahlquist" class="mw-redirect" title="Jon Edward Ahlquist">Ahlquist, Jon E.</a> 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0300040857">Phylogeny and Classification of Birds: A Study in Molecular Evolution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201013180806/https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0300040857">Archived</a> October 13, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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P.; Anderson, Cajsa L.; Britton, Tom; Elzanowski, Andrzej; Johansson, Ulf S.; Kallersjö, Mari; Ohlson, Jan I.; Parsons, Thomas J.; Zuccon, Dario; Mayr, Gerald (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061108091145/http://www.systbot.uu.se/staff/c_anderson/pdf/neoaves.pdf">"Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Biology_Letters" title="Biology Letters">Biology Letters</a>. 2 (4): 1–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2006.0523">10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1834003">1834003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17148284">17148284</a>. 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Retrieved August 22, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Birds+of+North+America+Online%3A+California+Condor&rft.pub=Cornell+Lab+of+Ornithology&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbna.birds.cornell.edu%2FBNA%2Faccount%2FCalifornia_Condor%2FSYSTEMATICS.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+condor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuárezEmslie2003" class="citation journal cs1">Suárez, W.; Emslie, S.D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.uncw.edu/emslies/documents/SuarezandEmslie2003.pdf">"New fossil material with a redescription of the extinct condor Gymnogyps varonai (Arredondo, 1971) from the Quaternary of Cuba (Aves: Vulturidae)"</a> (PDF). 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The Ward Ritchie Press, Pasadena, California, 1974. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-378-03542-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-378-03542-8">0-378-03542-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-USFW-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USFW_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USFW_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USFW_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USFW_46-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/species/species_accounts/bio_cond.html">"California condor, (Gymnogyps californianus)"</a>. 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Retrieved March 4, 2024. <q>Many ceremonies throughout California involved dancers dressed in capes of condor skins or condor feather bands</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=California+Department+of+Parks+and+Recreation&rft.atitle=Wings+of+the+Spirit%3A+The+Place+of+the+California+Condor+Among+Native+Peoples+of+the+Californias&rft.date=2024&rft.au=Foster%2C+J.W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parks.ca.gov%2F%3Fpage_id%3D23527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+condor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nielsen41-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nielsen41_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nielsen41_134-1">b</a> Nielsen 2006, p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-TCCA_1-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TCCA_1_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCCA_1_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder,_N.F.R.Snyder,_H.2000" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, N.F.R.; Snyder, H. 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Retrieved April 20, 2024. <q>The eagle and condor were bird chiefs and their capture or killing was always preceded by the making of meal or seed offerings.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+California+Publications+in+American+Archaeology+and+Ethnology&rft.atitle=Miwok+Cults&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=394-396&rft.date=1926-05-08&rft.au=Gifford%2C+E.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu%2Fanthpubs%2Fucb%2Ftext%2Fucp018-004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+condor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TPAN_1-137"><a href="#cite_ref-TPAN_1_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroeber,_A.L.1932" class="citation journal cs1">Kroeber, A.L. 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Retrieved April 20, 2024. <q>Eagles (sul) and condors (molok), were shot, not netted, according to most informants; though one told of a spring noose on a bent-over live oak sapling.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+California+Publications+in+American+Archaeology+and+Ethnology&rft.atitle=The+Patwin+and+their+neighbours&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=279&rft.date=1932-02-27&rft.au=Kroeber%2C+A.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu%2Fanthpubs%2Fucb%2Ftext%2Fucp029-005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+condor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BHL_1-138"><a href="#cite_ref-BHL_1_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates,_C.D.Hamber,_J.A.Lee,_M.J.1993" class="citation book cs1">Bates, C.D.; Hamber, J.A.; Lee, M.J. (1993). The California Condor and the California Indians. Vol. 19. American Indian Art. p. 41. <q>Young birds taken from the nest were raised and then used in a ceremony that culminated in the killing of the bird by strangulation or pressing on its heart.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+California+Condor+and+the+California+Indians&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=American+Indian+Art&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Bates%2C+C.D.&rft.au=Hamber%2C+J.A.&rft.au=Lee%2C+M.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+condor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CED_1-139"><a href="#cite_ref-CED_1_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGifford,_E.W.Kroeber,_A.L.1937" class="citation journal cs1">Gifford, E.W.; Kroeber, A.L. (July 1, 1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/82939?ln=en&v=pdf">"Culture Element Distributions: IV Pomo"</a>. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. 37 (4): 170, 130. Retrieved April 20, 2024. <q>Whole condor (sul) skin worn by male dancer.