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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afghan_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghan_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Afghan forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghan_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_and_Indian_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_and_Indian_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>British and Indian forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_and_Indian_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Preparations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afghan_invasion_-_1st_Bagh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghan_invasion_-_1st_Bagh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Afghan invasion - 1st Bagh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghan_invasion_-_1st_Bagh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2nd_Bagh_and_British_counterattack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2nd_Bagh_and_British_counterattack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>2nd Bagh and British counterattack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2nd_Bagh_and_British_counterattack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-'Stonehenge_Ridge'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#'Stonehenge_Ridge'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>'Stonehenge Ridge'</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-'Stonehenge_Ridge'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurram_and_Spin_Baldek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurram_and_Spin_Baldek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Kurram and Spin Baldek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurram_and_Spin_Baldek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Thal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importance_of_British_airpower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance_of_British_airpower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Importance of British airpower</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Importance_of_British_airpower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceasefire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceasefire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Ceasefire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceasefire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outcome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outcome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Outcome</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Outcome-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Outcome subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Outcome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decorated_Afghan_soldiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decorated_Afghan_soldiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Decorated Afghan soldiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decorated_Afghan_soldiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_honours,_British_Indian_army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_honours,_British_Indian_army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Battle honours, British Indian army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_honours,_British_Indian_army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Third Anglo-Afghan War</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A9" title="الحرب الإنجليزية الأفغانية الثالثة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب الإنجليزية الأفغانية الثالثة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7%C3%BCnc%C3%BC_ingilis-%C9%99fqan_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si_(1919)" title="Üçüncü ingilis-əfqan müharibəsi (1919) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Üçüncü ingilis-əfqan müharibəsi (1919)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%86%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C_(%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B1%DB%B9)" title="اۆچونجو اینگیلیس-افقان ساواشی (۱۹۱۹) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اۆچونجو اینگیلیس-افقان ساواشی (۱۹۱۹)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="তৃতীয় ইঙ্গ-আফগান যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তৃতীয় ইঙ্গ-আফগান যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_guerra_anglo-afganesa" title="Tercera guerra anglo-afganesa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tercera guerra anglo-afganesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dritter_Anglo-Afghanischer_Krieg" title="Dritter Anglo-Afghanischer Krieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dritter Anglo-Afghanischer Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_guerra_anglo-afgana" title="Tercera guerra anglo-afgana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tercera guerra anglo-afgana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tria_Angl-Afgana_Milito" title="Tria Angl-Afgana Milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tria Angl-Afgana Milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="جنگ سوم افغان و انگلیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ سوم افغان و انگلیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troisi%C3%A8me_guerre_anglo-afghane" title="Troisième guerre anglo-afghane – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Troisième guerre anglo-afghane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C3%EC%B0%A8_%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD-%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EA%B0%80%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="제3차 영국-아프가니스탄 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제3차 영국-아프가니스탄 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="तृतीय आंग्ल-अफ़ग़ान युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तृतीय आंग्ल-अफ़ग़ान युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre%C4%87i_anglo-afganistanski_rat" title="Treći anglo-afganistanski rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Treći anglo-afganistanski rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Britania_Raya%E2%80%93Afganistan_Ketiga" title="Perang Britania Raya–Afganistan Ketiga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Britania Raya–Afganistan Ketiga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terza_guerra_anglo-afghana" title="Terza guerra anglo-afghana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Terza guerra anglo-afghana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95-%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המלחמה האנגלו-אפגנית השלישית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המלחמה האנגלו-אפגנית השלישית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ინგლის-ავღანეთის მესამე ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინგლის-ავღანეთის მესამე ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derde_Brits-Afghaanse_Oorlog" title="Derde Brits-Afghaanse Oorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Derde Brits-Afghaanse Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%9C%DF%AD%DF%8C%DF%9F%DF%8B_%DF%A3%DF%B4%DF%8A%DF%9D%DF%91%DF%9C%DF%AD%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%AB_%DF%9E%DF%9F%DF%8D_%DF%9B%DF%93%DF%8A%DF%A3%DF%8A%DF%B2" title="ߊ߲߬ߜ߭ߌߟߋ ߣߴߊߝߑߜ߭ߊ߲߫ ߞߟߍ ߛߓߊߣߊ߲ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߊ߲߬ߜ߭ߌߟߋ ߣߴߊߝߑߜ߭ߊ߲߫ ߞߟߍ ߛߓߊߣߊ߲" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tredje_anglo-afghanske_krig" title="Tredje anglo-afghanske krig – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tredje anglo-afghanske krig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="تیسری اینگلو افغان جنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تیسری اینگلو افغان جنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmas_afgaanisota" title="Kolmas afgaanisota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kolmas afgaanisota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tredje_anglo-afghanska_kriget" title="Tredje anglo-afghanska kriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tredje anglo-afghanska kriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1919 war between the British Empire (India) and the Emirate of Afghanistan</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Third Anglo-Afghan War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldiers_in_action_at_Kohat_during_the_Third_Anglo-Afghan_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Soldiers_in_action_at_Kohat_during_the_Third_Anglo-Afghan_War.jpg/220px-Soldiers_in_action_at_Kohat_during_the_Third_Anglo-Afghan_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Soldiers_in_action_at_Kohat_during_the_Third_Anglo-Afghan_War.jpg/330px-Soldiers_in_action_at_Kohat_during_the_Third_Anglo-Afghan_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Soldiers_in_action_at_Kohat_during_the_Third_Anglo-Afghan_War.jpg/440px-Soldiers_in_action_at_Kohat_during_the_Third_Anglo-Afghan_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="954" /></a></span><br />Soldiers in action at Kohat during the Third Anglo-Afghan War</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>3 May – 8 August 1919</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier of the British India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Afghan victory<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Afghan_Treaty_of_1919" title="Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919">Treaty of Rawalpindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Unrest in Waziristan</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span data-sort-value="Afghanistan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span></p></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span> </p> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="India"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan"><img alt="Emirate of Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a></b></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan"><img alt="Emirate of Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Nadir_Shah" title="Mohammad Nadir Shah">Nadir Khan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan"><img alt="Emirate of Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> Saleh Muhammad Khan</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Barrett_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Arthur Barrett (Indian Army officer)">Arthur Barrett</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Dyer" title="Reginald Dyer">Reginald Dyer</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Alexander Eustace</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 50,000 man standing army supported by up to 80,000 tribesmen</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 8 divisions<br />5 independent brigades<br />3 cavalry brigades, plus a number of modern aircraft, armoured cars and artillery</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1,000 dead<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019459_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019459-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Hundreds more killed from wounds<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019459_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019459-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1,751 dead or wounded<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019459_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019459-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Hundreds more killed by disease<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019459_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019459-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELansford201749_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansford201749-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />3 planes destroyed<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Conflicts_in_Afghanistan_(1793–1973)" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Conflicts_in_Afghanistan_(1793%E2%80%931973)" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Conflicts in Afghanistan (1793–1973)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Conflicts_in_Afghanistan_(1793%E2%80%931973)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Conflicts in Afghanistan (1793–1973)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conflicts_in_Afghanistan_(1793–1973)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Conflicts in Afghanistan (1793–1973)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1st Civil War</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghilzai_Revolt_of_1801&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghilzai Revolt of 1801 (page does not exist)">1st Ghilzai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1803_Anti-Shia_riots_in_Kabul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1803 Anti-Shia riots in Kabul (page does not exist)">Chindawol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herati-Qajar_War_(1804)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herati-Qajar War (1804) (page does not exist)">1st Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herati-Qajar_War_(1807)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herati-Qajar War (1807) (page does not exist)">Shahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nimla_(1809)" title="Battle of Nimla (1809)">Nimla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herati-Qajar_War_(1811)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herati-Qajar War (1811) (page does not exist)">3rd Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attock_(1813)" title="Battle of Attock (1813)">Attock</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khorasan_Uprising_(1813-1818)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khorasan Uprising (1813-1818) (page does not exist)">4th Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kafir_Qala" title="Battle of Kafir Qala">Kafir Qal'eh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Multan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Multan">Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deposition_of_the_Sadozais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deposition of the Sadozais (page does not exist)">2nd Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghan_Civil_War_(1818-1826)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afghan Civil War (1818-1826) (page does not exist)">3rd Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shopian" title="Battle of Shopian">Shopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herati_Civil_War_(1825-26)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herati Civil War (1825-26) (page does not exist)">5th Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Yazdanbakhsh" title="Mir Yazdanbakhsh">1st Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Herat_(1833)" title="Siege of Herat (1833)">6th Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Shuja_ul-Mulk" class="mw-redirect" title="Expedition of Shuja ul-Mulk">1st Shuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad%27s_Campaign_to_Jalalabad_(1834)" title="Dost Mohammad's Campaign to Jalalabad (1834)">Jalalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Peshawar (1834)">Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Jamrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Herat_War" title="First Herat War">7th Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkestan_Campaign_of_1838-39" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan Turkestan Campaign of 1838-39">1st Afghan Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">1st Britain, 2nd Shuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazarajat_Campaign_of_1843" title="Hazarajat Campaign of 1843">2nd Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabul-Kandahar_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabul-Kandahar War (page does not exist)">1st Kandahar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagab_Rebellion_(1846)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tagab Rebellion (1846) (page does not exist)">Tagab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yar_Mohammad_Khan%27s_Invasion_of_the_Chahar_Wilayat_(1847-1850)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yar Mohammad Khan's Invasion of the Chahar Wilayat (1847-1850) (page does not exist)">1st Chahar Wilayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Conquest_of_Balkh" title="Afghan Conquest of Balkh">Balkh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herati-Kandahar_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herati-Kandahar War (page does not exist)">2nd Kandahar, 8th Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aqcha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Aqcha (page does not exist)">Aqcha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghan_Turkestan_Revolts_of_1851-1856&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afghan Turkestan Revolts of 1851-1856 (page does not exist)">2nd Afghan Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qajar_intervention_in_Herat_(1852)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qajar intervention in Herat (1852) (page does not exist)">9th Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheberghan_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheberghan Rebellion (page does not exist)">Sheberghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Kandahar" title="Conquest of Kandahar">3rd Kandahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Herat_War" title="Second Herat War">10th Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maimana_Campaign_(1857)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maimana Campaign (1857) (page does not exist)">Maimana (1857)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khost_rebellion_(1856%E2%80%931857)" title="Khost rebellion (1856–1857)">1st Khost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Conquest_of_Kunduz" title="Afghan Conquest of Kunduz">Kunduz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herat_campaign_of_1862%E2%80%931863" title="Herat campaign of 1862–1863">11th Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1863%E2%80%931869)" title="Afghan Civil War (1863–1869)">2nd Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_Mohammad_Yaqub_Khan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolt of Mohammad Yaqub Khan (page does not exist)">12th Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_Ayub_Khan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolt of Ayub Khan (page does not exist)">13th Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1875-76_Revolt_in_the_Chahar_Wilayat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1875-76 Revolt in the Chahar Wilayat (page does not exist)">2nd Chahar Wilayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">2nd Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1881_Herat_Uprising&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1881 Herat Uprising (page does not exist)">14th Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghan_Civil_War_(1880-81)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afghan Civil War (1880-81) (page does not exist)">3rd Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghan_Conquest_of_Maimana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afghan Conquest of Maimana (page does not exist)">1st Maimana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1886-87_Great_Ghilzai_Uprising&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1886-87 Great Ghilzai Uprising (page does not exist)">1st Ghilzai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_Sardar_Mohammad_Ishaq_Khan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolt of Sardar Mohammad Ishaq Khan (page does not exist)">2nd Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888%E2%80%931893_uprisings_of_Hazaras#First_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="1888–1893 uprisings of Hazaras">3rd Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888%E2%80%931893_uprisings_of_Hazaras#Second_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="1888–1893 uprisings of Hazaras">4th Hazara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uruzgan" title="Battle of Uruzgan">Uruzgan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1892_Maimana_Revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1892 Maimana Revolt (page does not exist)">2nd Maimana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888%E2%80%931893_uprisings_of_Hazaras#Third_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="1888–1893 uprisings of Hazaras">5th Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_Kafiristan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conquest of Kafiristan (page does not exist)">Kafiristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khost_rebellion_(1912)" title="Khost rebellion (1912)">2nd Khost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urtatagai_conflict_(1913)" title="Urtatagai conflict (1913)">1st Urtatagai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">3rd Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alizai_rebellion_of_1923" title="Alizai rebellion of 1923">Alizai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khost_rebellion_(1924%E2%80%931925)" title="Khost rebellion (1924–1925)">3rd Khost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urtatagai_conflict_(1925%E2%80%931926)" title="Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)">2nd Urtatagai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)">4th Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)">1st Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinwari_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinwari rebellion">Shinwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanullah_loyalism#Kuhistan_rebellion" title="Amanullah loyalism">1st Kuhistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhistan_rebellion_(July_1930)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuhistan rebellion (July 1930)">2nd Kuhistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1930)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)">2nd Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghilzai_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghilzai rebellion">2nd Ghilzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_tribal_revolts_of_1944%E2%80%931947" title="Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947">Tribal revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Hazara_Rebellion" title="1945 Hazara Rebellion">6th Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Hazara_Rebellion" title="1949 Hazara Rebellion">7th Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">Republican coup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Category:History of Afghanistan">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">History of <span class="fn org label">Afghanistan</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg/200px-Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg/300px-Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg/400px-Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="712" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Afghan_history" title="Timeline of Afghan history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Afghanistan" title="Ancient history of Afghanistan">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2200–1800 