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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Nature_of_greed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature_of_greed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Nature of greed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature_of_greed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_of_greed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_of_greed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Views of greed</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Views_of_greed-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Views of greed subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Views_of_greed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>In animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ancient views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aristophanes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aristophanes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Aristophanes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aristophanes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lucretius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lucretius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Lucretius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lucretius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epictetus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epictetus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Epictetus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epictetus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-St._Ambrose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#St._Ambrose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>St. Ambrose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-St._Ambrose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Ancient China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Medieval Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Augustine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Augustine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Augustine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Augustine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquinas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquinas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Aquinas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquinas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dante" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dante"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Dante</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dante-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chaucer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chaucer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Chaucer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chaucer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Early modern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Luther" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luther"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Luther</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luther-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Montaigne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montaigne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Montaigne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montaigne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spinoza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spinoza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Spinoza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spinoza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Locke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laurence_Sterne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laurence_Sterne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.5</span> <span>Laurence Sterne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laurence_Sterne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rousseau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rousseau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.6</span> <span>Rousseau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rousseau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adam_Smith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adam_Smith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.7</span> <span>Adam Smith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adam_Smith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edward_Gibbon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edward_Gibbon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.8</span> <span>Edward Gibbon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edward_Gibbon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-John_Stuart_Mill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Stuart_Mill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>John Stuart Mill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Stuart_Mill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goethe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goethe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Goethe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goethe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marx" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marx"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>Marx</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marx-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meher_Baba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meher_Baba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.4</span> <span>Meher Baba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meher_Baba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paul_VI_/_John_Paul_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paul_VI_/_John_Paul_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.5</span> <span>Paul VI / John Paul II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paul_VI_/_John_Paul_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ivan_Boesky" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ivan_Boesky"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.6</span> <span>Ivan Boesky</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ivan_Boesky-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-David_Klemm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David_Klemm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.7</span> <span>David Klemm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David_Klemm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inspirations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inspirations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Inspirations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inspirations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%85%D8%B9" title="طمع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طمع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habgier" title="Habgier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Habgier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Απληστία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απληστία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaremo" title="Avaremo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Avaremo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupidit%C3%A9" title="Cupidité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cupidité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD" title="लोभ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लोभ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ದುರಾಸೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದುರಾಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD" title="लोभ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लोभ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamakan" title="Ketamakan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ketamakan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baxillik" title="Baxillik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Baxillik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gan%C3%A2ncia" title="Ganância – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ganância" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakmia" title="Lakmia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lakmia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greed" title="Greed – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Greed" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarraac" title="Qarraac – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qarraac" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B0" title="โลภะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โลภะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Жадібність – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жадібність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%86" title="لالچ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لالچ" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Greed_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Greed (disambiguation)">Greed (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Avarice" and "Avaritia" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Avarice_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Avarice (disambiguation)">Avarice (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avaritia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Avaritia (disambiguation)">Avaritia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_worship_of_Mammon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_worship_of_Mammon.jpg/260px-The_worship_of_Mammon.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_worship_of_Mammon.jpg/390px-The_worship_of_Mammon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_worship_of_Mammon.jpg/520px-The_worship_of_Mammon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8601" data-file-height="10441" /></a><figcaption>1909 painting <i>The Worship of <a href="/wiki/Mammon" title="Mammon">Mammon</a>, </i>the New Testament representation and personification of material greed<i>, </i> by <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_De_Morgan" title="Evelyn De Morgan">Evelyn De Morgan</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="sidebar-list-title-c">Emotions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance" title="Acceptance">Acceptance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiration" title="Admiration">Admiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amusement" title="Amusement">Amusement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Anger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguish" title="Anguish">Anguish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance" title="Annoyance">Annoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticipation" title="Anticipation">Anticipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">Apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awe" title="Awe">Awe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belongingness" title="Belongingness">Belongingness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">Confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt" title="Contempt">Contempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">Contentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">Curiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determination" title="Determination">Determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappointment" title="Disappointment">Disappointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distrust" title="Distrust">Distrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubt" title="Doubt">Doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation_(emotion)" title="Elevation (emotion)">Elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_detachment" title="Emotional detachment">Emotional Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">Enthusiasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustration" title="Frustration">Frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratification" title="Gratification">Gratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">Hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_and_terror" title="Horror and terror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">Hostility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy" title="Joy">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">Loneliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrage_(emotion)" title="Outrage (emotion)">Outrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(emotion)" title="Rage (emotion)">Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regret" title="Regret">Regret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_(emotion)" title="Relief (emotion)">Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remorse" title="Remorse">Remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resentment" title="Resentment">Resentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadness" title="Sadness">Sadness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pity" title="Self-pity">Self-pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyness" title="Shyness">Shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">Social connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(emotion)" title="Sorrow (emotion)">Sorrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">Surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicion_(emotion)" title="Suspicion (emotion)">Suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)" title="Wonder (emotion)">Wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry" title="Worry">Worry</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emotion_sidebar" title="Template:Emotion sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emotion_sidebar" title="Template talk:Emotion sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gillray_Shakespeare_Sacrificed_20_June_1789.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gillray_Shakespeare_Sacrificed_20_June_1789.jpg/170px-Gillray_Shakespeare_Sacrificed_20_June_1789.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gillray_Shakespeare_Sacrificed_20_June_1789.jpg/255px-Gillray_Shakespeare_Sacrificed_20_June_1789.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gillray_Shakespeare_Sacrificed_20_June_1789.jpg/340px-Gillray_Shakespeare_Sacrificed_20_June_1789.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="846" /></a><figcaption><i>Shakespeare Sacrificed: Or the Offering to Avarice</i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Gillray" title="James Gillray">James Gillray</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Father_and_Mother.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_Father_and_Mother.jpg/220px-The_Father_and_Mother.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_Father_and_Mother.jpg/330px-The_Father_and_Mother.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_Father_and_Mother.jpg/440px-The_Father_and_Mother.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption><i>The Father and Mother</i> by <a href="/wiki/Boardman_Robinson" title="Boardman Robinson">Boardman Robinson</a> depicting War as the offspring of Greed and Pride</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Greed</b> (or <b>avarice</b>) is an insatiable desire for material gain (be it food, money, land, or animate/inanimate possessions) or social value, such as <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">status</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nature_of_greed">Nature of greed</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nature of greed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The initial motivation for (or purpose of) greed and actions associated with it may be the promotion of personal or family survival. It may at the same time be an intent to deny or obstruct competitors from potential means (for basic survival and comfort) or future opportunities; therefore being insidious or <a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">tyrannical</a> and having a negative connotation. Alternately, the purpose could be defense or counteractive response to such obstructions being threatened by others. </p><p>Modern economic thought frequently distinguishes <i>greed</i> from <i>self-interest</i>, even in its earliest works,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and spends considerable effort distinguishing the line between the two. By the mid-19th century – affected by the phenomenological ideas of <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a> – economic and political thinkers began to define greed inherent to the structure of society as a negative and inhibitor to the development of societies.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a> wrote, "The world is not so governed from above that private and social interest always coincide. It is not so managed here below that in practice they coincide."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both views continue to pose fundamental questions in today's economic thinking.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a> posited that the spirit of capitalism integrated a philosophy of avarice coloured with utilitarianism.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weber also says that, according to <a href="/wiki/Protestant_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant ethic">Protestant ethic</a>, "Wealth is thus bad ethically only in so far as it is a temptation to idleness and sinful enjoyment of life, and its acquisition is bad only when it is with the purpose of later living merrily and without care." </p><p>As a secular psychological concept, greed is an inordinate <a href="/wiki/Desire_(emotion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Desire (emotion)">desire</a> to acquire or possess more than one needs. The degree of inordinance is related to the inability to control the reformulation of "wants" once desired "needs" are eliminated. It is characterized by an insatiable desire for more, but also a dissatisfaction with what one currently has.<sup id="cite_ref-Seuntjens2015a_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seuntjens2015a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a> described greed as "a bottomless pit which exhausts the person in an endless effort to satisfy the need without ever reaching satisfaction". An individual's tendency to be greedy can be seen as a personality trait that can be measured.<sup id="cite_ref-Seuntjens2015b_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seuntjens2015b-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With measures like these, greed has been found to be related to financial behavior (both positive in earning and negative in borrowing/saving less), to unethical behavior, and to negatively relate to well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-Zeelenberg2022_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeelenberg2022-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_of_greed">Views of greed</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Views of greed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_animals">In animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Animal examples of greed in literary observations are frequently the attribution of human motivations to other species. The <i>dog-in-the-manger</i>, or <i>piggish</i> behaviors are typical examples. Characterizations of the <a href="/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">wolverine</a> (whose scientific name <i>(Gulo gulo)</i> means "glutton") remark both on its outsized appetite, and its penchant for spoiling food remaining after it has gorged.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_views">Ancient views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ancient views of greed abound in nearly every culture. In Classical Greek thought; <i><a href="/wiki/Pleonexia" title="Pleonexia">pleonexy</a></i> (an unjust desire for tangible/intangible worth attaining to others) is discussed in the works of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pan-Hellenic disapprobation of greed is seen by the mythic punishment meted to <a href="/wiki/Tantalus" title="Tantalus">Tantalus</a>, from whom ever-present food and water is eternally withheld. Late-Republican and Imperial politicians and historical writers fixed blame for the demise of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> on greed for wealth and power, from <a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the <a href="/wiki/Gracchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracchi">Gracchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>. The Persian Empires had the three-headed Zoroastrian demon <a href="/wiki/Zahhak" title="Zahhak">Aži Dahāka</a> (representing unslaked desire) as a fixed part of their folklore. In the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmashastras</a> the "root of all immorality is <i>lobha</i> (greed).",<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as stated in the <i>Laws of Manu (7:49)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early China, both the <a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Mountains_and_Seas" title="Classic of Mountains and Seas">Shai jan jing</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zuo_zhuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuo zhuan">Zuo zhuan</a> texts count the greedy <a href="/wiki/Taotie" title="Taotie">Taotie</a> among the malevolent <a href="/wiki/Four_Perils" title="Four Perils">Four Perils</a> besetting gods and men. North American Indian tales often cast bears as proponents of greed (considered a major threat in a <a href="/wiki/Communal_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Communal society">communal society</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greed is also personified by the fox in early allegoric literature of many lands.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greed (as a cultural quality) was often imputed as a racial pejorative by the ancient Greeks and Romans; as such it was used against Egyptians, Punics, or other Oriental peoples;<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and generally to any enemies or people whose customs were considered strange. By the late Middle Ages the insult was widely directed towards Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Books of Moses</a>, the commandments of the sole deity are written in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">book of Exodus</a> (20:2-17), and again in <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> (5:6-21); two of these particularly deal directly with greed, prohibiting <i>theft</i> and <i>covetousness</i>. These commandments are moral foundations of not only <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, but also of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> among others. The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> advises <i>do not spend wastefully, indeed, the wasteful are brothers of the devils...</i>, but it also says <i>do not make your hand [as though] chained to your neck..."