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<li id="toc-1971_establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1971_establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 1971 establishment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1971_establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Original_founders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_founders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Original founders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_founders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 1970s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 1980s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rwandan_genocide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rwandan_genocide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 Rwandan genocide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rwandan_genocide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 2020s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accusations_of_racism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accusations_of_racism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.1 Accusations of racism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accusations_of_racism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Snakebite_prioritisation_in_WHO" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Snakebite_prioritisation_in_WHO"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.2 Snakebite prioritisation in WHO </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Snakebite_prioritisation_in_WHO-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Access_to_Medicine_Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access_to_Medicine_Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Access to Medicine Campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Access_to_Medicine_Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities_by_location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities_by_location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Activities by location </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Activities_by_location-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Activities by location subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Activities_by_location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sub-Saharan_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-Saharan_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Sub-Saharan Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sub-Saharan_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sierra_Leone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sierra_Leone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Sierra Leone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sierra_Leone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Sudan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kala-Azar_in_Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kala-Azar_in_Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2.1 Kala-Azar in Sudan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kala-Azar_in_Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_care_infrastructure_in_Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_care_infrastructure_in_Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2.2 Health care infrastructure in Sudan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_care_infrastructure_in_Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Democratic Republic of the Congo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Uganda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ivory_Coast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ivory_Coast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5 Ivory Coast </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ivory_Coast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-West_African_Ebola_outbreak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_African_Ebola_outbreak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5.1 West African Ebola outbreak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_African_Ebola_outbreak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burundi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burundi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5.2 Burundi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burundi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Sri Lanka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Cambodia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East_and_North_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East_and_North_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Middle East and North Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East_and_North_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Libya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Search_and_Rescue_in_the_Mediterranean_Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Search_and_Rescue_in_the_Mediterranean_Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Search and Rescue in the Mediterranean Sea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Search_and_Rescue_in_the_Mediterranean_Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yemen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yemen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Yemen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yemen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 The Netherlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisation_of_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisation_of_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Organisation of activities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organisation_of_activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organisation of activities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organisation_of_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Field_mission_team" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Field_mission_team"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Field mission team </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Field_mission_team-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_component" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_component"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Medical component </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_component-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Nutrition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_and_sanitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_and_sanitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Water and sanitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_and_sanitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Innovation_and_use_of_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innovation_and_use_of_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Innovation and use of technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Innovation_and_use_of_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance_and_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance_and_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Governance and structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance_and_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In-house_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In-house_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 In-house organisations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In-house_organisations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In-house organisations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In-house_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Epicentre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epicentre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Epicentre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epicentre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_for_Access_to_Essential_Medicines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_for_Access_to_Essential_Medicines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_for_Access_to_Essential_Medicines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_risks_to_staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_risks_to_staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Security risks to staff </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Security_risks_to_staff-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Security risks to staff subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Security_risks_to_staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Incidents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Awards </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Awards subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1999_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1999_Nobel_Peace_Prize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 1999 Nobel Peace Prize </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1999_Nobel_Peace_Prize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Other awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Namesakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Namesakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Namesakes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Namesakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethical_concerns_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethical_concerns_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Ethical concerns and criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethical_concerns_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_non-fiction_works_about_MSF" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_non-fiction_works_about_MSF"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Selected non-fiction works about MSF </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_non-fiction_works_about_MSF-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relevant_topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relevant_topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Relevant topics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relevant_topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Médecins Sans Frontières</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" > 82 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84rzte_ohne_Grenzen" title="Ärzte ohne Grenzen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ärzte ohne Grenzen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D2%B3%D3%99%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%83_%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%86%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Иҳәаадоу аҳақьымцәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Иҳәаадоу аҳақьымцәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF" title="أطباء بلا حدود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أطباء بلا حدود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A3%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%A0%DC%90_%DC%AC%DC%9A%DC%98%DC%A1%DC%90" title="ܐܣܘܬܐ ܕܠܐ ܬܚܘܡܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܣܘܬܐ ܕܠܐ ܬܚܘܡܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9dicos_Ensin_Fronteres" title="Médicos Ensin Fronteres – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Médicos Ensin Fronteres" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99rh%C9%99dsiz_H%C9%99kiml%C9%99r" title="Sərhədsiz Həkimlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sərhədsiz Həkimlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%81_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0" title="মেদসাঁ সঁ ফ্রোঁতিয়ের – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেদসাঁ সঁ ফ্রোঁতিয়ের" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B4-kok-k%C3%A0i_I-seng" title="Bô-kok-kài I-seng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bô-kok-kài I-seng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Урачы без межаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Урачы без межаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Лекары бязь межаў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лекары бязь межаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Лекари без граници – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лекари без граници" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljekari_bez_granica" title="Ljekari bez granica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ljekari bez granica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Médecins Sans Frontières" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metges_Sense_Fronteres" title="Metges Sense Fronteres – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Metges Sense Fronteres" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ka%C5%99i_bez_hranic" title="Lékaři bez hranic – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lékaři bez hranic" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Médecins Sans Frontières" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6ger_uden_Gr%C3%A6nser" title="Læger uden Grænser – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Læger uden Grænser" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84rzte_ohne_Grenzen" title="Ärzte ohne Grenzen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ärzte ohne Grenzen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piirideta_Arstid" title="Piirideta Arstid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Piirideta Arstid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%AF_%CE%A7%CF%89%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%82_%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Γιατροί Χωρίς Σύνορα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιατροί Χωρίς Σύνορα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9dicos_Sin_Fronteras" title="Médicos Sin Fronteras – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Médicos Sin Fronteras" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuracistoj_sen_landlimoj" title="Kuracistoj sen landlimoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kuracistoj sen landlimoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugarik_Gabeko_Medikuak" title="Mugarik Gabeko Medikuak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mugarik Gabeko Medikuak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="پزشکان بدون مرز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پزشکان بدون مرز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_sans_fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins sans frontières – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Médecins sans frontières" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_sans_Fronti%C3%A9res" title="Médecins sans Frontiéres – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Médecins sans Frontiéres" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9dicos_Sen_Fronteiras" title="Médicos Sen Fronteiras – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Médicos Sen Fronteiras" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EA%B2%BD%EC%97%86%EB%8A%94%EC%9D%98%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C" title="국경없는의사회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국경없는의사회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AA%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80_%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81_%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB" title="Բժիշկներ առանց սահմանների – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բժիշկներ առանց սահմանների" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0" title="मेड्सें सां फ्रंटियेर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मेड्सें सां फ्रंटियेर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lije%C4%8Dnici_bez_granica" title="Liječnici bez granica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Liječnici bez granica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Médecins Sans Frontières" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokter_Lintas_Batas" title="Dokter Lintas Batas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dokter Lintas Batas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6knar_%C3%A1n_landam%C3%A6ra" title="Læknar án landamæra – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Læknar án landamæra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medici_senza_frontiere" title="Medici senza frontiere – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Medici senza frontiere" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%90_%D7%92%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA" title="רופאים ללא גבולות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רופאים ללא גבולות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Médecins Sans Frontières" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94" title="ექიმები საზღვრებს გარეშე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ექიმები საზღვრებს გარეშე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abavuzi_Batagira_Umupaka" title="Abavuzi Batagira Umupaka – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Abavuzi Batagira Umupaka" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madaktari_wasio_na_Mipaka-MSF" title="Madaktari wasio na Mipaka-MSF – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Madaktari wasio na Mipaka-MSF" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bij%C3%AE%C5%9Fk%C3%AAn_S%C3%AEnornenas" title="Bijîşkên Sînornenas – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bijîşkên Sînornenas" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medici_sine_finibus" title="Medici sine finibus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Medici sine finibus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80rsti_bez_robe%C5%BE%C4%81m" title="Ārsti bez robežām – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ārsti bez robežām" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_sans_fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins sans frontières – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Médecins sans frontières" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gydytojai_be_sien%C5%B3" title="Gydytojai be sienų – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gydytojai be sienų" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orvosok_Hat%C3%A1rok_N%C3%A9lk%C3%BCl" title="Orvosok Határok Nélkül – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Orvosok Határok Nélkül" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Лекари без граници – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лекари без граници" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0" title="मेड्सें सां फ्रंटियेर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मेड्सें सां फ्रंटियेर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktor_Tanpa_Sempadan" title="Doktor Tanpa Sempadan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Doktor Tanpa Sempadan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%85%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D2%AF%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%87_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хил хязгааргүй эмч нар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хил хязгааргүй эмч нар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%91%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9D%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%96%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7" title="နယ်စည်းမထားဆရာဝန်များအဖွဲ့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နယ်စည်းမထားဆရာဝန်များအဖွဲ့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artsen_zonder_Grenzen" title="Artsen zonder Grenzen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Artsen zonder Grenzen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%A2%83%E3%81%AA%E3%81%8D%E5%8C%BB%E5%B8%AB%E5%9B%A3" title="国境なき医師団 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国境なき医師団" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leger_Uten_Grenser" title="Leger Uten Grenser – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Leger Uten Grenser" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6kjarar_Utan_Grenser" title="Lækjarar Utan Grenser – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lækjarar Utan Grenser" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="میڈیسن سانس فرنٹیرس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میڈیسن سانس فرنٹیرس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%89%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بی پولی ډاکتران – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بی پولی ډاکتران" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokters_ahn_Grenzen" title="Dokters ahn Grenzen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Dokters ahn Grenzen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lekarze_bez_Granic" title="Lekarze bez Granic – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lekarze bez Granic" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9dicos_sem_Fronteiras" title="Médicos sem Fronteiras – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Médicos sem Fronteiras" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medici_f%C4%83r%C4%83_frontiere" title="Medici fără frontiere – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Medici fără frontiere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86" title="Врачи без границ – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Врачи без границ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Médecins Sans Frontières" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctors_Without_Borders" title="Doctors Without Borders – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Doctors Without Borders" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctors_Without_Borders" title="Doctors Without Borders – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Doctors Without Borders" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lek%C3%A1ri_bez_hran%C3%ADc" title="Lekári bez hraníc – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lekári bez hraníc" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdravniki_brez_meja" title="Zdravniki brez meja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zdravniki brez meja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhakhaatiirta_Bilaaxuduudaa" title="Dhakhaatiirta Bilaaxuduudaa – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhakhaatiirta Bilaaxuduudaa" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Лекари без граница – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лекари без граница" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lekari_bez_granica" title="Lekari bez granica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lekari bez granica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4k%C3%A4rit_ilman_rajoja" title="Lääkärit ilman rajoja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lääkärit ilman rajoja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4kare_utan_gr%C3%A4nser" title="Läkare utan gränser – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Läkare utan gränser" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="எல்லைகளற்ற மருத்துவர்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எல்லைகளற்ற மருத்துவர்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99" title="องค์การแพทย์ไร้พรมแดน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="องค์การแพทย์ไร้พรมแดน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akut_Akim_Cinak%C3%ABth" title="Akut Akim Cinakëth – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Akut Akim Cinakëth" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1n%C4%B1r_Tan%C4%B1mayan_Doktorlar" title="Sınır Tanımayan Doktorlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sınır Tanımayan Doktorlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Лікарі без кордонів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лікарі без кордонів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="میڈیسن سانس فرنٹیرس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میڈیسن سانس فرنٹیرس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1c_s%C4%A9_kh%C3%B4ng_bi%C3%AAn_gi%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Bác sĩ không biên giới – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bác sĩ không biên giới" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%9B%BD%E7%95%8C%E5%8C%BB%E7%94%9F" title="无国界医生 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="无国界医生" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%9C%8B%E7%95%8C%E9%86%AB%E7%94%9F" title="無國界醫生 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="無國界醫生" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%9C%8B%E7%95%8C%E9%86%AB%E7%94%9F" title="無國界醫生 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="無國界醫生" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">International humanitarian medical non-governmental organisation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_du_Monde" title="Médecins du Monde">Médecins du Monde</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Médecins Sans Frontières</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Msf_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/Msf_logo.svg/220px-Msf_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/Msf_logo.svg/330px-Msf_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/Msf_logo.svg/440px-Msf_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="86" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data note">22 December 1971; 52 years ago (1971-12-22)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded at</th><td class="infobox-data">Paris</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/International_non-governmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="International non-governmental organisation">International non-governmental organisation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Focus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Global: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a></li></ul></div> Centres: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Amsterdam (OCA)</li><li>Barcelona-Athens (OCBA)</li><li>Brussels (OCB)</li><li>Paris (OCP)</li><li>Geneva (OCG)</li><li>West and Central Africa (WaCA)</li></ul></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International President</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christos_Christou" title="Christos Christou">Christos Christou</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main organ</div></th><td class="infobox-data">International General Assembly</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Revenue <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(2023) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">€2.4 billion<a href="#cite_note-Reports_Finance-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">45,375</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msf.org">msf.