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Oxus civilization</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2100–1800 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gandhara_kingdom" title="Gandhara kingdom">Gandhara kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1500–535 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 728–550 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 550–330 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 330–312 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 312–150 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 305–180 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian kingdom">Greco-Bactrian kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 256–125 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 247 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek kingdom">Indo-Greek kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 180–90 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythian kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 155–80? BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 135 BC – 248 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_kingdom" title="Indo-Parthian kingdom">Indo-Parthian kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 20 BC – 50? AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 230–651</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarite kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 320–465</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rob" title="Kingdom of Rob">Rob</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 380–560</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 410–557</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nezak_Huns" title="Nezak Huns">Nezak Huns</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 484–711</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 565–879</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Chaghaniyan" title="Principality of Chaghaniyan">Principality of Chaghaniyan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 7th–8th centuries</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 652–661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang China</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 660–669</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 660–842</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 661–750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Zunbils" title="Zunbils">Zunbils</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 680–870</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lawik_dynasty" title="Lawik dynasty">Lawik</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">750-977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 750–821</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 821–873</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 863–900</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 875–999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 963–1187</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> before 879–1215</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1037–1194</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1215–1231</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Mongol Invasion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1219–1226</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1226–1245</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qarlughids" title="Qarlughids">Qarlughids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1224–1266</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1256–1335</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kartids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1245–1381</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1370–1507</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Arghun_dynasty" title="Arghun dynasty">Arghuns</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1520–1591</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1501–1738</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1510–1709</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kunduz_Khanate" title="Kunduz Khanate">Kunduz Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> ?–1859</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1709–1738</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sadozai_Sultanate_of_Herat" title="Sadozai Sultanate of Herat">Sadozai Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1716–1732</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1738–1747</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1747–1823</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maimana_Khanate" title="Maimana Khanate">Maimana Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1747–1892</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Herat_(1793%E2%80%931863)" title="Herat (1793–1863)">Herat</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1793–1863</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Qandahar" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Qandahar">Principality of Qandahar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1818–1855</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1823–1926</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)">Saqqawist Emirate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1926–1973</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">Daoud coup</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1973</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Afghanistan_(1973%E2%80%931978)" title="Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)">Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1973–1978</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1978</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1978–1992</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1990_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Afghan coup d'état attempt">Tanai coup attempt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1992–1996</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Islamic Emirate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1996–2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">US invasion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State</a> (reinstated)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Interim_Administration" title="Afghan Interim Administration">Interim</a>/<a href="/wiki/Transitional_Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan">Transitional Administration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2001–2004</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">politics</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2004–2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Islamic Emirate</a> (reinstated)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">since</span> 2021</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related historical regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_(region)" title="Aria (region)">Aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariana" title="Ariana">Ariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabulistan" title="Kabulistan">Kabulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafiristan" title="Kafiristan">Kafiristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushanshahr" title="Kushanshahr">Kushanshahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paropamisadae" title="Paropamisadae">Paropamisadae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Political history of Afghanistan">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence_in_Afghanistan" title="Political violence in Afghanistan">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Afghanistan" title="Culture of Afghanistan">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Afghanistan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Afghanistan" title="Name of Afghanistan">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">Afghan (ethnonym)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Afghanistan" title="List of years in Afghanistan">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Afghanistan" title="List of heads of state of Afghanistan">List of heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wars in Afghanistan">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Afghanistan" title="List of wars involving Afghanistan">List of wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hinduism in Afghanistan">Hinduism history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_and_Buddhist_heritage_of_Afghanistan" title="Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Afghanistan">Hindu and Buddhist heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_of_Afghanistan" title="Muslim conquests of Afghanistan">Muslim conquests</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Category:History of Afghanistan">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Afghanistan portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Template:History of Afghanistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Template talk:History of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Third Anglo-Afghan War</b><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a short war which began on 3 May and ended on 8 August 1919. The new Amir of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a> <a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a> declared a <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> against the British in the hope to proclaim full independence, as well as to strengthen his own legitimacy. Amanullah's forces invaded <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> on three fronts taking advantage of the <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">unrest in India</a>, in an effort to seize the old Afghan provinces west of the <a href="/wiki/River_Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="River Indus">River Indus</a>. </p><p>Despite some initial success, the Afghan invasion was however repelled by the British, the latter who were reinforced and responded in force. The Afghans were then driven back across the border via the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Jalalabad" title="Jalalabad">Jalalabad</a>, with the British occupying Dacca and <a href="/wiki/Spin_Boldak" title="Spin Boldak">Spin Boldak</a> by the end of May. Further Afghan incursions and tribal uprisings attacks were contained such as in <a href="/wiki/Thal,_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Thal, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Thal</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> were also used in bombing and strafing attacks on the frontier tribes as well as targets within Afghanistan, including <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> and Jalalabad. Although small in scale, it was a contributing force for Amanullah to call for an <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">armistice</a> in June. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Afghan_Treaty_of_1919" title="Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919">Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919</a> was signed on 8 August which resulted in the Afghans re-gaining <a href="/wiki/Dejure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dejure">dejure</a> control of foreign affairs from <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Afghans recognizing the <a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a> as the border.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp157_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp157-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Anglo-Afghan_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The root cause of the Third Anglo-Afghan War took hold long before fighting commenced. For the British in India, Afghanistan was seen as a threat. The British worried about <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> intentions, concerned that an invasion of India could be launched by Tsarist forces through Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period became known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a>. In an effort to negate this threat, the British made numerous attempts at imposing their will upon <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, and over the course of the 19th century fought two wars: the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1839–1842) and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1878–1880).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The end of the Second Afghan War in 1880, marked the beginning of almost 40 years of good relations between Britain and Afghanistan, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan" title="Abdur Rahman Khan">Abdur Rahman Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habibullah_Khan" title="Habibullah Khan">Habibullah Khan</a>, during which time the British attempted to manage Afghan foreign policy through the payment of a large subsidy.<sup id="cite_ref-Sidebotham_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidebotham-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the country ostensibly remained independent, under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gandamak" title="Treaty of Gandamak">Treaty of Gandamak</a> (1879) it accepted that in external matters it would "...have no windows looking on the outside world, except towards India".<sup id="cite_ref-Sidebotham_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidebotham-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though in reality, this was not enforced, and Afghanistan continued diplomatic interactions with other nations outside of British approval.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019395-397_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019395-397-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1901, the death of <a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan" title="Abdur Rahman Khan">Emir Abdur Rahman Khan</a> led indirectly to the war that began 18 years later. His successor, Habibullah, was a pragmatic leader who sided with Britain or Russia depending on Afghan interests.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson22_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson22-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Molesworth20_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molesworth20-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite considerable resentment over not being consulted on the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907</a> (Convention of St. Petersburg), Afghanistan remained neutral during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> (1914–1918), resisting increasing pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, which entered the conflict on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>; the Ottoman sultan (as <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">titular leader of Islam</a>) called for a <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">holy war</a> against the Allies.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp149_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp149-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite remaining neutral in the conflict, Habibullah did in fact accept a Turkish-German mission in Kabul and military assistance from the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> as he attempted to play both sides of the conflict for the best deal.<sup id="cite_ref-Molesworth20_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molesworth20-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson23_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson23-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through continual prevarication, he resisted numerous requests for assistance from the Central Powers, but failed to keep in check troublesome tribal leaders, intent on undermining British rule in India, as Turkish agents attempted to foment trouble along the frontier.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp149_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp149-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British had long seen Afghanistan as the only capable state of invading India, which remained a serious threat.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The departure of a large part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> to fight overseas and news of British defeats at the hands of the Ottomans aided Ottoman agents in their efforts at sedition, and in 1915 there was unrest amongst the <a href="/wiki/Mohmand" title="Mohmand">Mohmands</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Mahsud" title="Mahsud">Mahsuds</a>. Notwithstanding these outbreaks, the frontier generally remained settled at a time when Britain could ill afford trouble.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp149_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp149-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Turko-German mission left Kabul in 1916. By that time, however, it had successfully convinced Habibullah that Afghanistan was an independent nation and that it should be beholden to no one. With the end of the First World War, Habibullah sought to obtain rewards from the <a href="/wiki/British_government" class="mw-redirect" title="British government">British government</a> for his assistance during the war. Looking for British recognition of Afghanistan's independence in foreign affairs, he demanded a seat at the <a href="/wiki/Versailles_Peace_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles Peace Conference">Versailles Peace Conference</a> in 1919. This request was denied by the viceroy, <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford</a>, on the grounds that attendance at the conference was confined to the <a href="/wiki/Belligerent" title="Belligerent">belligerents</a>. Further negotiations were scheduled, but before they could begin Habibullah was assassinated on 19 February 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson22_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson22-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp149_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp149-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Molesworth22_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molesworth22-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This resulted in a power struggle as Habibullah's brother <a href="/wiki/Nasrullah_Khan_(Afghanistan)" title="Nasrullah Khan (Afghanistan)">Nasrullah Khan</a> proclaimed himself as Habibullah's successor, while in Kabul, <a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Amanullah</a>, Habibullah's third son (from his second wife), had also proclaimed himself <a href="/wiki/Amir_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir of Afghanistan">amir</a>. The Afghan army suspected Amanullah's complicity in the death of his father. Needing a way of cementing his power, upon seizing the throne in April 1919, Amanullah posed as a supporter of democratic ideals, promising governmental reforms. He stated that there should be no forced labour, tyranny, or oppression, and that Afghanistan should be free and independent and no longer bound by the Treaty of Gandamak.<sup id="cite_ref-Sidebotham_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidebotham-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amanullah had his uncle Nasrullah arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment for Habibullah's murder. Nasrullah had been the leader of a more conservative element in Afghanistan, and his treatment rendered Amanullah's position as Amir somewhat tenuous. By April 1919, Amanullah realised that if he could not find a way to placate the conservatives, he would be unlikely to maintain his hold on power. Looking for a diversion from the internal strife in the Afghan court and sensing advantage in the rising civil unrest in India following the <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Amritsar massacre">Amritsar massacre</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amanullah decided to invade British India.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp150_151_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp150_151-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afghan historians typically represent the Third Anglo-Afghan War as a war of independence, while in reality, it was a <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a>. Upon his accession, Amanullah had already declared Afghanistan independent, and the British were incapable of stopping it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019455_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019455-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghan_forces">Afghan forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Anglo-Afghan_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Afghan forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1919, the Afghan regular army was not a very formidable force, and was only able to muster some 50,000 men. These men were organised into 21 <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiments</a> and 75 <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalions</a>, with about 280 modern <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> pieces, organised into 70 batteries, in support.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp151_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp151-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to this, however, in a boost to the army's strength, the Afghan command could call upon the loyalty of up to 80,000 frontier tribesmen and an indeterminate number of <a href="/wiki/Deserter" class="mw-redirect" title="Deserter">deserters</a> from local <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> units under British command. In reality, the Afghan regular army was not ready for war. As in past years, the upper levels of the officer corps were riddled with political intrigue. In his book on the campaign, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant-General</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Molesworth" title="George Molesworth">George Molesworth</a> gave the following evaluation of the Amir's army: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghani_warriors,_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Afghani_warriors%2C_1922.jpg/310px-Afghani_warriors%2C_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Afghani_warriors%2C_1922.jpg/465px-Afghani_warriors%2C_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Afghani_warriors%2C_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>Afghan warriors in 1922</figcaption></figure> <blockquote> <p>Afghan regular units...were ill-trained, ill-paid, and probably under strength. The cavalry was little better than indifferent infantry mounted on equally indifferent ponies. Rifles varied between modern German, Turkish and British types, to obsolete <a href="/wiki/Martini-Henry" class="mw-redirect" title="Martini-Henry">Martinis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snider-Enfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Snider-Enfield">Snyders</a>. Few infantry units had bayonets. Artillery was ponydrawn, or pack, and included modern 10 cm <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a> howitzers, 75 mm Krupp <a href="/wiki/Mountain_gun" title="Mountain gun">mountain guns</a> and ancient 7 pounder weapons. There were a few, very old, four-barrel <a href="/wiki/Gardner_gun" title="Gardner gun">Gardiner machine guns</a>. Ammunition was in short supply and distribution must have been very difficult. For the artillery much black powder was used, both as a propellent and bursting charge for shells. The Kabul arsenal workshops were elementary and mainly staffed by <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> artificers with much ingenuity but little real skill. There was no organised transport and arrangements for supply were rudimentary.