</i><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Christian <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a> quote <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> as saying, <i>""Watch out! Be on your guard against all kinds of greed; a man's life does not consist in the abundance of his possessions"</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>"For everything in the world—the lust of the flesh, the lust of the eyes, and the pride of life—comes not from the Father but from the world."</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aristophanes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In the <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> satire <i><a href="/wiki/Plutus_(play)" title="Plutus (play)">Plutus</a></i>, an Athenian and his slave say to <a href="/wiki/Plutus" title="Plutus">Plutus</a>, the god of wealth, that while men may become weary of greed for love, music, figs, and other pleasures, they will never tire of greed for wealth:</p><blockquote><p>If a man has thirteen talents, he has all the greater ardour to possess sixteen; if that wish is achieved, he will want forty or will complain that he knows not how to make both ends meet.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lucretius">Lucretius</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lucretius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a> thought that the <a href="/wiki/Fear_of_dying" class="mw-redirect" title="Fear of dying">fear of dying</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> were major drivers of greed, with dangerous consequences for morality and order:</p><blockquote><div class="poem"> <p><i>And greed, again, and the blind lust of honours</i><br />      <i>Which force poor wretches past the bounds of law,</i><br />      <i>And, oft allies and ministers of crime,</i><br />      <i>To push through nights and days with hugest toil</i><br />      <i>To rise untrammelled to the peaks of power—</i><br />      <i>These wounds of life in no mean part are kept</i><br />      <i>Festering and open by this fright of death.</i><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Epictetus">Epictetus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Epictetus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The Roman <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Epictetus" title="Epictetus">Epictetus</a> also saw the dangerous moral consequences of greed, and so advised the greedy to instead take pride in letting go of the desire for wealth, rather than be like the man with a fever who cannot drink his fill:</p><blockquote><p>Nay, what a price the rich themselves, and those who hold office, and who live with beautiful wives, would give to despise wealth and office and the very women whom they love and win! Do you not know what the thirst of a man in a fever is like, how different from the thirst of a man in health? The healthy man drinks and his thirst is gone: the other is delighted for a moment and then grows giddy, the water turns to gall, and he vomits and has colic, and is more exceeding thirsty. Such is the condition of the man who is haunted by desire in wealth or in office, and in wedlock with a lovely woman: jealousy clings to him, fear of loss, shameful words, shameful thoughts, unseemly deeds.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques_Callot,_Greed,_probably_after_1621,_NGA_5366.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jacques_Callot%2C_Greed%2C_probably_after_1621%2C_NGA_5366.jpg/220px-Jacques_Callot%2C_Greed%2C_probably_after_1621%2C_NGA_5366.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jacques_Callot%2C_Greed%2C_probably_after_1621%2C_NGA_5366.jpg/330px-Jacques_Callot%2C_Greed%2C_probably_after_1621%2C_NGA_5366.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jacques_Callot%2C_Greed%2C_probably_after_1621%2C_NGA_5366.jpg/440px-Jacques_Callot%2C_Greed%2C_probably_after_1621%2C_NGA_5366.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2539" data-file-height="3244" /></a><figcaption>Jacques Callot, <i>Greed</i>, probably after 1621</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="St._Ambrose">St. Ambrose</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: St. Ambrose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his exegesis on Naboth (<i>De Nabute</i>, 389) <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose of Milan</a> writes "omnium est terra, non diuitam,sed pauciores qui non utuntur suo quam qui utuntur",<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> translated by Pope Paul VI as " The earth belongs to everyone, not only to the rich."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His belief is that our concern for one another is the force which creates society and holds it together; and that avarice destroys this bond.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> " </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_China">Ancient China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ancient China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a>, the semi-legendary founder of <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, was critical of the desire for profit over social good. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a></i>, Laozi observes that "the more implements to add to their profit that the people have, the greater disorder is there in the state and clan."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a> believed that selfishness and greed were fundamental aspects of <a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">human nature</a> and that society must endeavor to suppress these negative tendencies through strict laws.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This belief was the basis of <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">legalism</a>, a philosophy that would become the prevailing ideology of the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> and continues to be influential in China today. </p><p>Conversely, the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhu" title="Yang Zhu">Yang Zhu</a> was known for his embrace of total self-interest. However, the school of <a href="/wiki/Yangism" title="Yangism">Yangism</a> did not specifically endorse greed; rather, it emphasized a form of <a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">hedonism</a> where individual well-being takes precedence over all else.<sup id="cite_ref-deutsch_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deutsch-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a> was convinced of the innate goodness of human nature, but nevertheless warned against the excessive drive towards greed. Like Laozi, he was worried about the destabilizing and destructive effects of greed: "In a case where the lord of a state of ten thousand chariots is murdered, it must be by a family with a thousand chariots. In a case where the lord of a state of a thousand chariots is murdered, it must be by a family with a hundred chariots. One thousand out of ten thousand, or one hundred out of a thousand, cannot be considered to not be a lot. But if righteousness is put behind and profit is put ahead, one will not be satisfied without grasping [from others]."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Europe">Medieval Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Medieval Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Augustine">Augustine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Augustine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In the fifth century, <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine</a> wrote:</p><blockquote><p>Greed is not a defect in the gold that is desired but in the man who loves it perversely by falling from justice which he ought to esteem as incomparably superior to gold [...]<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aquinas">Aquinas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Aquinas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> states greed "is a sin against God, just as all mortal sins, in as much as man condemns things eternal for the sake of temporal things."<sup id="cite_ref-st3118_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-st3118-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: A1">: A1 </span></sup> He also wrote that greed can be "a sin directly against one's neighbor, since one man cannot over-abound (superabundare) in external riches, without another man lacking them, for temporal goods cannot be possessed by many at the same time." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dante">Dante</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dante"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante's</a> 14th century epic poem <i><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a></i> assigns those committed to the deadly sin of greed to punishment in the fourth of the nine circles of Hell. The inhabitants are <a href="/wiki/Miser" title="Miser">misers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compulsive_hoarding" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsive hoarding">hoarders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spendthrift" title="Spendthrift">spendthrifts</a>; they must constantly battle one another. The guiding spirit, <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, tells the poet these souls have lost their personality in their disorder, and are no longer recognizable: <i>"That ignoble life, Which made them vile before, now makes them dark, And to all knowledge indiscernible."</i><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Dante's <i><a href="/wiki/Purgatorio" title="Purgatorio">Purgatory</a></i>, avaricious penitents were bound and laid face down on the ground for having concentrated too much on earthly thoughts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chaucer">Chaucer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chaucer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dante's near-contemporary, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>, wrote of greed in his <i>Prologue to <a href="/wiki/The_Pardoner%27s_Tale" title="The Pardoner's Tale">The Pardoner's Tale</a></i> these words: <i>"Radix malorum est Cupiditas"</i>(or "the root of all evil is greed");<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however the Pardoner himself serves us as a caricature of churchly greed.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_Europe">Early modern Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Early modern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Luther">Luther</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Luther"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> especially condemned the greed of the <a href="/wiki/Usurer" class="mw-redirect" title="Usurer">usurer</a>:</p><blockquote><p>Therefore, is there, on this earth, no greater enemy of man (after the devil) than a gripe-money, and usurer, for he wants to be God over all men. Turks, soldiers, and tyrants are also bad men, yet must they let the people live, and confess that they are bad, and enemies, and do, nay, must, now and then show pity to some. But a usurer and money-glutton, such a one would have the whole world perish of hunger and thirst, misery and want, so far as in him lies, so that he may have all to himself, and everyone may receive from him as from a God, and be his serf forever. To wear fine cloaks, golden chains, rings, to wipe his mouth, to be deemed and taken for a worthy, pious man .... Usury is a great huge monster, like a werewolf, who lays waste all, more than any <a href="/wiki/Cacus" title="Cacus">Cacus</a>, Gerion or Antus. And yet decks himself out, and would be thought pious, so that people may not see where the oxen have gone, that he drags backward into his den.