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/This_is_Doctors_Without_Borders-M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res_%28MSF%29.webm/220px--This_is_Doctors_Without_Borders-M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res_%28MSF%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="623" data-mwtitle="This_is_Doctors_Without_Borders-Médecins_Sans_Frontières_(MSF).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:This_is_Doctors_Without_Borders-M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res_(MSF).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/59/This_is_Doctors_Without_Borders-M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res_%28MSF%29.webm/This_is_Doctors_Without_Borders-M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res_%28MSF%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/59/This_is_Doctors_Without_Borders-M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res_%28MSF%29.webm/This_is_Doctors_Without_Borders-M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res_%28MSF%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/59/This_is_Doctors_Without_Borders-M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res_%28MSF%29.webm/This_is_Doctors_Without_Borders-M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res_%28MSF%29.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/This_is_Doctors_Without_Borders-M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res_%28MSF%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/59/This_is_Doctors_Without_Borders-M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res_%28MSF%29.webm/This_is_Doctors_Without_Borders-M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res_%28MSF%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/59/This_is_Doctors_Without_Borders-M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res_%28MSF%29.webm/This_is_Doctors_Without_Borders-M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res_%28MSF%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/59/This_is_Doctors_Without_Borders-M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res_%28MSF%29.webm/This_is_Doctors_Without_Borders-M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res_%28MSF%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Introduction to Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders)</figcaption></figure> Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF; pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[medsɛ̃ sɑ̃ fʁɔ̃tjɛʁ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f0\/Fr-M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res.oga\/Fr-M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fr-M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/Fr-M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res.oga/Fr-M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Fr-M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res.oga" title="File:Fr-Médecins Sans Frontières.oga">ⓘ</a>), also known as Doctors Without Borders, is a <a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">charity</a> that provides <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">humanitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medical care.</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/International_non-governmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="International non-governmental organisation">non-governmental organisation</a> (NGO) of French origin known for its projects in conflict zones and in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">countries</a> affected by <a href="/wiki/Endemic_(epidemiology)" title="Endemic (epidemiology)">endemic diseases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a> The organisation provides care for <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug-resistant_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug-resistant infections">drug-resistant infections</a>, <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">hepatitis C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_disease" title="Tropical disease">tropical</a> and neglected diseases, <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a> and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>. In 2019, the charity was active in 70 countries with over 35,000 personnel; mostly local doctors, nurses and other medical professionals, logistical experts, water and sanitation engineers, and administrators.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a> Private donors provide about 90% of the organisation's funding, while corporate donations provide the rest, giving MSF an annual budget of approximately US$1.63 billion.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> MSF was founded in 1971, in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Biafran</a> famine of the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a>, by a small group of French doctors and journalists who sought to expand accessibility to <a href="/wiki/Medical_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical care">medical care</a> across national boundaries and irrespective of <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_humans)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of humans)">race</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, creed or political affiliation.<a href="#cite_note-creation-4">[4]</a> MSF's principles and operational guidelines are highlighted in its Charter,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> the Chantilly Principles, and the later La Mancha Agreement.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Governance is addressed in Section 2 of the Rules portion of this final document. MSF has an associative structure where operational decisions are made, independently, by the six operational centres (<a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>-<a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West and</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a> – with Headquarter office in <a href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan, Ivory Coast</a>). Common policies on core issues are coordinated by the International Council, in which each of the 24 sections (national offices) is represented. The International Council meets in Geneva, Switzerland, where the International Office, which coordinates international activities common to the operational centres, is based. MSF has <a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_with_consultative_status_to_the_United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" title="List of organizations with consultative status to the United Nations Economic and Social Council">general consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council</a>. It received the 1999 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> in recognition of its members' continued efforts to provide medical care in acute crises, as well as raising international awareness of potential humanitarian disasters.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Orbinski" title="James Orbinski">James Orbinski</a>, who was the president of the organisation at the time, accepted the prize on behalf of MSF. Prior to this, MSF also received the 1996 <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Peace_Prize" title="Seoul Peace Prize">Seoul Peace Prize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christos_Christou" title="Christos Christou">Christos Christou</a> succeeded <a href="/wiki/Joanne_Liu" title="Joanne Liu">Joanne Liu</a> as international president in June 2019.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1967_to_1970_Biafra">1967 to 1970 Biafra</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1967 to 1970 Biafra">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starved_girl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Starved_girl.jpg/170px-Starved_girl.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Starved_girl.jpg/255px-Starved_girl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Starved_girl.jpg/340px-Starved_girl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="1788" /></a><figcaption>A child with <a href="/wiki/Kwashiorkor" title="Kwashiorkor">kwashiorkor</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a> of 1967 to 1970, the Nigerian military formed a <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> around the nation's newly <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">independent</a> south-eastern region, <a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Biafra</a>. At this time, France was one of the few major countries supportive of the Biafrans (the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the United States sided with the Nigerian government), and the conditions within the blockade were unknown to the world. A number of French doctors volunteered with the French <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Cross</a> to work in hospitals and feeding centers in besieged Biafra.<a href="#cite_note-creation-4">[4]</a> One of the co-founders of the organisation was <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Kouchner" title="Bernard Kouchner">Bernard Kouchner</a>, who later had a career in French politics, rising to the position of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Europe_and_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" title="Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)">Minister for Europe and Foreign Affairs</a>, which he held 2007–2010.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After entering the country, the volunteers, in addition to Biafran <a href="/wiki/Health_professional" title="Health professional">health workers</a> and hospitals, were subjected to attacks by the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Armed_Forces" title="Nigerian Armed Forces">Nigerian Armed Forces</a>, and witnessed civilians being murdered and starved by the blockading forces. The doctors publicly criticised the Nigerian government and the Red Cross for their seemingly complicit behaviour. These doctors concluded that a new aid organisation was needed that would ignore political/religious boundaries and prioritise the welfare of survivors.<a href="#cite_note-creation-4">[4]</a> Apart from Nigeria, MSF exists in several African countries including Benin, Zambia, Uganda, Kenya, South Africa, Rwanda, Sudan, Sierra Leone, and others. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1971_establishment">1971 establishment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1971 establishment">edit</a>]</div> The Groupe d'intervention médicale et chirurgicale en urgence ("Emergency Medical and Surgical Intervention Group") was formed in 1971 by French doctors who had worked in Biafra, to provide aid and to emphasize the importance of survivors' rights. At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Borel" title="Raymond Borel">Raymond Borel</a>, the editor of the French <a href="/wiki/Medical_journal" title="Medical journal">medical journal</a> TONUS, had started a group called Secours Médical Français ("French Medical Relief") in response to the <a href="/wiki/1970_Bhola_cyclone" title="1970 Bhola cyclone">1970 Bhola cyclone</a>, which killed at least 625,000 in <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> (now Bangladesh). Borel had intended to recruit doctors to provide aid to survivors of natural disasters. On 22 December 1971, the two groups of colleagues merged to form Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders).<a href="#cite_note-hih-10">[10]</a> MSF's first mission was to the Nicaraguan capital, <a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a>, where a <a href="/wiki/1972_Nicaragua_earthquake" title="1972 Nicaragua earthquake">1972 earthquake</a> had destroyed most of the city and killed between 10,000 and 30,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The organisation, today known for its quick response in an emergency, arrived three days after the Red Cross had set up a relief mission. On 18 and 19 September 1974, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Fifi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Fifi">Hurricane Fifi</a> caused major flooding in Honduras and killed thousands of people (estimates vary), and MSF set up its first long-term medical relief mission.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Between 1975 and 1979, after <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> had fallen to <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>, millions of Cambodians immigrated to Thailand to avoid the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dromi_2020-13">[13]</a> In response, MSF set up its first <a href="/wiki/Refugee_camp" title="Refugee camp">refugee camp</a> missions in Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-hih-10">[10]</a> When Vietnam withdrew from Cambodia in 1989, MSF started long-term relief missions to help survivors of <a href="/wiki/Killing_Fields" title="Killing Fields">the mass killings</a> and reconstruct the country's health care system.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Although its missions to Thailand to help victims of war in Southeast Asia could arguably be seen as its first wartime mission, MSF saw its first mission to a true war zone, including exposure to hostile fire, in 1976. MSF spent nine years (1976–1984) assisting surgeries in the hospitals of various cities in Lebanon, during the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a>, and established a reputation for its neutrality and willingness to work under fire. Throughout the war, MSF helped both <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War#Israeli_alliance_with_Christian_militias" title="Lebanese Civil War">Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War#Shia_Muslims" title="Lebanese Civil War">Muslim soldiers</a> alike, helping whichever group required the most medical aid at the time. In 1984, as the situation in Lebanon deteriorated further and security for aid groups was minimised, MSF withdrew its volunteers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Original_founders">Original founders</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Original founders">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Jacques Bérès</li> <li>Philippe Bernier</li> <li>Raymond Borel</li> <li>Jean Cabrol</li> <li>Marcel Delcourt</li> <li>Xavier Emmanuelli</li> <li>Pascal Grellety Bosviel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Illiouz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gérard Illiouz">Gérard Illiouz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Kouchner" title="Bernard Kouchner">Bernard Kouchner</a></li> <li>Gérard Pigeon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladan_Radoman" title="Vladan Radoman">Vladan Radoman</a></li> <li>Max Récamier</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s">1970s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1970s">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Claude_Malhuret" title="Claude Malhuret">Claude Malhuret</a> was elected as the new president of Médecins Sans Frontières in 1977, and soon after debates began over the future of the organisation. In particular, the concept of témoignage ("witnessing"), which refers to speaking out about the suffering that one sees as opposed to remaining silent,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> was being opposed or played down by Malhuret and his supporters. Malhuret thought MSF should avoid criticism of the governments of countries in which they were working, while Kouchner believed that documenting and broadcasting the suffering in a country was the most effective way to solve a problem. In 1979, after four years of refugee movement from South Vietnam and the surrounding countries by foot and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_boat_people" title="Vietnamese boat people">by boat</a>, French intellectuals made an appeal in <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a> for "A Boat for Vietnam", a project intended to provide medical aid to the refugees. Although the project did not receive support from the majority of MSF, some, including later Minister <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Kouchner" title="Bernard Kouchner">Bernard Kouchner</a>, chartered a ship called L'Île de Lumière ("The Island of Light"), and, along with doctors, journalists and photographers, sailed to the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> and provided some medical aid to the boat people. The splinter organisation that undertook this, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_du_Monde" title="Médecins du Monde">Médecins du Monde</a>, later developed the idea of <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_intervention" title="Humanitarian intervention">humanitarian intervention</a> as a duty, in particular on the part of Western nations such as France.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In 2007 MSF clarified that for nearly 30 years MSF and Kouchner have had public disagreements on such issues as the right to intervene and the use of armed force for humanitarian reasons. Kouchner is in favour of the latter, whereas MSF stands up for an impartial humanitarian action, independent from all political, economic and religious powers.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s">1980s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1980s">edit</a>]</div> In 1982, Malhuret and <a href="/wiki/Rony_Brauman" title="Rony Brauman">Rony Brauman</a> (who became the organisation's president in 1982) brought increased financial independence to MSF by introducing fundraising-by-mail to better collect donations. The 1980s also saw the establishment of the other operational sections from MSF-France (1971): MSF-Belgium (1980), MSF-Switzerland (1981), MSF-Holland (1984), and MSF-Spain (1986). MSF-Luxembourg was the first support section, created in 1986. The early 1990s saw the establishment of the majority of the support sections: MSF-Greece (1990), MSF-USA (1990), MSF-Canada (1991), MSF-Japan (1992), MSF-UK (1993), MSF-Italy (1993), MSF-Australia (1994), as well as Germany, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Hong Kong (MSF-UAE was formed later).<a href="#cite_note-hih-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-various-18">[18]</a> Malhuret and Brauman were instrumental in professionalising MSF. In December 1979, after the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet army had invaded Afghanistan</a>, field missions were immediately set up to provide medical aid to the <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahideen</a>, and in February 1980, MSF publicly denounced the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/1983%E2%80%931985_famine_in_Ethiopia" title="1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia">1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia</a>, MSF set up nutrition programmes in the country in 1984, but was expelled in 1985 after denouncing the abuse of international aid and the forced resettlements. MSF's explicit attacks on the Ethiopian government led to other NGOs criticizing their abandonment of their supposed neutrality and contributed to a series of debates in France around humanitarian ethics.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The group also set up equipment to produce clean <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> for the population of <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a>, capital of El Salvador, after 10 October 1986 earthquake that struck the city.<a href="#cite_note-hih-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-frchrono80-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1990s">edit</a>]</div> The early 1990s saw MSF open a number of new national sections, and at the same time, set up field missions in some of the most dangerous and distressing situations it had ever encountered.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1990, MSF first entered Liberia to help civilians and refugees affected by the <a href="/wiki/First_Liberian_Civil_War" title="First Liberian Civil War">Liberian Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Constant fighting throughout the 1990s and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Liberian_Civil_War" title="Second Liberian Civil War">Second Liberian Civil War</a> have kept MSF volunteers actively providing nutrition, basic health care, and mass vaccinations, and speaking out against attacks on hospitals and feeding stations, especially in <a href="/wiki/Monrovia" title="Monrovia">Monrovia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Field missions were set up to provide relief to <a href="/wiki/Kurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurd">Kurdish</a> refugees who had survived the <a href="/wiki/Al-Anfal_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Anfal Campaign">al-Anfal Campaign</a>, for which evidence of atrocities was being collected in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> 1991 also saw the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">civil war</a> in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, during which MSF set up field missions in 1992 alongside a UN peacekeeping mission. Although the UN-aborted operations by 1993, MSF representatives continued with their relief work, running clinics and hospitals for civilians.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> MSF first began work in <a href="/wiki/Srebrenica" title="Srebrenica">Srebrenica</a> (in Bosnia and Herzegovina) as part of a UN convoy in 1993, one year after the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> had begun. The city had become surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Serb_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian Serb Army">Bosnian Serb Army</a> and, containing about 60,000 <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>, had become an enclave guarded by a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force" title="United Nations Protection Force">United Nations Protection Force</a>. MSF was the only organisation providing medical care to the surrounded civilians, and as such, did not denounce the genocide for fear of being expelled from the country (it did, however, denounce the lack of access for other organisations). MSF was forced to leave the area in 1995 when the Bosnian Serb Army captured the town. 40,000 <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian Muslims">Bosniak</a> civilian inhabitants were deported, and approximately 7,000 were killed in mass executions.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rwandan_genocide">Rwandan genocide</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rwandan genocide">edit</a>]</div> When the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_in_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide in Rwanda">genocide in Rwanda</a> began in April 1994, some delegates of MSF working in the country were incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> (ICRC) medical team for protection. Both groups succeeded in keeping all main hospitals in Rwanda's capital <a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a> operational throughout the main period of the genocide. MSF, together with several other aid organisations, had to leave the country in 1995, although many MSF and ICRC volunteers worked together under the ICRC's rules of engagement, which held that neutrality was of the utmost importance. These events led to a debate within the organisation about the concept of balancing neutrality of humanitarian aid workers against their witnessing role. As a result of its Rwanda mission, the position of MSF with respect to neutrality moved closer to that of the ICRC, a remarkable development in the light of the origin of the organisation.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mihanda_camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mihanda_camp.jpg/250px-Mihanda_camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mihanda_camp.jpg/375px-Mihanda_camp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mihanda_camp.jpg/500px-Mihanda_camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1307" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption>Aerial photograph of a Mihanda, <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a> <a href="/wiki/Refugee_camp" title="Refugee camp">refugee camp</a> in 1996. Pictured are 500+ tents set up in the <a href="/wiki/Mitumba_Mountains" title="Mitumba Mountains">Mitumba Mountains</a>.</figcaption></figure> The ICRC lost 56 and MSF lost almost one hundred of their respective local staff in Rwanda, and MSF-France, which had chosen to evacuate its team from the country (the local staff were forced to stay), denounced the murders and demanded that a <a href="/wiki/Military_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of France">French military</a> intervention stop the genocide. MSF-France introduced the slogan "One cannot stop a genocide with doctors" to the media, and the controversial <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Turquoise" title="Opération Turquoise">Opération Turquoise</a> followed less than one month later.<a href="#cite_note-hih-10">[10]</a> This intervention directly or indirectly resulted in movements of hundreds of thousands of Rwandan refugees to <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a> and Tanzania in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_refugee_crisis" title="Great Lakes refugee crisis">Great Lakes refugee crisis</a>, and subsequent cholera epidemics, starvation and more mass killings in the large groups of civilians. MSF-France returned to the area and provided medical aid to refugees in <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> At the time of the genocide, competition between the medical efforts of MSF, the ICRC, and other aid groups had reached an all-time high,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> but the conditions in Rwanda prompted a drastic change in the way humanitarian organisations approached aid missions. The Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and NGOs in Disaster Relief Programmes was created by the ICRC in 1994 to provide a framework for humanitarian missions and MSF is a signatory of this code.