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>In support of the regulars, the Afghan command expected to call out the tribes, which could gather up to 20,000 or 30,000 <a href="/wiki/Afridi" title="Afridi">Afridi</a> fighters in the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Khyber Agency">Khyber</a> region alone. In stark contrast to the regulars, the tribal <a href="/wiki/Lascar" title="Lascar">lashkars</a> were probably the best troops that the Afghans had, being of excellent fighting quality, well armed, mainly with weapons that they had made themselves or stolen from the garrisons and with plenty of ammunition.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_and_Indian_forces">British and Indian forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Anglo-Afghan_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: British and Indian forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In meeting this threat, the British could call on a much larger force. In May 1919, the British and <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a>, not including frontier militia, totalled eight <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a>, as well as five independent <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigades</a> of infantry and three of cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp151_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp151-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, of this force, the entire <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier Province</a> had three infantry divisions and two cavalry brigades, although there was also <a href="/wiki/GHQ_India" title="GHQ India">GHQ India</a>'s central reserve of one infantry division and one cavalry brigade. From this, they formed a striking force of two infantry divisions and two cavalry brigades for offensive operations on the Kyber front with the possibility of using it also in the <a href="/wiki/Tochi_Valley" title="Tochi Valley">Tochi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurram_District" title="Kurram District">Kurram</a> areas. One infantry division and a so-called "mounted" brigade were also detailed for operations on the <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Afghanistan" title="Balochistan, Afghanistan">Baluchistan</a>–<a href="/wiki/Zhob" title="Zhob">Zhob</a> front.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes125_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes125-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also three frontier brigades as well as a number of frontier militia and irregular corps.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp152_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp152-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artillery was also in short supply, and the three frontier divisions each had a British field artillery brigade of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Field_Artillery" title="Royal Field Artillery">Royal Field Artillery</a> with two batteries of <a href="/wiki/QF_18-pounder_gun" title="QF 18-pounder gun">18-pounders</a> and one battery of <a href="/wiki/QF_4.5-inch_howitzer" title="QF 4.5-inch howitzer">4.5-inch howitzers</a>, and an Indian mountain brigade with two batteries of <a href="/wiki/BL_2.75-inch_mountain_gun" title="BL 2.75-inch mountain gun">2.75-inch mountain guns</a>. There were also two batteries of tractor-drawn <a href="/wiki/BL_60-pounder_gun" title="BL 60-pounder gun">6-inch howitzers</a> and two British mountain batteries of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Garrison_Artillery" title="Royal Garrison Artillery">Royal Garrison Artillery</a>, which were reinforced with <a href="/wiki/QF_3.7-inch_mountain_howitzer" title="QF 3.7-inch mountain howitzer">3.7-inch mountain howitzers</a>. However, most batteries had only four guns. Finally, there were also 15 pounder guns of the Frontier Garrison Artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes126_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes126-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Handley_Page_V1500.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Handley_Page_V1500.jpg/300px-Handley_Page_V1500.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Handley_Page_V1500.jpg/450px-Handley_Page_V1500.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Handley_Page_V1500.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Type_O" title="Handley Page Type O">Handley Page Type O</a> bomber, with its wings folded back</figcaption></figure> <p>Machine guns, at least on the Khyber front, were old <a href="/wiki/Maxim_gun" title="Maxim gun">.303 Maxims</a>. The British gained a <a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">command and control</a> advantage with their use of motor transport and wireless communications, while <a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">armored cars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a> detachments increased their firepower and reach, the latter being demonstrated to the Afghans by a bombing raid on Kabul itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp152_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp152-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They could also direct the fire of the 60-pounders.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes126_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes126-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RAF squadrons involved were <a href="/wiki/No._31_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 31 Squadron RAF">No. 31 Squadron</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._114_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 114 Squadron RAF">No. 114 Squadron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main problem for the British was discontent among their soldiers. The troops in India were no longer as uncritical as they had been when considering what they were being asked to do.<sup id="cite_ref-Putkowski_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Putkowski-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other units of the British Army, many of the troops considered the war over and looked forward to being demobilised. The Indian Army had been heavily committed to the First World War and had suffered a large number of casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of its units still had not returned from overseas, and those that had had begun the process of <a href="/wiki/Demobilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Demobilisation">demobilisation</a>. As such, many regiments had lost almost all of their most experienced men.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp151_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp151-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, the British Army in India had been gutted. Prior to 1914 there had been 61 British regiments<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> serving in India. However, of these, all but ten (two cavalry and eight infantry) had been withdrawn in order to fight in Europe or the Middle East. In their place, units of the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Force_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Force (United Kingdom)">Territorial Force</a> (TF), part-time soldiers usually only intended for home defence but who had volunteered for overseas service, had been sent in order to release regular units for the fighting in France.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After four years of mundane garrison duty, away from their families and disaffected, most of these men were really only interested in demobilisation and returning to Britain to get on with their lives. They were in no way prepared for a hard-fought campaign on the Indian frontier.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson23_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson23-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp152_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp152-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparations">Preparations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Anglo-Afghan_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Preparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amanullah Khan raised three armies planned for his invasion of British India through a three-pronged attack. The raised force in <a href="/wiki/Nangarhar_Province" title="Nangarhar Province">Nangarhar</a> led by Saleh Muhammad Khan commanded mostly <a href="/wiki/Mohmand" title="Mohmand">Mohmand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afridi" title="Afridi">Afridi</a> tribesmen. His intention was to attack through the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a> and seize <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>. This would also coincide with a planned uprising in Peshawar sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Tarzi" title="Mahmud Tarzi">Mahmud Tarzi</a> and other Indian revolutionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019455_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019455-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second army was led by <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Nadir_Shah" title="Mohammad Nadir Shah">Nadir Khan</a>, who began raising an army in <a href="/wiki/Khost" title="Khost">Khost</a>. His objective was to invade <a href="/wiki/Waziristan" title="Waziristan">Waziristan</a> and advance as far as <a href="/wiki/Kurram_District" title="Kurram District">Kurram</a>, which were former territories of Afghanistan that were ceded during the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a>. Nadir Khan faced initial difficulties toward raising an army due to an uprising in <a href="/wiki/Gardez" title="Gardez">Gardez</a>, and lack of support toward the war across the border. Nadir Khan's suppression of a <a href="/wiki/Khost_rebellion_(1912)" title="Khost rebellion (1912)">tribal uprising</a> a decade before had left many in doubt of joining the war directly, holding sentiments to refuse both an Afghan, or British army to cross through the territory of the frontier tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019455-456_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019455-456-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third army was led by 'Abd al-Quddus Khan, who was beginning to raise an army in <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>. His objective was to advance into <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a> and seize control of <a href="/wiki/Chaman" title="Chaman">Chaman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulistan,_Balochistan" title="Gulistan, Balochistan">Gulistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pishin,_Pakistan" title="Pishin, Pakistan">Pishin</a>, and establish complete control over the <a href="/wiki/Khojak_Pass" title="Khojak Pass">Khojak Pass</a>. However, 'Abd al-Quddus's late arrival saw a revolt by religious leaders which he had to suppress with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Ali_Ahmad_Khan" title="Ali Ahmad Khan">Ali Ahmad Khan</a>. This was followed by a complete massacre of the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Qizilbash" title="Afghan Qizilbash">Afghan Qizilbash</a> in Kandahar. When 'Abd al-Quddus was finally capable of marching into Balochistan, the armistice was already signed and the war had come to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019456_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019456-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War">War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Anglo-Afghan_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghan_invasion_-_1st_Bagh">Afghan invasion - 1st Bagh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Anglo-Afghan_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Afghan invasion - 1st Bagh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bagh" title="Battle of Bagh">Battle of Bagh</a></div> <p>The conflict began on 3rd May 1919 when Afghan troops crossed the frontier at the western end of the Khyber Pass and captured the town of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bagh,_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bagh, Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Bagh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp151_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp151-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bagh was strategically important to the British and Indians as it provided water to <a href="/wiki/Landi_Kotal" title="Landi Kotal">Landi Kotal</a>, which was at the time garrisoned by just two <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">companies</a> of troops from the British Indian Army.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp151_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp151-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although initially considered a minor border infraction, this attack was actually part of the wider invasion plan. For whatever reason the attack had been launched ahead of schedule, however, for Amanullah had intended initially for it to coincide with an uprising that was being planned in <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> for 8th May. This served to alert the British Chief Commissioner of the North West Frontier, Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Roos-Keppel" title="George Roos-Keppel">George Roos-Keppel</a>, who had become aware of the plan<sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp151_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp151-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as a result he was able to successfully convince the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chelmsford" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Chelmsford">Lord Chelmsford</a>, of the need to respond to the occupation of Bagh before it led to further unrest in Peshawar.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp152_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp152-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to this the British Indian government declared war upon Afghanistan on 6th May and ordered a general mobilisation of the British and Indian forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson23_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson23-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was decided next that the two companies of Sikhs and <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkhas</a> that had been sent to Landi Kotal needed to be reinforced, however, the mobilisation process had only just begun and at that stage there was only one battalion available for this, so on 7th May the <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Light_Infantry" title="Somerset Light Infantry">2nd Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson23_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson23-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were brought up clandestinely through the Khyber Pass aboard a convoy of 37 <a href="/wiki/Lorries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorries">lorries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp152_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp152-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, a cordon was thrown around Peshawar and demands were made for the population to hand over the uprising's ringleaders. Amid threats that the city's water supply would be cut, the inhabitants complied and by dawn on 8th May the situation in the city was under control and the threat of an uprising abated.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp152_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp152-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2nd_Bagh_and_British_counterattack">2nd Bagh and British counterattack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Anglo-Afghan_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2nd Bagh and British counterattack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By this stage more reinforcements were available and the garrison at Landi Kotal grew to brigade-size, with the arrival of the rest of the 1st Infantry Brigade under Brigadier G.D. Crocker.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp152_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp152-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 May the British and Indian troops launched an attack on the Afghans that had seized Bagh the previous week. The attack, however, failed when the brigade commander decided to split his forces and detach almost half his force to protect his flank and as a result was unable to achieve the necessary <a href="/wiki/Force_concentration" title="Force concentration">concentration of force</a> to capture all of his objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp152_30-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp152-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coinciding with this, three <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Factory_B.E.2" title="Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2">BE2c</a> aircraft from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> carried out a bombing raid on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dacca,_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dacca, Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Dacca</a> in Afghanistan, attacking a group of hostile tribesmen.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp152_30-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp152-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avro_BE2C_ExCC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Avro_BE2C_ExCC.jpg/200px-Avro_BE2C_ExCC.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Avro_BE2C_ExCC.jpg/300px-Avro_BE2C_ExCC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Avro_BE2C_ExCC.jpg/400px-Avro_BE2C_ExCC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A Royal Air Force BE2C</figcaption></figure> <p>Following this the 2nd and 3rd Infantry Brigades of the 1st Infantry Division were dispatched from Nowshera and <a href="/wiki/Abbottabad" title="Abbottabad">Abbottabad</a>, concentrating at Jamrud and Kacha Garhi. At the same time, the 6th Brigade from the 2nd Infantry Division moved up to Peshawar from <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a> to help quell the unrest there.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days later, on 11 May, a second attack was made on Bagh by the 1st and 2nd Infantry Brigades, under Major General Fowler, and this time it proved successful.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supported with 22 machine guns and 18 artillery pieces, the attack was preceded by a thirty-minute preparation bombardment before being carried by the <a href="/wiki/North_Staffordshire_Regiment" title="North Staffordshire Regiment">2nd Battalion, North Staffordshire Regiment</a> and two battalions from the <a href="/wiki/11th_Gurkha_Rifles" title="11th Gurkha Rifles">11th Gurkhas</a>, who charged into the Afghan positions with bayonets fixed and drove them into the Lower Khyber, where they were subjected to further indirect fire from mountain guns that had been set up in ambush.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson23_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson23-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp152_30-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp152-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Afghans were forced back over the border, the RAF followed them across and carried out a number of bombing runs. The rout was total and tribesman that might have otherwise have been expected to counterattack in support of the Afghans decided against doing so, instead turning their efforts to looting the battlefield and gathering the arms and ammunition that the retreating Afghans had left behind.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson23_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson23-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Casualties during the battle, later known as the Second Battle of Bagh, amounted to 100 Afghans killed and 300 wounded, while the British and Indian forces lost eight killed and 31 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Amanullah continued to profess that he had no untoward intentions, Roos-Keppel decided that it was prudent to continue the advance and ordered the army to pursue the Afghans across the border.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp152_30-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp152-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 May British and Indian troops seized control of the western Khyber without opposition and occupied Dacca,<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson23_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson23-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the British camp was poorly sited for defence and as a consequence they came under an intense long-range artillery barrage from Afghan artillery before Amanullah launched an infantry assault on them. This assault was defeated and the British launched a counter-attack the following day, however, they were unable to consolidate their position, and as a result it was not until 17 May that the area was secured and the Afghans withdrew.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp152_30-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp152-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="'Stonehenge_Ridge'"><span id=".27Stonehenge_Ridge.27"></span>'Stonehenge Ridge'</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Anglo-Afghan_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 'Stonehenge Ridge'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meanwhile, the previous day, British and Indian forces had launched an attack on 'Stonehenge Ridge', where an Afghan force of about 3,000 men had established themselves with a number of artillery pieces and machine guns.<sup id="cite_ref-Molesworth69_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molesworth69-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under cover of a preliminary bombardment to soften up the Afghan defences, men from the <a href="/wiki/11th_Sikh_Regiment" title="11th Sikh Regiment">11th Sikh Regiment</a> had launched the initial assault, however, they were forced to stop their attack when they ran out of ammunition at 08.00 hours, and although a resupply was effected at 10.30 hours,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was not until 14.00 hours that the attack was resumed.