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Montaigne">Montaigne</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Montaigne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Michel de Montaigne</a> thought that 'it is not want, but rather abundance, that creates avarice', that 'All moneyed men I conclude to be covetous', and that:</p><blockquote><p>'tis the greatest folly imaginable to expect that fortune should ever sufficiently arm us against herself; 'tis with our own arms that we are to fight her; accidental ones will betray us in the pinch of the business. If I lay up, 'tis for some near and contemplated purpose; not to purchase lands, of which I have no need, but to purchase pleasure: </p><p> <i>"Non esse cupidum, pecunia est; non esse emacem, vertigal est."</i> </p><p> <i>["Not to be covetous, is money; not to be acquisitive, is revenue."</i> <i> —Cicero, Paradox., vi. 3.]</i> </p><p>I neither am in any great apprehension of wanting, nor in desire of any more: </p><p> <i>"Divinarum fructus est in copia; copiam declarat satietas."</i> </p><p> <i>["The fruit of riches is in abundance; satiety declares abundance."</i> <i>—Idem, ibid., vi. 2.]</i> </p><p> And I am very well pleased that this reformation in me has fallen out in an age naturally inclined to avarice, and that I see myself cleared of a folly so common to old men, and the most ridiculous of all human follies.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spinoza">Spinoza</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Spinoza"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a> thought that the masses were concerned with money-making more than any other activity, since, he believed, it seemed to them like spending money was prerequisite for enjoying any goods and services.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet he did not consider this preoccupation to be necessarily a form of greed, and felt that the ethics of the situation were nuanced:</p><blockquote><p>This result is the fault only of those, who seek money, not from poverty or to supply their necessary wants, but because they have learned the arts of gain, wherewith they bring themselves to great splendour. Certainly, they nourish their bodies, according to custom, but scantily, believing that they lose as much of their wealth as they spend on the preservation of their body. But they who know the true use of money, and who fix the measure of wealth solely with regard to their actual needs, live content with little.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Locke">Locke</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Locke"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> claims that unused property is wasteful and an offence against nature, because <i>"as anyone can make use of to any advantage of life before it spoils; so much he may by his labour fix a property in. Whatever is beyond this, is more than his share, and belongs to others."</i><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laurence_Sterne">Laurence Sterne</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Laurence Sterne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Sterne" title="Laurence Sterne">Laurence Sterne</a> novel <i><a href="/wiki/Tristram_Shandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tristram Shandy">Tristram Shandy</a></i>, the titular character describes his uncle's greed for knowledge about <a href="/wiki/Fortifications" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortifications">fortifications</a>, saying that the 'desire of knowledge, like the thirst of riches, increases ever with the acquisition of it', that 'The more my uncle Toby pored over his map, the more he took a liking to it', and that 'The more my uncle Toby drank of this sweet fountain of science, the greater was the heat and impatience of his thirst'.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rousseau">Rousseau</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Rousseau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The Swiss <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophe" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophe">philosophe</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> compared man in the <a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">state of nature</a>, who has no need of greed since he can find food anywhere, with man in the <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">state of society</a>:</p><blockquote><p>for whom first necessaries have to be provided, and then superfluities; delicacies follow next, then immense wealth, then subjects, and then slaves. He enjoys not a moment's relaxation; and what is yet stranger, the less natural and pressing his wants, the more headstrong are his passions, and, still worse, the more he has it in his power to gratify them; so that after a long course of prosperity, after having swallowed up treasures and ruined multitudes, the hero ends up by cutting every throat till he finds himself, at last, sole master of the world. Such is in miniature the moral picture, if not of human life, at least of the secret pretensions of the heart of civilised man.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adam_Smith">Adam Smith</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Adam Smith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Political economist <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> thought the greed for food to be limited, but the greed for other goods to be limitless:</p><blockquote><p>The rich man consumes no more food than his poor neighbour. In quality it may be very different, and to select and prepare it may require more labour and art; but in quantity it is very nearly the same. But compare the spacious palace and great wardrobe of the one, with the hovel and the few rags of the other, and you will be sensible that the difference between their clothing, lodging, and household furniture, is almost as great in quantity as it is in quality. The desire of food is limited in every man by the narrow capacity of the human stomach; but the desire of the conveniencies and ornaments of building, dress, equipage, and household furniture, seems to have no limit or certain boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Edward_Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Edward Gibbon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In his account of the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">Sack of Rome</a>, historian <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a> remarks that:</p><blockquote><p>avarice is an insatiate and universal passion; since the enjoyment of almost every object that can afford pleasure to the different tastes and tempers of mankind may be procured by the possession of wealth. In the pillage of Rome, a just preference was given to gold and jewels, which contain the greatest value in the smallest compass and weight: but, after these portable riches had been removed by the more diligent robbers, the palaces of Rome were rudely stripped of their splendid and costly furniture.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="John_Stuart_Mill">John Stuart Mill</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: John Stuart Mill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In his essay <i><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> writes about greed for money that:</p><blockquote><p>the love of money is not only one of the strongest moving forces of human life, but money is, in many cases, desired in and for itself; the desire to possess it is often stronger than the desire to use it, and goes on increasing when all the desires which point to ends beyond it, to be compassed by it, are falling off. It may be then said truly, that money is desired not for the sake of an end, but as part of the end. From being a means to happiness, it has come to be itself a principal ingredient of the individual's conception of happiness. The same may be said of the majority of the great objects of human life—power, for example, or fame; except that to each of these there is a certain amount of immediate pleasure annexed, which has at least the semblance of being naturally inherent in them; a thing which cannot be said of money.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Goethe">Goethe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Goethe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faustus-tragedy.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Faustus-tragedy.gif/220px-Faustus-tragedy.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Faustus-tragedy.gif/330px-Faustus-tragedy.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Faustus-tragedy.gif/440px-Faustus-tragedy.gif 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1308" /></a><figcaption>Frontispiece to a 1620 printing of Doctor Faustus showing Faustus conjuring Mephistophilis</figcaption></figure><p> In <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>'s tragic play <i><a href="/wiki/Goethe%27s_Faust" title="Goethe's Faust">Faust</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mephistopheles" title="Mephistopheles">Mephistopheles</a>, disguised as a starving man, comes to Plutus, <a href="/wiki/Faust" title="Faust">Faust</a> in disguise, to recite a cautionary tale about avariciously living beyond your means:</p><blockquote><div class="poem"> <p><i>Starveling.</i> Away from me, ye odious crew!<br />     Welcome, I know, I never am to you.<br />     When hearth and home were women's zone,<br />     As Avaritia I was known.<br />     Then did our household thrive throughout,<br />     For much came in and naught went out!<br />     Zealous was I for chest and bin;<br />     'Twas even said my zeal was sin.<br />     But since in years most recent and depraving<br />     Woman is wont no longer to be saving<br />     And, like each tardy payer, collars<br />     Far more desires than she has dollars,<br />     The husband now has much to bore him;<br />     Wherever he looks, debts loom before him.<br />     Her spinning-money is turned over<br />     To grace her body or her lover;<br />     Better she feasts and drinks still more<br />     With all her wretched lover-corps.<br />     Gold charms me all the more for this:<br />     Male's now my gender, I am Avarice!<br />   <i>Leader of the Women.</i><br />     With dragons be the dragon avaricious,<br />     It's naught but lies, deceiving stuff!<br />     To stir up men he comes, malicious,<br />     Whereas men now are troublesome enough.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote><p> Near the end of the play, Faust confesses to Mephistopheles:</p><div class="poem"> <p>That's the worst suffering can bring,<br /> Being rich, to feel we lack something.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marx">Marx</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Marx"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> thought that 'avarice and the desire to get rich are the ruling passions' in the heart of every burgeoning capitalist, who later develops a '<a href="/wiki/Deal_with_the_Devil" title="Deal with the Devil">Faustian conflict</a>' in his heart 'between the passion for accumulation, and the desire for enjoyment' of his wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also stated that 'With the possibility of holding and storing up <a href="/wiki/Exchange-value" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange-value">exchange-value</a> in the shape of a particular commodity, arises also the greed for gold' and that 'Hard work, saving, and avarice are, therefore, [the hoarder's] three cardinal virtues, and to sell much and buy little the sum of his political economy.'