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+California+Publications+in+American+Archaeology+and+Ethnology&rft.atitle=Culture+Element+Distributions%3A+IV+Pomo&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=170%2C+130&rft.date=1937-07-01&rft.au=Gifford%2C+E.W.&rft.au=Kroeber%2C+A.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigicoll.lib.berkeley.edu%2Frecord%2F82939%3Fln%3Den%26v%3Dpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+condor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-C&I_1-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C&I_1_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-C&I_1_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilbur,_S.2012" class="citation web cs1">Wilbur, S. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.condortales.com/california-condor/condors-and-indians.html">"Condors and Indians"</a>. Symbios Books. Retrieved April 21, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Condors+and+Indians&rft.pub=Symbios+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Wilbur%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.condortales.com%2Fcalifornia-condor%2Fcondors-and-indians.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+condor" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_texts">Cited texts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_condor&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cited texts">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesson1842" class="citation book cs1">Lesson, René-Primevère (1842). L'Echo du monde savant.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Echo+du+monde+savant&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Lesson&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9-Primev%C3%A8re&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+condor" class="Z3988"> [Description of genus Gymnogyps]. ser. 2 6 (44): col. 1037</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsen2006" class="citation book cs1">Nielsen, John (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/condortobrinkbac00niel">Condor: To the Brink and Back—The Life and Times of One Giant Bird</a>. New York: Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-008862-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-008862-0"><bdi>978-0-06-008862-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Condor%3A+To+the+Brink+and+Back%E2%80%94The+Life+and+Times+of+One+Giant+Bird&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-06-008862-0&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcondortobrinkbac00niel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+condor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyderSnyder2000" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Noel; Snyder, Helen (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/californiacondor00snyd">The California Condor</a>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-654005-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-654005-5"><bdi>978-0-12-654005-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+California+Condor&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-12-654005-5&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft.au=Snyder%2C+Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaliforniacondor00snyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+condor" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Big_Sur" title="Template:Big Sur"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Big_Sur" title="Template talk:Big Sur"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Big_Sur" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Big Sur"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Big_Sur" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Big_Sur" title="Big Sur">Big Sur</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;li;width:1%">Populated places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Sur_Village,_California" title="Big Sur Village, California">Big Sur Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slates_Hot_Springs" title="Slates Hot Springs">Slates Hot Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posts,_California" title="Posts, California">Posts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorda,_California" title="Gorda, California">Gorda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucia,_California" title="Lucia, California">Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamesburg,_California" title="Jamesburg, California">Jamesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_Colorado_Canyon,_California" title="Palo Colorado Canyon, California">Palo Colorado Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaskett,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaskett, California">Plaskett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tassajara_Hot_Springs" title="Tassajara Hot Springs">Tassajara Hot Springs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;li;width:1%">Land use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Padres_National_Forest" title="Los Padres National Forest">Los Padres National Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventana_Wilderness" title="Ventana Wilderness">Ventana Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Peak_Wilderness" title="Silver Peak Wilderness">Silver Peak Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterey_Bay_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary">Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfeiffer_Beach" title="Pfeiffer Beach">Pfeiffer Beach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Little_State_Natural_Reserve" title="John Little State Natural Reserve">John Little State Natural Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Pfeiffer_Burns_State_Park" title="Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park">Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Creek_Canyon_Ecological_Reserve" title="Joshua Creek Canyon Ecological Reserve">Joshua Creek Canyon Ecological Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Sur_State_Historic_Park" title="Point Sur State Historic Park">Point Sur State Historic Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Sur_Lighthouse" title="Point Sur Lighthouse">Point Sur Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Lobos" title="Point Lobos">Point Lobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishxenta_State_Park" title="Ishxenta State Park">Ishxenta