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The code advocates the provision of humanitarian aid only, and groups are urged not to serve any political or religious interest, or be used as a tool for foreign governments.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> MSF has since still found it necessary to condemn the actions of governments, such as in <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> in 1999,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> but has not demanded another military intervention since then.<a href="#cite_note-hih-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020s">2020s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2020s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Accusations_of_racism">Accusations of racism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Accusations of racism">edit</a>]</div> More than a thousand staffers accused the charity of white supremacy when they voiced their concerns in a 2020 petition. One staffer from Cameroon detailed her experiences with racism from the group's leaders. Many concerns involved different treatment of expatriate staff from Europe and North America, who are typically white, compared to national staff. In an interview with NPR, the president of the organisation acknowledged Doctors Without Borders was founded in racism and pledged to do better.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Snakebite_prioritisation_in_WHO">Snakebite prioritisation in WHO</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Snakebite prioritisation in WHO">edit</a>]</div> MSF played an important role for including snakebite as a WHO Category A <a href="/wiki/Neglected_Tropical_Diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Neglected Tropical Diseases">Neglected Tropical Disease</a> (NTD) status in, a WHO resolution and development of global strategy to decrease burden of snakebite.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[34]</a> MSF highlighted the scarcity of anti-venom in Africa due to stoppage of manufacturing and brought urgency to the scenario and led media advocacy efforts.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Access_to_Medicine_Campaign">Access to Medicine Campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Access to Medicine Campaign">edit</a>]</div> On June 20, 2024, MSF announced closing down its access-to-medicines campaign focused on enabling access to medicines in resource limited settings.<a href="#cite_note-Silverman-2024-35">[35]</a> MSF plans to replace the campaign with a new effort that will focus on products, like medicines and vaccines, that MSF needs for its own relief efforts.<a href="#cite_note-Silverman-2024-35">[35]</a> Several advocates have criticized this move including the <a href="/wiki/Treatment_Action_Group" title="Treatment Action Group">Treatment Action Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities_by_location">Activities by location</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Activities by location">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res_-_Missions_-_2015.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res_-_Missions_-_2015.svg/300px-M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res_-_Missions_-_2015.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res_-_Missions_-_2015.svg/450px-M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res_-_Missions_-_2015.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res_-_Missions_-_2015.svg/600px-M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res_-_Missions_-_2015.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>Countries where MSF had missions in 2015</figcaption></figure> In 1999, the organisation spoke out about the lack of humanitarian support in Kosovo and Chechnya, having set up field missions to help civilians affected by the respective political situations. Although MSF had worked in the Kosovo region since 1993, the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a> prompted the movement of tens of thousands of refugees, and a decline in suitable living conditions. MSF provided shelter, water and health care to civilians affected by <a href="/wiki/Operation_Allied_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Allied Force">NATO's strategic bombing campaigns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> A serious crisis within MSF erupted in connection with the organisation's work in Kosovo when the Greek section of MSF was expelled from the organisation. The Greek MSF section had gained access to Serbia at the cost of accepting Serb government imposed limits on where it could go and what it could see – terms that the rest of the MSF movement had refused.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> A non-MSF source alleged that the exclusion of the Greek section happened because its members extended aid to both Albanian and Serbian civilians in Pristina during NATO's bombing.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The rift was healed only in 2005 with the re-admission of the Greek section to MSF. A similar situation was found in Chechnya, whose civilian population was largely forced from their homes into unhealthy conditions and subjected to the violence of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> MSF has been working in Haiti since 1991, but since President <a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Jean-Bertrand Aristide</a> was forced from power, the country has seen a large increase in civilian attacks and rape by armed groups. In addition to providing surgical and psychological support in existing hospitals – offering the only free surgery available in <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a> – field missions have been set up to rebuild water and waste management systems and treat survivors of major flooding caused by <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Jeanne" title="Hurricane Jeanne">Hurricane Jeanne</a>; patients with HIV/AIDS and malaria, both of which are widespread in the country, also receive better treatment and monitoring.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> As a result of 12 January <a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">2010 Haiti earthquake</a>, reports from Haiti indicated that all three of the organisation's hospitals had been severely damaged; one collapsing completely and the other two having to be abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Following the quake, MSF sent about nine planes loaded with medical equipment and a field hospital to help treat the victims. However, the landings of some of the planes had to be delayed due to the massive number of humanitarian and military flights coming in.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a> resulted in a more recent MSF intervention (the first field mission was set up in 1999) to help civilians displaced by fighting in <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>. Psychological support is a major target of missions, but teams have also set up programmes to treat tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and malaria.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Mental health support has been of significant importance for MSF in much of southern Asia since the <a href="/wiki/Countries_affected_by_the_2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake">2004 Indian Ocean earthquake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> MSF went through a long process of self-examination and discussion in 2005–2006. Many issues were debated, including the treatment of "nationals" as well as "fair employment" and self-criticism.<a href="#cite_note-hhrjournal-46">[46]</a> MSF issued a statement for safe abortion following <a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sub-Saharan_Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sub-Saharan Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/AIDS_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS in Africa">AIDS in Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MSF_front_door_in_Chad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/MSF_front_door_in_Chad.jpg/220px-MSF_front_door_in_Chad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/MSF_front_door_in_Chad.jpg/330px-MSF_front_door_in_Chad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/MSF_front_door_in_Chad.jpg/440px-MSF_front_door_in_Chad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>An MSF outpost in <a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">Darfur</a> (2005)</figcaption></figure> MSF has been active in a large number of African countries for decades, sometimes serving as the sole provider of health care, food, and water. Although MSF has consistently attempted to increase media coverage of the situation in Africa to increase international support, long-term field missions are still necessary. Treating and educating the public about <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>, which sees the most deaths and cases of the disease in the world,<a href="#cite_note-whoaids-48">[48]</a> is a major task for volunteers. Of the 14.6 million people in need of anti-retroviral treatment the WHO estimated that only 5.25 million people were receiving it in developing countries, and MSF continues to urge governments and companies to increase research and development into HIV/AIDS treatments to decrease cost and increase availability.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sierra_Leone">Sierra Leone</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sierra Leone">edit</a>]</div> In the late 1990s, MSF missions were set up to treat tuberculosis and <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anaemia</a> in residents of the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a> area, and look after civilians affected by drug-resistant disease, famine, and epidemics of cholera and AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> They vaccinated 3 million Nigerians against <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a> during an epidemic in 1996<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> and denounced the <a href="/wiki/Taliban_treatment_of_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Taliban treatment of women">Taliban's neglect of health care for women</a> in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Arguably, the most significant country in which MSF set up field missions in the late 1990s was Sierra Leone, which was involved in a <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Sierra Leone Civil War">civil war</a> at the time. In 1998, volunteers began assisting in surgeries in <a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a> to help with an increasing number of <a href="/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation">amputees</a>, and collecting statistics on civilians (men, women and children) being attacked by large groups of men claiming to represent <a href="/wiki/ECOMOG" class="mw-redirect" title="ECOMOG">ECOMOG</a>. The groups of men were travelling between villages and systematically chopping off one or both of each resident's arms, raping women, gunning down families, razing houses, and forcing survivors to leave the area.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Long-term projects following the end of the civil war included psychological support and <a href="/wiki/Phantom_limb" title="Phantom limb">phantom limb</a> pain management.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sudan">Sudan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sudan">edit</a>]</div> Since 1979, MSF has been providing medical humanitarian assistance in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, a nation plagued by starvation and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">civil war</a>, prevalent malnutrition and one of the highest maternal mortality rates in the world. In March 2009, it is reported that MSF has employed 4,590 field staff in Sudan<a href="#cite_note-sudantest-55">[55]</a> tackling issues such as armed conflicts, epidemic diseases, health care and social exclusion. MSF's continued presence and work in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> is one of the organisation's largest interventions. MSF provides a range of health care services including nutritional support, reproductive healthcare, Kala-Azar treatment, counselling services and surgery to the people living in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Common diseases prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> include <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kala-azar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kala-azar">kala-azar</a> also known as <a href="/wiki/Visceral_leishmaniasis" title="Visceral leishmaniasis">visceral leishmaniasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Kala-Azar_in_Sudan">Kala-Azar in Sudan</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Kala-Azar in Sudan">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Kala-azar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kala-azar">Kala-azar</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Visceral_leishmaniasis" title="Visceral leishmaniasis">visceral leishmaniasis</a>, has been one of the major health problems in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>. After the Comprehensive Peace Agreement between North and <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">Southern Sudan</a> on 9 January 2005, the increase in stability within the region helped further efforts in healthcare delivery. Médicins Sans Frontières tested a combination of sodium stibogluconate and paromomycin, which would reduce treatment duration (from 30 to 17 days) and cost in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In March 2010, MSF set up its first Kala-Azar treatment centre in Eastern Sudan, providing free treatment for this otherwise deadly disease. If left untreated, there is a fatality rate of 99% within 1–4 months of infection.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Since the treatment centre was set up, MSF has cured more than 27,000 Kala-Azar patients with a success rate of approximately 90–95%.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> There are plans to open an additional Kala-Azar treatment centre in <a href="/wiki/Malakal" title="Malakal">Malakal</a>, Southern Sudan, to cope with the overwhelming number of patients that are seeking treatment. MSF has been providing necessary medical supplies to hospitals and training Sudanese health professionals to help them deal with Kala-Azar.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> MSF, Sudanese Ministry of Health and other national and international institutions are combining efforts to improve on the treatment and diagnosis of Kala-Azar.<a href="#cite_note-open-61">[61]</a> Research on its cures and vaccines are currently being conducted.<a href="#cite_note-open-61">[61]</a> In December 2010, South Sudan was hit with the worst outbreak of Kala-Azar in eight years.<a href="#cite_note-sudantest-55">[55]</a> The number of patients seeking treatment increased eight-fold as compared to the year before.<a href="#cite_note-sudantest-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Health_care_infrastructure_in_Sudan">Health care infrastructure in Sudan</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Health care infrastructure in Sudan">edit</a>]</div> Sudan's latest civil war began in 1983 and ended in 2005 when a peace agreement was signed between <a href="/wiki/North_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="North Sudan">North Sudan</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sudantest-55">[55]</a> MSF medical teams were active throughout and prior to the civil war, providing emergency medical humanitarian assistance in multiple locations.<a href="#cite_note-sudantest-55">[55]</a> The situation of poor infrastructure in the South was aggravated by the civil war and resulted in the worsening of the region's appalling health indicators. An estimated 75 percent of people in the nascent nation has no access to basic medical care and 1 in seven women dies during childbirth.<a href="#cite_note-sudantest-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</a> and disease outbreaks are perennial concerns as well. In 2011, MSF clinic in <a href="/wiki/Jonglei_State" title="Jonglei State">Jonglei State</a>, South Sudan, was looted and attacked by raiders.<a href="#cite_note-attack-62">[62]</a> Hundreds, including women and children were killed. Valuable items including medical equipment and drugs were lost during the raid and parts of the MSF facilities were destroyed in a fire.<a href="#cite_note-attack-62">[62]</a> The incident had serious repercussions as MSF is the only primary health care provider in this part of Jonglei State.<a href="#cite_note-attack-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Democratic Republic of the Congo">edit</a>]</div> Although active in the Congo region of Africa since 1985, the <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a> brought increased violence and instability to the area. MSF has had to evacuate its teams from areas such as around <a href="/wiki/Bunia" title="Bunia">Bunia</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Ituri_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Ituri district">Ituri district</a> due to extreme violence,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> but continues to work in other areas to provide food to tens of thousands of displaced civilians, as well as treat survivors of mass rapes and widespread fighting.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The treatment and possible vaccination against diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">polio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marburg_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Marburg fever">Marburg fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_trypanosomiasis" title="African trypanosomiasis">sleeping sickness</a>,<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">bubonic plague</a> is also important to prevent or slow down epidemics.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uganda">Uganda</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Uganda">edit</a>]</div> MSF has been active in Uganda since 1980, and provided relief to civilians during the country's guerrilla war during the <a href="/wiki/Uganda_since_1979#The_Second_Obote_Period:_1981-1985" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda since 1979">Second Obote Period</a>. However, the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army" title="Lord's Resistance Army">Lord's Resistance Army</a> saw the beginning of a long campaign of violence in northern Uganda and southern Sudan. Civilians were subjected to mass killings and rapes, torture, and abductions of children, who would later serve as sex slaves or <a href="/wiki/Child_soldier" class="mw-redirect" title="Child soldier">child soldiers</a>. Faced with more than 1.5 million people displaced from their homes, MSF set up relief programmes in <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally displaced person</a> (IDP) camps to provide clean water, food and sanitation. Diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, measles, polio, cholera, <a href="/wiki/Ebola" title="Ebola">ebola</a>, and HIV/AIDS occur in epidemics in the country, and volunteers provide vaccinations (in the cases of measles and polio) and/or treatment to the residents. Mental health is also an important aspect of medical treatment for MSF teams in Uganda since most people refuse to leave the IDP camps for constant fear of being attacked.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ivory_Coast">Ivory Coast</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ivory Coast">edit</a>]</div> MSF first camp set up a field mission in Côte d'Ivoire in 1990, but ongoing violence and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Côte d'Ivoire">2002 division</a> of the country by rebel groups and the government led to several massacres, and MSF teams have even begun to suspect that an ethnic cleansing is occurring.<a href="#cite_note-ivory_coast-69">[69]</a> Mass measles vaccinations,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> tuberculosis treatment and the re-opening of hospitals closed by fighting are projects run by MSF, which is the only group providing aid in much of the country.<a href="#cite_note-ivory_coast-69">[69]</a> MSF has strongly promoted the use of <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraception</a> in Africa. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="West_African_Ebola_outbreak">West African Ebola outbreak</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: West African Ebola outbreak">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preparing_to_enter_Ebola_treatment_unit_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Preparing_to_enter_Ebola_treatment_unit_%283%29.jpg/220px-Preparing_to_enter_Ebola_treatment_unit_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Preparing_to_enter_Ebola_treatment_unit_%283%29.jpg/330px-Preparing_to_enter_Ebola_treatment_unit_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Preparing_to_enter_Ebola_treatment_unit_%283%29.jpg/440px-Preparing_to_enter_Ebola_treatment_unit_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>MSF staff member adjusts Dr. Joel Montgomery, Team Lead for CDC's Ebola Response Team in Liberia, goggles before Montgomery enters the Ebola treatment unit (ETU), ELWA 3. MSF operates the ELWA 3 ETU, which opened on 17 August.</figcaption></figure> During the Ebola outbreak in West Africa in 2014, MSF met serious medical demands largely on its own, after the organisation's early warnings were largely ignored.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Burundi">Burundi</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Burundi">edit</a>]</div> MSF-Burundi has aided in attending to casualties suffered in the <a href="/wiki/2019_Burundi_landslides" title="2019 Burundi landslides">2019 Burundi landslides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka">edit</a>]</div> MSF is involved in Sri Lanka, where a <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">26-year civil war</a> ended in 2009 and MSF has adapted its activities there to continue its mission. For example, it helps with physical therapy for patients with spinal cord injuries.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> It conducts counseling sessions, and has set up an "operating theatre for reconstructive orthopaedic surgery and supplied specialist surgeons, anaesthetists and nurses to operate on patients with complicated war-related injuries".<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cambodia">edit</a>]</div> MSF first provided medical help to civilians and refugees who have escaped to camps along the Thai-Cambodian border in 1979. Due to long decades of war, a proper <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a> system in the country was severely lacking and MSF moved inland in 1989 to help restructure basic medical facilities. In 1999, Cambodia was hit with a malaria epidemic. The situation of the epidemic was aggravated by a lack of qualified practitioners and poor quality control which led to a market of fake antimalarial drugs. Counterfeit antimalarial drugs were responsible for the deaths of at least 30 people during the epidemic.<a href="#cite_note-cdcarticle-75">[75]</a> This has prompted efforts by MSF to set up and fund a malaria outreach project and utilise Village Malaria Workers.<a href="#cite_note-yueng-76">[76]</a> MSF also introduced a switching of first-line treatment to a combination therapy (Artesunate and Mefloquine) to combat resistance and fatality of old drugs that were used to treat the disease traditionally.<a href="#cite_note-yeung2-77">[77]</a> Cambodia is one of the hardest hit HIV/AIDS countries in Southeast Asia. In 2001, MSF started introducing antiretroviral (ARV) therapy to AIDS patients for free. This therapy prolongs the patients' lives and is a long-term treatment.<a href="#cite_note-msrarticle-78">[78]</a> In 2002, MSF established chronic diseases clinics with the Cambodian Ministry of Health in various provinces to integrate HIV/AIDS treatment, alongside hypertension, diabetes, and arthritis which have high prevalence rate. This aims to reduce facility-related stigma as patients are able to seek treatment in a multi-purpose clinic in contrast to a HIV/AIDS specialised treatment centre.<a href="#cite_note-who-79">[79]</a> MSF also provided humanitarian aid in times of natural disaster such as a major flood in 2002 which affected up to 1.47 million people.<a href="#cite_note-who2-80">[80]</a> MSF introduced a community-based tuberculosis programme in 2004 in remote villages, where village volunteers are delegated to facilitate the medication of patients. In partnership with local health authorities and other NGOs, MSF encouraged decentralized clinics and rendered localized treatments to more rural areas from 2006.<a href="#cite_note-msf-81">[81]</a> Since 2007, MSF has extended general health care, counselling, HIV/AIDS and TB treatment to prisons in Phnom Penh via mobile clinics.<a href="#cite_note-irin-82">[82]</a> However, poor sanitation and lack of health care still prevails in most Cambodian prisons as they remain as some of the world's most crowded prisons.<a href="#cite_note-LICADHO-83">[83]</a> In 2007, MSF worked with the Cambodian Ministry of Health to provide psychosocial and technical support in offering pediatric HIV/AIDS treatment to affected children.<a href="#cite_note-janssens-84">[84]</a> MSF also provided medical supplies and staff to help in one of the worst dengue outbreaks in 2007,<a href="#cite_note-msf2-85">[85]</a> which had more than 40,000 people hospitalized, killing 407 people, primarily children.<a href="#cite_note-mali-86">[86]</a> In 2010, Southern and Eastern provinces of Cambodia were hit with a cholera epidemic and MSF responded by providing medical support that were adapted for usage in the country.<a href="#cite_note-msf3-87">[87]</a> Cambodia is one of 22 countries listed by WHO as having a high burden of tuberculosis. WHO estimates that 64% of all Cambodians carry the tuberculosis mycobacterium. Hence, MSF has since shifted its focus away from HIV/AIDS to tuberculosis, handing over most HIV-related programs to local health authorities.