<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marx discussed what he saw as the specific nature of the greed of capitalists thusly: </p><blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Use-values" class="mw-redirect" title="Use-values">Use-values</a> must therefore never be looked upon as the real aim of the capitalist; neither must the profit on any single transaction. The restless never-ending process of profit-making alone is what he aims at. This boundless greed after riches, this passionate chase after exchange-value, is common to the capitalist and the miser; but while the miser is merely a capitalist gone mad, the capitalist is a rational miser. The never-ending augmentation of exchange value, which the miser strives after, by seeking to save his money from circulation, is attained by the more acute capitalist, by constantly throwing it afresh into circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Meher_Baba">Meher Baba</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Meher Baba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Meher_Baba" title="Meher Baba">Meher Baba</a> dictated that "Greed is a state of restlessness of the heart, and it consists mainly of craving for power and possessions. Possessions and power are sought for the fulfillment of desires. Man is only partially satisfied in his attempt to have the fulfillment of his desires, and this partial satisfaction fans and increases the flame of craving instead of extinguishing it. Thus, greed always finds an endless field of conquest and leaves the man endlessly dissatisfied. The chief expressions of greed are related to the emotional part of man."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paul_VI_/_John_Paul_II"><span id="Paul_VI_.2F_John_Paul_II"></span>Paul VI / John Paul II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Paul VI / John Paul II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1967, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> issued the encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Populorum_progressio" title="Populorum progressio">Populorum progressio</a></i> which called for "a joint effort for the development of the human race as a whole."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He warned that "the exclusive pursuit of material possessions prevents man's growth as a human being and stands in opposition to his true grandeur. Avarice, in individuals and in nations, is the most obvious form of stultified moral development."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty years later, in the last days of 1987, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> published the encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Sollicitudo_rei_socialis" title="Sollicitudo rei socialis">Sollicitudo rei socialis</a></i>. Among the pronouncements was this: "Among the actions and attitudes opposed to God’s will two are very typical: greed and the thirst for power. Not only individuals sin in that way; so do nations and world-blocs."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ivan_Boesky">Ivan Boesky</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Ivan Boesky"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>American <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Boesky" title="Ivan Boesky">Ivan Boesky</a> famously defended greed in an 18 May 1986 commencement address at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Haas_School_of_Business" title="Haas School of Business">School of Business</a> Administration, in which he said, "Greed is all right, by the way. I want you to know that. I think greed is healthy. You can be greedy and still feel good about yourself".<sup id="cite_ref-Gabriel_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabriel-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This speech inspired the 1987 film <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_(1987_film)" title="Wall Street (1987 film)">Wall Street</a></i>, which features the famous line spoken by <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Gekko" title="Gordon Gekko">Gordon Gekko</a>: "Greed, for lack of a better word, is good. Greed is right, greed works. Greed clarifies, cuts through, and captures the essence of the evolutionary spirit. Greed, in all of its forms; greed for life, for money, for love, knowledge has marked the upward surge of mankind."<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="David_Klemm">David Klemm</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: David Klemm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The theologian David Klemm summarized Augustine to stress his view that a need-love for earthly things was dangerous: "Most people... become attached to their objects of desire, and in this way are in fact possessed by them", needing and dependent. It is, Klemm says elsewhere, "a window-shopping of the soul in which I lose myself in desires for shallow and untrue goods". But "those who use their private property for the sake of enjoying God become detached from their goods and thereby possess them well".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inspirations">Inspirations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Inspirations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Waste_picker" title="Waste picker">Scavenging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hoarding" title="Hoarding">hoarding</a> of materials or objects, theft and <a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">robbery</a>, especially by means of violence, trickery, or manipulation of <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> are all actions that may be inspired by greed. Such misdeeds can include <a href="/wiki/Simony" title="Simony">simony</a>, where one profits from soliciting goods within the actual confines of a church. A well-known example of greed is the pirate <a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Lucifer" title="Hendrick Lucifer">Hendrick Lucifer</a>, who fought for hours to acquire Cuban gold, becoming mortally wounded in the process. He died of his wounds in 1627, hours after having transferred the booty to his ship.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some research suggests there is a genetic basis for greed. It is possible people who have a shorter version of the <a href="/wiki/Ruthlessness_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthlessness gene">ruthlessness gene</a> (AVPR1a) may behave more selfishly.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1558 <a href="/wiki/Pieter_van_der_Heyden" title="Pieter van der Heyden">Pieter van der Heyden</a> personified greed in his engraved image after drawings by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Pieter Bruegel the Elder">Pieter Bruegel the Elder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, artists like Umberto Romano (1950),<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Craig-Martin" title="Michael Craig-Martin">Michael Craig-Martin</a> (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Diddo" title="Diddo">Diddo</a> (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> devoted works of art to <i>greed</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Greed" title="American Greed">American Greed</a></i>, documentary series</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed_(1924_film)" title="Greed (1924 film)"><i>Greed</i> (1924 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed_(2019_film)" title="Greed (2019 film)"><i>Greed</i> (2019 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed_(game_show)" title="Greed (game show)"><i>Greed</i> (game show)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ojukokoro_(Greed)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojukokoro (Greed)">Ojukokoro (Greed)</a></i>, film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed_(Jelinek_novel)" title="Greed (Jelinek novel)"><i>Greed</i></a>, novel</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">Conspicuous consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_culture" title="Consumer culture">Consumer culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt" title="Contempt">Contempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financialization" title="Financialization">Financialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest" title="Interest">Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoeconomics" title="Genoeconomics">Genoeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed_is_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Greed is good">Greed is good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperconsumerism" title="Hyperconsumerism">Hyperconsumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption_(economics)" title="Overconsumption (economics)">Overconsumption (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleonexia" title="Pleonexia">Pleonexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usury" title="Usury">Usury</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBossuet1900" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne</a> (1900). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Sermon on the Mount (Bossuet)/Day 33"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Sermon_on_the_Mount_(Bossuet)/Day_33">"33rd Day. Of avarice and riches again : we are not to put confidence in possessions" </a></span>. <i>The Sermon on the Mount</i>. Longmans, Green, and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=33rd+Day.+Of+avarice+and+riches+again+%3A+we+are+not+to+put+confidence+in+possessions&rft.btitle=The+Sermon+on+the+Mount&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Bossuet&rft.aufirst=Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassian1885" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">Cassian, John</a> (1885). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume XI/John Cassian/The Twelve Books/Book VII"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_II/Volume_XI/John_Cassian/The_Twelve_Books/Book_VII">"Book VII: Of the Spirit of Covetousness" </a></span>. <i>Ante-Nicene Christian Library, Volume XI</i>. Translated by Philip Schaff. T. & T. Clark in Edinburgh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+VII%3A+Of+the+Spirit+of+Covetousness&rft.btitle=Ante-Nicene+Christian+Library%2C+Volume+XI&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark+in+Edinburgh&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Cassian&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadua1865" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Padua, St. Anthony of</a> (1865). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Moral Concordances of Saint Anthony of Padua/Book 1#33"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Moral_Concordances_of_Saint_Anthony_of_Padua/Book_1#33">"Book I: Second Part (Against Avarice)" </a></span>. <i>The Moral Concordances of Saint Anthony of Padua</i>. J.T. Hayes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+I%3A+Second+Part+%28Against+Avarice%29&rft.btitle=The+Moral+Concordances+of+Saint+Anthony+of+Padua&rft.pub=J.T.+Hayes&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Padua&rft.aufirst=St.+Anthony+of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVianney1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Vianney" title="John Vianney">Vianney, Jean-Marie-Baptiste</a> (1951). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Blessed Curé of Ars in His Catechetical Instructions#CHAPTER 7: On Avarice"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Blessed_Cur%C3%A9_of_Ars_in_His_Catechetical_Instructions#CHAPTER_7:_On_Avarice">"On Avarice" </a></span>. <i>The Blessed Curé of Ars in His Catechetical Instructions</i>. St. Meinrad, Ind.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+Avarice&rft.btitle=The+Blessed+Cur%C3%A9+of+Ars+in+His+Catechetical+Instructions&rft.pub=St.+Meinrad%2C+Ind.&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Vianney&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marie-Baptiste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeuntjensZeelenbergBreugelmansVan_de_Ven2015" class="citation journal cs1">Seuntjens, Terri; Zeelenberg, Marcel; Breugelmans, Seger; Van de Ven, Niels (2015). "Defining Greed". <i>British Journal of Psychology</i>. <b>106</b> (3): 505–525. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbjop.12100">10.1111/bjop.12100</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25315060">25315060</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25323046">25323046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=Defining+Greed.&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=505-525&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25323046%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25315060&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fbjop.12100&rft.aulast=Seuntjens&rft.aufirst=Terri&rft.au=Zeelenberg%2C+Marcel&rft.au=Breugelmans%2C+Seger&rft.au=Van+de+Ven%2C+Niels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles de Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 338</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (New York: Modern Library, 1965), p.651</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class (1934 ed.), p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto, London, 1848</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keynes, The End of Laissez-Faire, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.panarchy.org/keynes/laissezfaire.1926.html">http://www.panarchy.org/keynes/laissezfaire.1926.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangMalhotraMurnighan" class="citation web cs1">Wang, Long; Malhotra, Deepak; Murnighan, J. Keith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170812065419/http://piotr-evdokimov.com/greed.pdf">"ECONOMICS EDUCATION AND GREED"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>piotr-evdokimov.com</i>. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=piotr-evdokimov.com&rft.atitle=ECONOMICS+EDUCATION+AND+GREED&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Long&rft.au=Malhotra%2C+Deepak&rft.au=Murnighan%2C+J.+Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpiotr-evdokimov.com%2Fgreed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Max. <i>The protestant ethics and the spirit of capitalism</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+protestant+ethics+and+the+spirit+of+capitalism&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seuntjens2015a-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seuntjens2015a_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeuntjensZeelenbergBreugelmansVan_de_Ven2015" class="citation journal cs1">Seuntjens, Terri; Zeelenberg, Marcel; Breugelmans, Seger; Van de Ven, Niels (2015). "Defining Greed". <i>British Journal of Psychology</i>. <b>106</b> (3): 505–525. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbjop.12100">10.1111/bjop.12100</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25315060">25315060</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25323046">25323046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=Defining+Greed.&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=505-525&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25323046%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25315060&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fbjop.12100&rft.aulast=Seuntjens&rft.aufirst=Terri&rft.au=Zeelenberg%2C+Marcel&rft.au=Breugelmans%2C+Seger&rft.au=Van+de+Ven%2C+Niels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seuntjens2015b-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seuntjens2015b_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeuntjensZeelenbergVan_de_VenBreugelmans2015" class="citation journal cs1">Seuntjens, Terri; Zeelenberg, Marcel; Van de Ven, Niels; Breugelmans, Seger (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25664899/">"Dispostional Greed"</a>. <i>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</i>. <b>108</b> (6): 917–933. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fpspp0000031">10.1037/pspp0000031</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25664899">25664899</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Dispostional+Greed.&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=917-933&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fpspp0000031&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25664899&rft.aulast=Seuntjens&rft.aufirst=Terri&rft.au=Zeelenberg%2C+Marcel&rft.au=Van+de+Ven%2C+Niels&rft.au=Breugelmans%2C+Seger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F25664899%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zeelenberg2022-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zeelenberg2022_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeelenbergBreugelmans2022" class="citation journal cs1">Zeelenberg, Marcel; Breugelmans, Seger (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.copsyc.2022.101323">"The good, bad and ugly of dispositional greed"</a>. <i>Current Opinion in Psychology</i>. <b>46</b> (August): 101323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.copsyc.2022.101323">10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101323</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35339975">35339975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+good%2C+bad+and+ugly+of+dispositional+greed.&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=August&rft.pages=101323&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.copsyc.2022.101323&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35339975&rft.aulast=Zeelenberg&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft.au=Breugelmans%2C+Seger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.copsyc.2022.101323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230614192015/https://www.visionlearning.com/blog/2014/12/17/wolverines-give-insight-evolution-greed/">"Wolverines Give Insight into the Evolution of Greed"</a>. <i>Visionlearning Blog</i>. 17 December 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visionlearning.com/blog/2014/12/17/wolverines-give-insight-evolution-greed/">the original</a> on 14 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Visionlearning+Blog&rft.atitle=Wolverines+Give+Insight+into+the+Evolution+of+Greed&rft.date=2014-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visionlearning.com%2Fblog%2F2014%2F12%2F17%2Fwolverines-give-insight-evolution-greed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://countercurrents.org/2018/10/the-evolution-of-greed-from-aristotle-to-gordon-gekko">"The Evolution of Greed - from Aristotle to Gordon Gekko| Countercurrents"</a>. 10 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Greed+-+from+Aristotle+to+Gordon+Gekko%26%23124%3B+Countercurrents&rft.date=2018-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcountercurrents.org%2F2018%2F10%2Fthe-evolution-of-greed-from-aristotle-to-gordon-gekko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reallycoolblog.com/greed-power-and-prestige-explaining-the-fall-of-the-roman-republic/">"Greed, Power, and Prestige – Explaining the Fall of the Roman Republic – A Really Cool Blog"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greed%2C+Power%2C+and+Prestige+%E2%80%93+Explaining+the+Fall+of+the+Roman+Republic+%E2%80%93+A+Really+Cool+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reallycoolblog.com%2Fgreed-power-and-prestige-explaining-the-fall-of-the-roman-republic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/india/1041986/wealth-interest-and-greed-the-dharma-of-doing-business-in-medieval-india/">"Wealth, interest, and greed: The dharma of doing business in medieval India"</a>. 31 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wealth%2C+interest%2C+and+greed%3A+The+dharma+of+doing+business+in+medieval+India&rft.date=2017-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2Findia%2F1041986%2Fwealth-interest-and-greed-the-dharma-of-doing-business-in-medieval-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/manu/manu07.htm">"The Laws of Manu VII"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Laws+of+Manu+VII&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fmanu%2Fmanu07.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.native-languages.org/legends-greed.htm">"Native American Stories and Quotes About Greed"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Native+American+Stories+and+Quotes+About+Greed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.native-languages.org%2Flegends-greed.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasal1959" class="citation journal cs1">Casal, U. A. (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1177429">"The Goblin Fox and Badger and Other Witch Animals of Japan"</a>. <i>Folklore Studies</i>. <b>18</b>: 1–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1177429">10.2307/1177429</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1177429">1177429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Goblin+Fox+and+Badger+and+Other+Witch+Animals+of+Japan&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=1-93&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1177429&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1177429%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Casal&rft.aufirst=U.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1177429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.behtarlife.com/2016/12/foolish-and-greedy-fox-hindi-story.html">"Foolish and Greedy Fox Hindi Story"</a>. 9 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foolish+and+Greedy+Fox+Hindi+Story&rft.date=2016-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.behtarlife.com%2F2016%2F12%2Ffoolish-and-greedy-fox-hindi-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity, Benjamin Isaac, Princeton University Press, 2004; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691-11691-1" title="Special:BookSources/0691-11691-1">0691-11691-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/usury-and-moneylending-in-judaism/">"Jews and Finance"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jews+and+Finance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Farticle%2Fusury-and-moneylending-in-judaism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/17/26-36?translations=20">"Surah Al-Isra - 26-36"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surah+Al-Isra+-+26-36&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquran.com%2F17%2F26-36%3Ftranslations%3D20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luke 12:15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1 John 2:16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristophanes/plutus.html"><i>Plutus</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/">The Internet Classics Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/785/785-h/785-h.htm#link2H_4_0013"><i>Of the Nature of Things</i></a>, Book III. <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Epictetus" title="Epictetus">Epictetus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/dep/dep095.htm"><i>The Discourses of Epictetus</i>, Book IV, Chapter 9</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Percy_Ewing_Matheson" title="Percy Ewing Matheson">Percy Ewing Matheson</a>.<a href="/wiki/Internet_Sacred_Text_Archive" title="Internet Sacred Text Archive">Internet Sacred Text Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y2VGpbAk4wYC&dq=Ambrose+of+milan+De+Nabute&pg=PA469"><i>De Iacob: De Ioseph ; de patriarchis ; de fuga saeculi ; de interpellatione Iob et David ; de apologia David ; Apologia David altera ; de Helia et ieiunio ; de Nabuthae ; de Tobia</i></a>. F. Tempsky. 1897.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Iacob%3A+De+Ioseph+%3B+de+patriarchis+%3B+de+fuga+saeculi+%3B+de+interpellatione+Iob+et+David+%3B+de+apologia+David+%3B+Apologia+David+altera+%3B+de+Helia+et+ieiunio+%3B+de+Nabuthae+%3B+de+Tobia&rft.pub=F.