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<span>Reforms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reforms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reforms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_and_political_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_and_political_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Administrative and political reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_and_political_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Education and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul 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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Amanullah Khan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="أمان الله خان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أمان الله خان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="আমানউল্লাহ খান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আমানউল্লাহ খান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C4%81null%C4%81h_Kh%C4%81n" title="Amānullāh Khān – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Amānullāh Khān" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аманула Кан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аманула Кан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanullah" title="Amanullah – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Amanullah" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanull%C3%A1h" title="Amanulláh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Amanulláh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Amanullah Khan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Amanullah Khan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amanullah Khan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%87_%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Αμανουλάχ Χαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμανουλάχ Χαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanul%C3%A1_Khan" title="Amanulá Khan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Amanulá Khan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanullah_%C4%A4an" title="Amanullah Ĥan – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amanullah Ĥan" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Amanullah Khan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87" title="امان‌الله شاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امان‌الله شاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amanullah Khan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Amanullah Khan" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A7%88%EB%88%8C%EB%9D%BC_%EC%B9%B8" title="아마눌라 칸 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아마눌라 칸" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A1_%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ամանուլլա Խան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամանուլլա Խան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अमानुल्लाह खान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अमानुल्लाह खान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C4%81null%C4%81h_Kh%C4%81n" title="Amānullāh Khān – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Amānullāh Khān" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C4%81null%C4%81h_Kh%C4%81n" title="Amānullāh Khān – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amānullāh Khān" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%97%27%D7%90%D7%9F,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F" title="אמאנואלה ח'אן, מלך אפגניסטן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמאנואלה ח'אן, מלך אפגניסטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ამანულა ხანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამანულა ხანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аманұлла хан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аманұлла хан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0-%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аманулла-хан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аманулла-хан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanula" title="Amanula – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Amanula" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanullah_K%C3%A1n_afg%C3%A1n_kir%C3%A1ly" title="Amanullah Kán afgán király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amanullah Kán afgán király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3_%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="അമാനുള്ള ഖാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അമാനുള്ള ഖാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="امان الله خان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="امان الله خان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanoellah_Khan" title="Amanoellah Khan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amanoellah Khan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8C%E3%83%83%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="アマーヌッラー・ハーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アマーヌッラー・ハーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amanullah Khan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omonullaxon" title="Omonullaxon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Omonullaxon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="امان اللہ خان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="امان اللہ خان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="امير امان الله خان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="امير امان الله خان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanullah_Chan" title="Amanullah Chan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Amanullah Chan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanul%C3%A1_C%C3%A3" title="Amanulá Cã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Amanulá Cã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0-%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аманулла-хан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аманулла-хан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C4%81null%C4%81h_Kh%C4%81n" title="Amānullāh Khān – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Amānullāh Khān" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A1null%C3%A1h_Ch%C3%A1n" title="Amánulláh Chán – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Amánulláh Chán" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aman_Allah_Khan" title="Aman Allah Khan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aman Allah Khan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amanullah Khan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="அமனுல்லாகான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அமனுல்லாகான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="พระเจ้าอมานุลเลาะห์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าอมานุลเลาะห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%B3%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Амонуллоҳхон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Амонуллоҳхон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanullah_Han" title="Emanullah Han – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Emanullah Han" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0-%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аманулла-хан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аманулла-хан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="امان اللہ خان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="امان اللہ خان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Amanullah Khan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the king of Afghanistan. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Amanullah Khan (disambiguation)">Amanullah Khan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Amanullah Khan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Afghanistan" title="List of heads of state of Afghanistan">King of Afghanistan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)" title="Ghazi (warrior)">Ghazi</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Amanullah_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/King_Amanullah_Khan.jpg/220px-King_Amanullah_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/King_Amanullah_Khan.jpg/330px-King_Amanullah_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/King_Amanullah_Khan.jpg/440px-King_Amanullah_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Afghanistan#List_of_heads_of_state" title="List of heads of state of Afghanistan">King of Afghanistan</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">9 June 1926 – 14 January 1929</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself (as <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan" title="Inayatullah Khan">Inayatullah Khan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Afghanistan#List_of_heads_of_state" title="List of heads of state of Afghanistan">Emir of Afghanistan</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">28 February 1919 – 9 June 1926</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nasrullah_Khan_(Afghanistan)" title="Nasrullah Khan (Afghanistan)">Nasrullah Khan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself (as <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1892-06-01</span>)</span>1 June 1892<br /><a href="/wiki/Paghman" title="Paghman">Paghman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">26 April 1960<span style="display:none">(1960-04-26)</span> (aged 67)<br /><a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Jalalabad" title="Jalalabad">Jalalabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Soraya_Tarzi" title="Soraya Tarzi">Soraya Tarzi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>See</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Princess Ameenah Shah<br /> Princess Abedah <br /> Princess Meliha<br /> Crown Prince Rahmatullah of Afghanistan<br /> Prince Saifullah<br /> Prince Hymayatullah<br /> Princess Adeela<br /> Prince Ehsanullah<br /> <a href="/wiki/Princess_India_of_Afghanistan" title="Princess India of Afghanistan">Princess India</a><br /> Princess Nagia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Habibullah_Khan" title="Habibullah Khan">Prince Habibullah I, Prince of Afghanistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sarwar_Sultana_Begum" title="Sarwar Sultana Begum">Sarwar Sultana Begum</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)" title="Ghazi (warrior)">Ghazi</a> <b>Amanullah Khan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"> غازی امان الله خان</span>; 1 June 1892 – 26 April 1960) was the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">sovereign</a> of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> from 1919, first as <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emir</a> and after 1926 as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">King</a>, until his abdication in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the end of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> in August 1919, Afghanistan was able to relinquish its <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate#List_of_former_British_protected_states" title="British protectorate">protected state</a> status to proclaim independence and pursue an independent <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> free from the influence of the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His rule was marked by dramatic political and social change, including attempts to modernise <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> along Western lines. He did not fully succeed in achieving this objective due to an uprising by <a href="/wiki/Habibullah_Kalakani" class="mw-redirect" title="Habibullah Kalakani">Habibullah Kalakani</a> and his