<a href="#cite_note-msf4-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East_and_North_Africa">Middle East and North Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Middle East and North Africa">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Libya">Libya</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Libya">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Libyan civil war">2011 Libyan civil war</a> has prompted efforts by MSF to set up a hospital and mental health services to help locals affected by the conflict. The fighting created a backlog of patients that needed surgery. With parts of the country slowly returning to livable, MSF has started working with local health personnel to address the needs. The need for psychological counseling has increased and MSF has set up mental health services to address the fears and stress of people living in tents without water and electricity. Currently MSF is the only International Aid organisation with actual presence in the country. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Search_and_Rescue_in_the_Mediterranean_Sea">Search and Rescue in the Mediterranean Sea</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Search and Rescue in the Mediterranean Sea">edit</a>]</div> MSF is providing Maritime Search And Rescue (SAR) services on the Mediterranean Sea to save the lives of migrants attempting to cross with unseaworthy boats. The Mission started in 2015 after the EU ended its major SAR <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mare_Nostrum" title="Operation Mare Nostrum">operation Mare Nostrum</a> severely diminishing much needed SAR capacities in the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Throughout the mission MSF has operated its own vessels like the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Argos" title="Bourbon Argos">Bourbon Argos</a> (2015–2016), <a href="/wiki/Sea-Watch_3#Dignity_I" title="Sea-Watch 3">Dignity 1</a> (2015–2016) and <a href="/wiki/VOS_Prudence" title="VOS Prudence">VOS Prudence</a> (2016–2017). MSF has also provided medical teams to support other NGOs and their ships like the <a href="/wiki/Migrant_Offshore_Aid_Station" title="Migrant Offshore Aid Station">MOAS</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(1973)" title="Phoenix (1973)">Phoenix</a> (2015) or the <a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(NGO_ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquarius (NGO ship)">Aquarius</a> (2017–2018) and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Viking" title="Ocean Viking">Ocean Viking</a> (2019–2020) with <a href="/wiki/SOS_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e" title="SOS Méditerranée">SOS Méditerranée</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranea_Saving_Humans" title="Mediterranea Saving Humans">Mediterranea Saving Humans</a>. In August 2017 MSF decided to suspend the activities of the VOS Prudence protesting restrictions and threats by the Libyan "Coast Guard".<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In December 2018 MSF and SOS Méditerranée were forced to end operations of the <a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(NGO_ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquarius (NGO ship)">Aquarius</a>, at that date the last remaining vessel supported by MSF. This came after attacks by EU states that stripped the vessel of its registration and produced criminal accusations against MSF. Up to then 80,000 people had been rescued or assisted since the beginning of the mission.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Operations resumed with Ocean Viking in July 2019, but the ship was seized in Sicily in July 2020.<a href="#cite_note-FRA_update_21Jun-93">[93]</a> In May 2021, MSF returned to refugee rescue operations in the Mediterranean with a new vessel, the <a href="/wiki/Geo_Barents" title="Geo Barents">Geo Barents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MSFGeoB-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FRA_update_21Jun-93">[93]</a> Within a month this resulted in the rescue of some 400 people.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yemen">Yemen</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Yemen">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Airstrikes_on_hospitals_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Airstrikes on hospitals in Yemen">Airstrikes on hospitals in Yemen</a></div> MSF is involved in trying to help with the humanitarian crisis caused by the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(2015%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a>. The organisation operates eleven hospitals and health centres in Yemen and provides support to another 18 hospitals or health centres.<a href="#cite_note-msf.org.uk-96">[96]</a> According to MSF, since October 2015, four of its hospitals and one ambulance have been destroyed by Saudi-led coalition airstrikes.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In August 2016, an airstrike on Abs hospital killed 19 people, including one MSF staff member, and wounded 24.<a href="#cite_note-msf.org.uk-96">[96]</a> According to MSF, the GPS coordinates of the hospital were repeatedly shared with all parties to the conflict, including the Saudi-led coalition, and its location was well-known. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Netherlands">The Netherlands</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: The Netherlands">edit</a>]</div> In August and September 2022, MSF provided medical care to asylum seekers staying outside the overcrowded migration centre in <a href="/wiki/Ter_Apel" title="Ter Apel">Ter Apel</a>, the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> MSF has been active in Italy since 1999, providing comprehensive assistance - including humanitarian, medical, psychological, and socio-health support - to migrants, asylum seekers, and refugees across the country. Over the years, its efforts have spanned various initiatives, from aiding migrant arrivals to operating within reception centers and informal settlements in different regions of Italy.<a href="#cite_note-:2-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> As of Spring 2024, MSF is involved in projects across three key locations in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, it delivers medical and psychological aid during migrant arrivals and ensures ongoing care within the region's reception centers. In <a href="/wiki/Ventimiglia" title="Ventimiglia">Ventimiglia</a>, situated on the Italo-French border, MSF operates a mobile clinic specifically catering to migrants passing through the area. Meanwhile, in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, in collaboration with local health authorities, MSF has launched a program to support foreign individuals who have survived torture and other deliberate acts of violence.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Moreover, MSF Italy possesses the capability to provide psychological first aid to individuals who have undergone particularly traumatic experiences during their <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> crossings.<a href="#cite_note-:2-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisation_of_activities">Organisation of activities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Organisation of activities">edit</a>]</div> Before a field mission is established in a country, an MSF team visits the area to determine the nature of the humanitarian emergency, the level of safety in the area and what type of aid is needed (this is called an "exploratory mission"). Medical aid is the main objective of most missions, although some missions help in such areas as <a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">water purification</a> and nutrition.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Field_mission_team">Field mission team</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Field mission team">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MSF_logistician_showing_plans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MSF_logistician_showing_plans.jpg/220px-MSF_logistician_showing_plans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MSF_logistician_showing_plans.jpg/330px-MSF_logistician_showing_plans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MSF_logistician_showing_plans.jpg/440px-MSF_logistician_showing_plans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>MSF logistician in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> showing plans</figcaption></figure> A field mission team usually consists of a small number of coordinators to head each component of a field mission, and a "head of mission". The head of mission usually has the most experience in humanitarian situations of the members of the team, and it is their job to deal with the media, national governments and other humanitarian organisations. The head of mission does not necessarily have a medical background. Medical volunteers include physicians, surgeons, nurses, and various other specialists. In addition to operating the medical and nutrition components of the field mission, these volunteers are sometimes in charge of a group of local medical staff and provide training for them. Although the medical volunteers almost always receive the most media attention when the world becomes aware of an MSF field mission, there are a number of non-medical volunteers who help keep the field mission functioning. Logisticians are responsible for providing everything that the medical component of a mission needs, ranging from security and vehicle maintenance to food and electricity supplies. They may be engineers and/or <a href="/wiki/Construction_foreman" title="Construction foreman">foremen</a>, but they usually also help with setting up treatment centres and supervising local staff. Other non-medical staff are water/sanitation specialists, who are usually experienced engineers in the fields of water treatment and management and financial/administration/human resources experts who are placed with field missions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_component">Medical component</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Medical component">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preparing_to_enter_Ebola_treatment_unit_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Preparing_to_enter_Ebola_treatment_unit_%282%29.jpg/220px-Preparing_to_enter_Ebola_treatment_unit_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Preparing_to_enter_Ebola_treatment_unit_%282%29.jpg/330px-Preparing_to_enter_Ebola_treatment_unit_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Preparing_to_enter_Ebola_treatment_unit_%282%29.jpg/440px-Preparing_to_enter_Ebola_treatment_unit_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption>Doctors from MSF and the American <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a> put on protective gear before entering an <a href="/wiki/Ebola" title="Ebola">Ebola</a> treatment ward in <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, August 2014.</figcaption></figure> Vaccination campaigns are a major part of the medical care provided during MSF missions. Diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetanus" title="Tetanus">tetanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pertussis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertussis">pertussis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">polio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>, all of which are uncommon in developed countries, may be prevented with <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccination</a>. Some of these diseases, such as cholera and measles, spread rapidly in large populations living in close proximity, such as in a refugee camp, and people must be immunised by the hundreds or thousands in a short period of time.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> For example, in <a href="/wiki/Beira,_Mozambique" title="Beira, Mozambique">Beira, Mozambique</a>, in 2004, an experimental cholera vaccine was received twice by approximately 50,000 residents in about one month.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> An equally important part of the medical care provided during MSF missions is AIDS treatment (with <a href="/wiki/Antiretroviral_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiretroviral drug">antiretroviral drugs</a>), AIDS testing, and education. MSF is the only source of treatment for many countries in Africa, whose citizens make up the majority of people with HIV and AIDS worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-whoaids-48">[48]</a> Because antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) are not readily available, MSF usually provides treatment for <a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infection" title="Opportunistic infection">opportunistic infections</a> and educates the public on how to slow transmission of the disease.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In most countries, MSF increases the capabilities of local hospitals by improving sanitation, providing equipment and drugs, and training local hospital staff.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> When the local staff is overwhelmed, MSF may open new specialised clinics for treatment of an endemic disease or surgery for victims of war. International staff start these clinics but MSF strives to increase the local staff's ability to run the clinics themselves through training and supervision.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In some countries, like Nicaragua, MSF provides public education to increase awareness of reproductive health care and <a href="/wiki/Venereal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Venereal disease">venereal disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Since most of the areas that require field missions have been affected by a natural disaster, civil war, or endemic disease, the residents usually require psychological support as well. Although the presence of an MSF medical team may decrease stress somewhat among survivors, often a team of <a href="/wiki/Psychologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychologists">psychologists</a> or <a href="/wiki/Psychiatrists" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatrists">psychiatrists</a> help people who have depression, survivors of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a> and those with <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">substance use disorder</a>. The doctors may also train local mental health staff.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Such cases include <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugee_camps" title="Palestinian refugee camps">Palestinian refugee camps</a>, where long-term displacement and geopolitical circumstances have left many residents without long-term purpose or clear strategies for action. Humanitarian actors, like Médecins Sans Frontières, have sometimes responded by proferring coping skills to residents as a humanitarian aim and outcome. In the late 2000s, Médecins Sans Frontières launched a mental health program in <a href="/wiki/Bourj_el-Barajneh" title="Bourj el-Barajneh">Burj al Barajneh</a> camp in Lebanon, providing sexual and reproductive health services, mental health support, and health promotion activities.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Nutrition">edit</a>]</div> Often in situations where an MSF mission is set up, there is moderate or severe <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> as a result of war, drought, or government economic mismanagement. Intentional starvation is also sometimes used during a war as a weapon, and MSF, in addition to providing food, brings awareness to the situation and insists on foreign government intervention. Infectious diseases and <a href="/wiki/Diarrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarrhoea">diarrhoea</a>, both of which cause weight loss and weakening of a person's body (especially in children), must be treated with medication and proper nutrition to prevent further infections and weight loss. A combination of the above situations, as when a civil war is fought during times of drought and infectious disease outbreaks, can create famine.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_MSF_health_worker_examines_a_malnourished_child.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/An_MSF_health_worker_examines_a_malnourished_child.jpg/220px-An_MSF_health_worker_examines_a_malnourished_child.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/An_MSF_health_worker_examines_a_malnourished_child.jpg/330px-An_MSF_health_worker_examines_a_malnourished_child.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/An_MSF_health_worker_examines_a_malnourished_child.jpg/440px-An_MSF_health_worker_examines_a_malnourished_child.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>An MSF health worker examines a malnourished child in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, July 2011.</figcaption></figure> In emergency situations where there is a lack of nutritious food, but not to the level of a true famine, <a href="/wiki/Protein-energy_malnutrition" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein-energy malnutrition">protein-energy malnutrition</a> is most common among young children. <a href="/wiki/Marasmus" title="Marasmus">Marasmus</a>, a form of calorie deficiency, is the most common form of childhood malnutrition and is characterised by severe wasting and often fatal weakening of the immune system. <a href="/wiki/Kwashiorkor" title="Kwashiorkor">Kwashiorkor</a>, a form of calorie and protein deficiency, is a more serious type of malnutrition in young children, and can negatively affect <a href="/wiki/Human_development_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human development (biology)">physical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">mental development</a>. Both types of malnutrition can make opportunistic infections fatal.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> In these situations, MSF sets up Therapeutic Feeding Centres for monitoring the children and any other malnourished individuals. A Therapeutic Feeding Centre (or Therapeutic Feeding Programme) is designed to treat severe malnutrition through the gradual introduction of a special diet intended to promote weight gain after the individual has been treated for other health problems. The treatment programme is split between two phases:<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <ul><li>Phase 1 lasts for 24 hours and involves basic health care and several small meals of low energy/protein food spaced over the day.</li> <li>Phase 2 involves monitoring of the patient and several small meals of high energy/protein food spaced over each day until the individual's weight approaches normal.</li></ul> MSF uses foods designed specifically for treatment of severe malnutrition. During phase 1, a type of therapeutic milk called <a href="/wiki/F-75_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="F-75 (food)">F-75</a> is fed to patients. F-75 is a relatively low energy, low fat/protein milk powder that must be mixed with water and given to patients to prepare their bodies for phase 2.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> During phase 2, therapeutic milk called <a href="/wiki/F-100_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="F-100 (food)">F-100</a>, which is higher in energy/fat/protein content than F-75, is given to patients, usually along with a peanut butter mixture called <a href="/wiki/Plumpy%27nut" title="Plumpy'nut">Plumpy'nut</a>. F-100 and Plumpy'nut are designed to quickly provide large amounts of nutrients so that patients can be treated efficiently.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Other special food fed to populations in danger of starvation includes <a href="/wiki/Enriched_flour" title="Enriched flour">enriched flour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a>, as well as a high protein biscuit called <a href="/wiki/BP-5_Compact_Food" title="BP-5 Compact Food">BP5</a>. BP5 is a popular food for treating populations because it can be distributed easily and sent home with individuals, or it can be crushed and mixed with therapeutic milk for specific treatments.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">Dehydration</a>, sometimes due to <a href="/wiki/Diarrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarrhoea">diarrhoea</a> or cholera, may also be present in a population, and MSF set up rehydration centres to combat this. A special solution called <a href="/wiki/Oral_rehydration_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral rehydration salt">Oral Rehydration Solution</a> (ORS), which contains <a href="/wiki/Glucose#Function" title="Glucose">glucose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cell_electrolyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell electrolyte">electrolytes</a>, is given to patients to <a href="/wiki/Fluid_replacement" title="Fluid replacement">replace fluids lost</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">Antibiotics</a> are also sometimes given to individuals with diarrhoea if it is known that they have cholera or <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_and_sanitation">Water and sanitation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Water and sanitation">edit</a>]</div> Clean water is essential for <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a>, for consumption and for feeding programmes (for mixing with powdered therapeutic milk or porridge), as well as for preventing the spread of <a href="/wiki/Water-borne_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-borne disease">water-borne disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> As such, MSF water engineers and volunteers must create a source of clean water. This is usually achieved by modifying an existing <a href="/wiki/Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">water well</a>, by digging a new well and/or starting a water treatment project to obtain clean water for a population. Water treatment in these situations may consist of storage sedimentation, <a href="/wiki/Water_filtration" class="mw-redirect" title="Water filtration">filtration</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Water_chlorination" title="Water chlorination">chlorination</a> depending on available resources.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Sanitation is an essential part of field missions, and it may include education of local medical staff in proper <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">sterilisation</a> techniques, <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a> projects, proper <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste disposal</a>, and education of the population in personal hygiene. Proper wastewater treatment and water sanitation are the best way to prevent the spread of serious water-borne diseases, such as cholera.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Simple wastewater treatment systems can be set up by volunteers to protect drinking water from contamination.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Garbage disposal could include pits for normal waste and incineration for <a href="/wiki/Medical_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical waste">medical waste</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> However, the most important subject in sanitation is the education of the local population, so that proper waste and water treatment can continue once MSF has left the area. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistics">Statistics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Statistics">edit</a>]</div> In order to accurately report the conditions of a humanitarian emergency to the rest of the world and to governing bodies, data on a number of factors are collected during each field mission. The rate of malnutrition in children is used to determine the malnutrition rate in the population, and then to determine the need for feeding centres.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Various types of <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rates</a> are used to report the seriousness of a humanitarian emergency, and a common method used to measure mortality in a population is to have staff constantly monitoring the number of burials at cemeteries.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> By compiling data on the frequency of diseases in hospitals, MSF can track the occurrence and location of epidemic increases (or "seasons") and stockpile vaccines and other drugs. For example, the "Meningitis Belt" (sub-Saharan Africa, which sees the most cases of meningitis in the world) has been "mapped" and the meningitis season occurs between December and June. Shifts in the location of the Belt and the timing of the season can be predicted using cumulative data over many years.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In addition to epidemiological surveys, MSF also uses population <a href="/wiki/Statistical_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical survey">surveys</a> to determine the rates of violence in various regions. By estimating the scopes of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/massacre" class="extiw" title="wikt:massacre">massacres</a>, and determining the rate of kidnappings, rapes, and killings, psychosocial programmes can be implemented to lower the <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_and_Methodology_of_Suicide" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidemiology and Methodology of Suicide">suicide rate</a> and increase the sense of security in a population.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">Large-scale forced migrations</a>, excessive civilian casualties and massacres can be quantified using surveys, and MSF can use the results to put pressure on governments to provide help, or even expose genocide.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> MSF conducted the first comprehensive mortality survey in <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a> in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> However, there may be ethical problems in collecting these statistics.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Innovation_and_use_of_technology">Innovation and use of technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Innovation and use of technology">edit</a>]</div> In 2014 MSF partnered with satellite operator <a href="/wiki/SES_(company)" title="SES (company)">SES</a>, other NGOs Archemed, Fondation Follereau, Friendship Luxembourg and <a href="/wiki/German_Doctors_for_Developing_Countries" title="German Doctors for Developing Countries">German Doctors</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> government in the pilot phase of <a href="/wiki/Satmed" title="Satmed">SATMED</a>, a project to use <a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">satellite broadband</a> technology to bring <a href="/wiki/EHealth" title="EHealth">eHealth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telemedicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Telemedicine">telemedicine</a> to isolated areas of developing countries. SATMED was first deployed in Sierra Leone in support of the fight against Ebola.