+Tempsky&rft.date=1897&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy2VGpbAk4wYC%26dq%3DAmbrose%2Bof%2Bmilan%2BDe%2BNabute%26pg%3DPA469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_26031967_populorum.html">"Populorum Progressio (March 26, 1967) | Paul VI"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Populorum+Progressio+%28March+26%2C+1967%29+%26%23124%3B+Paul+VI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fpaul-vi%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-vi_enc_26031967_populorum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, J. Warren (2021). "12: Societas and Misericordia in Ambrose' theology of community". In Gannaway, Ethan; Grant, Robert (eds.). Ambrose of Milan and Community Formation in Late Antiquity. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5275-6726-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x5-aBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92">Andrea & Overfield 2015, p. 92</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wPmJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA181">Zhao 2015, p. 181</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deutsch-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deutsch_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBontekoeDeutsch1999" class="citation book cs1">Bontekoe, Ronald; Deutsch, Eliot (1999). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companiontoworld00deut_616"><i>A companion to world philosophies</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companiontoworld00deut_616/page/n164">142</a>–143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21327-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21327-7"><bdi>978-0-631-21327-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+world+philosophies&rft.pages=142-143&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21327-7&rft.aulast=Bontekoe&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Deutsch%2C+Eliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompaniontoworld00deut_616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://facultysites.vassar.edu/brvannor/mengzi.html">Van Norden 1997</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/870546-greed-is-not-a-defect-in-the-gold-that-is,">"A quote from City of God"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+quote+from+City+of+God&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fquotes%2F870546-greed-is-not-a-defect-in-the-gold-that-is%2C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-st3118-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-st3118_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Aquinas" class="citation web cs1">Thomas Aquinas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/3118.htm">"The Summa Theologica II-II.Q118 (The vices opposed to liberality, and in the first place, of covetousness)"</a> (1920, Second and Revised ed.). 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Translated by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Moore_(translator_of_Das_Kapital)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Moore (translator of Das Kapital)">Samuel Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Aveling" title="Edward Aveling">Edward Aveling</a>. Edited by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Engels" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Engels">Frederick Engels</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Michel de Montaigne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3600/3600-h/3600-h.htm#link2HCH0041"><i>Essays of Michel de Montaigne</i></a>. Book I, Chapter XL. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotton" title="Charles Cotton">Charles Cotton</a>. <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3800/3800-h/3800-h.htm#chap04"><i>The Ethics</i></a>, Book IV, Appendix, XXVIII. 'Now for providing these nourishments the strength of each individual would hardly suffice, if men did not lend one another mutual aid. But money has furnished us with a token for everything: hence it is with the notion of money, that the mind of the multitude is chiefly engrossed: nay, it can hardly conceive any kind of pleasure, which is not accompanied with the idea of money as cause.' Translated by R. H. M. Elwes. <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spinoza. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3800/3800-h/3800-h.htm#chap04"><i>The Ethics</i></a>, Book IV, Appendix, XXIX.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/locke1689a.pdf">https://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/locke1689a.pdf</a>, Chapter 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Sterne" title="Laurence Sterne">Laurence Sterne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/39270/39270-h/39270-h.htm#page3"><i>Tristram Shandy</i></a>, Book II, Chapter III. <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aub.edu.lb/fas/cvsp/Documents/DiscourseonInequality.pdf879500092.pdf"><i>On the Origin of Inequality</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923102720/https://www.aub.edu.lb/fas/cvsp/Documents/DiscourseonInequality.pdf879500092.pdf">Archived</a> 23 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Appendix. Translated by <a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut" title="American University of Beirut">American University of Beirut</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3300/3300-h/3300-h.htm"><i>The Wealth of Nations</i></a>, Book I, Chapter XI, Part II. <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1776" class="citation cs2">Smith, Adam (1 January 1776), Todd, William B (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00043218">"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations"</a>, <i>The Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith, Vol. 2: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Vol. 1</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foseo%2Finstance.00043218">10.1093/oseo/instance.00043218</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10131%2F7683">10131/7683</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926956-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926956-3"><bdi>978-0-19-926956-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Glasgow+Edition+of+the+Works+and+Correspondence+of+Adam+Smith%2C+Vol.+2%3A+An+Inquiry+into+the+Nature+and+Causes+of+the+Wealth+of+Nations%2C+Vol.+1&rft.atitle=An+Inquiry+into+the+Nature+and+Causes+of+the+Wealth+of+Nations&rft.date=1776-01-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10131%2F7683&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foseo%2Finstance.00043218&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926956-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Foseo%2Finstance.00043218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25717/25717-h/25717-h.htm"><i>History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i></a>, Volume III, Chapter XXXI, Part IV. <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/11224/11224-h/11224-h.htm"><i>Utilitarianism</i></a>, Chapter IV. <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goethe.holtof.com/faust/Faust_II_04.htm"><i>Faust</i>, Part II, Section 4</a>. Translated by George Madison Priest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goethe.holtof.com/select.htm">Goethe (Re)Collected</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goethe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goethe.holtof.com/faust/FaustIIActV.htm"><i>Faust</i>, Part II, Act V</a>, Scene III. Translated by A. S. Kline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goethe.holtof.com/select.htm">Goethe (Re)Collected</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/pdf/Capital-Volume-I.pdf"><i>Capital</i>, Volume 1</a>, Part 1, Chapter 24. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Moore_(translator_of_Das_Kapital)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Moore (translator of Das Kapital)">Samuel Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Aveling" title="Edward Aveling">Edward Aveling</a>. Edited by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Engels" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Engels">Frederick Engels</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/pdf/Capital-Volume-I.pdf"><i>Capital</i>, Volume 1</a>, Part 1, Chapter III. 'In order that gold may be held as money, and made to form a hoard, it must be prevented from circulating, or from transforming itself into a means of enjoyment. 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San Francisco: Sufism Reoriented. p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_26031967_populorum.html">"Populorum Progressio (March 26, 1967) | Paul VI"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Populorum+Progressio+%28March+26%2C+1967%29+%26%23124%3B+Paul+VI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fpaul-vi%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-vi_enc_26031967_populorum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_26031967_populorum.html">"Populorum Progressio (March 26, 1967) | Paul VI"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Populorum+Progressio+%28March+26%2C+1967%29+%26%23124%3B+Paul+VI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fpaul-vi%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-vi_enc_26031967_populorum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_30121987_sollicitudo-rei-socialis.html">"Sollicitudo Rei Socialis (30 December 1987) | John Paul II"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sollicitudo+Rei+Socialis+%2830+December+1987%29+%26%23124%3B+John+Paul+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fjohn-paul-ii%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_enc_30121987_sollicitudo-rei-socialis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gabriel-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gabriel_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel2001" class="citation news cs1">Gabriel, Satya J (21 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713042945/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/filmcourse/oliver_stone.html">"Oliver Stone's <i>Wall Street</i> and the Market for Corporate Control"</a>. <i>Economics in Popular Film</i>. Mount Holyoke. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/filmcourse/oliver_stone.html">the original</a> on 13 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economics+in+Popular+Film&rft.atitle=Oliver+Stone%27s+Wall+Street+and+the+Market+for+Corporate+Control&rft.date=2001-11-21&rft.aulast=Gabriel&rft.aufirst=Satya+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtholyoke.edu%2Fcourses%2Fsgabriel%2Ffilmcourse%2Foliver_stone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ross_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2005" class="citation news cs1">Ross, Brian (11 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=1305010">"Greed on Wall Street"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Greed+on+Wall+Street&rft.date=2005-11-11&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2F2020%2Fstory%3Fid%3D1305010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCloskey2006" class="citation book cs1">McCloskey, Deidre N. (2006). <i>The Burgeois Virtues. Ethics for an age of commerce</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Burgeois+Virtues.+Ethics+for+an+age+of+commerce&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=McCloskey&rft.aufirst=Deidre+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreamtheimpossible2011" class="citation web cs1">Dreamtheimpossible (14 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118071652/http://dream-the-impossible.blogspot.com/2009/01/greed-is-good-discuss.html">"Examples of greed"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dream-the-impossible.blogspot.com/2009/01/greed-is-good-discuss.html">the original</a> on 18 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Examples+of+greed&rft.date=2011-09-14&rft.au=Dreamtheimpossible&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdream-the-impossible.