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liquid</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: ionic liquid"> <meta name="keywords" content="ionic liquid"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="ionic liquid"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 650</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: ionic liquid</h1> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">650</span> Ionic Liquid Promoted One-pot Synthesis of Benzo[b][1,4]oxazines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ebrahim%20Soleimani">Ebrahim Soleimani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Afsaneh%20Taheri%20Kal%20koshvandi"> Afsaneh Taheri Kal koshvandi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> benzo[b][1,4]oxazines have been synthesized in good to excellent yields in the presence of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3- methylimidazolium bromide [bmim]Br under relatively mild conditions without any added catalyst, the reaction workup is simple and the ionic liquid can be easily separated from the product and reused. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Isocyanide" title="Isocyanide">Isocyanide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Benzo%5Bb%5D%5B1" title=" Benzo[b][1"> Benzo[b][1</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=4%5Doxazines" title="4]oxazines">4]oxazines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Multi-componentreactions" title=" Multi-componentreactions"> Multi-componentreactions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=%5Bbmim%5DBr" title=" [bmim]Br"> [bmim]Br</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ionic%20Liquid." title="Ionic Liquid.">Ionic Liquid.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1383/ionic-liquid-promoted-one-pot-synthesis-of-benzob14oxazines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1383/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1383/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1383/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1383/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1383/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1383/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1383/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1383/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1383/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1383/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1383.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1853</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">649</span> S-S Coupling of Thiols to Disulfides Using Ionic Liquid in the Presence of Free Nano-Fe2O3 Catalyst</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Askar%20Sabet">Askar Sabet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Abdolrasoul%20Fakhraee"> Abdolrasoul Fakhraee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Motahahre%20Ramezanpour"> Motahahre Ramezanpour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Noorallah%20Alipour"> Noorallah Alipour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>An efficient and green method for oxidation of thiols to the corresponding disulfides is reported using ionic liquid [HSO3N(C2H4OSO3H)3] in the presence of free nano-Fe2O3 at 60°C. Ionic liquid is selective oxidant for S-S Coupling variety aliphatic and aromatic of thiols to corresponding disulfide in the presence of free nano-Fe2O3 as recoverable catalyst. Reaction has been performed in methanol as an inexpensive solvent. This reaction is clean and easy work-up with no side reaction.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Thiol" title="Thiol">Thiol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Disulfide" title=" Disulfide"> Disulfide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ionic%20liquid" title=" Ionic liquid"> Ionic liquid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Free%20Nano-Fe2O3" title=" Free Nano-Fe2O3"> Free Nano-Fe2O3</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Oxidation" title=" Oxidation"> Oxidation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Coupling." title=" Coupling."> Coupling.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000345/s-s-coupling-of-thiols-to-disulfides-using-ionic-liquid-in-the-presence-of-free-nano-fe2o3-catalyst" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000345/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000345/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000345/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000345/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000345/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000345/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000345/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000345/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000345/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000345/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000345.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2801</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">648</span> Biocompatible Ionic Liquids in Liquid – Liquid Extraction of Lactic Acid: A Comparative Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Konstantza%20Tonova">Konstantza Tonova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ivan%20Svinyarov"> Ivan Svinyarov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Milen%20G.%20Bogdanov"> Milen G. Bogdanov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Ionic liquids consisting of a phosphonium cationic moiety and a saccharinate anion are synthesized and compared with their precursors, phosphonium chlorides, in reference to their extraction efficiency towards L-lactic acid. On the base of measurements of the acid and the water partitioning in the equilibrium biphasic systems, the molar ratios between acid, water and ionic liquid are estimated which allows to deduce the lactic acid extractive pathway. The effect of a salting-out addition that strengthens hydrophobicity in both phases is studied in view to reveal the best biphasic system with respect to IL low toxicity and high extraction efficiency.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Biphasic%20system" title="Biphasic system">Biphasic system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Extraction" title=" Extraction"> Extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ionic%20liquids" title=" Ionic liquids"> Ionic liquids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Lactic%0D%0Aacid." title=" Lactic acid."> Lactic acid.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001024/biocompatible-ionic-liquids-in-liquid-liquid-extraction-of-lactic-acid-a-comparative-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001024/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001024/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001024/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001024/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001024/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001024/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001024/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001024/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001024/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001024/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001024.