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance_and_structure">Governance and structure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Governance and structure">edit</a>]</div> List of international presidents:<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>1991–1992 <a href="/wiki/Rony_Brauman" title="Rony Brauman">Rony Brauman</a></li> <li>1992 Reginald Moreels</li> <li>1992–1994 <a href="/wiki/Rony_Brauman" title="Rony Brauman">Rony Brauman</a></li> <li>1994–1995 Jacques De Milliano</li> <li>1995–1996 Doris Schopper</li> <li>1996–1997 Philippe Biberson</li> <li>1997–1998 Doris Schopper</li> <li>1998–2000 <a href="/wiki/James_Orbinski" title="James Orbinski">James Orbinski</a></li> <li>2000–2003 <a href="/wiki/Morten_Rostrup" title="Morten Rostrup">Morten Rostrup</a></li> <li>2004–2006 <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Gillies" title="Rowan Gillies">Rowan Gillies</a></li> <li>2006–2010 <a href="/wiki/Christophe_Fournier" title="Christophe Fournier">Christophe Fournier</a></li> <li>2010–2013 <a href="/wiki/Unni_Karunakara" title="Unni Karunakara">Unni Karunakara</a></li> <li>2013–2019 <a href="/wiki/Joanne_Liu" title="Joanne Liu">Joanne Liu</a></li> <li>2019–Present <a href="/wiki/Christos_Christou" title="Christos Christou">Christos Christou</a></li></ul> </div> In addition to the Geneva global headquarters and five regional operational centers, as of 2020 MSF had national offices as follows:<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li>MSF Australia</li> <li>MSF Austria</li> <li>MSF Belgium</li> <li>MSF Brazil</li> <li>MSF Canada</li> <li>MSF Czech Republic</li> <li>MSF Denmark</li> <li>MSF Eastern Africa</li> <li>MSF Finland</li> <li>MSF France</li> <li>MSF Germany</li> <li>MSF Greece</li> <li>MSF Hong Kong</li> <li>MSF Ireland</li> <li>MSF Italy</li> <li>MSF Japan</li> <li>MSF Republic of Korea</li> <li>MSF Lat (Spanish Speaking South America)</li> <li>MSF Luxembourg</li> <li>MSF Mexico</li> <li>MSF Netherlands</li> <li>MSF Norway</li> <li>MSF South Africa</li> <li>MSF SARA (South Asia Regional Association: India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh)</li> <li>MSF Spain</li> <li>MSF Sweden</li> <li>MSF Switzerland</li> <li>MSF Taiwan</li> <li>MSF United Kingdom</li> <li>MSF United States</li> <li>MSF West and Central Africa</li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In-house_organisations">In-house organisations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: In-house organisations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epicentre">Epicentre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Epicentre">edit</a>]</div> In 1986, MSF created Epicentre, an in-house research organisation, to support its activities. Epicentre conducts training, publishes scientific papers and develops new techniques for MSF. It performs epidemiological research, conducts clinical vaccine trials during outbreaks MSF is responding to, experiments on vaccine stability, and analysis of vaccine deployment strategy.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_for_Access_to_Essential_Medicines">Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Access_to_Essential_Medicines" title="Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines">Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines</a></div> The Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines was initiated in 1999 to increase access to <a href="/wiki/Essential_medicines" title="Essential medicines">essential medicines</a> in developing countries. "Essential medicines" are those drugs that are needed in sufficient supply to treat a disease common to a population.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> However, most diseases common to populations in developing countries are no longer common to populations in developed countries; therefore, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical company">pharmaceutical companies</a> find that producing these drugs is no longer profitable and may raise the price per treatment, decrease development of the drug (and new treatments) or even stop production of the drug. MSF often lacks effective drugs during field missions, and started the campaign to put pressure on governments and pharmaceutical companies to increase funding for essential medicines. In 2006, MSF tried to use its influence to urge the drug maker <a href="/wiki/Novartis" title="Novartis">Novartis</a> to drop its case against India's patent law that prevents Novartis from patenting its drugs in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. A few years earlier, Novartis also sued <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> to prevent it from importing cheaper <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> drugs.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> On 1 April 2013, it was announced that the Indian court invalidated Novartis's patent on <a href="/wiki/Imatinib" title="Imatinib">imatinib</a> (Gleevec). This decision makes the drug available via generics on the Indian market at a considerably lower price.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> In March 2017, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Els_Torreele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Els Torreele (page does not exist)">Els Torreele</a> who had been leading the campaign from 1999 to 2003 returned to MSF as the executive director of the Access Campaign. For the following three years she led a global analysis and advocacy team whose goal was to guarantee that appropriate medicines, vaccines and diagnostics are developed, available, affordable and adapted to people's needs.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> As of 2022, the most critical subjects of the campaign were rising antimicrobial resistance and outbreaks of epidemic diseases such as Ebola and COVID. Still, a lot of vaccines, diagnostics and medicines were inaccessible for people in need.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security_risks_to_staff">Security risks to staff</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Security risks to staff">edit</a>]</div> MSF staff are sometimes attacked or kidnapped. In some countries, humanitarian-aid organisations are viewed as helping the enemy. If an aid mission is perceived to be exclusively set up for victims on one side of the conflict, it may come under attack. However, the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terrorism">War on Terrorism</a> has generated attitudes among some groups in US-occupied countries that non-governmental aid organisations such as MSF are allied with or even work for the <a href="/wiki/Multinational_force_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Multinational force in Iraq">Coalition forces</a>. Insecurity in cities in Afghanistan and Iraq rose significantly following United States operations, and MSF has declared that providing aid in these countries was too dangerous.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The organisation was forced to evacuate its teams from Afghanistan on 28 July 2004,<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> after five staff (Afghans Fasil Ahmad and Besmillah, Belgian Hélène de Beir, Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Egil_Tyn%C3%A6s" title="Egil Tynæs">Egil Tynæs</a>, and Dutchman Willem Kwint) were killed on 2 June in an ambush by unidentified militia near <a href="/wiki/Khair_Kh%C4%81na" title="Khair Khāna">Khair Khāna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Badghis_Province" title="Badghis Province">Badghis Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In June 2007, Elsa Serfass, a staff member with MSF-France, was killed<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> in the Central African Republic and in January 2008, two expatriate staff (Damien Lehalle and Victor Okumu) and a national staff member (Mohammed Bidhaan Ali) were killed in an organised attack<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> in Somalia resulting in the closing of the project. Arrests and abductions in politically unstable regions can also occur for volunteers, and in some cases, MSF field missions can be expelled entirely from a country. <a href="/wiki/Arjan_Erkel" title="Arjan Erkel">Arjan Erkel</a>, Head of Mission in <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a>, was kidnapped and held hostage in an unknown location by unknown abductors from 12 August 2002 until 11 April 2004. Paul Foreman, head of MSF-Holland, was arrested in Sudan in May 2005 for refusing to divulge documents used in compiling a report on rapes carried out by the pro-government <a href="/wiki/Janjaweed" title="Janjaweed">Janjaweed</a> militias (see <a href="/wiki/Darfur_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Darfur conflict">Darfur conflict</a>). Foreman cited the privacy of the women involved, and MSF alleged that the Sudanese government had arrested him because it disliked the bad publicity generated by the report.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incidents">Incidents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Incidents">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kunduz_hospital_airstrike" title="Kunduz hospital airstrike">Kunduz hospital airstrike</a></div> Below is a partial list of notable incidents of direct violence against MSF staff or facilities, in chronological order: <ul><li>14 August 2013: MSF announced that it was closing all of its programmes in Somalia due to attacks on its staff by <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a> militants and perceived indifference or <a href="/wiki/Desensitization_(psychology)" title="Desensitization (psychology)">inurement</a> to this by the governmental authorities and wider society.<a href="#cite_note-Wmdtls-150">[150]</a></li> <li>3 October 2015: Fourteen staff and 28 others died when an MSF hospital <a href="/wiki/Kunduz_hospital_airstrike" title="Kunduz hospital airstrike">was bombed</a> by <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">American forces</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunduz_(2015)" title="Battle of Kunduz (2015)">Battle of Kunduz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-msf.org-151">[151]</a> <ul><li>On 7 October 2015, US President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> issued an apology.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Doctors Without Borders was not satisfied by Obama's apology.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></li></ul></li> <li>27 October 2015: An MSF hospital in <a href="/wiki/Sa%27dah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'dah">Sa'dah</a>, Yemen, <a href="/wiki/Airstrike_on_hospital_in_Saada,_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Airstrike on hospital in Saada, Yemen">was bombed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">Saudi Arabia-led military coalition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></li> <li>28 November 2015: An MSF-supported hospital was barrel-bombed by a Syrian Air Force helicopter, killing seven and wounding forty-seven people near Homs, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></li> <li>10 January 2016: An MSF-supported hospital in Sa'dah was bombed by the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>-led military coalition, killing six people.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></li> <li>15 February 2016: Two MSF-supported hospitals in <a href="/wiki/Idlib_District" title="Idlib District">Idlib District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, Syria, were <a href="/wiki/Airstrikes_on_hospitals_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Airstrikes on hospitals in Yemen">bombed</a>, killing at least 20 and injuring dozens of patients and medical personnel.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Both Russia and the United States denied responsibility or being in the area at the time.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></li> <li>28 April 2016: An MSF hospital in Aleppo was bombed, killing 50, including six staff and patients.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></li> <li>12 May 2020: an MSF-supported hospital in <a href="/wiki/Dasht-e-Barchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasht-e-Barchi">Dasht-e-Barchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, Afghanistan, was attacked by an unknown assailant. The attack left 24 people dead and at least 20 more injured.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></li> <li>25 June 2021: Three MSF employees were reported killed in <a href="/wiki/Tigray,_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigray, Ethiopia">Tigray, Ethiopia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-3-killed-tigray-162">[162]</a></li> <li>18 November 2023: An evacuation convoy of MSF vehicles was attacked in <a href="/wiki/Gaza,_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza, Palestine">Gaza, Palestine</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">2023 Israel-Hamas war</a>, resulting in deaths of two family members of MSF workers with one being a volunteer supporting MSF at <a href="/wiki/Al-Shifa_Hospital" title="Al-Shifa Hospital">Al Shifa Hospital</a>. MSF reported "MSF considers that all elements point to the responsibility of the Israeli army for this attack".<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1999_Nobel_Peace_Prize">1999 Nobel Peace Prize</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: 1999 Nobel Peace Prize">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2015JamesOrbinski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/2015JamesOrbinski.jpg/220px-2015JamesOrbinski.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/2015JamesOrbinski.jpg/330px-2015JamesOrbinski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/2015JamesOrbinski.jpg/440px-2015JamesOrbinski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="2402" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Orbinski" title="James Orbinski">James Orbinski</a> speaking about MSF in 2015</figcaption></figure> The then president of MSF, <a href="/wiki/James_Orbinski" title="James Orbinski">James Orbinski</a>, gave the Nobel Peace Prize speech on behalf of the organisation. In the opening, he discusses the conditions of the victims of the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> and focuses on one of his woman patients:<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> There were hundreds of women, children and men brought to the hospital that day, so many that we had to lay them out on the street and even operate on some of them there. The gutters around the hospital ran red with blood. The woman had not just been attacked with a machete, but her entire body rationally and systematically mutilated. Her ears had been cut off. And her face had been so carefully disfigured that a pattern was obvious in the slashes. She was one among many—living an inhuman and simply indescribable suffering. We could do little more for her at the moment than stop the bleeding with a few necessary sutures. We were completely overwhelmed, and she knew that there were so many others. She said to me in the clearest voice I have ever heard, 'Allez, allez...ummera, ummerasha'—'Go, go...my friend, find and let live your courage.' <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>James Orbinski, Nobel acceptance speech for MSF</cite></div></blockquote> Orbinski affirmed the organisation's commitment to publicising the issues MSF encountered, stating<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> Silence has long been confused with neutrality, and has been presented as a necessary condition for humanitarian action. From its beginning, MSF was created in opposition to this assumption. We are not sure that words can always save lives, but we know that silence can certainly kill. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>James Orbinski</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_awards">Other awards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Other awards">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Lasker-Bloomberg_Public_Service_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasker-Bloomberg Public Service Award">Lasker-Bloomberg Public Service Award</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> based <a href="/wiki/Lasker_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasker Foundation">Lasker Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></li> <li>2016 Hamdan Award for Volunteers in Humanitarian Medical Services, from Hamdan Medical Award.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Namesakes">Namesakes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Namesakes">edit</a>]</div> A number of other unrelated non-governmental organisations have adopted names ending in "Sans Frontières" or "Without Borders", inspired by Médecins Sans Frontières, for example: <a href="/wiki/Engineers_Without_Borders" title="Engineers Without Borders">Engineers Without Borders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avocats_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Avocats Sans Frontières">Avocats Sans Frontières</a> ('Lawyers Without Borders'), <a href="/wiki/Reporters_sans_fronti%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Reporters sans frontières">Reporters sans frontières</a> ('Reporters Without Borders'), <a href="/wiki/Payasos_Sin_Fronteras" title="Payasos Sin Fronteras">Payasos Sin Fronteras</a> ('Clowns Without Borders'), <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8ques_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Bibliothèques Sans Frontières">Bibliothèques Sans Frontières</a> ('Libraries Without Borders'), and <a href="/wiki/Homeopaths_Without_Borders" title="Homeopaths Without Borders">Homeopaths Without Borders</a>. The French game show <a href="/wiki/Jeux_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeux Sans Frontières">Jeux Sans Frontières</a> ('Games Without Borders') is older than MSF, being first broadcast in Europe in 1965. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethical_concerns_and_criticism">Ethical concerns and criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Ethical concerns and criticism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_exploitation_and_abuse_in_humanitarian_response" title="Sexual exploitation and abuse in humanitarian response">Sexual exploitation and abuse in humanitarian response</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structural_racism" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural racism">Structural racism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Development_porn" class="mw-redirect" title="Development porn">Development porn</a></div> Questions about the ethical treatment of MSF staff, clients and communities by MSF as a result of some of its policies and practices have arisen, with issues being canvassed by employees, others in the development sector, and the media.<a href="#cite_note-new_human-168">[168]</a> MSF has maintained separate employment conditions and pay for its "national staff" (those employed locally for field missions) and its "international staff" (those deployed from regional or national units to field missions in other countries). The international staff tend to hold the senior posts on a mission, with the national staff most often reporting to the senior staff who have come from elsewhere. There are ongoing complaints from national staff that they are treated less favourably, employed on more dangerous tasks, paid considerably less, and are without access to benefits of housing, health care, and other advantages afforded incoming expatriate staff. MSF stated in 2020 that this policy would be reviewed with the intent to eliminate differential treatment. These practices, amongst other concerns, were the catalyst for a 2020 statement by 1,000 of its current and former employees outlining their concerns regarding the organisation's perceived structural racism. Included in the collective staff statement was testimony of personal experiences of racism within MSF, both in the form of adverse treatment in the workplace, and what is perceived as a white supremacist and colonial mindset expressed in the formation and implementation of programmes.<a href="#cite_note-new_human-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> While MSF hires ninety percent of its staff for missions "in-country", the organisation continues to have a preponderance of Europeans in its higher management. Despite the percentage of its international programme coordinators originating from the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a> rising from 24 percent to 46 percent over the decade 2012−2022, the international president Christos Christou acknowledged that the highest echelons of MSF were still dominated by those from the Global North. With its headquarters and five operational units located in western Europe, MSF's policies and operations were characterised in the 2020 MSF-staff statement as "Eurocentric".<a href="#cite_note-new_human-168">[168]</a> In 2018, there were revelations of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_misconduct" title="Sexual misconduct">sexual misconduct</a> by MSF employees, including sexual harassment and abuse of patients, local community members or other MSF staff. Nineteen people were fired as a result of MSF's investigations of complaints. The complaints ranged from sexual harassment by MSF colleagues; exploitation of local (and possibly underage or solely "<a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">survival sex</a>") sex workers by field staff, against MSF policy; and disparaging attitudes and remarks from staff regarding the supposed sexual availability of patients or community members, or an expressed intent to barter medical treatment for sex. Nearly all the resulting dismissals related to inter-staff sexual misconduct.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Another controversy involved images taken without informed consent of vulnerable patients, some of whom were minors without adult guardians. Some images were criticised as exploitative and objectifying. They included a photograph of a mother mourning the death of her baby, with the boy's body visible; child rape survivors and sexual and domestic abuse survivors, with details of their experiences included. Intended to increase awareness of dire conditions prevailing in places where MSF works and the need for their programmes, the images were used on MSF and community websites and in print publications. Licensing of the images were available for sale to image databases. The ethics of exposing devastated or victimised individuals, sometimes with partially identifying information was questioned. Following the criticism, MSF decided to cease use of the images. The removal of the images was in turn also criticised.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> MSF's funding model has come under scrutiny after <a href="/wiki/BlackRock" title="BlackRock">BlackRock</a> donated $500,000 towards its COVID-19 crisis fund, leading to calls of hypocrisy from staff and other humanitarian organisations.<a href="#cite_note-BlackRock's_COVID-19_Response-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-middleeasteye.net-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_non-fiction_works_about_MSF">Selected non-fiction works about MSF</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Selected non-fiction works about MSF">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hope_in_Hell_(book)" title="Hope in Hell (book)">Hope in Hell</a>, 2006 book by Dan Bortolotti</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrown2013" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Damien (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/15702038">Band-aid for a broken leg: Being a doctor with no borders (and other ways to stay single)</a>. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1743315569" title="Special:BookSources/978-1743315569"><bdi>978-1743315569</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Band-aid+for+a+broken+leg%3A+Being+a+doctor+with+no+borders+%28and+other+ways+to+stay+single%29&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1743315569&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Damien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fen%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F15702038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> A doctor's memoir of his first MSF posting on the medical frontlines in Angola, Mozambique, and South Sudan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Photographer_(graphic_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Photographer (graphic novel)">The Photographer: Into War-torn Afghanistan with Doctors Without Borders</a>, graphic 'novel' (a memoir in graphic-novel format) by Guibert, Emmanuel (2009); photography and narration by <a href="/wiki/Didier_Lef%C3%A8vre" title="Didier Lefèvre">Didier Lefèvre</a>; colourist: Frédéric Lemercier. New York: First Second Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1596433755" title="Special:BookSources/978-1596433755">978-1596433755</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_in_Emergency:_Stories_of_Doctors_Without_Borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Living in Emergency: Stories of Doctors Without Borders">Living in Emergency: Stories of Doctors Without Borders</a>, 2008 documentary film by <a href="/wiki/Mark_N._Hopkins" title="Mark N. Hopkins">Mark N. Hopkins</a> that tells the story of four MSF volunteer doctors confronting the challenges of medical work in war-torn areas of Liberia and Congo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Months_in_Sudan" title="Six Months in Sudan">Six Months in Sudan</a>, 2009 memoir by doctor <a href="/wiki/James_Maskalyk" title="James Maskalyk">James Maskalyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Imperfect_Offering" title="An Imperfect Offering">An Imperfect Offering</a>, 2008 memoir by former MSF president <a href="/wiki/James_Orbinski" title="James Orbinski">James Orbinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triage:_Dr._James_Orbinski%27s_Humanitarian_Dilemma" title="Triage: Dr. James Orbinski's Humanitarian Dilemma">Triage: Dr. James Orbinski's Humanitarian Dilemma</a> 2007 documentary</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/28px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/56px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Switzerland" title="Portal:Switzerland">Switzerland portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/18px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/24px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relevant_topics">Relevant topics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Relevant topics">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_humanitarian_workers" title="Attacks on humanitarian workers">Attacks on humanitarian workers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Reports_Finance-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Reports_Finance_1-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msf.org/reports-and-finances">"Financial independence and accountability"</a>. Geneva, Switzerland: Médecins Sans Frontières. 