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time the troops were exposed to the heat of the day; nevertheless, after another barrage was called down, the Sikhs assaulted the Afghan line despite the heat and the attack was carried to the top of the ridge. Upon reaching the escarpment they found that the Afghans had fled the battlefield, leaving most of their equipment, artillery and a number of <a href="/wiki/Military_colours,_standards_and_guidons" title="Military colours, standards and guidons">standards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson24_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson24-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the assault the British and Indian forces lost 22 killed and 157 wounded, while Afghan losses were estimated at around 200 killed and 400 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-Molesworth69_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molesworth69-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this time, however, trouble struck in the British rear along their <a href="/wiki/Line_of_communication" title="Line of communication">line of communications</a> through the Khyber where the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Rifles" title="Khyber Rifles">Khyber Rifles</a> began to become disaffected by the situation and began to <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">desert</a> <a href="/wiki/En_masse" class="mw-redirect" title="En masse">en masse</a>. As a result, it was decided to disarm and disband the regiment in an effort to stop the spread of similar sentiment to other regiments.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp154_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp154-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this Lord Chelmsford decided that the situation could be resolved by continuing the advance further into Afghanistan and gave the order for the brigade in Dacca to march towards <a href="/wiki/Jalalabad" title="Jalalabad">Jalalabad</a>, but this order could not be carried out as fighting broke out further to the south and in the eastern Khyber.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson24_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson24-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kurram_and_Spin_Baldek">Kurram and Spin Baldek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Anglo-Afghan_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kurram and Spin Baldek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As part of the attack on the Khyber, secondary attacks had been planned on <a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurram_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurram Agency">Kurram</a>, in the north in <a href="/wiki/Chitral_(princely_state)" title="Chitral (princely state)">Chitral state</a> and in the south in <a href="/wiki/Baluchistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluchistan">Baluchistan</a> and the Zhob Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23rd May the British posts around the Kurram Valley had to be abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson24_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson24-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following day <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Type_O" title="Handley Page Type O">Handley Page bombers</a> attacked Kabul;<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, it did little to stem the tide, and the supply situation in Landi Kotal grew worse.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson24_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson24-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27th May the British commander in Quetta decided to attack the Afghan fortress at <a href="/wiki/Spin_Boldak" title="Spin Boldak">Spin Baldak</a>, capturing it (the last time the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> used an <a href="/wiki/Escalade" title="Escalade">escalade</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in the process, seized the initiative in the south; however, the situation in the centre of the war zone, around Kurram, remained desperate for the British. The Afghan forces in this area were under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Nadir_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Nadir Shah">Nadir Khan</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he possessed a force of some 14 battalions. Against this, the British at Thal, under Brigadier General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Eustace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Eustace (page does not exist)">Alexander Eustace</a>, possessed only four battalions.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To make matters worse, the only troops protecting the upper Tochi Valley were the disaffected <a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Waziristan_Militia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Waziristan Militia (page does not exist)">North Waziristan Militia</a>. Concerned that they would rise up against him if left to their own devices, Eustace gave the order to abandon the militia outposts, but in doing so, precipitated the desertion of many of the militiamen.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp155_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp155-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This disaffection spread and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Waziristan_Militia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Waziristan Militia (page does not exist)">South Waziristan Militia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wana,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wana, Pakistan">Wana</a> turned on their officers and any men who had remained loyal and attacked them. The survivors, under Major Russell, the commandant, were forced to fight their way out to a column of the <a href="/wiki/North_Zhob_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="North Zhob Militia">North Zhob Militia</a> which had been sent out to relieve them.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson24_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson24-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp155_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp155-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thal">Thal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Anglo-Afghan_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Thal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seeing that the situation was deteriorating for the British and seeing an opportunity, Nadir Khan decided to attack Thal. As the Frontier Constabulary had abandoned their posts, on the night of 28th/29th May the Afghans were able to occupy a tower 500 yards (460 m) from the fort and from there they were able to set fire to a number of food stores.<sup id="cite_ref-Molesworth117_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molesworth117-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made the situation in the fort dire, as the supply situation had already been low. Other factors also stacked up against the British. Eustace's force was outnumbered and outgunned. He possessed no regular British infantry and his four battalions were inexperienced Indian units, consisting mainly of young recruits.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp157_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp157-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After repelling an infantry assault on 29th May, the following day the garrison was subjected to a heavy bombardment from Afghan guns.<sup id="cite_ref-Molesworth117_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molesworth117-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of this, the British decided to bring the 16th Infantry Division, consisting of the 45th and 46th Infantry Brigades, up to Peshawar from Lahore,<sup id="cite_ref-Molesworth117_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molesworth117-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the purpose of advancing on Jalalabad and have it move up to Kurram.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp157_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp157-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While part of the division was detached to defend <a href="/wiki/Kohat" title="Kohat">Kohat</a>, the 45th Infantry Brigade under Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Dyer" title="Reginald Dyer">Reginald Dyer</a>—who had been at the centre of the Amritsar massacre—set out to relieve Eustace's force at Thal.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dyer's force consisted of only one British battalion, the <a href="/wiki/London_Regiment_(1908%E2%80%931938)" title="London Regiment (1908–1938)">1st/25th London Regiment</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/41st_Dogras" title="41st Dogras">Dogras</a>, Punjabis and Gurkhas, and short of rations and possessing no transport, they were forced to march through intense heat to relieve Thal.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp157_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp157-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the conditions, however, the British and Indian troops under Dyer's command rose to the occasion and covered the last 18 miles (29 km) in under 12 hours<sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp157_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp157-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on 1st June they ran into a blocking force of tribesman that barred both the northern and southern approaches to Thal. Dyer attacked both ends with his artillery, while sending his infantry against the southern approach. Unable to withstand the attack, the tribesmen retreated and as a result the way through to Eustace's garrison was cleared.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp157_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp157-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the siege, the British suffered 94 casualties, of which eight were killed, four died of wounds and 82 were wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-Molesworth121_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molesworth121-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Importance_of_British_airpower">Importance of British airpower</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Anglo-Afghan_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Importance of British airpower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_photography_during_bombing_raid_on_Kaul_Afghanistan_24_May_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="B&W Aerial photography" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Aerial_photography_during_bombing_raid_on_Kaul_Afghanistan_24_May_1919.jpg/260px-Aerial_photography_during_bombing_raid_on_Kaul_Afghanistan_24_May_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Aerial_photography_during_bombing_raid_on_Kaul_Afghanistan_24_May_1919.jpg/390px-Aerial_photography_during_bombing_raid_on_Kaul_Afghanistan_24_May_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Aerial_photography_during_bombing_raid_on_Kaul_Afghanistan_24_May_1919.jpg/520px-Aerial_photography_during_bombing_raid_on_Kaul_Afghanistan_24_May_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption>Aerial photograph of the Amir's palace during the bombing raid on Kabul, Afghanistan, on 24 May 1919</figcaption></figure> <p>Although limited in numbers and quality,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">airpower</a> proved to be one of the greatest assets that the British possessed during this conflict. Not only did it allow them to extend their reach beyond the border and bomb Kabul, but it also enabled them to harass the retreating enemy and to break up tribesmen as they attempted to form larger groups prior to launching an attack. The ability of the British to project airpower, even small scale raids, had considerable psychological effects. For example, the single-plane raid on the palace which took place on 24th May 1919, although producing little actual damage, nevertheless greatly affected the morale of Afghan citizens and contributed to bringing Amanullah to request an armistice.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indeed, as a result of the war and the lessons that were learned about the potential of airpower in the region, following the war, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)">Chief of the Air Staff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Hugh_Trenchard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Hugh Trenchard">Sir Hugh Trenchard</a>, proposed controlling the frontier by air power alone. This plan had proven highly successful in <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a>, however, due to the uniqueness of the North-West Frontier and also due to inter-service politics the plan was not accepted until later. In 1937, it was eventually decided that should another war break out with Afghanistan, or in the event of a major tribal uprising, the RAF would take the offensive, while the ground forces would act defensively.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the course of the conflict, British aircraft losses included at least one plane crashed and two shot down.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King Amanullah objected to the British about the air raids on Kabul, citing British condemnation of the German <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">Zeppelin</a> attacks on London. In his letter to the British government he said, "It is a matter of great regret that the throwing of bombs by Zeppelins on London was denounced as a most savage act and the bombardment of places of worship and sacred spots was considered a most abominable operation, while now we see with our own eyes that such operations were a habit which is prevalent amongst all civilized people of the West."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Anglo-Afghan_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ceasefire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 29 May Amanullah requested for an armistice which, despite some protests, his Afghan commanders reluctantly agreed to. This was sent to the British Indian government on 31 May. </p><p>On 2 June, at dawn Dyer's brigade launched an attack on the Afghan regulars that were positioned away to the west of Thal. As this attack went in Nadir Khan sent out an envoy to deliver a message to the brigade commander.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson24_52-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson24-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The message told Dyer that Amir Amanullah had ordered Nadir Khan to cease hostilities and Nadir Khan asked Dyer to acknowledge that he would honour the armistice. Unaware that this request had been made, and uncertain as to whether the message and request for a cease fire was a ruse on Nadir Khan's part, Dyer decided that he would not take any chances and sent the reply: "My guns will give an immediate reply, but your letter will be forwarded to the Divisional Commander".<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson24_52-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson24-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After this Dyer continued his attack and as Nadir Khan's force withdrew from the area, Dyer followed them up with cavalry and armoured cars from the 37th Lancers, while the RAF, using machine guns and iron bombs, attacked and dispersed about 400 tribesmen that were in the area and which posed a threat of counterattack.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp157_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp157-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 June, the Afghan camp at Yusef Khel was seized by two platoons from the 1st/25th London and two troops from the 37th Lancers supported by a section of guns from the 89th Battery. Following this Dyer received a telegram ordering to break off his pursuit as an armistice came into effect that day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarthorp2002157_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarthorp2002157-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outcome">Outcome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Anglo-Afghan_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Outcome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Afghan_Treaty_of_1919" title="Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919">Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5thRoyalGurkhaRiflesNorth-WestFrontier1923.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/5thRoyalGurkhaRiflesNorth-WestFrontier1923.JPG/220px-5thRoyalGurkhaRiflesNorth-WestFrontier1923.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/5thRoyalGurkhaRiflesNorth-WestFrontier1923.JPG/330px-5thRoyalGurkhaRiflesNorth-WestFrontier1923.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/5thRoyalGurkhaRiflesNorth-WestFrontier1923.JPG/440px-5thRoyalGurkhaRiflesNorth-WestFrontier1923.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption>2nd/5th Royal Gurkha Rifles, North-West Frontier 1923</figcaption></figure> <p>The war had lasted exactly one month, though sporadic conflict continued until the Armistice was signed in August. Propaganda from the Afghan government was not fruitful, and the Afghan army was completely defeated on two fronts, with Spin Boldak also being occupied by the British.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019459_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019459-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The treaty of Rawalpindi was concluded on 8th August 1919. As a result of the peace treaty that was negotiated, the British ceased payment of the Afghan <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidy</a>, and thus ended their claim to direct Afghan foreign policy, which had been the <i>quid pro quo</i> of the Emir accepting the subsidy. Amanullah also received little but a letter recognizing Afghanistan's independence, with Afghan government propaganda trying to conceal it by claiming the war was a complete victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019461_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019461-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British had traditionally wanted Afghanistan as a buffer state between India and the Russian Empire. In 1919, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> was raging and any threat from Russia to India at the time was potential rather than real. Moreover, the British were by far the largest supporters of the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a> in the Russian Civil War with the British contributing more arms to the Whites than all other nations combined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes199567–68_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes199567–68-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was assumed in London that if the Whites won the Civil War, a new era in <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Russian relations">Anglo-Russian relations</a> might possibly open as the victorious Whites might be grateful for British support, rendering the need for a buffer state in Central Asia irrelevant. The British also stopped arms sales from India to Afghanistan. But, as British influence declined, the Afghans were able to gain control of their own foreign affairs and in the aftermath emerged as a fully independent state.<sup id="cite_ref-Sidebotham_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidebotham-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British also made some political gains, most notably the reaffirmation of the <a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a> – which had long been a contentious issue between the two nations – as a border separating Afghanistan from the North-West Frontier, and the undertaking that the Afghans made to stop interference on the British side of the line.<sup id="cite_ref-diplomat_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diplomat-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELansford2017146_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansford2017146-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ooth_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ooth-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sidebotham_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidebotham-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The circumstances behind the war were complicated as was the final settlement. In going to war in 1919 against British India, Amir Amanullah's war aims were complicated. Even up against a depleted British Indian Army, a tactical victory was unlikely; however, the war served the dual purpose of deflecting domestic criticism and also offering the opportunity for strategic political gains.<sup id="cite_ref-Sidebotham_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidebotham-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp150_151_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp150_151-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the wars conclusion, Amanullah Khan was hailed as a hero across Muslim world, with some even calling for him to become the new <a href="/wiki/Khalifa" title="Khalifa">Caliph</a>. Amanullah Khan's intentions for Jihad however, failed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019459-461_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019459-461-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British believed in the negotiations that by letting Afghanistan become independent, it would still be reliant on British military and economic aid, and thus accepted the treaty and the recognition of Afghanistan as an independent state. Despite this, British and Afghan diplomats often snubbed each other as a result of the war, which the British did not forget. In one occasion, as the Afghans attempted to open diplomatic ties to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>, the British informed the Italians that they had to recognize the British influence in the country. Afghan diplomats in <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> in retaliation attempted to humiliate British diplomats there who were negotiating a treaty, which resulted in Afghan delegations to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> being refused. British diplomatic mail and letters were rejected, and the British government refused to refer to <a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a> as "Your Majesty", and letters to <a href="/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George V of the United Kingdom">George V</a> were intentionally left unanswered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019461-462_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019461-462-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Casualties during the conflict amounted to approximately 1,000 Afghans killed in action,<sup id="cite_ref-onwar_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onwar-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the British and Indian forces faced around 1,751 dead or wounded, with hundreds of others dying to disease. </p><p>Although the fighting concluded in August 1919, its effects continued to be felt in the region for some time afterwards. The nationalism and disruption that it had sparked stirred up more unrest in the years to come, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Waziristan" title="Waziristan">Waziristan</a>, which saw an <a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">uprising</a> that was long encouraged by Nadir Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019459_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019459-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp157_158_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp157_158-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tribesmen, always ready to exploit governmental weakness, whether real or perceived, banded together in the common cause of disorder and unrest. They had become well-armed as a result of the conflict, from which they benefitted greatly from the weapons and ammunition that the Afghans had left behind and from an influx of manpower in large numbers of deserters from the militia that had joined their ranks. With these additions they launched a <a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">campaign</a> of resistance against British authority on the North-West Frontier that was to last until the end of the Raj.