followers. On 14 January 1929, Amanullah abdicated and fled to neighbouring <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)">Afghan Civil War</a> began to escalate. From <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>, he went to Europe, where after 30 years in exile, he died in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, Switzerland<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 26 April 1960. His body was brought to <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and buried in <a href="/wiki/Jalalabad" title="Jalalabad">Jalalabad</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near his father <a href="/wiki/Habibullah_Khan" title="Habibullah Khan">Habibullah Khan</a>'s tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanullah_Khan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Amanullah_Khan_of_Afghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Prince_Amanullah_Khan_of_Afghanistan.jpg/220px-Prince_Amanullah_Khan_of_Afghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Prince_Amanullah_Khan_of_Afghanistan.jpg/330px-Prince_Amanullah_Khan_of_Afghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Prince_Amanullah_Khan_of_Afghanistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Amanullah at a young age</figcaption></figure> <p>Amanullah Khan was born on 1 June 1892, in <a href="/wiki/Paghman" title="Paghman">Paghman</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, Afghanistan to a <a href="/wiki/Pashtun" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun">Pashtun</a> family. He was the favoured and the third son of the Emir <a href="/wiki/Habibullah_Khan" title="Habibullah Khan">Habibullah Khan</a> from his second wife. Amanullah was installed as the governor of <a href="/wiki/Kabul_Province" title="Kabul Province">Kabul</a>, and was in control of the army and the treasury. He gained the allegiance of most of the tribal leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERashikh20178_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERashikh20178-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1919, Emir <a href="/wiki/Habibullah_Khan" title="Habibullah Khan">Habibullah Khan</a> went on a hunting trip to Afghanistan's <a href="/wiki/Laghman_Province" title="Laghman Province">Laghman Province</a>. Among those in his retinue were his brother <a href="/wiki/Nasrullah_Khan_(Afghanistan)" title="Nasrullah Khan (Afghanistan)">Nasrullah Khan</a>, Habibullah's first son from his first wife <a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan" title="Inayatullah Khan">Inayatullah</a>, and Habibullah's commander-in-chief <a href="/wiki/Nadir_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadir Khan">Nadir Khan</a>. On the evening of 20 February 1919, Habibullah was assassinated while in his tent by Shuja-ud-Daula Ghourbandi on orders from his younger son from his second wife, Amanullah Khan who would later become king in March 1919, leaving Nasrullah as successor to the Afghan throne. Nasrullah at first refused to take the throne and declared his allegiance to his nephew Inayatullah, Habibullah's first-born son from his first wife. Inayatullah refused and said that his father had made his uncle Nasrullah the rightful heir and wanted him to become Emir. All the local tribespeople gave their allegiance to Nasrullah, who was a pious and religious man.<sup id="cite_ref-Molesworth_1962_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molesworth_1962-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The remainder of Habibullah's party journeyed southeast to <a href="/wiki/Jalalabad" title="Jalalabad">Jalalabad</a>, and on 21 February 1919 reached the city, where Nasrullah was declared Emir, supported by Habibullah's first son <a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan" title="Inayatullah Khan">Inayatullah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-India_Office_Sources_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_Office_Sources-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amanullah Khan, third son of Habibullah by Habibullah's second wife, had remained in Kabul as the king's representative. Upon receiving the news of his father's death, Amanullah immediately seized control of the treasury at <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> and staged a coup against his uncle.<sup id="cite_ref-Nigel_Collett_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nigel_Collett-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took control of Kabul and the central government, declaring war against Nasrullah. Nasrullah did not want any bloodshed in order for him to be king. He told Amanullah that he could have the kingdom, and he would go into exile in Saudi Arabia. Amanullah Khan swore upon the Quran that no harm would come to Nasrullah if he returned to Kabul and then he could do as he pleased. On 28 February 1919, Amanullah proclaimed himself Emir.<sup id="cite_ref-India_Office_Sources_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_Office_Sources-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 March 1919, fearing that Nasrullah's supporters would rise against Amanullah, he subsequently went against his word. Nasrullah was arrested and imprisoned by Amanullah's forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Clements_2003_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clements_2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 April 1919, Amanullah held a <a href="/wiki/Durbar_(court)" title="Durbar (court)">Durbar</a> (a royal court under the supervision of Amanullah) in Kabul which inquired into the death of Habibullah. It found a colonel in the Afghanistan military guilty of the crime, and had him executed. On manufactured evidence, it found Nasrullah complicit in the assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-India_Office_Sources_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_Office_Sources-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nasrullah was sentenced to life imprisonment<sup id="cite_ref-Ali_Banuazizi_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali_Banuazizi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Amanullah had him assassinated approximately one year later while being held in the royal jail.<sup id="cite_ref-Clements_2003_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clements_2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/RSFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="RSFSR">Russia</a> had recently undergone its <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Communist revolution</a> leading to strained relations between the country and the United Kingdom. Amanullah Khan recognized the opportunity to use the situation to gain Afghanistan's independence over its foreign affairs. He led a surprise attack against the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a> on 3 May 1919, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Anglo-Afghan war">Third Anglo-Afghan war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2016189_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2016189-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After initial successes, the war quickly became a stalemate as the United Kingdom was still dealing with the costs of World War I. An <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">armistice</a> was reached towards the end of 1919, which led to Afghanistan being freed of British diplomatic influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2016192_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2016192-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reforms">Reforms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanullah_Khan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mancage_in_Afghanistan_1921.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Mancage_in_Afghanistan_1921.JPG/220px-Mancage_in_Afghanistan_1921.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Mancage_in_Afghanistan_1921.JPG/330px-Mancage_in_Afghanistan_1921.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Mancage_in_Afghanistan_1921.JPG 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>By 1921, <a href="/wiki/Banditry" title="Banditry">banditry</a> was dramatically curtailed in Afghanistan by harsh punishment, such as being imprisoned in suspended cages and left to die.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_and_political_reforms">Administrative and political reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanullah_Khan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Administrative and political reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amanullah conceptualized a modernist <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> that incorporated <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">equal rights</a> and individual freedoms, with the guidance of his father-in-law and Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Tarzi" title="Mahmud Tarzi">Mahmud Tarzi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AO-1923_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AO-1923-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To ensure national unity based on equal rights for all people before the law, and their participation in the political development of the country, he drafted the country's first constitution, the "Statute of the Supreme Government of Afghanistan", which was officially approved and ratified by 872 tribal elders and government officials gathered in a <a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">Loya Jirga</a> in Jalalabad on 11 April 1922. Under Sharia law and government-enacted legislation, all citizens were entitled to equal rights and freedoms, according to Article 16 of the constitution.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_literature">Education and literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanullah_Khan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Education and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amanullah enjoyed early popularity within Afghanistan and he used his influence to modernise the country. Amanullah created new more cosmopolitan schools for both boys and girls in the regions and overturned centuries-old traditions such as strict <a href="/wiki/Dress_code" title="Dress code">dress codes</a> for women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERashikh201787_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERashikh201787-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various educational facilities, such as the Telegraph School, the Arabic Learning Academy or Daruloloom, Mastoorat School, Rashidya School in Jalalabad, Kandahar, and Mazar-e-sharif, Qataghan School, and the Academy of Basic Medical Sciences, as well as more than 320 schools, were established across all provinces. These schools initially had Indian instructors who were then replaced by French teachers. Primary education became obligatory, and literacy courses were developed to foster and improve reading abilities. Later, courses for teaching religious subjects and modern sciences were developed, with Amanullah Khan himself teaching some of them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Despite <a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a> being the official language, the <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> language was promoted as an important aspect of Afghan identity by Amanullah Khan. By the 1930s, a campaign had begun with the intention of making Pashto the Afghan government's official language. Pashto was declared an official language in 1936, and this was reaffirmed in 1964. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_reforms">Cultural reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanullah_Khan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cultural reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amanullah's wife, Queen <a href="/wiki/Soraya_Tarzi" title="Soraya Tarzi">Soraya Tarzi</a> played a significant role regarding his policy towards women. This rapid modernisation created a backlash and a reactionary uprising known as the <a href="/wiki/Khost_rebellion_(1924%E2%80%931925)" title="Khost rebellion (1924–1925)">Khost rebellion</a> which was suppressed in 1925. Amanullah met with many followers of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> in India and Europe, from where he brought back books that are still to be found in the <a href="/wiki/Kabul_Library" title="Kabul Library">Kabul Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERashikh2017112_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERashikh2017112-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This association later served as one of the accusations against him when he was overthrown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2016194_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2016194-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The failure of Amanullah Khan's reforms, like that of any other major political phenomena, was the result of a complex set of internal and external variables, some of which were objective in origin and others of which were linked to secret service organisations operating outside the country's borders. On the one hand, objective reasons arose from existing tensions between the changes being implemented and the interests of society's ruling class.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At the time, Afghanistan's foreign policy was primarily concerned with the rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a>. Each attempted to gain influence in Afghanistan and foil attempts by the other power to gain influence in the region. This effect was inconsistent, but generally favourable for Afghanistan; Amanullah established a limited <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Air_Force" title="Afghan Air Force">Afghan Air Force</a> consisting of donated Soviet planes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2016216_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2016216-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visit_to_Europe">Visit to Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanullah_Khan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Visit to Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan_King_Amanullah_Khan_and_French_President_Gaston_Doumergue_in_Paris,_1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Afghan_King_Amanullah_Khan_and_French_President_Gaston_Doumergue_in_Paris%2C_1928.jpg/250px-Afghan_King_Amanullah_Khan_and_French_President_Gaston_Doumergue_in_Paris%2C_1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Afghan_King_Amanullah_Khan_and_French_President_Gaston_Doumergue_in_Paris%2C_1928.jpg/330px-Afghan_King_Amanullah_Khan_and_French_President_Gaston_Doumergue_in_Paris%2C_1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Afghan_King_Amanullah_Khan_and_French_President_Gaston_Doumergue_in_Paris%2C_1928.jpg/500px-Afghan_King_Amanullah_Khan_and_French_President_Gaston_Doumergue_in_Paris%2C_1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="5221" /></a><figcaption>Amānullāh Khān with French president <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Gaston Doumergue</a> in Paris, (January 1928).</figcaption></figure> <p>Amanullah travelled to Europe in late 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2016232_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2016232-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Afghan King and Queen set out from the port of <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> and en-route they met with <a href="/wiki/Fuad_I_of_Egypt" title="Fuad I of Egypt">King Fuad of Egypt</a> in Cairo. They undertook a whirlwind European visit: Italy (arrived 8 January 1928), where they met with King <a href="/wiki/Victor-Emanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor-Emanuel III of Italy">Victor-Emanuel III of Italy</a> along with his Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> in the Vatican City; France, (arrived in Nice on 22 January 1928 and then Paris on 25 January), meeting with <a href="/wiki/President_Doumergue" class="mw-redirect" title="President Doumergue">President Doumergue</a>; Belgium, (arrived in Brussels on 8 February), meeting with <a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Belgium" title="Albert I of Belgium">King Albert I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elisabeth_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elisabeth of Belgium">Queen Elisabeth of Belgium</a>. The next stop was Germany. The <a href="/wiki/Germanophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanophilia">germanophile</a> king arrived in Berlin on 22 February and met with President <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> the same day. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amanullah_Khan_with_Paul_von_Hindenburg_1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/15/Amanullah_Khan_with_Paul_von_Hindenburg_1928.jpg/220px-Amanullah_Khan_with_Paul_von_Hindenburg_1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/15/Amanullah_Khan_with_Paul_von_Hindenburg_1928.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Amanullah Khan with Hindenburg during his visit to Berlin, (February 1928).</figcaption></figure> <p>He travelled to Great Britain as guests of King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Queen Mary</a>. The steam ship <i>SS Maid of Orleans</i> arrived in Dover on 13 March 1928. The royal couple left England on 5 April and made their way to Poland. On their way, they had a longer stopover in Berlin where the Amanullah underwent an emergency <a href="/wiki/Tonsillectomy" title="Tonsillectomy">tonsillectomy</a>. The royal train with the Emir back on board arrived in the Polish border town of <a href="/wiki/Zb%C4%85szy%C5%84" title="Zbąszyń">Zbąszyń</a> on 28 April. The next day it pulled into <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> to be met by Polish ministers, the speaker of the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a> and the country's president <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Mo%C5%9Bcicki" title="Ignacy Mościcki">Ignacy Mościcki</a>. At his request Amanullah was granted an audience with the First Marshal of Poland <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a>. The Afghan party departed from Warsaw travelling east across the country to the border with the Soviet Union on 2 May 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amanullah_Khan_and_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Amanullah_Khan_and_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk.jpg/250px-Amanullah_Khan_and_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Amanullah_Khan_and_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Amanullah Khan with Atatürk in a boat during his visit to Turkey, (May 1928).</figcaption></figure> <p>Finally Amanullah Khan visited the first Turkish president <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> on 20 May 1928 which at the time was the first state visit by a foreign Head of State to Turkey. During this visit, Turkey signed its first technical assistant agreement with Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanullah_Khan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)">Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)</a></div> <p>During and after Amanullah's visit to Europe, opposition to his rule increased to the point where an uprising in <a href="/wiki/Jalalabad" title="Jalalabad">Jalalabad</a> culminated in a march to the capital, and much of the army deserted instead of resisting. This was caused by Amanullah's new policies of rapid modernisation after returning from his tour of Europe in a still very conservative society. Some of his new policies (inspired by <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>'s revolution who however had advised him to be moderate and careful in his reforms during his visit to Turkey in 1928<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) included the abolishment of the veil, changing Friday which is a weekend and sacred day of worship in Islamic countries to a working day and making Thursday a non-working day instead. He also ordered people to replace their traditional Afghan attire with new western clothes (at a time when majority of the people could only afford with difficulty the basic necessities like food) and to tip their hats when greeting others like in Western countries. As a result, Islamic conservatives and opponents led by <a href="/wiki/Habibull%C4%81h_Kalak%C4%81ni" title="Habibullāh Kalakāni">Habibullāh Kalakāni</a> rose up against his rule and new western inspired modernisation policies. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ex-King_Amanullah_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Ex-King_Amanullah_Khan.jpg/250px-Ex-King_Amanullah_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Ex-King_Amanullah_Khan.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="253" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Ex-King Amanullah Khan in Afghan native dress and holding a rifle in 1929.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 14 December 1928 Kalakāni, a leader of the "<a href="/wiki/Saqqawists" title="Saqqawists">Saqqawists</a>" opposition movement accompanied by groups of Kohistanis, led an attack on Kabul, which was repelled after nine days of fighting and retreated to <a href="/wiki/Paghman" title="Paghman">Paghman</a>. He launched another attack on 7 January 1929 and successfully took Kabul. On 14 January 1929 Amanullah abdicated and went into temporary exile in then <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> passing the monarchy to his half brother <a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan" title="Inayatullah Khan">Inayatullah Khan</a> who became the next king of Afghanistan until surrendering the <a href="/wiki/Arg,_Kabul" title="Arg, Kabul">Arg</a> four days later on 18 January 1929 to Kalakani who proclaimed himself as <a href="/wiki/Amir_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir of Afghanistan">Amir of Afghanistan</a>. </p><p>Much of the resistance in support of Amanullah was confined to just one of the five "culture zones." The impacted area was a small "tribal zone" that encompassed the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Afghanistan" title="Eastern Province, Afghanistan">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Province,_Afghanistan" title="Southern Province, Afghanistan">Southern</a> provinces (Mashreqi and Jonub) in 1929, as well as the modern provinces of <a href="/wiki/Nangarhar_Province" title="Nangarhar Province">Nangarhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laghman_Province" title="Laghman Province">Laghman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunar_Province" title="Kunar Province">Kunar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paktiya_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Paktiya Province">Paktiya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paktika_Province" title="Paktika Province">Paktika</a>. The Shinwari, Mohmand, Kakar, Mangal, Jaji, Ahmadzai, Safi, Ghilzai, along with other Pashtun tribes populate most of this area. Hazarajat's Shi'a Hazarahs were strong supporters of Amanullah's reforms and hence resisted the Kalakāni's rule. Large portions of the country were not involved in either of the violent conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Amanullah was in India, Kalakāni battled anti-Saqqawist tribes. Around 22 March 1929, Amanullah returned to Afghanistan assembling forces in <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> to reach Kabul and to dispose of Kalakāni. In April 1929 he attempted to advance to Kabul but his forces were defeated in <a href="/wiki/Muqur,_Ghazni" title="Muqur, Ghazni">Muqur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghazni_Province" title="Ghazni Province">Ghazni</a> and on 23 May 1929 he fled to India again. He never returned to his country.