4 June 2024. Retrieved 16 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Financial+independence+and+accountability&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=M%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res&rft.date=2024-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msf.org%2Freports-and-finances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150519013601/http://www.msf.org/our-staff">"Our staff"</a>. msf.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msf.org/our-staff">the original</a> on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=msf.org&rft.atitle=Our+staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msf.org%2Four-staff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msf.org/sites/msf.org/files/msf_financial_report_2016_final.pdf">"MSF International Financial Report 2016"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 11 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MSF+International+Financial+Report+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msf.org%2Fsites%2Fmsf.org%2Ffiles%2Fmsf_financial_report_2016_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-creation-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-creation_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-creation_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-creation_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msf.fr/histoire-sommaire-book-page/1971-creation-medecins-sans-frontieres">"La création de Médecins Sans Frontières"</a> (in French). Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without borders). La création de Médecins Sans Frontières. Retrieved 14 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+cr%C3%A9ation+de+M%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res&rft.pub=M%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res+%28Doctors+Without+borders%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msf.fr%2Fhistoire-sommaire-book-page%2F1971-creation-medecins-sans-frontieres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080421050920/http://www.msf.org.uk/about_charter.aspx">"MSF's Charter – About MSF – MSF UK"</a>. msf.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msf.org.uk/about_charter.aspx">the original</a> on 21 April 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=msf.org.uk&rft.atitle=MSF%27s+Charter+%E2%80%93+About+MSF+%E2%80%93+MSF+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msf.org.uk%2Fabout_charter.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msf.dk/OmMSF/Hvemervi/LaMancha-aftalen/">"La Mancha Agreement"</a>. msf.dk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719130140/http://www.msf.dk/OmMSF/Hvemervi/LaMancha-aftalen/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=msf.dk&rft.atitle=La+Mancha+Agreement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msf.dk%2FOmMSF%2FHvemervi%2FLaMancha-aftalen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081228162119/http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/publications/reports/2006/top10_2005.html">"MSF-USA: Special Report: The 10 Most Underreported Humanitarian Crises of 2005"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/publications/reports/2006/top10_2005.html">the original</a> on 28 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MSF-USA%3A+Special+Report%3A+The+10+Most+Underreported+Humanitarian+Crises+of+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doctorswithoutborders.org%2Fpublications%2Freports%2F2006%2Ftop10_2005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130829060022/https://web.archive.org/web/20070813051310/http://www.seoulpeaceprize.or.kr/english/award_03.html">"Laureate 1996: Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF)"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Peace_Prize" title="Seoul Peace Prize">Seoul Peace Prize</a> Cultural Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Seoul+Peace+Prize+Cultural+Foundation&rft.atitle=Laureate+1996%3A+Medecins+Sans+Frontieres+%28MSF%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.today%2F20130829060022%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070813051310%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seoulpeaceprize.or.kr%2Fenglish%2Faward_03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greekreporter.com/2019/12/26/ten-greeks-who-left-their-mark-in-2019/">"Ten Greeks Who Left Their Mark in 2019"</a>. GreekReporter.com. 26 December 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GreekReporter.com&rft.atitle=Ten+Greeks+Who+Left+Their+Mark+in+2019&rft.date=2019-12-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreekreporter.com%2F2019%2F12%2F26%2Ften-greeks-who-left-their-mark-in-2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hih-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hih_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hih_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hih_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hih_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hih_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hih_10-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBortolotti2004" class="citation book cs1">Bortolotti, Dan (2004). Hope in Hell: Inside the World of Doctors Without Borders. Firefly Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55297-865-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-55297-865-6"><bdi>1-55297-865-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hope+in+Hell%3A+Inside+the+World+of+Doctors+Without+Borders&rft.pub=Firefly+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-55297-865-6&rft.aulast=Bortolotti&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Bortolotti, above, puts the death toll at 10,000. An estimate of 15,000 to 30,000, warning of an inevitable dysentery epidemic, comes from: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamilo,_V1974" class="citation journal cs1">Camilo, V (1974). "The Earthquake in Managua". The Lancet. 303 (7845): 25–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2874%2993014-1">10.1016/s0140-6736(74)93014-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4129001">4129001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=The+Earthquake+in+Managua&rft.volume=303&rft.issue=7845&rft.pages=25-26&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2874%2993014-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4129001&rft.au=Camilo%2C+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medecinssansfrontieres.com/site/site.nsf/pages/70">"Chronologies: Années 70"</a>. MSF-France (in French). Retrieved 10 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSF-France&rft.atitle=Chronologies%3A+Ann%C3%A9es+70&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medecinssansfrontieres.com%2Fsite%2Fsite.nsf%2Fpages%2F70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dromi_2020-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Dromi_2020_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDromi2020" class="citation book cs1">Dromi, Shai M. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/A/bo46479924.html">Above the Fray: The Red Cross and the Making of the Humanitarian NGO Sector</a>. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226680101" title="Special:BookSources/9780226680101"><bdi>9780226680101</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Above+the+Fray%3A+The+Red+Cross+and+the+Making+of+the+Humanitarian+NGO+Sector&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780226680101&rft.aulast=Dromi&rft.aufirst=Shai+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.uchicago.edu%2Fucp%2Fbooks%2Fbook%2Fchicago%2FA%2Fbo46479924.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202035654/http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=751B6EAC-B3D6-11D4-B1FA0060084A6370&method=full_html">"Cambodia's second chance"</a>. msf.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=751B6EAC-B3D6-11D4-B1FA0060084A6370&method=full_html">the original</a> on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 10 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=msf.org&rft.atitle=Cambodia%27s+second+chance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msf.org%2Fmsfinternational%2Finvoke.cfm%3Fcomponent%3Darticle%26objectid%3D751B6EAC-B3D6-11D4-B1FA0060084A6370%26method%3Dfull_html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202035852/http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?objectid=F75AB4F5-E018-0C72-093A3A517D56EB33&component=toolkit.article&method=full_html">"MSF's principles and identity – The challenges ahead"</a>. msf.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?objectid=F75AB4F5-E018-0C72-093A3A517D56EB33&component=toolkit.article&method=full_html">the original</a> on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 10 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=msf.org&rft.atitle=MSF%27s+principles+and+identity+%E2%80%93+The+challenges+ahead&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msf.org%2Fmsfinternational%2Finvoke.cfm%3Fobjectid%3DF75AB4F5-E018-0C72-093A3A517D56EB33%26component%3Dtoolkit.article%26method%3Dfull_html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Richard Seymour, The Liberal Defense of Murder (London 2008), p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927220144/http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/press/release.cfm?id=2053">"Dr. Bernard Kouchner and MSF: A Clarification, 22 May 2007"</a>. Doctorswithoutborders.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/press/release.cfm?id=2053">the original</a> on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+Bernard+Kouchner+and+MSF%3A+A+Clarification%2C+22+May+2007&rft.pub=Doctorswithoutborders.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doctorswithoutborders.org%2Fpress%2Frelease.cfm%3Fid%3D2053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-various-18"><a href="#cite_ref-various_18-0">^</a> Information obtained from the various sections' websites. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2009" class="citation conference cs1">Kennedy, Denis (March 2009). Humanitarian NGOs and the Norm of Neutrality: A Community Approach. 49th Annual Meeting of the <a href="/wiki/International_Studies_Association" title="International Studies Association">International Studies Association</a> (ISA): Bridging Multiple Divides, EUA. San Francisco.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Humanitarian+NGOs+and+the+Norm+of+Neutrality%3A+A+Community+Approach&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.date=2009-03&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavey2011" class="citation journal cs1">Davey, Eleanor (2011). "Famine, aid, and ideology: the political activism of Médecins Sans Frontières in the 1980s". French Historical Studies. 34 (3): 529–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00161071-1259157">10.1215/00161071-1259157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Famine%2C+aid%2C+and+ideology%3A+the+political+activism+of+M%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res+in+the+1980s&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=529-58&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00161071-1259157&rft.aulast=Davey&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-frchrono80-21"><a href="#cite_ref-frchrono80_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medecinssansfrontieres.com/site/site.nsf/pages/80">"Chronologie: Années 80"</a>. MSF-France (in French). Retrieved 10 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSF-France&rft.atitle=Chronologie%3A+Ann%C3%A9es+80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medecinssansfrontieres.com%2Fsite%2Fsite.nsf%2Fpages%2F80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medecinssansfrontieres.com/association/annees90courte">"Chronologie: Années 90"</a>. medecinssansfrontieres.com (in French). Retrieved 11 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=medecinssansfrontieres.com&rft.atitle=Chronologie%3A+Ann%C3%A9es+90&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medecinssansfrontieres.com%2Fassociation%2Fannees90courte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930020457/http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=56A60D4D-F779-4B42-B3AB662CA10C85FF&method=full_html">"Liberia: War ends, but the crisis continues"</a>. msf.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=56A60D4D-F779-4B42-B3AB662CA10C85FF&method=full_html">the original</a> on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 11 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=msf.org&rft.atitle=Liberia%3A+War+ends%2C+but+the+crisis+continues&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msf.org%2Fmsfinternational%2Finvoke.cfm%3Fcomponent%3Darticle%26objectid%3D56A60D4D-F779-4B42-B3AB662CA10C85FF%26method%3Dfull_html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoo_V1993" class="citation journal cs1">Choo V (1993). "Forensic evidence of Iraqi atrocities against Kurds". 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Retrieved 16 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=citynews.ca&rft.atitle=Doctors+Without+Borders+loses+all+three+hospitals+in+Haitian+quake&rft.date=2010-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoronto.citynews.ca%2F2010%2F01%2F13%2Fdoctors-without-borders-loses-all-three-hospitals-in-haitian-quake%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wbur.org/npr/122669127/at-airport-aid-flows-in-but-trickles-out">"At Airport, Aid Flows in but Trickles Out"</a>. 17 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=At+Airport%2C+Aid+Flows+in+but+Trickles+Out&rft.date=2010-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wbur.org%2Fnpr%2F122669127%2Fat-airport-aid-flows-in-but-trickles-out&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> MSF Article (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?objectid=F7C89188-E018-0C72-09F445FCB9A76F76&component=toolkit.article&method=full_html">India: Bringing medical care</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070624022029/http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?objectid=F7C89188-E018-0C72-09F445FCB9A76F76&component=toolkit.article&method=full_html">Archived</a> 24 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> MSF. Retrieved 15 January 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060222152025/http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=6DB23208-E018-0C72-09ABB044CD550DEE&method=full_html">"Post-tsunami mental health: 'We're still weak at the knees'"</a>. msf.org. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=6DB23208-E018-0C72-09ABB044CD550DEE&method=full_html">the original</a> on 22 February 2006. Retrieved 15 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=msf.org&rft.atitle=Post-tsunami+mental+health%3A+%27We%27re+still+weak+at+the+knees%27&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msf.org%2Fmsfinternational%2Finvoke.cfm%3Fcomponent%3Darticle%26objectid%3D6DB23208-E018-0C72-09ABB044CD550DEE%26method%3Dfull_html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hhrjournal-46"><a href="#cite_ref-hhrjournal_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShevchenkoFox2008" class="citation web cs1">Shevchenko, Olga; Fox, Renée (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090123223917/http://hhrjournal.org/index.php/hhr/article/view/21/57">"'Nationals' and 'expatriates': Challenges of fulfilling 'sans frontières' ('without borders') ideals in international humanitarian action"</a>. hhrjournal.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hhrjournal.org/index.php/hhr/article/view/21/57">the original</a> on 23 January 2009. 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Wade"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MSF+statement+on+SCOTUS+decision+to+overturn+Roe+v.+Wade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doctorswithoutborders.org%2Flatest%2Fmsf-statement-scotus-decision-overturn-roe-v-wade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-whoaids-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whoaids_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-whoaids_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">"Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060110204222/http://www.unaids.org/wad2004/EPIupdate2004_html_en/Epi04_03_en.htm">AIDS epidemic update: December 2004</a>. unaids.org (Report). December 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unaids.org/wad2004/EPIupdate2004_html_en/Epi04_03_en.htm">the original</a> on 10 January 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=AIDS+epidemic+update%3A+December+2004&rft.date=2004-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unaids.org%2Fwad2004%2FEPIupdate2004_html_en%2FEpi04_03_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080910095036/http://www.who.int/hiv/topics/treatment/en/index.html">"Antiretroviral therapy"</a>. WHO. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/hiv/topics/treatment/en/index.html">the original</a> on 10 September 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WHO&rft.atitle=Antiretroviral+therapy&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fhiv%2Ftopics%2Ftreatment%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> MSF Article (1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=B82400AA-3B73-496F-9D84F6A326006642&method=full_html">MSF 1998</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222618/http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=B82400AA-3B73-496F-9D84F6A326006642&method=full_html">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> MSF. Retrieved 16 January 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> MSF Article (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=71282BBA-EC70-11D4-B2010060084A6370&method=full_html">Preventing meningitis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930020359/http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=71282BBA-EC70-11D4-B2010060084A6370&method=full_html">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> MSF. Retrieved 16 January 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> MSF Article (1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=pressrelease&objectid=71283479-EC70-11D4-B2010060084A6370&method=full_html">MSF and other aid organisations evicted from Kabul</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222453/http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=pressrelease&objectid=71283479-EC70-11D4-B2010060084A6370&method=full_html">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> MSF. Retrieved 16 January 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> MSF Article (1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=8127EF92-B5A9-11D4-B1FA0060084A6370&method=full_html">Attacks as told by victims</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930020517/http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=8127EF92-B5A9-11D4-B1FA0060084A6370&method=full_html">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> MSF. Retrieved 16 January 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> MSF Article (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=EC4F5038-C637-4724-87A848DAD8314054&method=full_html">Controlling phantom limb pain in Sierra Leone</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222513/http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=EC4F5038-C637-4724-87A848DAD8314054&method=full_html">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> MSF. Retrieved 16 January 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-sudantest-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sudantest_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sudantest_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sudantest_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sudantest_55-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sudantest_55-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sudantest_55-5">f</a> MSF Article (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/news/country.cfm?id=2369%20MSF">-MSF in Sudan – Test</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511060824/http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/news/country.cfm?id=2369%20MSF">Archived</a> 11 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> MSF. Retrieved 20 September 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> MSF Article (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/news/article.cfm?id=4922&cat=field-news">– Sudan: An Overview of MSF's Work in 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111027114415/http://doctorswithoutborders.org/news/article.cfm?id=4922&cat=field-news">Archived</a> 27 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> MSF. Retrieved 20 September 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolaczinskiHopeRuizRumunu2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kolaczinski, Jan H.; Hope, Andrew; Ruiz, Jose Antonio; Rumunu, John; Richer, Michaleen; Seaman, Jill (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2570907">"Kala-azar Epidemiology and Control, Southern Sudan"</a>. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 14 (4). Centers for Disease Control: 664–666. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1404.071099">10.3201/eid1404.071099</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2570907">2570907</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18394290">18394290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emerging+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Kala-azar+Epidemiology+and+Control%2C+Southern+Sudan&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=664-666&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2570907%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18394290&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3201%2Feid1404.071099&rft.aulast=Kolaczinski&rft.aufirst=Jan+H.&rft.au=Hope%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Ruiz%2C+Jose+Antonio&rft.au=Rumunu%2C+John&rft.au=Richer%2C+Michaleen&rft.au=Seaman%2C+Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2570907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> MSF Press release (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/press/release.cfm?id=4924&cat=press-release">– Southern Sudan in Grips of Worst Disease Outbreak in Eight Years</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111129011901/http://doctorswithoutborders.org/press/release.cfm?id=4924&cat=press-release">Archived</a> 29 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> MSF. Retrieved 20 September 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> MSF Article (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southsudan.msf.org.au/#KALA%20AZAR">– Médecins Sans Frontières South Sudan</a> MSF. Retrieved 20 September 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> MSF Article (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/news/article.cfm?id=4832&cat=field-news">– Sudan: MSF to Open Additional Kala Azar Treatment Site in Upper Nile State</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111027114020/http://doctorswithoutborders.org/news/article.cfm?id=4832&cat=field-news">Archived</a> 27 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> MSF. Retrieved 20 September 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-open-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-open_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-open_61-1">b</a> MSF Article (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/news/article.cfm?id=4367&cat=field-news">-Sudan: MSF Opens a Kala Azar Treatment Center in Eastern Atbara Region</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111026074825/http://doctorswithoutborders.org/news/article.cfm?id=4367&cat=field-news">Archived</a> 26 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> MSF. Retrieved 20 September 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-attack-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-attack_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-attack_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-attack_62-2">c</a> MSF Article (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msf.org.za/publication/msf-condemns-large-scale-attacks-civilians-south-sudan">-MSF condemns large-scale attacks on civilians in South Sudan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120130182511/http://www.msf.org.za/publication/msf-condemns-large-scale-attacks-civilians-south-sudan">Archived</a> 30 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> MSF. Retrieved 20 September 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> MSF Article (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?objectid=7BC39654-E018-0C72-09E7DF9CC8A2E42A&component=toolkit.report&method=full_html">Nothing new in Ituri: The violence continues</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060216120244/http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?objectid=7BC39654-E018-0C72-09E7DF9CC8A2E42A&component=toolkit.report&method=full_html">Archived</a> 16 February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> MSF. 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Medici Senza Frontiere Italia (in Italian). Retrieved 4 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medici+Senza+Frontiere+Italia&rft.atitle=Italia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicisenzafrontiere.it%2Fcosa-facciamo%2Fdove-lavoriamo%2Fitalia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicisenzafrontiere.it/cosa-facciamo/progetti-in-italia/">"Gli aiuti umanitari in Italia di Medici Senza Frontiere | MSF Italia"</a>. Medici Senza Frontiere Italia (in Italian). 