State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrapata_State_Park" title="Garrapata State Park">Garrapata State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limekiln_State_Park" title="Limekiln State Park">Limekiln State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfeiffer_Big_Sur_State_Park" title="Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park">Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Molera_State_Park" title="Andrew Molera State Park">Andrew Molera State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Redwood_Botanical_Area" title="Southern Redwood Botanical Area">Southern Redwood Botanical Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Sur_State_Marine_Reserve_and_Marine_Conservation_Area" title="Point Sur State Marine Reserve and Marine Conservation Area">Point Sur State Marine Reserve and Marine Conservation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Creek_State_Marine_Reserve_and_Marine_Conservation_Area" title="Big Creek State Marine Reserve and Marine Conservation Area">Big Creek State Marine Reserve and Marine Conservation Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local / county</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palo_Corona_Regional_Park" title="Palo Corona Regional Park">Palo Corona Regional Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Creek_Redwood_Preserve" title="Mill Creek Redwood Preserve">Mill Creek Redwood Preserve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">University</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landels-Hill_Big_Creek_Reserve" title="Landels-Hill Big Creek Reserve">Landels-Hill Big Creek Reserve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Deven_Ranch" title="Glen Deven Ranch">Glen Deven Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Sur_Ranch" title="El Sur Ranch">El Sur Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitteldorf_Preserve" title="Mitteldorf Preserve">Mitteldorf Preserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_Corona_Ranch" title="Palo Corona Ranch">Palo Corona Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Lucia_Preserve" title="Santa Lucia Preserve">Santa Lucia Preserve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Sur_land_use" title="Big Sur land use">Big Sur land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Coastal_Commission" title="California Coastal Commission">California Coastal Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Sur_Land_Trust" title="Big Sur Land Trust">Big Sur Land Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Sur_Multi-Agency_Advisory_Council" title="Big Sur Multi-Agency Advisory Council">Big Sur Multi-Agency Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Sur_Local_Coastal_Program_Defense_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Big Sur Local Coastal Program Defense Committee (page does not exist)">Big Sur Local Coastal Program Defense Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Coast_Land_Use_Advisory_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Coast Land Use Advisory Committee (page does not exist)">South Coast Land Use Advisory Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;li;width:1%">Geographical features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Lucia_Range" title="Santa Lucia Range">Santa Lucia Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malpaso_Creek" title="Malpaso Creek">Malpaso Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McWay_Falls" title="McWay Falls">McWay Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McWay_Creek" title="McWay Creek">McWay Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sur_River" title="Little Sur River">Little Sur River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Sur_River" title="Big Sur River">Big Sur River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragged_Point_(California)" title="Ragged Point (California)">Ragged Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anderson_Canyon" title="Anderson Canyon">Anderson Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_Colorado_Canyon,_California" title="Palo Colorado Canyon, California">Palo Colorado Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfeiffer-Redwood_Creek" title="Pfeiffer-Redwood Creek">Pfeiffer-Redwood Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Cove" title="Jade Cove">Jade Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Dollar_Beach" title="Sand Dollar Beach">Sand Dollar Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cone_Peak" title="Cone Peak">Cone Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_Blanco" title="Pico Blanco">Pico Blanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventana_Double_Cone" title="Ventana Double Cone">Ventana Double Cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junipero_Serra_Peak" title="Junipero Serra Peak">Junipero Serra Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chews_Ridge_Lookout" title="Chews Ridge Lookout">Chews Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notleys_Landing,_California" title="Notleys Landing, California">Notley's Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Creek_Bridge_(California)" title="Big Creek Bridge (California)">Big Creek Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bixby_Creek_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bixby Creek Bridge">Bixby Creek Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfeiffer_Beach" title="Pfeiffer Beach">Pfeiffer Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Carp%C3%B3foro_Canyon" title="San Carpóforo Canyon">San Carpóforo Canyon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;li;width:1%">Attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Pico_Blanco" title="Camp Pico Blanco">Camp Pico Blanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes_Camp" title="Sykes Camp">Sykes Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottchers_Gap" title="Bottchers Gap">Bottchers Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deetjen%27s_Big_Sur_Inn" title="Deetjen's Big Sur Inn">Deetjen's Big Sur Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Sur_Lighthouse" title="Point Sur Lighthouse">Point Sur Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Facility_Point_Sur" title="Naval Facility Point Sur">Naval Facility Point Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepenthe_(restaurant)" title="Nepenthe (restaurant)">Nepenthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esalen_Institute" title="Esalen