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthorp157_158_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthorp157_158-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decorated_Afghan_soldiers">Decorated Afghan soldiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Anglo-Afghan_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Decorated Afghan soldiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soldiers decorated by the authority of <a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Ghazi Amanullah Khan</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Zaman_Khan" title="Mir Zaman Khan">Ghazi Mir Zaman Khan</a>, a National Hero of Afghanistan who was decorated with 4 medals, being the <i>Lōy Khan</i> (Grand Khan), <i>Wafa</i>, (Loyalty), <i>Sedāqat</i> (Honesty), and <i>Khedmat</i> (Service)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisar_Muhammad_Yousafzai" title="Nisar Muhammad Yousafzai">Nisar Muhammad Yousafzai</a>, a War Hero decorated with the <i>Order of Gallantry of the Emirate of Afghanistan</i> for wartime bravery</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_honours,_British_Indian_army"><span id="Battle_honours.2C_British_Indian_army"></span>Battle honours, British Indian army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Anglo-Afghan_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Battle honours, British Indian army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sadeq_Mohammad_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="portrait of a boy on a throne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Sadeq_Mohammad_Khan.jpg/220px-Sadeq_Mohammad_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Sadeq_Mohammad_Khan.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>The Nawab of Bahawalpur, <a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Mohammad_Khan_V" title="Sadeq Mohammad Khan V">Sadeq Mohammad Khan V</a>, fought for the British during the Third Anglo-Afghan War</figcaption></figure> <p>British and Indian infantry units that participated in the conflict received the <a href="/wiki/Battle_honour" title="Battle honour">battle honour</a> "Afghanistan 1919". No other battle honours for individual engagements were issued. Additionally, unlike the first two Anglo-Afghan wars where individual campaign ribbons were issued for separate engagements, no campaign medal was struck for this conflict. Instead, participation in this conflict was recognised by a clasp to the <a href="/wiki/India_General_Service_Medal_(1909)" title="India General Service Medal (1909)">India General Service Medal</a> (1908–1935).<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The award of the battle honour was made in four separate Army and Governor General's orders. The earliest, Army Order 97/24, granted the honour to 14 British units.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodger84_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodger84-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governor General's Order 193/26 made awards to Indian Army Corps.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodger88_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodger88-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governor General's Order 1409/26 made awards to Indian States Forces<sup id="cite_ref-Rodger88_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodger88-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and finally a further Governor General's Order in 1927 made awards to a further three <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkha</a> regiments.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodger88_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodger88-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Army Order was unusual in that a mistake was made in awarding the Afghanistan 1919 battle honour to <a href="/wiki/The_Hampshire_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hampshire Regiment">The Hampshire Regiment</a> and the <a href="/wiki/21st_Lancers" title="21st Lancers">21st Lancers</a>. This was subsequently rectified and the award to these two units was withdrawn.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodger84_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodger84-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pursuant to Army Order 97/24:<sup id="cite_ref-Rodger208_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodger208-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_King%27s_Dragoon_Guards" title="1st King's Dragoon Guards">1st King's Dragoon Guards</a></li> <li>1/4th Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_(Royal_West_Surrey_Regiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's (Royal West Surrey Regiment)">Queen's (Royal West Surrey Regiment)</a></li> <li>2nd Battalion, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_(Liverpool_Regiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="King's (Liverpool Regiment)">King's (Liverpool Regiment)</a></li> <li>2nd Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert%27s_(Somerset_Light_Infantry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Albert's (Somerset Light Infantry)">Prince Albert's (Somerset Light Infantry)</a></li> <li>1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Alexandra,_Princess_of_Wales%27s_Own_(Yorkshire_Regiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandra, Princess of Wales's Own (Yorkshire Regiment)">Alexandra, Princess of Wales's Own (Yorkshire Regiment)</a></li> <li>1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington%27s_(West_Riding_Regiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Wellington's (West Riding Regiment)">Duke of Wellington's (West Riding Regiment)</a></li> <li>2/4th Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Border_Regiment" title="Border Regiment">Border Regiment</a></li> <li>1st Battalion and 2/6th (Cyclist) Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Sussex_Regiment" title="Royal Sussex Regiment">Royal Sussex Regiment</a></li> <li>1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_Volunteers_(South_Lancashire_Regiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Wales's Volunteers (South Lancashire Regiment)">Prince of Wales's Volunteers (South Lancashire Regiment)</a></li> <li>1/4th Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Own_(Royal_West_Kent_Regiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Own (Royal West Kent Regiment)">Queen's Own (Royal West Kent Regiment)</a></li> <li>2nd Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_(North_Staffordshire_Regiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Wales's (North Staffordshire Regiment)">Prince of Wales's (North Staffordshire Regiment)</a></li> <li>1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Durham_Light_Infantry" title="Durham Light Infantry">Durham Light Infantry</a></li> <li>1/<a href="/wiki/25th_(County_of_London)_Cyclist_Battalion" title="25th (County of London) Cyclist Battalion">25th (County of London) Cyclist Battalion</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Regiment_(1908%E2%80%931938)" title="London Regiment (1908–1938)">London Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1/1st_Kent_Cyclist_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="1/1st Kent Cyclist Battalion">1/1st Kent Cyclist Battalion</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Pursuant to Governor General's Order 193/26:<sup id="cite_ref-Rodger208_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodger208-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Duke_of_York%27s_Own_Skinner%27s_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Duke of York's Own Skinner's Horse">1st Duke of York's Own Skinner's Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Lancers_(Gardner%27s_Horse)" title="2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)">2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Duke_of_Connaught%27s_Own_Lancers_(Watson%27s_Horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="6th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers (Watson's Horse)">6th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers (Watson's Horse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Light_Cavalry" title="7th Light Cavalry">7th Light Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_King_George%27s_Own_Light_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="8th King George's Own Light Cavalry">8th King George's Own Light Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Prince_Albert_Victor%27s_Own_Cavalry_(Frontier_Force)" class="mw-redirect" title="11th Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force)">11th Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Cavalry_(Frontier_Force)" title="12th Cavalry (Frontier Force)">12th Cavalry (Frontier Force)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Duke_of_Connaught%27s_Own_Lancers" class="mw-redirect" title="13th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers">13th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Lancers" title="15th Lancers">15th Lancers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Light_Cavalry" title="16th Light Cavalry">16th Light Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Poona_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="The Poona Horse">17th Queen Victoria's Own Poona Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_Peshawar_Mountain_Battery_(Frontier_Force)" title="23rd Peshawar Mountain Battery (Frontier Force)">103rd (Peshawar) Pack Battery (Frontier Force) (Howitzer)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=107th_(Bengal)_Pack_Battery_(Howitzer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="107th (Bengal) Pack Battery (Howitzer) (page does not exist)">107th (Bengal) Pack Battery (Howitzer)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=108th_(Lahore)_Pack_Battery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="108th (Lahore) Pack Battery (page does not exist)">108th (Lahore) Pack Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=115th_(Jhelum)_Pack_Battery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="115th (Jhelum) Pack Battery (page does not exist)">115th (Jhelum) Pack Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Engineer_Group" title="Madras Engineer Group">Queen Victoria's Own Madras Sappers and Miners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Engineer_Group" title="Bengal Engineer Group">King George's Own Bengal Sappers and Miners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Engineer_Group" title="Bombay Engineer Group">Royal Bombay Sappers and Miners</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burma_Sappers_and_Miners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burma Sappers and Miners (page does not exist)">Burma Sappers and Miners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/61st_Pioneers" title="61st Pioneers">1st Madras Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Bombay_Pioneers" title="2nd Bombay Pioneers">2nd Bombay Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Sikh_Pioneers" title="3rd Sikh Pioneers">3rd Sikh Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Punjab_Regiment" title="1st Punjab Regiment">1st Punjab Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Punjab_Regiment" title="2nd Punjab Regiment">2nd Punjab Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Grenadiers" title="The Grenadiers">4th Bombay Grenadiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Light_Infantry" title="Maratha Light Infantry">5th Maratha Light Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajputana_Rifles" title="Rajputana Rifles">6th Rajputana Rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajput_Regiment" title="Rajput Regiment">7th Rajput Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Punjab_Regiment" title="8th Punjab Regiment">8th Punjab Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jat_Regiment" title="Jat Regiment">9th Jat Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Baluch_Regiment" title="10th Baluch Regiment">10th Baluch Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Regiment" title="Sikh Regiment">11th Sikh Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Frontier_Force_Regiment" title="12th Frontier Force Regiment">12th Frontier Force Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Frontier_Force_Rifles" title="13th Frontier Force Rifles">13th Frontier Force Rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Punjab_Regiment" title="14th Punjab Regiment">14th Punjab Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Punjab_Regiment_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="16th Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)">16th Punjab Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Dogra_Regiment" title="17th Dogra Regiment">17th Dogra Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Garhwal_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="The Garhwal Rifles">18th Royal Garhwal Rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaon_Regiment" title="Kumaon Regiment">19th Hyderabad Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Gorkha_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Gorkha Rifles">1st King George V's Own Gurkha Rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_King_Edward_VII%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles_(The_Sirmoor_Rifles)" title="2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)">2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Gorkha_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="4 Gorkha Rifles">4th Prince of Wales's Own Gurkha Rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Duke_of_Edinburgh%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles" title="7th Duke of Edinburgh's Own Gurkha Rifles">7th Gurkha Rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_Gorkha_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="8 Gorkha Rifles">8th Gurkha Rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9_Gorkha_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="9 Gorkha Rifles">9th Gurkha Rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Princess_Mary%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles" title="10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles">10th Gurkha Rifles</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Pursuant to Governor General's Order 1409/26:<sup id="cite_ref-Rodger208_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodger208-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patiala_(Rajindra)_Lancers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patiala (Rajindra) Lancers (page does not exist)">Patiala (Rajindra) Lancers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alwar_Lancers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alwar Lancers (page does not exist)">Alwar Lancers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhopal_(Victoria)_Lancers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhopal (Victoria) Lancers (page does not exist)">Bhopal (Victoria) Lancers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=No_1_Kashmir_Mountain_Battery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No 1 Kashmir Mountain Battery (page does not exist)">No 1 Kashmir Mountain Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=No_2_Kashmir_Mountain_Battery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No 2 Kashmir Mountain Battery (page does not exist)">No 2 Kashmir Mountain Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faridkot_Sappers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faridkot Sappers (page does not exist)">Faridkot Sappers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirmoor_Sappers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirmoor Sappers (page does not exist)">Sirmoor Sappers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tehri_Garhwal_Sappers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tehri Garhwal Sappers (page does not exist)">Tehri Garhwal Sappers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malerkotla_Sappers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malerkotla Sappers (page does not exist)">Malerkotla Sappers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jind_Infantry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jind Infantry (page does not exist)">Jind Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabha_Infantry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nabha Infantry (page does not exist)">Nabha Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_Patiala_Infantry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st Patiala Infantry (page does not exist)">1st Patiala Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_Kashmir_Infantry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st Kashmir Infantry (page does not exist)">1st Kashmir Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Gwalior_Infantry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Gwalior Infantry (page does not exist)">3rd Gwalior Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapurthala_Infantry_(Jagatjit_Regiment)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapurthala Infantry (Jagatjit Regiment) (page does not exist)">Kapurthala Infantry (Jagatjit Regiment)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bharatpur_Transport_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bharatpur Transport Corps (page does not exist)">Bharatpur Transport Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwalior_Transport_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gwalior Transport Corps (page does not exist)">Gwalior Transport Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holkar%27s_Transport_Corps_(Indore)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holkar's Transport Corps (Indore) (page does not exist)">Holkar's Transport Corps (Indore)</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Pursuant to Governor General's Order 1927:<sup id="cite_ref-Rodger208_85-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodger208-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3_Gorkha_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="3 Gorkha Rifles">3rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_Gorkha_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="5 Gorkha Rifles">5th Royal Gurkha Rifles (Frontier Force)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Queen_Elizabeth%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles" title="6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles">6th Gurkha Rifles</a></li></ul> <p>Many of these units did not exist at the time of the war but were formed as part of the reorganisation of the Indian Army in 1922; however, the decision was made to award the battle honour to the successor units of those involved in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodger88_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodger88-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The honour was not awarded to regiments that had been disbanded,<sup id="cite_ref-Rodger88_84-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodger88-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e.g. <a href="/wiki/11th_Gurkha_Rifles" title="11th Gurkha Rifles">11th Gurkha Rifles</a>, and not all units that took part in the war were awarded the battle honour, e.g. 1/5th Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Hampshire_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hampshire Regiment">Hampshire Regiment</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Anglo-Afghan_War&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasions_of_Afghanistan" title="Invasions of Afghanistan">Invasions of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931924)" title="Waziristan campaign (1921–1924)">Waziristan campaign (1921–1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)">Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink%27s_War" title="Pink's War">Pink's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bagh_(1919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bagh (1919)">Battle of Bagh (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Afghanistan" title="Military history of Afghanistan">Military history of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">European influence in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Military history of the United Kingdom">Military history of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_North-West_Frontier" title="Military history of the North-West Frontier">Military history of the North-West Frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Afghanistan–India relations">Afghanistan–India relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan relations">Afghanistan–Pakistan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Nepal_relations" title="Afghanistan–Nepal relations">Afghanistan–Nepal relations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Anglo-Afghan_War&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Footnotes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>: <span lang="ps" dir="rtl">د افغان-انگرېز درېمه جگړه</span>; <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">جنگ سوم افغان-انگلیس</span>), also known as the <b>Third Afghan War</b>, the <b>British-Afghan War of 1919<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuhammadMcChesney199950_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuhammadMcChesney199950-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b>, or in Afghanistan as the <b>War of Independence</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuhammadMcChesney199950_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuhammadMcChesney199950-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The British only controlled Afghanistan's foreign affairs on paper, while in reality, the Emirate of Afghanistan had been interacting with many nations diplomatically on their own, violating the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gandamak" title="Treaty of Gandamak">Treaty of Gandamak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019395-397_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019395-397-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Following a similar trend to what was happening in Afghanistan, there had been a rising nationalist movement in India at the same time, culminating in riots and disorder in Punjab. On 13 April 1919, Dyer learnt that a large political meeting was taking place at the <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh" title="Jallianwala Bagh">Jallianwala Bagh</a>, an enclosed area in Amritsar. Fearing that the agitators would incite the crowd to violence and murder and that he had a very small force to protect the European community, Dyer marched 50 men into the Bagh and subsequently opened fire, killing 379 and wounding a further 1,500. <a href="#CITEREFCollett2007">Collett 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Indian Army sent over a million men overseas, and suffered approximately 115,000 casualties, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/casualties.htm">First World War casualties</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term regiments in this case is used to describe infantry <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalions</a>, or cavalry regiments.