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2715</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">647</span> Spectroscopic Determination of Functionalized Active Principles from Coleus aromaticus Benth Leaf Extract Using Ionic Liquids</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Zharama%20M.%20Llarena">Zharama M. Llarena</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Green chemistry for plant extraction of active principles is the main interest of many researchers concerned with climate change. While classical organic solvents are detrimental to our environment, greener alternatives to ionic liquids are very promising for sustainable organic chemistry. This study focused on the determination of functional groups observed in the main constituents from the ionic liquid extracts of <em>Coleus aromaticus</em> Benth leaves using FT-IR Spectroscopy. Moreover, this research aimed to determine the best ionic liquid that can separate functionalized plant constituents from the leaves <em>Coleus aromaticus</em> Benth using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. <em>Coleus</em> <em>aromaticus</em> Benth leaf extract in different ionic liquids, elucidated pharmacologically important functional groups present in major constituents of the plant, namely, rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid. In connection to distinctive appearance of functional groups in the spectrum and highest % transmittance, potassium chloride-glycerol is the best ionic liquid for green extraction.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Coleus%20aromaticus" title="Coleus aromaticus">Coleus aromaticus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=ionic%20liquid" title=" ionic liquid"> ionic liquid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=rosmarinic%20acid" title=" rosmarinic acid"> rosmarinic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=caffeic%20acid" title=" caffeic acid"> caffeic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=chlorogenic%20acid." title=" chlorogenic acid."> chlorogenic acid.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003452/spectroscopic-determination-of-functionalized-active-principles-from-coleus-aromaticus-benth-leaf-extract-using-ionic-liquids" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003452/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003452/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003452/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003452/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003452/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003452/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003452/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003452/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003452/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003452/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003452.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1786</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">646</span> Prediction of Vapor Liquid Equilibrium for Dilute Solutions of Components in Ionic Liquid by Neural Networks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20Mousavian">S. Mousavian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Abedianpour"> A. Abedianpour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Khanmohammadi"> A. Khanmohammadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20Hematian"> S. Hematian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gh.%20Eidi%20Veisi"> Gh. Eidi Veisi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Ionic liquids are finding a wide range of applications from reaction media to separations and materials processing. In these applications, Vapor–Liquid equilibrium (VLE) is the most important one. VLE for six systems at 353 K and activity coefficients at infinite dilution [(γ)_i^∞] for various solutes (alkanes, alkenes, cycloalkanes, cycloalkenes, aromatics, alcohols, ketones, esters, ethers, and water) in the ionic liquids (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [EMIM][BTI], 1-hexyl-3-methyl imidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide [HMIM][BTI], 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide [OMIM][BTI], and 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide [BMPYR][BTI]) have been used to train neural networks in the temperature range from (303 to 333) K. Densities of the ionic liquids, Hildebrant constant of substances, and temperature were selected as input of neural networks. The networks with different hidden layers were examined. Networks with seven neurons in one hidden layer have minimum error and good agreement with experimental data.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ionic%20liquid" title="Ionic liquid">Ionic liquid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Neural%20networks" title=" Neural networks"> Neural networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=VLE" title=" VLE"> VLE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Dilute%20solution." title=" Dilute solution."> Dilute solution.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004134/prediction-of-vapor-liquid-equilibrium-for-dilute-solutions-of-components-in-ionic-liquid-by-neural-networks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004134/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004134/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004134/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004134/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004134/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004134/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004134/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004134/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004134/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004134/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004134.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1366</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">645</span> Preparation of Carbon Nanofiber Reinforced HDPE Using Dialkylimidazolium as a Dispersing Agent: Effect on Thermal and Rheological Properties</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=J.