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exile">Exile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanullah_Khan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Amanullah_loyalism" title="Amanullah loyalism">Amanullah loyalism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Habibull%C4%81h_Kalak%C4%81ni" title="Habibullāh Kalakāni">Kalakāni</a>'s rule lasted only nine months and he was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Nadir_Shah" title="Mohammad Nadir Shah">Mohammad Nadir Shah</a> on 13 October 1929. Amanullah Khan attempted to return to Afghanistan, but he had little support from the people. From <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">British India</a>, the ex-king travelled to Europe and settled in <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italy</a>, buying a villa in Rome's <a href="/wiki/Prati" title="Prati">Prati</a> neighbourhood. Meanwhile, Nadir Shah made sure Amanullah's return to Afghanistan was made impossible by engaging in propaganda. Most of Amanullah's reforms were reversed, although later king <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Zahir_Shah" title="Mohammad Zahir Shah">Mohammad Zahir Shah</a> made a more gradual program of reform.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, Amanullah still had a group of staunch supporters in Afghanistan. These <a href="/wiki/Amanullah_loyalism" title="Amanullah loyalism">Amanullah loyalists</a> unsuccessfully attempted several times in the 1930s and 1940s to bring him back to power.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During World War II, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> had extensive plans to reinstall Amanullah to his throne. Khan, while aware and keen to regain his throne, knew little more about the plan; Nazi officials never invited him to participate in discussions. It was Khan's name and face that was needed to provide legitimacy to an uprising and, eventually, a puppet Nazi government in Afghanistan. The plan, however, did not come to fruition; for it to work, Germany needed the support of the Soviet Union, which it never fully received. While <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> cancelled the plan in the last days of December 1939, there was still hope in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Foreign_Office" title="Federal Foreign Office">German Foreign Office</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a> that the Soviets would come forward with a proposal; it never happened.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Discussions were revived in late 1942 but following the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> loss in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a> in 1943, the plans were abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amidst all the negotiations, Khan remained in exile in Rome and never directly spoke to German or Soviet officials. While some war-time news articles suggest he was an active <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> agent,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other sources suggest he never even succeeded in obtaining a visa to visit Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was his brother-in-law, Ghulam Siddiq, to whom Khan had given full powers to negotiate on his behalf, that travelled between Germany, the Soviet Union, Italy and Switzerland to participate in talks surrounding the operation.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khan survived the war unharmed but appears to have lived a life of poverty in his exile, at least during and post World War II. One of the reasons Nazi officials hesitated from inviting him to Berlin was because they suspected he would ask for money.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, a British Intelligence Officer, who visited Khan after the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> had captured Rome, described his household, 'His Majesty from time to time rubbing his hand from cold. Her Majesty huddled in a ghastly gilt arm-chair, gracefully draped in a mink coat. Pimp-like princelings and over-painted Royal Aunts from time to time taping the conversation towards kilowatts and the lack of scruples shown by black marketeers.'<sup id="cite_ref-:3_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neverthelesss, people in Rome's Prati neighbourhood, where Khan lived, claimed that he arrived with "crates of jewels" which he slowly sold.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanullah_Khan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mausoleum_of_Amanullah_Khan-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mausoleum_of_Amanullah_Khan-cropped.jpg/220px-Mausoleum_of_Amanullah_Khan-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mausoleum_of_Amanullah_Khan-cropped.jpg/330px-Mausoleum_of_Amanullah_Khan-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mausoleum_of_Amanullah_Khan-cropped.jpg/440px-Mausoleum_of_Amanullah_Khan-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1874" data-file-height="1335" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">Mausoleum</a> of Amanullah Khan in <a href="/wiki/Jalalabad" title="Jalalabad">Jalalabad</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After fleeing to <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>, King Amanullah Khan sought asylum in <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italy</a> because he was given the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Order of the Annunciation</a> by King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a> on his world tour. He died on 26 April 1960 in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His body was brought to <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and buried in the eastern city of <a href="/wiki/Jalalabad" title="Jalalabad">Jalalabad</a> near the tomb of his father Haibullah Khan. He left behind his widowed wife and four sons and five daughters, including <a href="/wiki/Princess_India_of_Afghanistan" title="Princess India of Afghanistan">Princess India of Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanullah_Khan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tughra_of_Amanullah_Khan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tughra_of_Amanullah_Khan.svg/220px-Tughra_of_Amanullah_Khan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tughra_of_Amanullah_Khan.svg/330px-Tughra_of_Amanullah_Khan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tughra_of_Amanullah_Khan.svg/440px-Tughra_of_Amanullah_Khan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a> of Amanullah Khan</figcaption></figure> <p>Amanullah's first marriage occurred in 1908, when he was sixteen but ended in divorce shortly afterwards. One of his wives, Gul Pari, was a Chitrali and served as a lady-in-waiting to his mother. They married in 1910, when he was eighteen. She died in 1912 during childbirth while giving birth to their son, Hedayatullah. Another wife, <a href="/wiki/Soraya_Tarzi" title="Soraya Tarzi">Soraya Tarzi</a> (1899–1968), was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Tarzi" title="Mahmud Tarzi">Mahmud Tarzi</a>, who served as Afghanistan's Foreign Minister, and his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Asma_Rasmiya_Khanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Asma Rasmiya Khanum">Asma Rasmiya Khanum</a>. Together, Amanullah and Soraya had ten children—six sons and four daughters. He also married Vanda, with whom he had two sons. Another of his wives, Princess Aliah, was the daughter of his paternal uncle, Emir <a href="/wiki/Nasrullah_Khan_(Afghanistan)" title="Nasrullah Khan (Afghanistan)">Nasrullah Khan</a>, and his wife Gulshan, a Shighnani. They married on 31 December 1928, but she did not accompany him into exile to Italy in 1929, and he eventually sent her a divorce. Aliah chose not to remarry.<sup id="cite_ref-b7921_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b7921-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b791_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b791-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-s837_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s837-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amanullah and Soraya had ten children, six daughters and four sons: </p> <ul><li>Princess Ameenah Shah (14 May 1916 – 29 October 1992). During her exile, in 1954 she married a naturalised Turkish citizen of Bosnian origin named Mustafa Hasanovic Ar. He was the son of the deputy of the Bosnian Young Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Princess Abedah. She married firstly Ali Wali, son of Muhammad Wali and had one son. She married secondly to Hamidullah Enayat Siraj, son of Sardar Enayatullah.<sup id="cite_ref-s837_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s837-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Ikhlil<sup id="cite_ref-s837_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s837-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Princess Meliha (1920–2011). She became a medical doctor in Istanbul University, and married Turkish engineer A. Tahir Söker, a close relative of <a href="/wiki/Cel%C3%A2l_Bayar" title="Celâl Bayar">Celâl Bayar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Crown Prince Rahmatullah of Afghanistan (7 June 1921 – 11 September 2009). He married Adelia Graziani, a niece of an Italian general <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani" title="Rodolfo Graziani">Rodolfo Graziani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Prince Saifullah died young from <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Prince Hymayatullah died very young from <a href="/wiki/Bronchopneumonia" title="Bronchopneumonia">bronchial pneumonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Princess Adeela (1925–2000) married Armando Angelini (b. August 10, 1924), the son of an Italian cavalry officer and they had four daughters:<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Elisabetta (b. 31 May 1948)</li> <li>Cristina (b. 3 Oct 1949)</li> <li>Simin (b. 8 Oct 1954)</li> <li>Cinzia (b. 11 Jan 1957)</li></ul></li> <li>Prince Ehsanullah (1926–2017) married Leyla Tarzi, daughter of Col. Tavvab Tarzi, son of Mahmud Tarzi. They had 2 sons, both born in Istanbul:<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Ahmed Aman Ullah (b. 1961), married Sylvie Théobald Rahmat Ullah (b. at Bourges, Cher, France)</li> <li>Rahmad Ullah, (b. 1965), married Carine d'Afghanistan-Berger of <a href="/wiki/Bernex,_Switzerland" title="Bernex, Switzerland">Bernex, Switzerland</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_India_of_Afghanistan" title="Princess India of Afghanistan">Princess India</a> (1929–2023), in 1951 she married Kazem Malek, an Iranian landowner, and settled in <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. They had two daughters: Soraya, born in 1954 in Rome, Italy, and Hamdam, born in Mashad, Iran in 1956. After eight years of marriage Princess India divorced her husband and returned to Rome to live with her two daughters. In 1966 she married an Afghan businessman, Abdul Rauf Haider. They had a son named Eskandar who was born in Rome in 1967. In 1968, Princess India returned to Afghanistan after the death of her mother Queen Soraya. She attended funeral ceremonies in Jalalabad and was very much impressed by her homeland and decided from that time on she would work for the benefit of Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-mahmudtarzi.com_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mahmudtarzi.com-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Soraya (b. 1954), first daughter of Princess India</li> <li>Haman (b. 1956), second daughter of Princess India and her husband Kazem Malek. Haman later married an Italian naval commander, Paolo Fusarini. The couple had two children, Matteo and Flavia.