Institute">Esalen Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Miller_Memorial_Library" title="Henry Miller Memorial Library">Henry Miller Memorial Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventana_Wildlife_Society#Big_Sur_Condor_Sanctuary" title="Ventana Wildlife Society">Big Sur Condor Discovery Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;li;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Sur_Folk_Festival" title="Big Sur Folk Festival">Big Sur Folk Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Sur_International_Marathon" title="Big Sur International Marathon">Big Sur International Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Sur_Jade_Festival" title="Big Sur Jade Festival">Big Sur Jade Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;li;width:1%">Community</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventana_Wildlife_Society" title="Ventana Wildlife Society">Ventana Wildlife Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventana_Wilderness_Alliance" title="Ventana Wilderness Alliance">Ventana Wilderness Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_Association_of_Big_Sur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community Association of Big Sur (page does not exist)">Community Association of Big Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Sur_Unified_School_District" title="Big Sur Unified School District">Pacific Valley School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;li;width:1%">Trails and roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Trail" title="Pine Ridge Trail">Pine Ridge Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Coast_Road_(Big_Sur)#Coast_Ridge_Road" title="Old Coast Road (Big Sur)">Coast Ridge Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Coast_Road_(Big_Sur)" title="Old Coast Road (Big Sur)">Old Coast Road </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacimiento-Fergusson_Road" title="Nacimiento-Fergusson Road">Nacimiento-Fergusson Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Sur_Coast_Highway" title="Big Sur Coast Highway">Big Sur Coast Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_Colorado_Canyon,_California#Palo_Colorado_Road" title="Palo Colorado Canyon, California">Palo Colorado Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;li;width:1%">Notable individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Abrego" title="José Abrego">José Abrego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansel_Adams" title="Ansel Adams">Ansel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Alvarado" title="Juan Bautista Alvarado">Juan Bautista Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morley_Baer" title="Morley Baer">Morley Baer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Brautigan" title="Richard Brautigan">Richard Brautigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._R._Cooper" class="mw-redirect" title="John B. R. Cooper">John B. R. Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaffe_Fassett" title="Kaffe Fassett">Kaffe Fassett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Jeffers" title="Robinson Jeffers">Robinson Jeffers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Jack Kerouac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Mary_Kleefeld" title="Carolyn Mary Kleefeld">Carolyn Mary Kleefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Murphy_(author)" title="Michael Murphy (author)">Michael Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Miller" title="Henry Miller">Henry Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Norman" title="Emile Norman">Emile Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_A._Owings" title="Nathaniel A. Owings">Nathaniel Owings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Price" title="Dick Price">Dick Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_S._Rigdon" title="Elmer S. Rigdon">Elmer S. Rigdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_S._Thompson" title="Hunter S. Thompson">Hunter S. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Varda" title="Jean Varda">Jean Varda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilmos_Zsigmond" title="Vilmos Zsigmond">Vilmos Zsigmond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;li;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esselen" title="Esselen">Esselen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinan" title="Salinan">Salinan people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone" title="Ohlone">Ohlone people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancho_El_Sur" title="Rancho El Sur">Rancho El Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancho_San_Francisquito_(Munr%C3%A1s)" title="Rancho San Francisquito (Munrás)">Rancho San Francisquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancho_San_Jose_y_Sur_Chiquito" class="mw-redirect" title="Rancho San Jose y Sur Chiquito">Rancho San Jose y Sur Chiquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancho_Tularcitos_(Gom%C3%A9z)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rancho Tularcitos (Goméz)">Rancho Tularcitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancho_Milpitas_(Pastor)" title="Rancho Milpitas (Pastor)">Rancho Milpitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancho_San_Jose_y_Sur_Chiquito" class="mw-redirect" title="Rancho San Jose y Sur Chiquito">Rancho San Jose y Sur Chiquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester,_Monterey_County,_California" title="Manchester, Monterey County, California">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester,_Monterey_County,_California" title="Manchester, Monterey County, California">Los Burros Mining District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Macon_(ZRS-5)" title="USS Macon (ZRS-5)">USS Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Resaca_(1865)" title="USS Resaca (1865)">USS Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Cone_Fire" title="Marble Cone Fire">Marble Cone Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basin_Complex_Fire" title="Basin Complex Fire">Basin Complex Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soberanes_Fire" title="Soberanes Fire">Soberanes Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolan_Fire" title="Dolan Fire">Dolan Fire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;li;width:1%">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedicularis_dudleyi" title="Pedicularis