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Retrieved 4 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stranieri+in+Italia&rft.atitle=A+Palermo+nasce+un+centro+di+supporto+e+assistenza+per+i+migranti+sopravvissuti+alle+torture&rft.date=2023-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstranieriinitalia.it%2Fattualita%2Fa-palermo-nasce-un-centro-di-supporto-e-assistenza-per-i-migranti-sopravvissuti-alle-torture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/aboutus/what.cfm">Field Operations: What Do We Do?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060316011210/http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/aboutus/what.cfm">Archived</a> 16 March 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> MSF. Retrieved 28 December 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> MSF Article (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=2371723C-A340-45A4-919DDF2685CD9289&method=full_html">The Vaccine Gap: NY Times editorial</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015853/http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=2371723C-A340-45A4-919DDF2685CD9289&method=full_html">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> MSF. Retrieved 28 December 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> MSF Press Release (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=pressrelease&objectid=811C6E24-4A26-4B4D-A6F26C20B7DC9109&method=full_html">MSF launches the first large-scale test of an oral vaccine against cholera in the city of Beira, Mozambique</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222633/http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=pressrelease&objectid=811C6E24-4A26-4B4D-A6F26C20B7DC9109&method=full_html">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> MSF. Retrieved 28 December 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> MSF Article (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=6746E5F4-0A5B-4C1E-B9EFCB10C8509248&method=full_html">World AIDS Day MSF country profiles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930020129/http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=6746E5F4-0A5B-4C1E-B9EFCB10C8509248&method=full_html">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> MSF. Retrieved 28 December 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> MSF Article (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=81035929-6C6F-4613-A625E717128BF4A4&method=full_html">Once ill equipped and poorly manned – transforming a hospital in North Darfur</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015439/http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=81035929-6C6F-4613-A625E717128BF4A4&method=full_html">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> MSF. Retrieved 28 December 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> MSF Article (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=263F9FF3-0D73-4839-AAC0BA481CE01BFB&method=full_html">Tajikistan: Aid to health system in shambles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930020308/http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=263F9FF3-0D73-4839-AAC0BA481CE01BFB&method=full_html">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> MSF. Retrieved 28 December 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> MSF Article (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=B02192D7-B5D3-4982-BA6A545C27519B54&method=full_html">Nicaragua: Focusing care on women's health and Chagas disease</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222224/http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=B02192D7-B5D3-4982-BA6A545C27519B54&method=full_html">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> MSF. 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Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) International. Retrieved 8 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res+%28MSF%29+International&rft.atitle=Lebanon+%7C+MSF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msf.org%2Finternational-activity-report-2017%2Flebanon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman2018" class="citation book cs1">Feldman, Ilana (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1043049820">Life lived in relief : humanitarian predicaments and Palestinian refugee politics</a>. Oakland, California: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-97128-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-97128-8"><bdi>978-0-520-97128-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1043049820">1043049820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+lived+in+relief+%3A+humanitarian+predicaments+and+Palestinian+refugee+politics&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1043049820&rft.isbn=978-0-520-97128-8&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Ilana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1043049820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> MSF Article (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=71282930-EC70-11D4-B2010060084A6370&method=full_html">Preventing malnutrition and famine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222723/http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=71282930-EC70-11D4-B2010060084A6370&method=full_html">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> MSF. 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Retrieved 28 December 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Drugs and Medical Supplies Catalogue Vol. 1 (2005) F-75 Description MSF. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Drugs and Medical Supplies Catalogue Vol. 1 (2005) F-100 Description MSF. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Drugs and Medical Supplies Catalogue Vol. 1 (2005) Plumpy'nut Description MSF. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Drugs and Medical Supplies Catalogue Vol. 1 (2005) BP5 Description MSF. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> MSF Article (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=BC1A7630-D486-4CA8-8EEB47A3E584FE93&method=full_html">Diarrhoea definition and MSF treatment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015629/http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=BC1A7630-D486-4CA8-8EEB47A3E584FE93&method=full_html">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> MSF. Retrieved 28 December 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> MSF Article (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=EAB52196-2CA6-4A93-A46CD6603BBC668D&method=full_html">MSF: Water and Health</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222540/http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=EAB52196-2CA6-4A93-A46CD6603BBC668D&method=full_html">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> MSF. Retrieved 28 December 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> MSF Article (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010722070738/http://www.refugeecamp.org/learnmore/water/simple_water_treatment.htm">Simple water treatment</a> MSF-UAE. 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Retrieved 28 December 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> MSF Article (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010722070520/http://www.refugeecamp.org/learnmore/water/refuse_pit.htm">Refuse pit</a> MSF-UAE. Retrieved 28 December 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> MSF Article (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=09972681-0B23-4AF6-B488A0B4A177C6CF&method=full_html">Malnutrition: rates and measures</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930020239/http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?component=article&objectid=09972681-0B23-4AF6-B488A0B4A177C6CF&method=full_html">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> MSF. 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Some insiders say it is also a racist workplace where nonwhite workers get worse pay, less security, and inferior medical care"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/doctors-without-borders-faces-with-allegations-of-racism-and-segregation-2021-9">the original</a> on 5 December 2022. 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Retrieved 11 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=M%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res+is+%27institutionally+racist%27%2C+say+1%2C000+insiders&rft.date=2020-07-10&rft.aulast=McVeigh&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2020%2Fjul%2F10%2Fmedecins-sans-frontieres-institutionally-racist-medical-charity-colonialism-white-supremacy-msf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArie2018" class="citation journal cs1">Arie, Sophie (25 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bmj.com/content/361/bmj.k2788">"Médecins Sans Frontières is focus of new sex scandal in charity sector"</a>. The BMJ. 361: k2788. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.k2788">10.1136/bmj.k2788</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-8138">0959-8138</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29941460">29941460</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49407281">49407281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+BMJ&rft.atitle=M%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res+is+focus+of+new+sex+scandal+in+charity+sector&rft.volume=361&rft.pages=k2788&rft.date=2018-06-25&rft.issn=0959-8138&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A49407281%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29941460&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.k2788&rft.aulast=Arie&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmj.com%2Fcontent%2F361%2Fbmj.k2788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/medecins-sans-frontieres-fired-19-people-for-sexual-abuse-in-2017/a-42592652">"MSF dealt with 24 cases of sex abuse in 2017"</a>. DW News. Deutsche Welle. 14 February 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DW+News&rft.atitle=MSF+dealt+with+24+cases+of+sex+abuse+in+2017&rft.date=2018-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fmedecins-sans-frontieres-fired-19-people-for-sexual-abuse-in-2017%2Fa-42592652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-oxfam-msf-idUSKCN1FY2QC">"Doctors Without Borders fired 19 people for sexual abuse last year"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 14 February 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Doctors+Without+Borders+fired+19+people+for+sexual+abuse+last+year&rft.date=2018-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-britain-oxfam-msf-idUSKCN1FY2QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2018" class="citation news cs1">Adams, Anna (20 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44523086">"Medecins Sans Frontieres staff 'used local prostitutes'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. Retrieved 11 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Medecins+Sans+Frontieres+staff+%27used+local+prostitutes%27&rft.date=2018-06-20&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-44523086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.civilsociety.co.uk/news/msf-apologises-after-bbc-reports-widespread-sexual-misconduct-issues.html">"MSF apologises after BBC reports 'widespread' sexual misconduct issues"</a>. civilsociety.co.uk. Retrieved 11 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=civilsociety.co.uk&rft.atitle=MSF+apologises+after+BBC+reports+%27widespread%27+sexual+misconduct+issues&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilsociety.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmsf-apologises-after-bbc-reports-widespread-sexual-misconduct-issues.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatty2022" class="citation news cs1">Batty, David (26 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/may/26/medecins-sans-frontieres-apologises-for-using-images-of-child-survivor">"Médecins Sans Frontières apologises for using images of child rape survivor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 11 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=M%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res+apologises+for+using+images+of+child+rape+survivor&rft.date=2022-05-26&rft.aulast=Batty&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2022%2Fmay%2F26%2Fmedecins-sans-frontieres-apologises-for-using-images-of-child-survivor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlackRock's_COVID-19_Response-177"><a href="#cite_ref-BlackRock's_COVID-19_Response_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackrock.com/corporate/about-us/social-impact/our-commitment-to-people-and-communities">"BlackRock's COVID-19 Response"</a>. BlackRock. Retrieved 11 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BlackRock&rft.atitle=BlackRock%27s+COVID-19+Response&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackrock.com%2Fcorporate%2Fabout-us%2Fsocial-impact%2Four-commitment-to-people-and-communities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msf.org/mission-impossible-humanitarianism-neutral-or-it-nothing">"Mission impossible: humanitarianism is neutral or it is nothing"</a>. Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) International. Retrieved 11 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res+%28MSF%29+International&rft.atitle=Mission+impossible%3A+humanitarianism+is+neutral+or+it+is+nothing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msf.org%2Fmission-impossible-humanitarianism-neutral-or-it-nothing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-middleeasteye.net-179"><a href="#cite_ref-middleeasteye.net_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUllah2020" class="citation web cs1">Ullah, Areeb (17 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/msf-staff-blackrock-donation-hedge-fund-arms">"'Gut punch': MSF staff wounded by decision to accept Blackrock donation"</a>. Middle East Eye. Retrieved 11 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Eye&rft.atitle=%27Gut+punch%27%3A+MSF+staff+wounded+by+decision+to+accept+Blackrock+donation&rft.date=2020-09-17&rft.aulast=Ullah&rft.aufirst=Areeb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Fmsf-staff-blackrock-donation-hedge-fund-arms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBortolotti,_D.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bortolotti, D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hopeinhell00danb">"Hope in Hell: Inside the World of Doctors Without Borders"</a>. Firefly Books. 97 (11). Buffalo, N.Y.: 1575–1577. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55297-865-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55297-865-8"><bdi>978-1-55297-865-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2594913">2594913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Firefly+Books&rft.atitle=Hope+in+Hell%3A+Inside+the+World+of+Doctors+Without+Borders&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1575-1577&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2594913%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.isbn=978-1-55297-865-8&rft.au=Bortolotti%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhopeinhell00danb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatzWright2004" class="citation journal cs1">Katz IT, Wright AA (2004). "Collateral Damage – Médecins sans Frontières Leaves Afghanistan and Iraq". <a href="/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine" title="The New England Journal of Medicine">The New England Journal of Medicine</a>. 351 (25): 2571–2573. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMp048296">10.1056/NEJMp048296</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15602015">15602015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Collateral+Damage+%E2%80%93+M%C3%A9decins+sans+Fronti%C3%A8res+Leaves+Afghanistan+and+Iraq&rft.volume=351&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=2571-2573&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMp048296&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15602015&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=IT&rft.au=Wright%2C+AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"> (registration required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCallSalama1999" class="citation journal cs1">McCall M, Salama P (1 September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/bmj;318/7176/113">"Selection, training, and support of relief workers: an occupational health issue"</a>. British Medical Journal. 318 (7176): 113–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.318.7176.113">10.1136/bmj.318.7176.113</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1114577">1114577</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9880288">9880288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Selection%2C+training%2C+and+support+of+relief+workers%3A+an+occupational+health+issue&rft.volume=318&rft.issue=7176&rft.pages=113-116&rft.date=1999-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1114577%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9880288&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.318.7176.113&rft.aulast=McCall&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Salama%2C+P&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbmj.bmjjournals.com%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2Fbmj%3B318%2F7176%2F113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber,_Oliver1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Weber" title="Olivier Weber">Weber, Oliver</a> (1995). French Doctors. Robert Laffont.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Doctors&rft.pub=Robert+Laffont&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Weber%2C+Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber,_Oliver2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Weber" title="Olivier Weber">Weber, Oliver</a> (2002). Humanitaires. Félin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanitaires&rft.pub=F%C3%A9lin&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Weber%2C+Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZwi,_A.B.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Zwi, A.B. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC523835">"How Should the Health Community Respond to Violent Political Conflict?"</a>. PLOS Medicine. 1 (1): e14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0010014">10.1371/journal.pmed.0010014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC523835">523835</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15526042">15526042</a>.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_in_conflict_zones" title="Humanitarian aid in conflict zones">in conflict zones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarianism" title="Humanitarianism">Humanitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_principles" title="Humanitarian principles">Humanitarian principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">International humanitarian law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1850s, Creation of the Red Cross</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunant" title="Henry Dunant">Henry Dunant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solferino" title="Battle of Solferino">Battle of Solferino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Memory_of_Solferino" title="A Memory of Solferino">A Memory of Solferino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Cross Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Humanitarian_Fact-Finding_Commission" title="International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission">International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post <a href="/wiki/WWII" class="mw-redirect" title="WWII">WWII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Nations" title="History of the United Nations">History of the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" title="Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees">1951 Refugee Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st-century reform attempts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Humanitarian_Summit" title="World Humanitarian Summit">World Humanitarian Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Bargain_(humanitarian_reform)" title="Grand Bargain (humanitarian reform)">Grand Bargain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localisation_(humanitarian_practice)" title="Localisation (humanitarian practice)">Localisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian-Development_Nexus" title="Humanitarian-Development Nexus">Humanitarian-Development Nexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Agency_Standing_Committee" title="Inter-Agency Standing Committee">Inter-Agency Standing Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_Cluster_System" title="Humanitarian Cluster System">Humanitarian Cluster System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Humanitarian organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UN agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commission_for_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations High Commission for Refugees">UNHCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">OCHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">IOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">WFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Cross Movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seville_Agreement" title="Seville Agreement">Seville Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">ICRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">The Federation (IFRC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="List of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">National Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblems_of_the_International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Protective Emblems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Against_Hunger" title="Action Against Hunger">Action Against Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Catholic Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARE_International" title="CARE International">CARE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Refugee_Council" title="Danish Refugee Council">Danish Refugee Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Medical_Corps" title="International Medical Corps">International Medical Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Rescue_Committee" title="International Rescue Committee">International Rescue Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Relief" title="Islamic Relief">Islamic Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_du_Monde" title="Médecins du Monde">Médecins du Monde</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Médecins Sans Frontières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_Corps" title="Mercy Corps">Mercy Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Refugee_Council" title="Norwegian Refugee Council">Norwegian Refugee Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Girls_International" title="Guardian Girls International">Guardian Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_the_Children_International" title="Save the Children International">Save the Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vision_International" title="World Vision International">World Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyamada_International_Foundation" title="Koyamada International Foundation">Koyamada International Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consortiums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_for_Empowered_Aid_Response" title="Network for Empowered Aid Response">NEAR Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALP_Network" title="CALP Network">CALP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Refugee-Led_Network" title="Global Refugee-Led Network">Global Refugee-Led Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRAC_(organisation)" title="BRAC (organisation)">BRAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adeso" title="Adeso">Adeso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_for_Refugee_Voices" title="Network for Refugee Voices">Network for Refugee Voices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Relief_and_Reconstruction_Foundation" title="Yemen Relief and Reconstruction Foundation">Yemen Relief and Reconstruction Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analysis and reporting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Development_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Development Institute">ODI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALNAP" title="ALNAP">ALNAP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_State_of_the_Humanitarian_System" title="The State of the Humanitarian System">The State of the Humanitarian System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Humanitarian" title="The New Humanitarian">The New Humanitarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReliefWeb" title="ReliefWeb">ReliefWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Humanitarian_Overview" title="Global Humanitarian Overview">Global Humanitarian Overview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Degan_Ali" title="Degan Ali">Degan Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Egeland" title="Jan Egeland">Jan Egeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christos_Christou" title="Christos Christou">Christos Christou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnie_Byanyima" title="Winnie Byanyima">Winnie Byanyima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Griffiths" title="Martin Griffiths">Martin Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemilah_Mahmood" title="Jemilah Mahmood">Jemilah Mahmood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Slim" title="Hugo Slim">Hugo Slim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Maurer" title="Peter Maurer">Peter Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Orbinski" title="James Orbinski">James Orbinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Kiddell-Monroe" title="Rachel Kiddell-Monroe">Rachel Kiddell-Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacKenzie_Scott" title="MacKenzie Scott">MacKenzie Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melinda_Gates" class="mw-redirect" title="Melinda Gates">Melinda Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamshedji_Tata" title="Jamshedji Tata">Jamshedji Tata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Buffett" title="Warren Buffett">Warren