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F01%2Fgreed-is-good-discuss.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080404/full/news.2008.738.html">'Ruthlessness gene' discovered</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/338698">"Avarice (Avaritia) from the series The Seven Deadly Sins"</a>. The Met<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Avarice+%28Avaritia%29+from+the+series+The+Seven+Deadly+Sins&rft.pub=The+Met&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F338698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/greed-21193">"Greed"</a>. Smithsonian American Art Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greed&rft.pub=Smithsonian+American+Art+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanart.si.edu%2Fartwork%2Fgreed-21193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/craig-martin-greed-p79757">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Greed', Michael Craig-Martin, 2008"</a>. Tate<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Greed%27%2C+Michael+Craig-Martin%2C+2008&rft.pub=Tate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tate.org.uk%2Fart%2Fartworks%2Fcraig-martin-greed-p79757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolly_Oswaks" class="citation news cs1">Molly Oswaks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/this-re-stabilized-pure-dollar-ink-is-literally-the-mos-5945444">"This Re-Stabilized Pure Dollar-Ink Is Literally the Most Beautiful Waste of Money You'll Ever See"</a>. Gizmodo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=This+Re-Stabilized+Pure+Dollar-Ink+Is+Literally+the+Most+Beautiful+Waste+of+Money+You%27ll+Ever+See&rft.au=Molly+Oswaks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgizmodo.com%2Fthis-re-stabilized-pure-dollar-ink-is-literally-the-mos-5945444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greed&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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<li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloth_(deadly_sin)" title="Sloth (deadly sin)">Sloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Wrath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Describing the sins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evagrius_Ponticus" title="Evagrius Ponticus">Evagrius Ponticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Binsfeld" title="Peter Binsfeld">Peter Binsfeld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">In art and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purgatorio" title="Purgatorio">Purgatorio</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Keys_to_the_Kingdom" title="The Keys to the Kingdom">The Keys to the Kingdom</a></i> (book series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_(play)" title="The Seven Deadly Sins (play)">The Seven Deadly Sins</a></i> (1585 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_and_the_Four_Last_Things" title="The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things">The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things</a></i> (painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_(ballet_chant%C3%A9)" title="The Seven Deadly Sins (ballet chanté)"><i>The Seven Deadly Sins</i></a> (1933 ballet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_(1952_film)" title="The Seven Deadly Sins (1952 film)"><i>The Seven Deadly Sins</i></a> (1952 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_(1962_film)" title="The Seven Deadly Sins (1962 film)"><i>The Seven Deadly Sins</i></a> (1962 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Muppet_Show:_Sex_and_Violence" title="The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence">The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_(1995_film)" title="Seven (1995 film)"><i>Seven</i></a> (1995 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fullmetal_Alchemist" title="Fullmetal Alchemist">Fullmetal Alchemist</a></i> (manga series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fullmetal_Alchemist_(TV_series)" title="Fullmetal Alchemist (TV series)">Fullmetal Alchemist</a></i> (2003 anime)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fullmetal_Alchemist:_Brotherhood" title="Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood">Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood</a></i> (2009 anime)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_(manga)" title="The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)"><i>The Seven Deadly Sins</i></a> (manga series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_of_Modern_Times" title="The Seven Deadly Sins of Modern Times">The Seven Deadly Sins of Modern Times</a></i> (painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re:Zero_%E2%88%92_Starting_Life_in_Another_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World">Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World</a> (light novel series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re:Zero_%E2%88%92_Starting_Life_in_Another_World#Anime" class="mw-redirect" title="Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World">Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World</a> (2016 anime)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Four_Last_Things_(video_game)" title="Four Last Things (video game)">Four Last Things</a></i> (video game)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Graveyard_Keeper" title="Graveyard Keeper">Graveyard Keeper</a></i> (2018 video game)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Marvel_(DC_Comics)" title="Captain Marvel (DC Comics)">Shazam!</a></i> (comic book) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Deadly_Enemies_of_Man" title="Seven Deadly Enemies of Man">Seven Deadly Enemies of Man</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shazam!_(film)" title="Shazam! (film)">Shazam!</a></i> (2019 film)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helluva_Boss" title="Helluva Boss">Helluva Boss</a></i> (2020 animated series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Limbus_Company" title="Limbus Company">Limbus Company</a></i> (2023 video game)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hazbin_Hotel" title="Hazbin Hotel">Hazbin Hotel</a></i> (2024 animated series)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven Heavenly Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Social_Sins" title="Seven Social Sins">Seven Social Sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Sin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Christian views on sin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Christian views on the Old Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamartiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamartiology">Hamartiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Binsfeld" title="Peter Binsfeld">Peter Binsfeld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seven_virtues_in_Christian_ethics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_virtue_ethics" title="Template:Christian virtue ethics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_virtue_ethics" title="Template talk:Christian virtue ethics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_virtue_ethics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian virtue ethics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seven_virtues_in_Christian_ethics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Four<br /><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">cardinal virtues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prudence" title="Prudence">Prudence</a> (<i>Prudentia</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_(virtue)" title="Justice (virtue)">Justice</a> (<i>Iustitia</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Fortitude</a> (<i>Fortitudo</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a> (<i>Temperantia</i>)</li></ul> <ul><li>Sources: <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i>, Book IV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faith,_Hope_and_Love,_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Faith, Hope and Love, as portrayed by Mary Lizzie Macomber (1861–1916)"><img alt="Faith, Hope and Love, as portrayed by Mary Lizzie Macomber (1861–1916)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Faith%2C_Hope_and_Love%2C_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg/100px-Faith%2C_Hope_and_Love%2C_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Faith%2C_Hope_and_Love%2C_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg/150px-Faith%2C_Hope_and_Love%2C_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Faith%2C_Hope_and_Love%2C_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg/200px-Faith%2C_Hope_and_Love%2C_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption>Faith, Hope and Love, as portrayed by Mary Lizzie Macomber (1861–1916)</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Three<br /><a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">theological virtues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a> (<i>Fides</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_(virtue)" title="Hope (virtue)">Hope</a> (<i>Spes</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(Christian_virtue)" title="Charity (Christian virtue)">Love</a> (<i>Caritas</i>)</li></ul> <ul><li>Sources: <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians_13" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians 13">1 Corinthians 13</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Seven lively virtues<br />versus<br /><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">Chastity</a> (<i>Castitas</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a> (<i>Temperantia</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(Christian_virtue)" title="Charity (Christian virtue)">Charity</a> (<i>Caritas</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diligence" title="Diligence">Diligence</a> (<i>Diligentia</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a> (<i>Humanitas</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">Patience</a> (<i>Patientia</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">Humility</a> (<i>Humilitas</i>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a> (<i>Luxuria</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluttony" title="Gluttony">Gluttony</a> (<i>Gula</i>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greed</a> (<i>Avaritia</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloth_(deadly_sin)" title="Sloth (deadly sin)">Sloth</a> (<i>Acedia</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Wrath</a> (<i>Ira</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a> (<i>Invidia</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a> (<i>Superbia</i>)</li></ul> <ul><li>Source: <a href="/wiki/Prudentius" title="Prudentius">Prudentius</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Psychomachia" title="Psychomachia">Psychomachia</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li>People: <a href="/wiki/Evagrius_Ponticus" title="Evagrius Ponticus">Evagrius Ponticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Binsfeld" title="Peter Binsfeld">Peter Binsfeld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Old Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamartiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamartiology">Hamartiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow 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