dudleyi">' lousewort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abies_bracteata" title="Abies bracteata">Santa Lucia fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperia_yadonii" class="mw-redirect" title="Piperia yadonii">Yadon's rein orchid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" title="Sequoia sempervirens">California coastal redwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notholithocarpus" title="Notholithocarpus">Tanbark oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercus_agrifolia" title="Quercus agrifolia">Coast live oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbellularia" title="Umbellularia">California bay laurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_cougar" title="North American cougar">North American cougar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">Rainbow trout</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">California condor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FCC200;li"><div>The exact boundaries of Big Sur are loosely defined.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_condor&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArredondo1976" class="citation book cs1">Arredondo, Oscar (1976). "The Great Predatory Birds of the Pleistocene of Cuba". In Olson, Storrs L. (ed.). Collected Papers in Avian Paleontology Honoring the 90th Birthday of Alexander Wetmore. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. Vol. 27. Translated by Olson, Storrs L. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 169–187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5479%2Fsi.00810266.27.1">10.5479/si.00810266.27.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Great+Predatory+Birds+of+the+Pleistocene+of+Cuba&rft.btitle=Collected+Papers+in+Avian+Paleontology+Honoring+the+90th+Birthday+of+Alexander+Wetmore&rft.place=Washington&rft.series=Smithsonian+Contributions+to+Paleobiology&rft.pages=169-187&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5479%2Fsi.00810266.27.1&rft.aulast=Arredondo&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+condor" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_condor&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gymnogyps_californianus" class="extiw" title="commons:Gymnogyps californianus">Gymnogyps californianus</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gymnogyps_californianus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Gymnogyps californianus">California condor</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/refuge/hopper_mountain/">U.S. Fish and Wildlife California Condor Recovery Program</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ventanaws.org/">Ventana Wildlife Society</a> including the Live Condor cams at Big Sur and San Simeon.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huntingwithnonlead.org/">Hunting with Non-Lead</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vulture-territory.com/california.html/">Vulture Territory Facts and Characteristics: California condor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126184123/http://www.vulture-territory.com/california.html">Archived</a> January 26, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090103064913/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=3821&m=0">BirdLife Species Factsheet 2008 (archived)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vultures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vulture" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Vulture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vulture" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Vulture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vulture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vulture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vultures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vulture" title="Vulture">Vultures</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cathartidae_(New_World_vultures)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cathartidae (<a href="/wiki/New_World_vulture" title="New World vulture">New World vultures</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cathartes" title="Cathartes">Cathartes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_vulture" title="Turkey vulture">Turkey vulture</a> (Cathartes aura)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_yellow-headed_vulture" title="Lesser yellow-headed vulture">Lesser yellow-headed vulture</a> (Cathartes burrovianus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_yellow-headed_vulture" title="Greater yellow-headed vulture">Greater yellow-headed vulture</a> (Cathartes melambrotus)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_vulture" title="Black vulture">Coragyps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_vulture" title="Black vulture">Black vulture</a> (Coragyps atratus)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/King_vulture" title="King vulture">Sarcoramphus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_vulture" title="King vulture">King vulture</a> (Sarcoramphus papa)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gymnogyps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">California condor</a> (Gymnogyps californianus)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Andean_condor" title="Andean condor">Vultur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_condor" title="Andean condor">Andean condor</a> (Vultur gryphus)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Aegypiinae_and_Gypinae_(Old_World_vultures)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aegypiinae" title="Aegypiinae">Aegypiinae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gypinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypinae">Gypinae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_World_vulture" title="Old World vulture">Old World vultures</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinereous_vulture" title="Cinereous vulture">Aegypius</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinereous_vulture" title="Cinereous vulture">Cinereous vulture</a> (Aegypius monachus)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bearded_vulture" title="Bearded vulture">Gypaetus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_vulture" title="Bearded vulture">Bearded vulture</a> (Gypaetus barbatus)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palm-nut_vulture" title="Palm-nut