%20Samuel">J. Samuel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20Al-Enezi"> S. Al-Enezi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Al-Banna"> A. Al-Banna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>High-density polyethylene reinforced with carbon nanofibers (HDPE/CNF) have been prepared via melt processing using dialkylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (ionic liquid) as a dispersion agent. The prepared samples were characterized by thermogravimetric (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analyses. The samples blended with imidazolium ionic liquid exhibit higher thermal stability. DSC analysis showed clear miscibility of ionic liquid in the HDPE matrix and showed single endothermic peak. The melt rheological analysis of HDPE/CNF composites was performed using an oscillatory rheometer. The influence of CNF and ionic liquid concentration (ranging from 0, 0.5, and 1 wt%) on the viscoelastic parameters was investigated at 200 °C with an angular frequency range of 0.1 to 100 rad/s. The rheological analysis shows the shear-thinning behavior for the composites. An improvement in the viscoelastic properties was observed as the nanofiber concentration increases. The progress in the modulus values was attributed to the structural rigidity imparted by the high aspect ratio CNF. The modulus values and complex viscosity of the composites increased significantly at low frequencies. Composites blended with ionic liquid exhibit slightly lower values of complex viscosity and modulus over the corresponding HDPE/CNF compositions. Therefore, reduction in melt viscosity is an additional benefit for polymer composite processing as a result of wetting effect by polymer-ionic liquid combinations.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=HDPE" title="HDPE">HDPE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=carbon%20nanofiber" title=" carbon nanofiber"> carbon nanofiber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=ionic%20liquid" title=" ionic liquid"> ionic liquid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=complex%20viscosity" title=" complex viscosity"> complex viscosity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=modulus." title=" modulus."> modulus.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009518/preparation-of-carbon-nanofiber-reinforced-hdpe-using-dialkylimidazolium-as-a-dispersing-agent-effect-on-thermal-and-rheological-properties" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009518/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009518/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009518/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009518/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009518/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009518/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009518/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009518/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009518/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009518/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009518.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">756</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">644</span> Improving Gas Separation Performance of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Based Membranes Containing Ionic Liquid</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20Al-Enezi">S. Al-Enezi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=J.%20Samuel"> J. Samuel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Al-Banna"> A. Al-Banna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Polymer based membranes are one of the low-cost technologies available for the gas separation. Three major elements required for a commercial gas separating membrane are high permeability, high selectivity, and good mechanical strength. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is a commercially available fluoropolymer and a widely used membrane material in gas separation devices since it possesses remarkable thermal, chemical stability, and excellent mechanical strength. The PVDF membrane was chemically modified by soaking in different ionic liquids and dried. The thermal behavior of modified membranes was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetry (TGA), and the results clearly show the best affinity between the ionic liquid and the polymer support. The porous structure of the PVDF membranes was clearly seen in the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The CO₂ permeability of blended membranes was explored in comparison with the unmodified matrix. The ionic liquid immobilized in the hydrophobic PVDF support exhibited good performance for separations of CO₂/N₂. The improved permeability of modified membrane (PVDF-IL) is attributed to the high concentration of nitrogen rich imidazolium moieties.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=PVDF" title="PVDF">PVDF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=gas%20permeability" title=" gas permeability"> gas permeability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=polymer%20membrane" title=" polymer membrane"> polymer membrane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=ionic%20liquid." title=" ionic liquid."> ionic liquid.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007554/improving-gas-separation-performance-of-polyvinylidene-fluoride-based-membranes-containing-ionic-liquid" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007554/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007554/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007554/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007554/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007554/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007554/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007554/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007554/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007554/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007554/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007554.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1046</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">643</span> Methyltrioctylammonium Chloride as a Separation Solvent for Binary Mixtures: Evaluation Based on Experimental Activity Coefficients</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=B.%20Kabane">B. Kabane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=G.%20G.%20Redhi"> G. G. Redhi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>An ammonium based ionic liquid (methyltrioctylammonium chloride) [N<sub>8 8 8 1</sub>] [Cl] was investigated as an extraction potential solvent for volatile organic solvents (in this regard, solutes), which includes alkenes, alkanes, ketones, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, tetrahydrofuran (THF), alcohols, thiophene, water and acetonitrile based on the experimental activity coefficients at infinite THF measurements were conducted by the use of gas-liquid chromatography at four different temperatures (313.15 to 343.15) K. Experimental data of activity coefficients obtained across the examined temperatures were used in order to calculate the physicochemical properties at infinite dilution such as partial molar excess enthalpy, Gibbs free energy and entropy term. Capacity and selectivity data for selected petrochemical extraction problems (heptane/thiophene, heptane/benzene, cyclohaxane/cyclohexene, hexane/toluene, hexane/hexene) were computed from activity coefficients data and compared to the literature values with other ionic liquids. Evaluation of activity coefficients at infinite dilution expands the knowledge and provides a good understanding related to the interactions between the ionic liquid and the investigated compounds.