Buffett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Donors and funding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Emergency_Response_Fund" title="Central Emergency Response Fund">CERF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">USAID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_International_Cooperation_Agency" title="Japan International Cooperation Agency">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">FCDO (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Agency_for_Development_Cooperation" title="Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_European_Civil_Protection_and_Humanitarian_Aid_Operations" title="Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations">ECHO (EU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_International_Development_Agency" title="Canadian International Development Agency">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cooperation_and_Coordination_Agency" title="Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Development_Agency" title="French Development Agency">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_and_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yield_Giving" title="Yield Giving">Yield Giving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major emergencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Chinese_Famine_of_1876%E2%80%931879" title="Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879">Chinese Famine of 1870s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1876%E2%80%9378" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Famine of 1876–78">Great Indian Famine of 1870s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983%E2%80%9385_famine_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="1983–85 famine in Ethiopia">Ethiopian famine 1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">2004 tsunami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">2010 Haiti earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_East_Africa_drought" title="2011 East Africa drought">2011 East Africa drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Haiyan" title="Typhoon Haiyan">Typhoon Haiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Civil_War" title="Central African Republic Civil War">Central African Republic Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western African Ebola virus epidemic">Western African Ebola outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="South Sudanese Civil War">South Sudanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards, power, abuse</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CHS_Alliance" title="CHS Alliance">CHS Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_exploitation_and_abuse_in_humanitarian_response" title="Sexual exploitation and abuse in humanitarian response">Sexual exploitation and abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Humanitarian_Standard_on_Quality_and_Accountability" title="Core Humanitarian Standard on Quality and Accountability">Core Humanitarian Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_(organization)" title="Sphere (organization)">Sphere (organization)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_Handbook" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphere Handbook">Sphere Handbook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_State_of_the_World%27s_Cash_2020" title="The State of the World's Cash 2020">The State of the World's Cash 2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aid worker safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_humanitarian_workers" title="Attacks on humanitarian workers">Attacks on humanitarian workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aid_Worker_Security_Database" title="Aid Worker Security Database">Aid Worker Security Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Humanitarian_Day" title="World Humanitarian Day">World Humanitarian Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Care_In_Danger" title="Health Care In Danger">Health Care In Danger Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunduz_hospital_airstrike" title="Kunduz hospital airstrike">Kunduz hospital airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airstrikes_on_Yemen" title="Airstrikes on Yemen">Airstrikes on Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolo_hospital_airstrike" title="Dolo hospital airstrike">Dolo hospital airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Rights">Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_development" title="International development">International development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">Neocolonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 European migrant crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_Centres_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Detention Centres in Libya">Detention Centres in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_mapping" title="Crisis mapping">Crisis mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_Networks_and_Partnerships_Weeks" title="Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Weeks">Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic">United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aid_effectiveness" title="Aid effectiveness">Aid effectiveness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1901_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1901 Nobel Peace Prize">1901</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunant" title="Henry Dunant">Henry Dunant</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy" title="Frédéric Passy">Frédéric Passy</a></li> <li>1902: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Ducommun" title="Élie Ducommun">Élie Ducommun</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat" title="Charles Albert Gobat">Charles Gobat</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Randal_Cremer" title="Randal Cremer">Randal Cremer</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Droit_International" title="Institut de Droit International">Institut de Droit International</a></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta" title="Ernesto Teodoro Moneta">Ernesto Moneta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Renault_(jurist)" title="Louis Renault (jurist)">Louis Renault</a></li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/Klas_Pontus_Arnoldson" title="Klas Pontus Arnoldson">Klas Arnoldson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Bajer" title="Fredrik Bajer">Fredrik Bajer</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Beernaert" title="Auguste Beernaert">A. M. F. Beernaert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Henri_Balluet_d%27Estournelles_de_Constant" title="Paul Henri Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant">Paul Estournelles de Constant</a></li> <li>1910: <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Bureau" title="International Peace Bureau">International Peace Bureau</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Asser" title="Tobias Asser">Tobias Asser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hermann_Fried" title="Alfred Hermann Fried">Alfred Fried</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/Henri_La_Fontaine" title="Henri La Fontaine">Henri La Fontaine</a></li> <li>1914</li> <li>1915</li> <li>1916</li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></li> <li>1918</li> <li>1919: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Léon Bourgeois</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Hjalmar Branting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lous_Lange" title="Christian Lous Lange">Christian Lange</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a></li> <li>1923</li> <li>1924</li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles Dawes</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Buisson" title="Ferdinand Buisson">Ferdinand Buisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Quidde" title="Ludwig Quidde">Ludwig Quidde</a></li> <li>1928</li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Nathan_S%C3%B6derblom" title="Nathan Söderblom">Nathan Söderblom</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Butler</a></li> <li>1932</li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Angell" title="Norman Angell">Norman Angell</a></li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Ossietzky" title="Carl von Ossietzky">Carl von Ossietzky</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Saavedra_Lamas" title="Carlos Saavedra Lamas">Carlos Saavedra Lamas</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood">Robert Cecil</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Nansen_International_Office_for_Refugees" title="Nansen International Office for Refugees">Nansen International Office for Refugees</a></li> <li>1939</li> <li>1940</li> <li>1941</li> <li>1942</li> <li>1943</li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Emily_Greene_Balch" title="Emily Greene Balch">Emily Balch</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Mott" title="John Mott">John Mott</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Friends Service Council</a> / <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a></li> <li>1948</li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr" title="John Boyd Orr">John Boyd Orr</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1951: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Jouhaux" title="Léon Jouhaux">Léon Jouhaux</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></li> <li>1955</li> <li>1956</li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Pire" title="Dominique Pire">Georges Pire</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Noel-Baker" title="Philip Noel-Baker">Philip Noel-Baker</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> / <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">League of Red Cross Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1964 Nobel Peace Prize">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1965 Nobel Peace Prize">1965</a>: <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1966 Nobel Peace Prize">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1967 Nobel Peace Prize">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1968 Nobel Peace Prize">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin" title="René Cassin">René Cassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1969 Nobel Peace Prize">1969</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1970 Nobel Peace Prize">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1971 Nobel Peace Prize">1971</a>: <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a></li> <li>1972</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1973 Nobel Peace Prize">1973</a>: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Lê Đức Thọ">Lê Đức Thọ</a> (declined award) / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Eisaku Satō</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Betty_Williams" title="Betty Williams">Betty Williams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mairead_Maguire" title="Mairead Maguire">Mairead Corrigan</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_P%C3%A9rez_Esquivel" title="Adolfo Pérez Esquivel">Adolfo Pérez Esquivel</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Garc%C3%ADa_Robles" title="Alfonso García Robles">Alfonso García Robles</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War">International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias">Óscar Arias</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">UN Peacekeeping Forces</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs">Pugwash Conferences</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Filipe_Ximenes_Belo" title="Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo">Carlos Belo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">José Ramos-Horta</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">International Campaign to Ban Landmines</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jody_Williams" title="Jody Williams">Jody Williams</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/John_Hume" title="John Hume">John Hume</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Trimble" title="David Trimble">David Trimble</a></li> <li>1999: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Médecins Sans Frontières</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Nobel Peace Prize">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Nobel Peace Prize">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Nobel Peace Prize">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Nobel Peace Prize">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2005 Nobel Peace Prize">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Nobel Peace Prize">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grameen_Bank" title="Grameen Bank">Grameen Bank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2007 Nobel Peace Prize">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Nobel Peace Prize">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2010 Nobel Peace Prize">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2011 Nobel Peace Prize">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leymah_Gbowee" title="Leymah Gbowee">Leymah Gbowee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman" title="Tawakkol Karman">Tawakkol Karman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2013 Nobel Peace Prize">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2014 Nobel Peace Prize">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kailash_Satyarthi" title="Kailash Satyarthi">Kailash Satyarthi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2015 Nobel Peace Prize">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet" title="Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet">Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2016 Nobel Peace Prize">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2017 Nobel Peace Prize">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Abolish_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons">International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2018 Nobel Peace Prize">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Denis_Mukwege" title="Denis Mukwege">Denis Mukwege</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Murad" title="Nadia Murad">Nadia Murad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2019 Nobel Peace Prize">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Abiy Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2020 Nobel Peace Prize">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2021 Nobel Peace Prize">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Muratov" title="Dmitry Muratov">Dmitry Muratov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2022 Nobel Peace Prize">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ales_Bialiatski" title="Ales Bialiatski">Ales Bialiatski</a> / <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Civil_Liberties_(human_rights_organization)" title="Center for Civil Liberties (human rights organization)">Center for Civil Liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2023 Nobel Peace Prize">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Narges_Mohammadi" title="Narges Mohammadi">Narges Mohammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2024 Nobel Peace Prize">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Hidankyo" title="Nihon Hidankyo">Nihon Hidankyo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/1999_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1999 Nobel Prize in Literature">1999</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Médecins Sans Frontières</a> (Switzerland)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">Gerard 't Hooft</a> (Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Martinus J. G. Veltman</a> (Netherlands)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Günter Blobel</a> (Germany/United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mundell" title="Robert Mundell">Robert Mundell</a> (Canada)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1994_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1994 Nobel Prize winners">1994</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1995_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1995 Nobel Prize winners">1995</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1996_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1996 Nobel Prize winners">1996</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1997_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1997 Nobel Prize winners">1997</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1998_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1998 Nobel Prize winners">1998</a></dd> <dd>1999 </dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2000_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2000 Nobel Prize winners">2000</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2001_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2001 Nobel Prize winners">2001</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2002_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2002 Nobel Prize winners">2002</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2003_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2003 Nobel Prize winners">2003</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2004_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2004 Nobel Prize winners">2004</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#99d6ff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" title="Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Concord"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" title="Template talk:Princess of Asturias Award for Concord"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Concord"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince or Princess of Asturias Award</a> for Concord</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Prince_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prince of Asturias Award for Concord</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Vicariate_of_Solidarity" title="Vicariate of Solidarity">Vicariate of Solidarity</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Villa_El_Salvador" title="Villa El Salvador">Villa El Salvador</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic</a> Communities</li> <li>1991: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Médecins Sans Frontières</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicus_Mundi_International" title="Medicus Mundi International">Medicus Mundi</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/AmfAR" title="AmfAR">American Foundation for AIDS Research (amfAR)</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Gesto_por_la_Paz" title="Gesto por la Paz">Association for Peace in the Basque Country</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Movement_of_Street_Children&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Movement of Street Children (page does not exist)">National Movement of Street Children</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Messengers_of_Peace_(Spain)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Messengers of Peace (Spain) (page does not exist)">Messengers of Peace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Save_the_Children" title="Save the Children">Save the Children</a></li> <li>1995: H.M. <a href="/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan" title="Hussein of Jordan">Hussein I</a>, king of Jordan</li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Adolfo Suárez">Adolfo Suárez</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich">Mstislav Rostropovich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a></li> <li>1998: Nicolás Castellanos, <a href="/wiki/Vicen%C3%A7_Ferrer_Moncho" title="Vicenç Ferrer Moncho">Vicente Ferrer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sanz_Gadea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joaquín Sanz Gadea (page does not exist)">Joaquín Sanz Gadea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Caritas_Spain" title="Caritas Spain">Caritas Spain</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">Royal Spanish Academy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Academies_of_the_Spanish_Language" title="Association of Academies of the Spanish Language">Association of Academies of the Spanish Language</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves">World Network of Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a></li> <li>2004: The <a href="/wiki/Camino_de_Santiago" title="Camino de Santiago">Way of St. James</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Charity_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul">Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dngrid_Betancourt" title="Íngrid Betancourt">Íngrid Betancourt</a></li> <li>2009: The City of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manos_Unidas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manos Unidas (page does not exist)">Manos Unidas</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_50" title="Fukushima 50">Fukushima 50</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Federation_of_Food_Banks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish Federation of Food Banks (page does not exist)">Spanish Federation of Food Banks</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/ONCE" title="ONCE">Spanish Organization for the Blind (ONCE)</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Caddy_Adzuba" title="Caddy Adzuba">Caddy Adzuba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Princess of Asturias Award for Concord</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Hospitallers_of_Saint_John_of_God" title="Brothers Hospitallers of Saint John of God">Hospitaller Order of St John of God</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/SOS_Children%27s_Villages" title="SOS Children's Villages">SOS Children's Villages</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia A. Earle</a></li> <li>2019: The City of <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a></li> <li>2020: Spanish health workers on the front line against <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Spain">COVID-19</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Andr%C3%A9s" title="José Andrés">José Andrés</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Central_Kitchen" title="World Central Kitchen">World Central Kitchen</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Ban" title="Shigeru Ban">Shigeru Ban</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Mary%27s_Meals" title="Mary's Meals">Mary's Meals</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Magnum_Photos" title="Magnum Photos">Magnum Photos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sans_Frontières/Without_Borders_NGOs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sansfrontieres" title="Template:Sansfrontieres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sansfrontieres" title="Template talk:Sansfrontieres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sansfrontieres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sansfrontieres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sans_Frontières/Without_Borders_NGOs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sans Frontières/Without Borders <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGOs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arxivers_sense_Fronteres" title="Arxivers sense Fronteres">Arxivers sense Fronteres</a> (Archivers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avocats_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Avocats Sans Frontières">Avocats Sans Frontières</a> (Lawyers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemists_Without_Borders" title="Chemists Without Borders">Chemists Without Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89coles_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Écoles Sans Frontières">Écoles Sans Frontières</a> (Schools)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineers_Without_Borders" title="Engineers Without Borders">Engineers Without Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawyers_Without_Borders" title="Lawyers Without Borders">Lawyers Without Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Librarians_Without_Borders" title="Librarians Without Borders">Librarians Without Borders</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Médecins Sans Frontières</a> (Doctors)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaciens_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Pharmaciens Sans Frontières">Pharmaciens Sans Frontières</a> (Pharmacists)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociologists_Without_Borders" title="Sociologists Without Borders">Sociologists Without Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9coms_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Télécoms Sans Frontières">Télécoms Sans Frontières</a> (Telecommunications)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translators_Without_Borders" title="Translators Without Borders">Translators Without Borders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49330#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49330#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49330#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121902765">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110129674">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/147153145">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1244149296185480670001">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/544443/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5036803-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80059486">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11877239d">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11877239d">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00367357">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36079791">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko20010087747&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/tr575xwc399j3vd">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265745405171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058530125606706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08640083?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/27807">Museum of Modern Art</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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