<sup id="cite_ref-mahmudtarzi.com_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mahmudtarzi.com-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Eskandar (b. 1967), son of Princess India and Abdul Rauf Haider.</li></ul></li> <li>Princess Nagia, the youngest daughter of Amanullah and Soraya. She married İlter Doğan, a Turkish businessman whom she met on her visit to Istanbul. They have two children.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Ömer, son of Princess Nagia and İlter Doğan</li> <li>Hümeyra, daughter of Princess Nagia and İlter Doğan</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanullah_Khan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg/40px-Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg/60px-Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg/120px-Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="222" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Royalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Royalty">Royalty portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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class="mw-redirect" title="Lycées Esteqlal and Malalaï in Kabul">Lycées Esteqlal and Malalaï in Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Supreme_Sun" title="Order of the Supreme Sun">Order of the Supreme Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Amanullah_Khan_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Amanullah Khan Award">Amir Amanullah Khan Award</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanullah_Khan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Iranica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPoullada" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Poullada, L. 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United States: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=AM%C4%80NALL%C4%80H&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.place=United+States&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.aulast=Poullada&rft.aufirst=L.+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Famanallah-1892-1961-ruler-of-afghanistan-1919-29-first-with-the-title-of-amir-and-from-1926-on-with-that-of-shah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanullah+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG150230">"Collections Online | British Museum"</a>. <i>www.britishmuseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Asia Pub. House<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+1919%3A+An+Account+of+Operations+in+the+Third+Afghan+War&rft.pub=Asia+Pub.+House&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Molesworth&rft.aufirst=George+Noble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfqscAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DNasrullah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanullah+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-India_Office_Sources-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-India_Office_Sources_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-India_Office_Sources_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-India_Office_Sources_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100702122849/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/afghanistan/afghanistancollection/1919to1928/sources1919to1928.html">"Afghanistan 1919-1928: Sources in the India Office Records"</a>. <i>www.bl.uk</i>. Archived from the original on 2 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bl.uk&rft.atitle=Afghanistan+1919-1928%3A+Sources+in+the+India+Office+Records&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Freshelp%2Ffindhelpregion%2Fasia%2Fafghanistan%2Fafghanistancollection%2F1919to1928%2Fsources1919to1928.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanullah+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nigel_Collett-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nigel_Collett_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollett2006" class="citation book cs1">Collett, Nigel (15 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XuQC5pgzCw4C&pg=PA295"><i>The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781852855758" title="Special:BookSources/9781852855758"><bdi>9781852855758</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Butcher+of+Amritsar%3A+General+Reginald+Dyer&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2006-10-15&rft.isbn=9781852855758&rft.aulast=Collett&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXuQC5pgzCw4C%26pg%3DPA295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanullah+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clements_2003-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clements_2003_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clements_2003_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClements2003" class="citation book cs1">Clements, Frank (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bv4hzxpo424C&q=Nasrullah+Afghanistan&pg=PA83"><i>Conflict in Afghanistan: a historical encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-402-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-402-4"><bdi>1-85109-402-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+in+Afghanistan%3A+a+historical+encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-85109-402-4&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbv4hzxpo424C%26q%3DNasrullah%2BAfghanistan%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanullah+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ali_Banuazizi-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ali_Banuazizi_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBanuaziziWeiner1988" class="citation book cs1">Banuazizi, Ali; Weiner, Myron (1 August 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l6cmuTfzvZEC&pg=PA46"><i>The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan</i></a>. Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815624486" title="Special:BookSources/9780815624486"><bdi>9780815624486</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State%2C+Religion%2C+and+Ethnic+Politics%3A+Afghanistan%2C+Iran%2C+and+Pakistan&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1988-08-01&rft.isbn=9780815624486&rft.aulast=Banuazizi&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft.au=Weiner%2C+Myron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl6cmuTfzvZEC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanullah+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2016189-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2016189_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2016">Ahmed 2016</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2016192-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2016192_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2016">Ahmed 2016</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AO-1923-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AO-1923_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010609023011/http://www.afghan-web.com/history/const/const1923.html">"Constitution of Afghanistan (1923)"</a>. Afghanistan Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afghan-web.com/history/const/const1923.html">the original</a> on 9 June 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Afghanistan+%281923%29&rft.pub=Afghanistan+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afghan-web.com%2Fhistory%2Fconst%2Fconst1923.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanullah+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERashikh201787-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERashikh201787_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRashikh2017">Rashikh 2017</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERashikh2017112-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERashikh2017112_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRashikh2017">Rashikh 2017</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2016194-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2016194_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2016">Ahmed 2016</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2016216-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2016216_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2016">Ahmed 2016</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2016232-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2016232_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2016">Ahmed 2016</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParaskiewicz2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paraskiewicz, Kinga (2014). <i>Historyczna wizyta Amanullaha Chana króla Afganistanu w Europie (1927–1928) (The Historic visit of Amanullah Khan, King of Afghanistan, in Europe /1927-78/)</i> (in Polish). Księgarnia Akademicka. pp. <span class="nowrap">29–</span>71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7638-532-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7638-532-7"><bdi>978-83-7638-532-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historyczna+wizyta+Amanullaha+Chana+kr%C3%B3la+Afganistanu+w+Europie+%281927%E2%80%931928%29+%28The+Historic+visit+of+Amanullah+Khan%2C+King+of+Afghanistan%2C+in+Europe+%2F1927-78%2F%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.pub=Ksi%C4%99garnia+Akademicka&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-83-7638-532-7&rft.aulast=Paraskiewicz&rft.aufirst=Kinga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanullah+Khan" class="Z3988"></span>; source of information on the route and the particular dates of visits to various countries</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kabul-emb.mfa.gov.tr/Mission/ShowAnnouncement/364108">"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı – Turkish Embassy In Kabul – Announcements"</a>. <i>kabul-emb.mfa.gov.tr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kabul-emb.mfa.gov.tr&rft.atitle=T.C.+D%C4%B1%C5%9Fi%C5%9Fleri+Bakanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1+%E2%80%93+Turkish+Embassy+In+Kabul+%E2%80%93+Announcements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkabul-emb.mfa.gov.tr%2FMission%2FShowAnnouncement%2F364108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanullah+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdamec1975" class="citation book cs1">Adamec, Ludwig W. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3469"><i>Historical and political who's who of Afghanistan. Hauptbd: Historical and political Who's who</i></a>. Graz: Akad. Druck- u. Verlagsanst. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-201-00921-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-201-00921-8"><bdi>978-3-201-00921-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+and+political+who%27s+who+of+Afghanistan.+Hauptbd%3A+Historical+and+political+Who%27s+who&rft.place=Graz&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Akad.+Druck-+u.+Verlagsanst&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-3-201-00921-8&rft.aulast=Adamec&rft.aufirst=Ludwig+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.pahar.3469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanullah+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShahrani2005" class="citation journal cs1">Shahrani, Nazif (2005). "Review: King Aman-Allah of Afghanistan's Failed Nation-Building Project and Its Aftermath". <b>38</b>: 661. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4311768">4311768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Review%3A+King+Aman-Allah+of+Afghanistan%27s+Failed+Nation-Building+Project+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=661&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4311768%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shahrani&rft.aufirst=Nazif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanullah+Khan" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVolodarsky2014" class="citation book cs1">Volodarsky, Mikhail (23 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UCtpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT140"><i>The Soviet Union and Its Southern Neighbours: Iran and Afghanistan 1917-1933</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-19537-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-19537-3"><bdi>978-1-135-19537-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Union+and+Its+Southern+Neighbours%3A+Iran+and+Afghanistan+1917-1933&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-04-23&rft.isbn=978-1-135-19537-3&rft.aulast=Volodarsky&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUCtpAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanullah+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurki2013" class="citation book cs1">Burki, Shireen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZqaAAAAQBAJ"><i>The Politics of State Intervention: Gender Politics in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iran</i></a>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739184325" title="Special:BookSources/9780739184325"><bdi>9780739184325</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+State+Intervention%3A+Gender+Politics+in+Pakistan%2C+Afghanistan%2C+and+Iran&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780739184325&rft.aulast=Burki&rft.aufirst=Shireen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ZqaAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanullah+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Hofmann1979" class="citation news cs1">Paul Hofmann (29 April 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1979/04/29/archives/afghan-king-in-rome-exile-tightens-belt-daud-sent-money-to-family.html">"Afghan King, In Rome Exile, Tightens Belt"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Afghan+King%2C+In+Rome+Exile%2C+Tightens+Belt&rft.date=1979-04-29&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.au=Paul+Hofmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1979%2F04%2F29%2Farchives%2Fafghan-king-in-rome-exile-tightens-belt-daud-sent-money-to-family.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanullah+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHauner1981" class="citation book cs1">Hauner, Milan (1981). <i>India in Axis Strategy</i>. Klett-Cotta. pp. <span class="nowrap">159–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-12-915340-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-12-915340-3"><bdi>3-12-915340-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+in+Axis+Strategy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.pub=Klett-Cotta&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=3-12-915340-3&rft.aulast=Hauner&rft.aufirst=Milan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanullah+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrews2015" class="citation book cs1">Crews, Robert D. (14 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xG53CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT146"><i>Afghan Modern: The History of a Global Nation</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674286092" title="Special:BookSources/9780674286092"><bdi>9780674286092</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghan+Modern%3A+The+History+of+a+Global+Nation&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015-09-14&rft.isbn=9780674286092&rft.aulast=Crews&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxG53CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanullah+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article8180382">"EX-KING AMANULLAH NOW WORKS FOR HITLER"</a>. <i>The Argus (Melbourne, Victoria: 1848–1957)</i>. 24 May 1941. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Argus+%28Melbourne%2C+Victoria%3A+1848%E2%80%931957%29&rft.atitle=EX-KING+AMANULLAH+NOW+WORKS+FOR+HITLER&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1941-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article8180382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanullah+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHauner" class="citation book cs1">Hauner, Milan. <i>India in Axis Strategy</i>. Klett-Cotta. p. 170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+in+Axis+Strategy&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Klett-Cotta&rft.aulast=Hauner&rft.aufirst=Milan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanullah+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1979/04/29/archives/afghan-king-in-rome-exile-tightens-belt-daud-sent-money-to-family.html">"Afghan king in Rome Exile"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. 29 April 1979<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Afghan+king+in+Rome+Exile&rft.date=1979-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1979%2F04%2F29%2Farchives%2Fafghan-king-in-rome-exile-tightens-belt-daud-sent-money-to-family.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanullah+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEwans" class="citation book cs1">Ewans, Martin. <i>Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics</i>. United Kingdom: CurzonPress. p. 133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+A+Short+History+of+Its+People+and+Politics&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=CurzonPress&rft.aulast=Ewans&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanullah+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b7921-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b7921_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYunas2002" class="citation book cs1">Yunas, S.F. (2002). <i>Afghanistan: The Afghans and the rise and fall of the ruling Afghan dynasties and rulers</i>. Afghanistan: A Political History. p. 281.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+The+Afghans+and+the+rise+and+fall+of+the+ruling+Afghan+dynasties+and+rulers&rft.series=Afghanistan%3A+A+Political+History&rft.pages=281&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Yunas&rft.aufirst=S.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanullah+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b791-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b791_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYunas2002" class="citation book cs1">Yunas, S.F. (2002). <i>Afghanistan: The Afghans and the rise and fall of the ruling Afghan dynasties and rulers</i>. 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Akademische Druck- u. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mahmudtarzi.com/type1.php?menu_id=82">the original</a> on 5 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mahmud+Tarzi&rft.atitle=Princess+Amenah+Shah+Begum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mahmudtarzi.com%2Ftype1.php%3Fmenu_id%3D82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanullah+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220211080716/https://www.mahmudtarzi.com/type1.php?menu_id=84">"Princesse Meliha Soker"</a>. <i>Mahmud Tarzi</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mahmudtarzi.com/type1.php?menu_id=88">the original</a> on 3 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mahmud+Tarzi&rft.atitle=Princess+Adelah+Angelini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mahmudtarzi.com%2Ftype1.php%3Fmenu_id%3D88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanullah+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313193556/http://mahmudtarzi.com/type1.php?menu_id=89">"Crown Prince Ehsan Ullah"</a>. <i>Mahmud Tarzi</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mahmudtarzi.com/type1.php?menu_id=89">the original</a> on 13 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mahmud+Tarzi&rft.atitle=Crown+Prince+Ehsan+Ullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mahmudtarzi.com%2Ftype1.php%3Fmenu_id%3D89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanullah+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.facebook.com/ikikralbirlider/photos/prince-ehsan-ullah-dafghanistan-passed-away-on-28th-july2017-at-genevaright-in-t/1791130324236839/">"İki Kral Bir Lider"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a></i>. 29 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210716184341/https://m.facebook.com/ikikralbirlider/photos/prince-ehsan-ullah-dafghanistan-passed-away-on-28th-july2017-at-genevaright-in-t/1791130324236839/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=%C4%B0ki+Kral+Bir+Lider&rft.date=2017-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.facebook.com%2Fikikralbirlider%2Fphotos%2Fprince-ehsan-ullah-dafghanistan-passed-away-on-28th-july2017-at-genevaright-in-t%2F1791130324236839%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanullah+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mahmudtarzi.com-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mahmudtarzi.com_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mahmudtarzi.com_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316063009/http://mahmudtarzi.com/type1.php?menu_id=90">"Princess India D'Afhanistan"</a>. <i>Mahmud Tarzi</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mahmudtarzi.com/type1.php?menu_id=90">the original</a> on 16 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mahmud+Tarzi&rft.atitle=Princess+India+D%27Afhanistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mahmudtarzi.com%2Ftype1.php%3Fmenu_id%3D90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanullah+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220403200629/http://mahmudtarzi.com/type1.php?menu_id=91">"Princess Nagia Dogan"</a>. <i>Mahmud Tarzi</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mahmudtarzi.com/type1.php?menu_id=91">the original</a> on 3 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mahmud+Tarzi&rft.atitle=Princess+Nagia+Dogan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mahmudtarzi.com%2Ftype1.php%3Fmenu_id%3D91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanullah+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanullah_Khan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRashikh2017" class="citation book cs1">Rashikh, Jawan Shir (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2439252"><i>Nationalism in Afghanistan</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>: Academia. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060505080" title="Special:BookSources/9780060505080"><bdi>9780060505080</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+in+Afghanistan&rft.place=Kabul%2C+Afghanistan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E143&rft.pub=Academia&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780060505080&rft.aulast=Rashikh&rft.aufirst=Jawan+Shir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2439252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanullah+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2016" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Fazel (3 September 2016). "Chapter 5 King Amanullah Khan". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ariaye.com/english/images/afghan3.pdf"><i>Conspiracies and Atrocities in Afghanistan,1700-2014</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Canada: Afghan3. pp. <span class="nowrap">183–</span>215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786191703" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786191703"><bdi>978-0786191703</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5+King+Amanullah+Khan&rft.btitle=Conspiracies+and+Atrocities+in+Afghanistan%2C1700-2014&rft.place=Canada&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E215&rft.pub=Afghan3&rft.date=2016-09-03&rft.isbn=978-0786191703&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Fazel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ariaye.com%2Fenglish%2Fimages%2Fafghan3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanullah+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHauner1981" class="citation book cs1">Hauner, Milan (1981). "The Amanullah Plan". <i>India in Axis Strategy</i>. Klett-Cotta. pp. <span class="nowrap">159–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-12-915340-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-12-915340-3"><bdi>3-12-915340-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Amanullah+Plan&rft.btitle=India+in+Axis+Strategy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.pub=Klett-Cotta&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=3-12-915340-3&rft.aulast=Hauner&rft.aufirst=Milan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanullah+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanullah_Khan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amanullah_Khan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afghana.com/SocietyAndCulture/amanula.htm">Amanulla Khan: Betrayal of Nadir Khan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330182050/http://www.najeebzarab.af/photo_gallery.php">Ghazi Amanullah Khan City</a> next to Jalalabad</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_E_NV8Rn3Gk"><span class="plainlinks">Ghazi Amanullah Khan City</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/000435">Newspaper clippings about Amanullah Khan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Amanullah Khan </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Barakzai Dynasty">Barakzai Dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 01 June 1892</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 25 April 1960</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Habibullah_Khan" title="Habibullah Khan">Habibullah Khan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emir of Afghanistan">Emir of Afghanistan</a> </b><br />1919–1926 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself<br /><small>King of Afghanistan</small></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself<br /><small>Emir of Afghanistan</small></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Afghanistan">King of Afghanistan</a> </b><br />1926–1929 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan" title="Inayatullah Khan">Inayatullah Khan</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Afghanistan" title="Template:Monarchs of Afghanistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Afghanistan" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Afghanistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Afghanistan1234" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Afghanistan#Monarchs" title="List of heads of state of Afghanistan">Monarchs of Afghanistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_flag.svg/23px-Black_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_flag.svg/35px-Black_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_flag.svg/46px-Black_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="450" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirwais_Hotak" title="Mirwais Hotak">Mirwais Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Aziz_Hotak" title="Abdul Aziz Hotak">Abdul Aziz Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Hotak" title="Mahmud Hotak">Mahmud Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Hotak" title="Ashraf Hotak">Ashraf Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussain_Hotak" title="Hussain Hotak">Hussain Hotak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/40px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/60px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaman_Shah_Durrani" title="Zaman Shah Durrani">Zaman Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Durrani" title="Mahmud Shah Durrani">Mahmud Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Shujah_Durrani" title="Shah Shujah Durrani">Shah Shujah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shah_Durrani" title="Ali Shah Durrani">Ali Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Shah_Durrani" title="Ayub Shah Durrani">Ayub Shah Durrani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Barakzai Emirate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mohammad_Khan" title="Sultan Mohammad Khan">Sultan Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Akbar_Khan" title="Wazir Akbar Khan">Akbar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Ali_Khan" title="Sher Ali Khan">Sher Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Afzal_Khan" title="Mohammad Afzal Khan">Mohammad Afzal Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Azam_Khan" title="Mohammad Azam Khan">Mohammad Azam Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Yaqub_Khan" title="Mohammad Yaqub Khan">Mohammad Yaqub Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Emir_of_Afghanistan)" title="Ayub Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)">Ayub Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan" title="Abdur Rahman Khan">Abdur Rahman Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habibullah_Khan" title="Habibullah Khan">Habibullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehandad_Khan" title="Jehandad Khan">Jehandad Khan</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasrullah_Khan_(Afghanistan)" title="Nasrullah Khan (Afghanistan)">Nasrullah Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Barakzai Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amanullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd-al_Karim" title="Abd-al Karim">Abd-al Karim</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan" title="Inayatullah Khan">Inayatullah Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281929%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281929%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281929%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281929%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281929%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281929%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)">Saqqawist Emirate</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><span class="nobold">(unrecognized)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habibull%C4%81h_Kalak%C4%81ni" title="Habibullāh Kalakāni">Habibullāh Kalakāni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Barakzai Kingdom</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><span class="nobold">(restored)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Nadir_Shah" title="Mohammad Nadir Shah">Mohammad Nadir Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Zahir_Shah" title="Mohammad Zahir Shah">Mohammad Zahir Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salemai" title="Salemai">Salemai</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">‡</span> Localized rebel monarchs</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pashtun-related_topics222" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pashtun" title="Template:Pashtun"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pashtun" title="Template talk:Pashtun"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pashtun" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pashtun"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pashtun-related_topics222" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a>-related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashtun_empires_and_dynasties" title="List of Pashtun empires and dynasties">Dynasties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_dynasty" title="Durrani dynasty">Durrani dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khilji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahlul_Khan_Lodi" title="Bahlul Khan Lodi">Bahlul Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak_Ahmad_Khan_Yusufzai" title="Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai">Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Khan_Lodi" title="Ibrahim Khan Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaju_Khan" title="Gaju Khan">Gaju Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalu_Khan_Yousafzai" title="Kalu Khan Yousafzai">Kalu Khan Yusufzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimal_Khan_Mohmand" title="Aimal Khan Mohmand">Aimal Khan Mohmand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darya_Khan_Afridi" title="Darya Khan Afridi">Darya Khan Afridi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirwais_Hotak" title="Mirwais Hotak">Mirwais Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Hotak" title="Mahmud Hotak">Mahmud Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najib_ad-Dawlah" title="Najib ad-Dawlah">Najib Khan Yousafzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Akbar_Khan" title="Wazir Akbar Khan">Wazir Akbar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Emir_of_Afghanistan)" title="Ayub Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)">Victor of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malalai_of_Maiwand" title="Malalai of Maiwand">Malalai of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidu_Baba" title="Saidu Baba">Saidu Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan" title="Abdur Rahman Khan">Abdur Rahman Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Tarzi" title="Mahmud Tarzi">Mahmud Tarzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soraya_Tarzi" title="Soraya Tarzi">Soraya Tarzi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amanullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Nadir_Shah" title="Mohammad Nadir Shah">Nadir Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulla_Powinda" title="Mulla Powinda">Mulla Powinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Bacha Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartor_Faqir" title="Sartor Faqir">Sartor Faqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umra_Khan" title="Umra Khan">Umra Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqir_of_Ipi" title="Faqir of Ipi">Faqir of Ipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Samad_Khan_Achakzai" title="Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai">Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Wali_Khan" title="Abdul Wali Khan">Wali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Zahir_Shah" title="Mohammad Zahir Shah">Zahir Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Daoud_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Daoud Khan">Daoud Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ahad_Momand" title="Abdul Ahad Momand">Abdul Ahad Momand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Najibullah" title="Mohammad Najibullah">Mohammad Najibullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mohammed Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ashraf_Ghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ashraf Ghani">Ashraf Ghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arfa_Siddiq" title="Arfa Siddiq">Arfa Siddiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malalai_Kakar" title="Malalai Kakar">Malalai Kakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzoor_Pashteen" title="Manzoor Pashteen">Manzoor Pashteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Wazir" title="Ali