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Separation" title="Separation">Separation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=activity%20coefficients" title=" activity coefficients"> activity coefficients</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=ionic%20liquid" title=" ionic liquid"> ionic liquid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=methyltrioctylammonium%20chloride" title=" methyltrioctylammonium chloride"> methyltrioctylammonium chloride</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=capacity." title=" capacity."> capacity.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011138/methyltrioctylammonium-chloride-as-a-separation-solvent-for-binary-mixtures-evaluation-based-on-experimental-activity-coefficients" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011138/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011138/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011138/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011138/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011138/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011138/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011138/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011138/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011138/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011138/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011138.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">735</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">642</span> Optimization of Process Parameters using Response Surface Methodology for the Removal of Zinc(II) by Solvent Extraction </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=B.%20Guezzen">B. Guezzen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.A.%20Didi"> M.A. Didi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=B.%20Medjahed"> B. Medjahed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>A factorial design of experiments and a response surface methodology were implemented to investigate the liquid-liquid extraction process of zinc (II) from acetate medium using the 1-Butyl-imidazolium di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate [BIm<sup>+</sup>][D2EHP<sup>-</sup>]. The optimization process of extraction parameters such as the initial pH effect (2.5, 4.5, and 6.6), ionic liquid concentration (1, 5.5, and 10 mM) and salt effect (0.01, 5, and 10 mM) was carried out using a three-level full factorial design (3<sup>3</sup>). The results of the factorial design demonstrate that all these factors are statistically significant, including the square effects of pH and ionic liquid concentration. The results showed that the order of significance: IL concentration > salt effect > initial pH. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showing high coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.91) and low probability values (P < 0.05) signifies the validity of the predicted second-order quadratic model for Zn (II) extraction. The optimum conditions for the extraction of zinc (II) at the constant temperature (20 °C), initial Zn (II) concentration (1mM) and A/O ratio of unity were: initial pH (4.8), extractant concentration (9.9 mM), and NaCl concentration (8.2 mM). At the optimized condition, the metal ion could be quantitatively extracted.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ionic%20liquid" title="Ionic liquid">Ionic liquid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=response%20surface%20methodology" title=" response surface methodology"> response surface methodology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=solvent%20extraction" title=" solvent extraction"> solvent extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=zinc%20acetate." title=" zinc acetate."> zinc acetate.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006195/optimization-of-process-parameters-using-response-surface-methodology-for-the-removal-of-zincii-by-solvent-extraction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006195/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006195/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006195/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006195/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006195/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006195/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006195/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006195/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006195/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006195/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006195.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1152</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">641</span> Ionic Liquid Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Wood Biomass</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20Ungurean">M. Ungurean</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=F.%20Fitigau"> F. Fitigau</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=C.%20Paul"> C. Paul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Ursoiu"> A. Ursoiu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=F.%20Peter"> F. Peter</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass materials from poplar, acacia, oak, and fir with different ionic liquids (ILs) containing 1-alkyl-3-methyl-imidazolium cations and various anions has been carried out. The dissolved cellulose from biomass was precipitated by adding anti-solvents into the solution and vigorous stirring. Commercial cellulases Celluclast 1.5L and Accelerase 1000 have been used for hydrolysis of untreated and pretreated lignocellulosic biomass. Among the tested ILs, [Emim]COOCH3 showed the best efficiency, resulting in highest amount of liberated reducing sugars. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass using glycerol-ionic liquids combined pretreatment and dilute acid-ionic liquids combined pretreatment were evaluated and compared with glycerol pretreatment, ionic liquids pretreatment and dilute acid pretreatment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Cellulase" title="Cellulase">Cellulase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=enzymatic%20hydrolysis" title=" enzymatic hydrolysis"> enzymatic hydrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=lignocellulosicbiomass" title=" lignocellulosicbiomass"> lignocellulosicbiomass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=pretreatment." title=" pretreatment."> pretreatment.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6956/ionic-liquid-pretreatment-and-enzymatic-hydrolysis-of-wood-biomass" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6956/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6956/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6956/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6956/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6956/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6956/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6956/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6956/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6956/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6956/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6956.