vulture">Gypohierax</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palm-nut_vulture" title="Palm-nut vulture">Palm-nut vulture</a> (Gypohierax angolensis)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gyps" title="Gyps">Gyps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-rumped_vulture" title="White-rumped vulture">White-rumped vulture</a> (Gyps bengalensis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_vulture" title="Himalayan vulture">Himalayan vulture</a> (Gyps himalayensis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-backed_vulture" title="White-backed vulture">White-backed vulture</a> (Gyps africanus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCppell%27s_vulture" title="Rüppell's vulture">Rüppell's vulture</a> (Gyps rueppellii)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffon_vulture" class="mw-redirect" title="Griffon vulture">Griffon vulture</a> (Gyps fulvus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_vulture" title="Indian vulture">Indian vulture</a> (Gyps indicus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slender-billed_vulture" title="Slender-billed vulture">Slender-billed vulture</a> (Gyps tenuirostris)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_vulture" title="Cape vulture">Cape vulture</a> (Gyps coprothere)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hooded_vulture" title="Hooded vulture">Necrosyrtes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_vulture" title="Hooded vulture">Hooded vulture</a> (Necrosyrtes monachus)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_vulture" title="Egyptian vulture">Neophron</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_vulture" title="Egyptian vulture">Egyptian vulture</a> (Neophron percnopterus)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red-headed_vulture" title="Red-headed vulture">Sarcogyps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red-headed_vulture" title="Red-headed vulture">Red-headed vulture</a> (Sarcogyps calvus)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lappet-faced_vulture" title="Lappet-faced vulture">Torgos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lappet-faced_vulture" title="Lappet-faced vulture">Lappet-faced vulture</a> (Torgos tracheliotos)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White-headed_vulture" title="White-headed vulture">Trigonoceps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-headed_vulture" title="White-headed vulture">White-headed vulture</a> (Trigonoceps occipitalis)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diclofenac" title="Diclofenac">Diclofenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_vulture_crisis" title="Indian vulture crisis">Indian vulture crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Gymnogyps californianus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194314" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q194314">Q194314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gymnogyps_californianus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Gymnogyps californianus">Gymnogyps californianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Birding_Association" title="American Birding Association">ABA</a>: calcon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Gymnogyps/">Gymnogyps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avibase" title="Avibase">Avibase</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=24F1432829285FA9">24F1432829285FA9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22697636">22697636</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=10287">10287</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_the_World" title="Birds of the World">BOW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/calcon">calcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3HSM2">3HSM2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Biological_Diversity" title="Center for Biological Diversity">Center</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/birds/California_condor/index.html">California_condor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_Migratory_Species_of_Wild_Animals" title="Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals">CMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cms.int/en/species/gymnogyps-californianus">gymnogyps-californianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EBird" title="EBird">eBird</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebird.org/species/calcon">calcon</a></li> <li>ECOS: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/8193">8193</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_for_Bird_Ringing" title="European Union for Bird Ringing">EURING</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euring.org/edb/species-maps/sp2290.htm">2290</a></li> <li>FEIS: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/animals/bird/gyca/all.html">gyca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2481920">2481920</a></li> <li>GNAB: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/california-condor">california-condor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/4778">4778</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11334532">11334532</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=175274">175274</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22697636">22697636</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101273/">2.101273</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=33616">33616</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_Birds_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotropical Birds Online">Neotropical</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/calcon">calcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/73538/">73538</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=316992">316992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=137182">137182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">Species+</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/10054">10054</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeno-canto" title="Xeno-canto">Xeno-canto</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xeno-canto.org/species/Gymnogyps-californianus">Gymnogyps-californianus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194314#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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