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The order of battle shows, however, that of the 13 British infantry battalions nine were regular, although they had many men who had only volunteered for the First World War. One of the TF battalions had previously been engaged in operations in <a href="/wiki/Waziristan" title="Waziristan">Waziristan</a> in 1917.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoyn2009">Loyn 2009</a>, p. 169 identifies these aircraft as two <a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Camel" title="Sopwith Camel">Sopwith Camels</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoyn2009">Loyn 2009</a>, p. 169 states that there was only one aircraft involved in this attack, although <a href="#CITEREFWilkinson-Latham1998">Wilkinson-Latham 1998</a>, p. 24 describes multiple aircraft.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoyn2009">Loyn 2009</a>, p. 169 uses the name "Nadir Shah".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoyn2009">Loyn 2009</a>, pp. 169–170 describes British air assets as being "war torn" and lacking power to fly over the mountains, instead having to fly through the Khyber Pass or using gusts of wind to clear obstacles.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdamecNorris1985" class="citation web cs1">Adamec, Ludwig; Norris, J.A (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/anglo-afghan-wars#pt3">"Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/anglo-afghan-wars">the original</a> on 8 September 2024. <q>This was an undeclared war that lasted from 4 May to 3 June and resulted in Afghanistan's winning complete independence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Adamec&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rft.au=Norris%2C+J.A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fanglo-afghan-wars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Anglo-Afghan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuhrke2011" class="citation book cs1">Suhrke, Astri (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jcUxFiWkIa0C&dq=%22Afghan+victory%22+%22Third%22+1919&pg=PA150"><i>When More is Less: The International Project in Afghanistan</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/C._Hurst_%26_Co." title="C. Hurst & Co.">Hurst</a>. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-164-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-164-5"><bdi>978-1-84904-164-5</bdi></a>. <q>One of Amanullah's first actions was to launch a surprise attack on the British in what became the third Anglo-Afghan war (1919). An Afghan victory forced the British to end their formal enroachments on Afghanistan's sovereignty...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+More+is+Less%3A+The+International+Project+in+Afghanistan&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84904-164-5&rft.aulast=Suhrke&rft.aufirst=Astri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjcUxFiWkIa0C%26dq%3D%2522Afghan%2Bvictory%2522%2B%2522Third%2522%2B1919%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Anglo-Afghan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019459-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019459_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019459_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019459_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019459_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019459_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019459_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2019">Lee 2019</a>, p. 459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELansford201749-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELansford201749_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLansford2017">Lansford 2017</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoyn2009">Loyn 2009</a>, p. 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuhammadMcChesney199950-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuhammadMcChesney199950_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuhammadMcChesney199950_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMuhammadMcChesney1999">Muhammad & McChesney 1999</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019395-397-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019395-397_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019395-397_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2019">Lee 2019</a>, p. 395-397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barthorp157-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp157_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp157_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp157_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp157_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp157_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp157_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp157_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarthorp2002">Barthorp 2002</a>, p. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMolesworth1962">Molesworth 1962</a>, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarthorp2002">Barthorp 2002</a>, pp. 27 & 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson-Latham1998">Wilkinson-Latham 1998</a>, pp. 4 & 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sidebotham-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sidebotham_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sidebotham_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sidebotham_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sidebotham_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sidebotham_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sidebotham_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidebotham1919" class="citation news cs1">Sidebotham, Herbert (16 August 1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/200607170060">"The Third Afghan War"</a>. <i>New Statesman</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605041635/http://www.newstatesman.com/200607170060">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=The+Third+Afghan+War&rft.date=1919-08-16&rft.aulast=Sidebotham&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2F200607170060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Anglo-Afghan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkinson22-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson22_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson22_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson-Latham1998">Wilkinson-Latham 1998</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Molesworth20-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Molesworth20_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Molesworth20_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMolesworth1962">Molesworth 1962</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barthorp149-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp149_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp149_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp149_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp149_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarthorp2002">Barthorp 2002</a>, p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkinson23-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson23_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson23_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson23_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson23_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson23_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson23_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson23_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson-Latham1998">Wilkinson-Latham 1998</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2002" class="citation cs2">Hughes, Thomas L. (October 2002), "The German Mission to Afghanistan, 1915–1916", <i>German Studies Review</i>, <b>25</b> (3), German Studies Association: 453, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1432596">10.2307/1432596</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0149-7952">0149-7952</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1432596">1432596</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=The+German+Mission+to+Afghanistan%2C+1915%E2%80%931916&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=453&rft.date=2002-10&rft.issn=0149-7952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1432596%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1432596&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Anglo-Afghan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Molesworth22-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Molesworth22_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMolesworth1962">Molesworth 1962</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMolesworth1962">Molesworth 1962</a>, pp. 22–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barthorp150_151-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp150_151_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp150_151_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarthorp2002">Barthorp 2002</a>, pp. 150–151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollett2007">Collett 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019455-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019455_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019455_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2019">Lee 2019</a>, p. 455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barthorp151-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp151_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp151_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp151_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp151_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp151_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp151_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarthorp2002">Barthorp 2002</a>, p. 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMolesworth1962">Molesworth 1962</a>, pp. 25–26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarthorp2002">Barthorp 2002</a>, pp. 147–148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes125-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hughes125_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes1992">Hughes 1992</a>, p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barthorp152-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp152_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp152_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp152_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp152_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp152_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp152_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp152_30-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp152_30-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp152_30-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp152_30-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp152_30-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp152_30-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarthorp2002">Barthorp 2002</a>, p. 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes126-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes126_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes126_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes1992">Hughes 1992</a>, p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooksley2000">Cooksley 2000</a>, pp. 157–158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Putkowski-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Putkowski_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPutkowski" class="citation web cs1">Putkowski, Julian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/revhist/backiss/vol8/no2/putkowski2.html">"Mutiny in India in 1919"</a>. <i>Vol. 8 No. 2</i>. Revolutionary History<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson24_52-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson-Latham1998">Wilkinson-Latham 1998</a>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barthorp154-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp154_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarthorp2002">Barthorp 2002</a>, p. 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMolesworth1962">Molesworth 1962</a>, pp. 135, 147 and 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeadleHarrison2007">Beadle & Harrison 2007</a>, p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarthorp2002">Barthorp 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href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMolesworth1962">Molesworth 1962</a>, p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Molesworth121-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Molesworth121_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMolesworth1962">Molesworth 1962</a>, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan" class="citation web cs1">Jan, Ali. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415050741/http://www.khyber.org/articles/2009/Few_Snapshots_from_our_Aviatio.shtml">"Few Snapshots from our Aviation History"</a>. Khyber.org. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Diplomat. <q>In contrast to many historical accounts, Afghanistan did recognise the Durand Line as an international border. Abdur Rahman Khan's successor, Amir Habibullah Khan, in 1905 signed a new agreement with Britain confirming the legality of the Durand Line. More importantly, article 5 of the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919, on the basis of which Afghanistan reclaimed its independence, says that Afghanistan accepted all previously agreed border arrangements with India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+the+Durand+Line+Matters&rft.au=Arwin+Rahi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2014%2F02%2Fwhy-the-durand-line-matters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Anglo-Afghan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELansford2017146-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELansford2017146_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLansford2017">Lansford 2017</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ooth-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ooth_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v11p2/d849">"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952–1954, Africa and South Asia, Volume XI, Part 2"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Historian" title="Office of the Historian">Office of the Historian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2020</span>. <q>the Durand Line was demarcated by Sir Mortimer Durand and accepted by Afghanistan and British India as the territorial boundary by agreement signed on November 12, 1893. It was confirmed by the Amir Habibullah in 1905; in the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of Peace of August 8, 1919 and the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of Friendship of November 22, 1921</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Historian&rft.atitle=Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States%2C+1952%E2%80%931954%2C+Africa+and+South+Asia%2C+Volume+XI%2C+Part+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1952-54v11p2%2Fd849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Anglo-Afghan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019459-461-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019459-461_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2019">Lee 2019</a>, p. 459-461.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019461-462-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019461-462_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2019">Lee 2019</a>, p. 461-462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-onwar-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-onwar_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406092124/http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/alpha/afguk1919.htm">"Third Anglo-Afghan War 1919"</a>. OnWar.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/alpha/afguk1919.htm">the original</a> on 6 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Third+Anglo-Afghan+War+1919&rft.pub=OnWar.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onwar.com%2Faced%2Fdata%2Falpha%2Fafguk1919.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Anglo-Afghan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barthorp157_158-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp157_158_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthorp157_158_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarthorp2002">Barthorp 2002</a>, pp. 157–158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarthorp2002">Barthorp 2002</a>, p. 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodger84-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rodger84_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodger84_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodger2003">Rodger 2003</a>, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodger88-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rodger88_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodger88_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodger88_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodger88_84-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodger88_84-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodger2003">Rodger 2003</a>, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodger208-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rodger208_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodger208_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodger208_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodger208_85-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodger2003">Rodger 2003</a>, p. 208</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Anglo-Afghan_War&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarthorp2002" class="citation book cs1">Barthorp, Michael (2002) [1982]. <i>Afghan Wars and the North-West Frontier 1839–1947</i>. London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-36294-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-36294-8"><bdi>0-304-36294-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghan+Wars+and+the+North-West+Frontier+1839%E2%80%931947&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-304-36294-8&rft.aulast=Barthorp&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Anglo-Afghan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeadleHarrison2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Beadle" title="Jeremy Beadle">Beadle, Jeremy</a>; Harrison, Ian (2007). "Last time the British army used scaling ladders". <i>Military</i>. Firsts, Lasts & Onlys. London: Robson. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905798-06-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905798-06-3"><bdi>978-1-905798-06-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Last+time+the+British+army+used+scaling+ladders&rft.btitle=Military&rft.place=London&rft.series=Firsts%2C+Lasts+%26+Onlys&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Robson&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-905798-06-3&rft.aulast=Beadle&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Harrison%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Anglo-Afghan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavanna2015" class="citation book cs1">Cavanna, Thomas (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FBsECgAAQBAJ&pg=PR18"><i>Hubris, Self-Interest and America's Failed War in Afghanistan</i></a>. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-0620-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-0620-5"><bdi>978-1-4985-0620-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hubris%2C+Self-Interest+and+America%27s+Failed+War+in+Afghanistan&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-0620-5&rft.aulast=Cavanna&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFBsECgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Anglo-Afghan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollett2007" class="citation book cs1">Collett, Nigel (2007). <i>The Butcher of Amritsar</i>. Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-575-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-575-8"><bdi>978-1-85285-575-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Butcher+of+Amritsar&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-575-8&rft.aulast=Collett&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Anglo-Afghan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooksley2000" class="citation book cs1">Cooksley, Peter (2000). <i>Royal Flying Corps Handbook</i>. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-4772-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-4772-5"><bdi>978-0-7509-4772-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Flying+Corps+Handbook&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-4772-5&rft.aulast=Cooksley&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Anglo-Afghan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1992" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Basil (1992). <i>History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Between the Wars 1919–39</i>. London: Brassey's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-040984-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-040984-9"><bdi>0-08-040984-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Royal+Regiment+of+Artillery%3A+Between+the+Wars+1919%E2%80%9339&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-08-040984-9&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Anglo-Afghan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLansford2017" class="citation book cs1">Lansford, Tom (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XxwIDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47"><i>Afghanistan at War: From the 18th Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century</i></a>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-760-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-760-4"><bdi>978-1-59884-760-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+at+War%3A+From+the+18th+Century+Durrani+Dynasty+to+the+21st+Century&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-760-4&rft.aulast=Lansford&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXxwIDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Anglo-Afghan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoyn2009" class="citation book cs1">Loyn, David (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/butcherbolt0000loyn"><i>Butcher & Bolt: Two Hundred Years of Foreign Engagement in Afghanistan</i></a></span>. London: Windmill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-952263-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-952263-8"><bdi>978-0-09-952263-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Butcher+%26+Bolt%3A+Two+Hundred+Years+of+Foreign+Engagement+in+Afghanistan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Windmill+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-09-952263-8&rft.aulast=Loyn&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbutcherbolt0000loyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Anglo-Afghan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolesworth1962" class="citation book cs1">Molesworth, George (1962). <i>Afghanistan 1919—An Account of Operations in the Third Afghan War</i>. New York: Asia Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7233999">7233999</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+1919%E2%80%94An+Account+of+Operations+in+the+Third+Afghan+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Asia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7233999&rft.aulast=Molesworth&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Anglo-Afghan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammadMcChesney1999" class="citation book cs1">Muhammad, Fayz̤; McChesney, R. D. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A4_jAAAAMAAJ"><i>Kabul under siege: Fayz Muhammad's account of the 1929 Uprising</i></a>. Markus Wiener Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-154-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-154-4"><bdi>978-1-55876-154-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kabul+under+siege%3A+Fayz+Muhammad%27s+account+of+the+1929+Uprising&rft.pub=Markus+Wiener+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55876-154-4&rft.aulast=Muhammad&rft.aufirst=Fayz%CC%A4&rft.au=McChesney%2C+R.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA4_jAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Anglo-Afghan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes1995" class="citation book cs1">Pipes, Richard (1995). <i>Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime</i>. New York: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-76184-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-76184-6"><bdi>978-0-679-76184-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+Under+the+Bolshevik+Regime&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-679-76184-6&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Anglo-Afghan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodger2003" class="citation book cs1">Rodger, Alexander (2003). <i>Battle Honours of the British Empire and Commonwealth Land Forces 1662–1991</i>. Marlborough, Wiltshire: The Crowood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86126-637-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-86126-637-5"><bdi>1-86126-637-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+Honours+of+the+British+Empire+and+Commonwealth+Land+Forces+1662%E2%80%931991&rft.place=Marlborough%2C+Wiltshire&rft.pub=The+Crowood+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-86126-637-5&rft.aulast=Rodger&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Anglo-Afghan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1984" class="citation book cs1">Singer, Andre (1984). <i>Lords of the Khyber: The Story of the North-West Frontier</i>. London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-11796-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-11796-3"><bdi>978-0-571-11796-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lords+of+the+Khyber%3A+The+Story+of+the+North-West+Frontier&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-571-11796-3&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Andre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Anglo-Afghan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson-Latham1998" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson-Latham, Robert (1998) [1977]. <i>North-West Frontier 1837–1947</i>. Men-at-Arms Series # 72. London: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-275-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85045-275-9"><bdi>0-85045-275-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North-West+Frontier+1837%E2%80%931947&rft.place=London&rft.series=Men-at-Arms+Series+%23+72&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-85045-275-9&rft.aulast=Wilkinson-Latham&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Anglo-Afghan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Anglo-Afghan_War&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1987" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Hugh (1987). <i>The Battle Honours of the British and Indian Armies, 1662–1982</i>. Leo Cooper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85052-082-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85052-082-7"><bdi>0-85052-082-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+Honours+of+the+British+and+Indian+Armies%2C+1662%E2%80%931982&rft.pub=Leo+Cooper&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-85052-082-7&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Anglo-Afghan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott1968" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, James (1968). <i>The Frontier 1839–1947</i>. London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46160081">46160081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Frontier+1839%E2%80%931947&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46160081&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Anglo-Afghan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeneral_Staff_Branch,_Army_Headquarters_India2004" class="citation book cs1">General Staff Branch, Army Headquarters India (2004) [1926]. <i>The Third Afghan War, 1919: Official Account</i>. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval & Military Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/63665705">63665705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Afghan+War%2C+1919%3A+Official+Account&rft.place=Uckfield%2C+East+Sussex&rft.pub=Naval+%26+Military+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F63665705&rft.au=General+Staff+Branch%2C+Army+Headquarters+India&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Anglo-Afghan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh2015" class="citation book cs1">Marsh, Brandon (2015). <i>Ramparts of Empire: British Imperialism & India's Afghan Frontier 1918–1948</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13737-401-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13737-401-1"><bdi>978-1-13737-401-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramparts+of+Empire%3A+British+Imperialism+%26+India%27s+Afghan+Frontier+1918%E2%80%931948&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-13737-401-1&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Anglo-Afghan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton2019" class="citation book cs1">Newton, R. D. (2019). <i>The RAF and Tribal Control: Airpower and Irregular Warfare between the World Wars</i>. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2871-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2871-1"><bdi>978-0-7006-2871-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+RAF+and+Tribal+Control%3A+Airpower+and+Irregular+Warfare+between+the+World+Wars&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-2871-1&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Anglo-Afghan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmissi1990" class="citation book cs1">Omissi, David E. (1990). <i>Air Power and Colonial Control: The Royal Air Force, 1919–1939</i>. New York: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-2960-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-2960-0"><bdi>0-7190-2960-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Power+and+Colonial+Control%3A+The+Royal+Air+Force%2C+1919%E2%80%931939&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-7190-2960-0&rft.aulast=Omissi&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Anglo-Afghan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobson2007" class="citation book cs1">Robson, Brian (2007). <i>Crisis on the Frontier: The Third Afghan War and the Campaign in Waziristan 1919–1920</i>. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-403-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-403-7"><bdi>978-1-86227-403-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+on+the+Frontier%3A+The+Third+Afghan+War+and+the+Campaign+in+Waziristan+1919%E2%80%931920&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-86227-403-7&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Anglo-Afghan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Anglo-Afghan_War&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglo-Afghan_Wars" title="Template:Anglo-Afghan Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglo-Afghan_Wars" title="Template talk:Anglo-Afghan Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Afghan_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Afghan Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-Afghan_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Anglo-Afghan War">Anglo-Afghan War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hay_Macnaghten" title="William Hay Macnaghten">William Hay Macnaghten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keane,_1st_Baron_Keane" title="John Keane, 1st Baron Keane">John Keane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughby_Cotton" title="Willoughby Cotton">Willoughby Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Pollock,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Pollock, 1st Baronet">George Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_George_Keith_Elphinstone" title="William George Keith Elphinstone">William Elphinstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Browne" title="Sam Browne">Sam Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts" title="Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts">Frederick Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Donald_Stewart,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Donald Stewart, 1st Baronet">Donald Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Barrett_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Arthur Barrett (Indian Army officer)">Arthur Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Dyer" title="Reginald Dyer">Reginald Dyer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Amir Dost Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Akbar_Khan" title="Wazir Akbar Khan">Wazir Akbar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Ali_Khan" title="Sher Ali Khan">Amir Sher Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Emir_of_Afghanistan)" title="Ayub Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)">Ghazi Ayub Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Nadir_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Nadir Shah">Mohammed Nadir Shah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Afghanistan portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghazni" title="Battle of Ghazni">Battle of Ghazni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kahun" title="Siege of Kahun">Siege of Kahun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jellalabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jellalabad">Battle of Jellalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1842_retreat_from_Kabul" title="1842 retreat from Kabul">Retreat from Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_Expedition_(1842)" title="Kabul Expedition (1842)">Battle of Kabul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ali_Masjid" title="Battle of Ali Masjid">Battle of Ali Masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peiwar_Kotal" title="Battle of Peiwar Kotal">Battle of Peiwar Kotal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_British_Residency_in_Kabul" title="Siege of the British Residency in Kabul">Siege of the British Residency in Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Charasiab" title="Battle of Charasiab">Battle of Charasiab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Sherpur_Cantonment" title="Siege of the Sherpur Cantonment">Siege of the Sherpur Cantonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ahmed_Khel" title="Battle of Ahmed Khel">Battle of Ahmed Khel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Charasiab" title="Second Battle of Charasiab">Second Battle of Charasiab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maiwand" title="Battle of Maiwand">Battle of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kandahar_(1880)" title="Battle of Kandahar (1880)">Battle of Kandahar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Third War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">European influence in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Game:_Afghanistan" title="The Great Game: Afghanistan">The Great Game: Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malalai_of_Maiwand" title="Malalai of Maiwand">Malalai of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_Medal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Afghanistan Medal (United Kingdom)">Afghanistan Medal (United Kingdom)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Anglo-Afghan_Wars" title="Category:Anglo-Afghan Wars">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Afghan_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Anglo-Afghan War">Multimedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pashtun-related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a>-related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashtun_empires_and_dynasties" title="List of Pashtun empires and dynasties">Dynasties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Suri dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_dynasty" title="Durrani dynasty">Durrani dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khilji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahlul_Khan_Lodi" title="Bahlul Khan Lodi">Bahlul Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak_Ahmad_Khan_Yusufzai" title="Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai">Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Khan_Lodi" title="Ibrahim Khan Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaju_Khan" title="Gaju Khan">Gaju Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalu_Khan_Yousafzai" title="Kalu Khan Yousafzai">Kalu Khan Yusufzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimal_Khan_Mohmand" title="Aimal Khan Mohmand">Aimal Khan Mohmand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darya_Khan_Afridi" title="Darya Khan Afridi">Darya Khan Afridi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirwais_Hotak" title="Mirwais Hotak">Mirwais Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Hotak" title="Mahmud Hotak">Mahmud Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najib_ad-Dawlah" title="Najib ad-Dawlah">Najib Khan Yousafzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Akbar_Khan" title="Wazir Akbar Khan">Wazir Akbar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Emir_of_Afghanistan)" title="Ayub Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)">Victor of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malalai_of_Maiwand" title="Malalai of Maiwand">Malalai of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidu_Baba" title="Saidu Baba">Saidu Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan" title="Abdur Rahman Khan">Abdur Rahman Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Tarzi" title="Mahmud Tarzi">Mahmud Tarzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soraya_Tarzi" title="Soraya Tarzi">Soraya Tarzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Nadir_Shah" title="Mohammad Nadir Shah">Nadir Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulla_Powinda" title="Mulla Powinda">Mulla Powinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Bacha Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartor_Faqir" title="Sartor Faqir">Sartor Faqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umra_Khan" title="Umra Khan">Umra Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqir_of_Ipi" title="Faqir of Ipi">Faqir of Ipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Samad_Khan_Achakzai" title="Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai">Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Wali_Khan" title="Abdul Wali Khan">Wali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Zahir_Shah" title="Mohammad Zahir Shah">Zahir Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Daoud_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Daoud Khan">Daoud Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ahad_Momand" title="Abdul Ahad Momand">Abdul Ahad Momand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Najibullah" title="Mohammad Najibullah">Mohammad Najibullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mohammed Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ashraf_Ghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ashraf Ghani">Ashraf Ghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arfa_Siddiq" title="Arfa Siddiq">Arfa Siddiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malalai_Kakar" title="Malalai Kakar">Malalai Kakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzoor_Pashteen" title="Manzoor Pashteen">Manzoor Pashteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Wazir" title="Ali Wazir">Ali Wazir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_culture" title="Pashtun culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_culture" title="Pashtun culture">Pashtun culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunization" title="Pashtunization">Pashtunization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_colonization_of_northern_Afghanistan" title="Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan">northern Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_clothing" title="Pashtun clothing">Pashtun clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_media" title="Pashto media">Pashto media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashto-language_singers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Pashto-language singers">Pashto singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">Pashtun tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loya_jirga" class="mw-redirect" title="Loya jirga">Loya jirga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Khan_and_Durkhani" title="Adam Khan and Durkhani">Adam Khan and Durkhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Khan_and_Sherbano" title="Yusuf Khan and Sherbano">Yusuf Khan and Sherbano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">Jirga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashto-language_poets" title="List of Pashto-language poets">Poets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Kror_Suri" title="Amir Kror Suri">Amir Kror Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Roshan" title="Pir Roshan">Pir Roshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahman_Baba" title="Rahman Baba">Rahman Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Khattak" title="Khushal Khattak">Khushal Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazo_Tokhi" title="Nazo Tokhi">Nazo Tokhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Baba" title="Abdul Hamid Baba">Abdul Hamid Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussain_Hotak" title="Hussain Hotak">Hussain Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_Shinwari" title="Hamza Shinwari">Hamza Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajmal_Khattak" title="Ajmal Khattak">Ajmal Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir_Stori" title="Kabir Stori">Kabir Stori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghani_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Abdul Ghani Khan">Ghani Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Citizens' groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Tahafuz_Movement" title="Pashtun Tahafuz Movement">Pashtun Tahafuz Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Peace_Movement_(Afghanistan)" title="People's Peace Movement (Afghanistan)">People's Peace Movement</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious-military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics and<br />controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">Afghan (ethnonym)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannu_Resolution" title="Bannu Resolution">Bannu Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabagh_Dam" title="Kalabagh Dam">Kalabagh Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Anti-Pashtun sentiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles and<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">First Battle of Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chausa" title="Battle of Chausa">Battle of Chausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Malandari_Pass_(1586)" title="Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586)">Malandari Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gulnabad" title="Battle of Gulnabad">Battle of Gulnabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Herat_War" title="First Herat War">Herat War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambela_campaign" title="Ambela campaign">Ambela Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maiwand" title="Battle of Maiwand">Battle of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirah_campaign" title="Tirah campaign">Tirah campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malakand" title="Siege of Malakand">Siege of Malakand</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afghan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Waziristan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)">Second Waziristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1935" title="Mohmand campaign of 1935">Mohmand campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_tribal_revolts_of_1944%E2%80%931947" title="Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947">Tribal revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_North-West_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="War in North-West Pakistan">War in North-West Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Afghanistan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Afghanistan_topics" title="Template:Afghanistan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Afghanistan_topics" title="Template talk:Afghanistan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Afghanistan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Afghanistan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Afghanistan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Afghanistan" title="Ancient history of Afghanistan">Pre-Islamic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Yabghus of Tokharistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis">Hindu Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_of_Afghanistan" title="Muslim conquests of Afghanistan">Islamic conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Central Asia">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kandahar" title="Siege of Kandahar">Siege of Kandahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars" title="Afghan–Sikh Wars">Afghan–Sikh Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Kingdom of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)">Reforms of Amānullāh Khān and civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqqawists" title="Saqqawists">Saqqawists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)">Emirate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Afghanistan_(1973%E2%80%931978)" title="Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)">Daoud's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan_(1992%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Afghanistan (1992–present)">since 1992</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">First Islamic Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">2001 invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War (2001–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Second Islamic Emirate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_topic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Afghan_history" title="Timeline of Afghan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arabs_in_Afghanistan" title="History of Arabs in Afghanistan">Arabs in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">European influence</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Graveyard_of_empires" title="Graveyard of empires">Graveyard of empires</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan" title="War in Afghanistan">Wars in Afghanistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Afghanistan" title="Geography of Afghanistan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Afghanistan" title="Subdivisions of Afghanistan">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Afghanistan" title="Template:Borders of Afghanistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Afghanistan" title="Climate change in Afghanistan">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Afghanistan" title="List of earthquakes in Afghanistan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Afghanistan" title="Environmental issues in Afghanistan">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Afghanistan" title="Extreme points of Afghanistan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Afghanistan" title="List of volcanoes in Afghanistan">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Afghanistan" title="Wildlife of Afghanistan">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Afghanistan" title="Demographics of Afghanistan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Ethnic groups in Afghanistan">Ethnic groups in Afghanistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arabs_in_Afghanistan" title="History of Arabs in Afghanistan">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farsiwan" title="Farsiwan">Farsiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho_people" title="Kho people">Kho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristanis" title="Nuristanis">Nuristanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Afghanistan" title="Health in Afghanistan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Languages of Afghanistan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Persian (Dari)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Afghanistan" title="Women in Afghanistan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of Afghanistan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Constitution_of_Afghanistan" title="1964 Constitution of Afghanistan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">Loya jirga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Council_of_Afghanistan" title="Leadership Council of Afghanistan">Leadership Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Leader of Afghanistan">Supreme Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Afghanistan" title="Prime Minister of Afghanistan">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Leader of Afghanistan">Deputy Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Afghanistan" title="Cabinet of Afghanistan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_provincial_governors_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current provincial governors in Afghanistan">Current provincial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Afghanistan" title="Foreign relations of Afghanistan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Afghanistan" title="Human rights in Afghanistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Afghanistan">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_women_by_the_Taliban" title="Treatment of women by the Taliban">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Court of Afghanistan">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Afghanistan" title="Chief Justice of Afghanistan">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Afghanistan" title="Economy of Afghanistan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_afghani" title="Afghan afghani">Afghani (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Afghanistan" title="Communications in Afghanistan">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Afghanistan" title="Energy in Afghanistan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Afghanistan" title="Mining in Afghanistan">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Afghanistan" title="Taxation in Afghanistan">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Afghanistan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Afghanistan" title="Tourism in Afghanistan">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan%E2%80%93Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan%E2%80%93India_Pipeline" title="Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline">Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Afghanistan" title="Transport in Afghanistan">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Afghanistan" title="Culture of Afghanistan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Afghanistan" title="Education in Afghanistan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Afghanistan" title="Flag of Afghanistan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Afghanistan" title="Cinema of Afghanistan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_at_the_Olympics" title="Afghanistan at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali (Pashtun life)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_of_Afghanistan" title="Poetry of Afghanistan">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_rugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War rugs">War rugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Afghanistan" title="Bibliography of Afghanistan">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Afghanistan" title="Category:Afghanistan">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonial_conflicts_involving_the_English/British_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonial_conflicts_involving_the_English/British_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonial conflicts involving the <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a>/<a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Ireland</a> (1593–1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Powhatan_Wars" title="Anglo-Powhatan Wars">Virginia</a> (1609–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Swally" title="Battle of Swally">Swally</a> (1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Ormuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Persian capture of Ormuz">Ormuz</a> (1622)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago_Genocide_of_1626" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinago Genocide of 1626">Saint Kitts</a> (1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_July_1628" title="Action of 17 July 1628">Quebec</a> (1628)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequot War</a> (1634–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion</a> (1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a> (1641–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a> (1649–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians#English_colony_(1654–1667)" title="History of the Acadians">Acadia</a> (1654–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1654–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Maroon_War" title="First Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1655–1739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1662)" title="Battle of Tangier (1662)">1st Tangier</a> (1662)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1664)" title="Battle of Tangier (1664)">2nd Tangier</a> (1664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a> (1675–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mughal_War_(1686%E2%80%931690)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)">Child's War</a> (1686–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_War" title="Anglo-Siamese War">Siam</a> (1687)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a> (1688–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a> (1688–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komenda_Wars" title="Komenda Wars">Ghana</a> (1694–1700)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> (1702–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_War" title="Tuscarora War">Tuscarora War</a> (1711–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamasee_War" title="Yamasee War">Yamasee War</a> (1715–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Father Rale's War/Dummer's War</a> (1722–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> (1740–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a> (1744–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">Carnatic Wars</a> (1746–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Nova Scotia</a> (1749–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (1754–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (1756–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a> (1756–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Cherokee_War" title="Anglo-Cherokee War">Anglo-Cherokee War</a> (1758–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacky%27s_Revolt" title="Tacky's Revolt">Jamaica</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%931763)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1762–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> (1763–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_Movement_in_North_Carolina" title="Regulator Movement in North Carolina">Regulator Movement in North Carolina</a> (1765–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Carib_War" title="First Carib War">First Carib War</a> (1769–73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rohilla_War" title="First Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1773–74)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunmore%27s_War" title="Lord Dunmore's War">Lord Dunmore's War</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> (1775–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1775–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1779–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley%27s_Gold_Coast_expedition" title="Shirley's Gold Coast expedition">Gold Coast</a> (1781–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Radharam" title="Revolt of Radharam">Assam</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a> (1788–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Crisis" title="Nootka Crisis">Nootka Sound</a> (1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1789–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotiote_War" title="Cotiote War">Cotiote (Wayanad) War</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rohilla_War" title="Second Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Cape_Colony" title="Invasion of the Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Maroon_War" title="Second Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1795–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9don%27s_rebellion" title="Fédon's rebellion">Grenada</a> (1795–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ceylon" title="Invasion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a> (1796–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion</a> (1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Siege of Malta (1798–1800)">Malta</a> (1798–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1798–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dwyer#Guerilla_campaign" title="Michael Dwyer">Dwyer's guerrilla campaign</a> (1799–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a> (1799–1805)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Irish_Uprising_in_Newfoundland" title="United Irish Uprising in Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> (1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1803–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion" title="Castle Hill convict rebellion">Castle Hill convict rebellion</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Surinam_(1804)" title="Invasion of Surinam (1804)">Surinam</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Cape Colony</a> (1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate" title="British invasions of the River Plate">Río de la Plata</a> (1806–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_expedition_of_1807" title="Alexandria expedition of 1807">Egypt</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Froberg_mutiny" title="Froberg mutiny">Froberg mutiny</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santo_Domingo_of_1808" title="Siege of Santo Domingo of 1808">Santo Domingo</a> (1808–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Martinique_(1809)" title="Invasion of Martinique (1809)">Martinique</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1810)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1810)">Guadeloupe</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_%C3%8Ele_Bonaparte" title="Invasion of Île Bonaparte">Reunion</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Isle_de_France" title="Invasion of Isle de France">Mauritius</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles#The_Quincy_era" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Spice Islands</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">Java</a> (1810–11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a> (1811–79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">USA</a> (1812–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Nepal</a> (1814–16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1815)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1815)">Guadeloupe</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slachter%27s_Nek_Rebellion" title="Slachter's Nek Rebellion">Cape Colony</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Algiers</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1817–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1819">Persian Gulf</a> (1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara_rebellion_of_1823" title="Demerara rebellion of 1823">Guiana</a> (1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_wars" title="Anglo-Ashanti wars">Anglo-Ashanti wars</a> (1824–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="First Anglo-Burmese War">First Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1824–26)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War (Van Diemen's Land)</a> (1828–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_War" title="Baptist War">Jamaica</a> (1831–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naning_War" title="Naning War">Malacca</a> (1831–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada</a> (1837–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada</a> (1837–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Expedition" title="Aden Expedition">Aden Expedition</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1839%E2%80%931841)" title="Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)">Egyptian–Ottoman War</a> (1839–41)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1839–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a> (1839–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> (1845–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1845–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (1845–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Canton" title="Expedition to Canton">Canton</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Caste War of Yucatán">British Honduras</a> (1847–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">Ceylon</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1848–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Second Anglo-Burmese War">Second Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka Rebellion</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a> (1854–56)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_War" title="Anglo-Persian War">Anglo-Persian War</a> (1856–57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a> (1856–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion</a> (1857–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Rajab_Ali" title="Revolt of Rajab Ali">Revolt of Rajab Ali</a> (1857–58)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Kagoshima" title="Bombardment of Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambela_campaign" title="Ambela campaign">Ambela campaign</a> (1863–64)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_campaign" title="Shimonoseki campaign">Shimonoseki</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duar_War" title="Duar War">Duar War</a> (1864–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian Rebellion in Canada</a> (1866–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Expedition_to_Abyssinia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Expedition to Abyssinia">Abyssinia</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Manitoba</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_War" title="Perak War">Perak</a> (1875–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu War</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1879–80)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basuto_Gun_War" title="Basuto Gun War">Basutoland</a> (1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a> (1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a> (1881–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian War</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">Saskatchewan</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Third Anglo-Burmese War">Third Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition" title="Emin Pasha Relief Expedition">Central Africa</a> (1886–89)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_Expedition_of_1888" title="Hazara Expedition of 1888">Hazara</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Column" title="Pioneer Column">Mashonaland</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunza%E2%80%93Nagar_Campaign" title="Hunza–Nagar Campaign">Hunza–Nagar Campaign</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Manipur_War" title="Anglo-Manipur War">Anglo-Manipur War</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Uprising" title="Pahang Uprising">Pahang Uprising</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">Matabeleland</a> (1893–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">North Borneo</a> (1894–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitral_Expedition" title="Chitral Expedition">Chitral Expedition</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid South Africa</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zanzibar_War" title="Anglo-Zanzibar War">Anglo-Zanzibar War</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chimurenga" class="mw-redirect" title="First Chimurenga">Matabeleland</a> (1896–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Expedition_of_1897" title="Benin Expedition of 1897">Benin Expedition</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malakand" title="Siege of Malakand">Siege of Malakand</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1897%E2%80%931898" title="Mohmand campaign of 1897–1898">First Mohmand campaign</a> (1897–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirah_campaign" title="Tirah campaign">Tirah campaign</a> (1897–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War_(1899)" title="Six-Day War (1899)">Six-Day War</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> (1898–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland</a> (1900–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Aro_War" title="Anglo-Aro War">West Africa</a> (1901–02)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">Tibet expedition</a> (1903–04)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">Bambatha Rebellion</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_in_the_Tochi" title="Operations in the Tochi">Tochi</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilembwe_uprising" title="Chilembwe uprising">Nyasaland</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bussa_rebellion" title="Bussa rebellion">Nigeria</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_against_the_Mohmands,_Bunerwals_and_Swatis_in_1915" title="Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis in 1915">Peshawar</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_blockade" title="Mohmand blockade">Mohmand</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Quebec</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adubi_War" title="Adubi War">Nigeria</a> (1918)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1919–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_rebellion" title="Malabar rebellion">Malabar rebellion</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">Kurdistan</a> (1922–24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwan_Rebellion" title="Adwan Rebellion">Transjordan</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink%27s_War" title="Pink's War">Pink's War</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhwan_revolt" title="Ikhwan revolt">Ikhwan revolt</a> (1927–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afridi_Redshirt_Rebellion,_Indian_North_West_Frontier_1930%E2%80%931931" title="Afridi Redshirt Rebellion, Indian North West Frontier 1930–1931">Tirah</a> (1930–31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt">Barzani revolt</a> (1931–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1935" title="Mohmand campaign of 1935">Second Mohmand campaign</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab revolt in Palestine</a> (1936–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1936–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woyane_rebellion" title="Woyane rebellion">Ethiopia</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish revolt in Palestine</a> (1944–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Indochina</a> (1945–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surabaya" title="Battle of Surabaya">Indonesia</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1946–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a> (1948–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Kenya Emergency</a> (1952–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Oman</a> (1954–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a> (1955–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Oman</a> (1962–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1962–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Malaysia</a> (1962–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden</a> (1963–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands</a> (1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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