Wazir">Ali Wazir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_culture" title="Pashtun culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_culture" title="Pashtun culture">Pashtun culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunization" title="Pashtunization">Pashtunization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_colonization_of_northern_Afghanistan" title="Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan">northern Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_clothing" title="Pashtun clothing">Pashtun clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_media" title="Pashto media">Pashto media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashto-language_singers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Pashto-language singers">Pashto singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">Pashtun tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loya_jirga" class="mw-redirect" title="Loya jirga">Loya jirga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Khan_and_Durkhani" title="Adam Khan and Durkhani">Adam Khan and Durkhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Khan_and_Sherbano" title="Yusuf Khan and Sherbano">Yusuf Khan and Sherbano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">Jirga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashto-language_poets" title="List of Pashto-language poets">Poets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Kror_Suri" title="Amir Kror Suri">Amir Kror Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Roshan" title="Pir Roshan">Pir Roshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahman_Baba" title="Rahman Baba">Rahman Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Khattak" title="Khushal Khattak">Khushal Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazo_Tokhi" title="Nazo Tokhi">Nazo Tokhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Baba" title="Abdul Hamid Baba">Abdul Hamid Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussain_Hotak" title="Hussain Hotak">Hussain Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_Shinwari" title="Hamza Shinwari">Hamza Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajmal_Khattak" title="Ajmal Khattak">Ajmal Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir_Stori" title="Kabir Stori">Kabir Stori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghani_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Abdul Ghani Khan">Ghani Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Citizens' groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Tahafuz_Movement" title="Pashtun Tahafuz Movement">Pashtun Tahafuz Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Peace_Movement_(Afghanistan)" title="People's Peace Movement (Afghanistan)">People's Peace Movement</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious-military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics and<br />controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">Afghan (ethnonym)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannu_Resolution" title="Bannu Resolution">Bannu Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabagh_Dam" title="Kalabagh Dam">Kalabagh Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Anti-Pashtun sentiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles and<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">First Battle of Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chausa" title="Battle of Chausa">Battle of Chausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Malandari_Pass_(1586)" title="Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586)">Malandari Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gulnabad" title="Battle of Gulnabad">Battle of Gulnabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Herat_War" title="First Herat War">Herat War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambela_campaign" title="Ambela campaign">Ambela Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maiwand" title="Battle of Maiwand">Battle of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirah_campaign" title="Tirah campaign">Tirah campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malakand" title="Siege of Malakand">Siege of Malakand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Afghan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Waziristan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)">Second Waziristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1935" title="Mohmand campaign of 1935">Mohmand campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_tribal_revolts_of_1944%E2%80%931947" title="Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947">Tribal revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_North-West_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="War in North-West Pakistan">War in North-West Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1266661725" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglo-Afghan_War3748" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglo-Afghan_Wars" title="Template:Anglo-Afghan Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglo-Afghan_Wars" title="Template talk:Anglo-Afghan Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Afghan_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Afghan Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-Afghan_War3748" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Anglo-Afghan War">Anglo-Afghan War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hay_Macnaghten" title="William Hay Macnaghten">William Hay Macnaghten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keane,_1st_Baron_Keane" title="John Keane, 1st Baron Keane">John Keane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughby_Cotton" title="Willoughby Cotton">Willoughby Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Pollock,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Pollock, 1st Baronet">George Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_George_Keith_Elphinstone" title="William George Keith Elphinstone">William Elphinstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Browne" title="Sam Browne">Sam Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts" title="Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts">Frederick Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Donald_Stewart,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Donald Stewart, 1st Baronet">Donald Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Barrett_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Arthur Barrett (Indian Army officer)">Arthur Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Dyer" title="Reginald Dyer">Reginald Dyer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Amir Dost Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Akbar_Khan" title="Wazir Akbar Khan">Wazir Akbar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Ali_Khan" title="Sher Ali Khan">Amir Sher Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Emir_of_Afghanistan)" title="Ayub Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)">Ghazi Ayub Khan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amanullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Nadir_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Nadir Shah">Mohammed Nadir Shah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Afghanistan portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghazni" title="Battle of Ghazni">Battle of Ghazni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kahun" title="Siege of Kahun">Siege of Kahun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jellalabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jellalabad">Battle of Jellalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1842_retreat_from_Kabul" title="1842 retreat from Kabul">Retreat from Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_Expedition_(1842)" title="Kabul Expedition (1842)">Battle of Kabul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ali_Masjid" title="Battle of Ali Masjid">Battle of Ali Masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peiwar_Kotal" title="Battle of Peiwar Kotal">Battle of Peiwar Kotal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_British_Residency_in_Kabul" title="Siege of the British Residency in Kabul">Siege of the British Residency in Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Charasiab" title="Battle of Charasiab">Battle of Charasiab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Sherpur_Cantonment" title="Siege of the Sherpur Cantonment">Siege of the Sherpur Cantonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ahmed_Khel" title="Battle of Ahmed Khel">Battle of Ahmed Khel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Charasiab" title="Second Battle of Charasiab">Second Battle of Charasiab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maiwand" title="Battle of Maiwand">Battle of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kandahar_(1880)" title="Battle of Kandahar (1880)">Battle of Kandahar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">European influence in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Game:_Afghanistan" title="The Great Game: Afghanistan">The Great Game: Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malalai_of_Maiwand" title="Malalai of Maiwand">Malalai of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_Medal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Afghanistan Medal (United Kingdom)">Afghanistan Medal (United Kingdom)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Anglo-Afghan_Wars" title="Category:Anglo-Afghan Wars">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Afghan_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Anglo-Afghan War">Multimedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153620#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1795" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153620#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1795" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153620#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000054914992">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/68813503">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/345261/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJf8yxGKVhCrXWtvHCpByd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/12012355X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr94030730">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14642148b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14642148b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810688999605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/201240">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007287523105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/12012355X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/12012355X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/092991696">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/emanullah-han">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amanullah_Khan&oldid=1277693372">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amanullah_Khan&oldid=1277693372</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Amanullah_Khan" title="Category:Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1892_births" title="Category:1892 births">1892 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1960_deaths" title="Category:1960 deaths">1960 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Afghan_monarchs" title="Category:20th-century Afghan monarchs">20th-century Afghan monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Afghan_Sunni_Muslims" title="Category:Afghan Sunni Muslims">Afghan Sunni Muslims</a></li><li><a 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