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2873</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">640</span> On the use of Ionic Liquids for CO2 Capturing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Emad%20Ali">Emad Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Inas%20Alnashef"> Inas Alnashef</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Abdelhamid%20Ajbar"> Abdelhamid Ajbar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mohamed%20HadjKali"> Mohamed HadjKali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sarwono%20Mulyono"> Sarwono Mulyono</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>In this work, ionic liquids (ILs) for CO2 capturing in typical absorption/stripper process are considered. The use of ionic liquids is considered to be cost-effective because it requires less energy for solvent recovery compared to other conventional processes. A mathematical model is developed for the process based on Peng-Robinson (PR) equation of state (EoS) which is validated with experimental data for various solutions involving CO2. The model is utilized to study the sorbent and energy demand for three types of ILs at specific CO2 capturing rates. The energy demand is manifested by the vapor-liquid equilibrium temperature necessary to remove the captured CO2 from the used solvent in the regeneration step. It is found that higher recovery temperature is required for solvents with higher solubility coefficient. For all ILs, the temperature requirement is less than that required by the typical monoethanolamine (MEA) solvent. The effect of the CO2 loading in the sorbent stream on the process performance is also examined.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ionic%20liquid" title="Ionic liquid">Ionic liquid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=CO2%20capturing" title=" CO2 capturing"> CO2 capturing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=CO2%20solubility" title=" CO2 solubility"> CO2 solubility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Vaporliquid%0D%0Aequilibrium." title=" Vaporliquid equilibrium."> Vaporliquid equilibrium.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7303/on-the-use-of-ionic-liquids-for-co2-capturing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7303/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7303/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7303/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7303/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7303/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7303/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7303/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7303/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7303/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7303/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7303.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2713</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">639</span> Ligandless Extraction and Determination of Trace Amounts of Lead in Pomegranate, Zucchini and Lettuce Samples after Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction with Ultrasonic Bath and Optimization of Extraction Condition with RSM Design</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Fariba%20Tadayon">Fariba Tadayon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Elmira%20Hassanlou"> Elmira Hassanlou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hasan%20Bagheri"> Hasan Bagheri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mostafa%20Jafarian"> Mostafa Jafarian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Heavy metals are released into water, plants, soil, and food by natural and human activities. Lead has toxic roles in the human body and may cause serious problems even in low concentrations, since it may have several adverse effects on human. Therefore, determination of lead in different samples is an important procedure in the studies of environmental pollution. In this work, an ultrasonic assisted-ionic liquid based-liquid-liquid microextraction (UA-IL-DLLME) procedure for the determination of lead in zucchini, pomegranate, and lettuce has been established and developed by using flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS). For UA-IL-DLLME procedure, 10 mL of the sample solution containing Pb2+ was adjusted to pH=5 in a glass test tube with a conical bottom; then, 120 μL of 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluoro phosphate (CMIM)(PF6) was rapidly injected into the sample solution with a microsyringe. After that, the resulting cloudy mixture was treated by ultrasonic for 5 min, then the separation of two phases was obtained by centrifugation for 5 min at 3000 rpm and IL-phase diluted with 1 cc ethanol, and the analytes were determined by FAAS. The effect of different experimental parameters in the extraction step including: ionic liquid volume, sonication time and pH was studied and optimized simultaneously by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) employing a central composite design (CCD). The optimal conditions were determined to be an ionic liquid volume of 120 μL, sonication time of 5 min, and pH=5. The linear ranges of the calibration curve for the determination by FAAS of lead were 0.1-4 ppm with R2=0.992. Under optimized conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) for lead was 0.062 μg.mL-1, the enrichment factor (EF) was 93, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) for lead was calculated as 2.29%. The levels of lead for pomegranate, zucchini, and lettuce were calculated as 2.88 μg.g-1, 1.54 μg.g-1, 2.18 μg.g-1, respectively. Therefore, this method has been successfully applied for the analysis of the content of lead in different food samples by FAAS. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Dispersive%20liquid-liquid%20microextraction" title="Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction">Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Central%20composite%20design" title=" Central composite design"> Central composite design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Food%20samples" title=" Food samples"> Food samples</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Flame%20atomic%20absorption%20spectrometry." title=" Flame atomic absorption spectrometry."> Flame atomic absorption spectrometry.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004927/ligandless-extraction-and-determination-of-trace-amounts-of-lead-in-pomegranate-zucchini-and-lettuce-samples-after-dispersive-liquid-liquid-microextraction-with-ultrasonic-bath-and-optimization-of-extraction-condition-with-rsm-design" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004927/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004927/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004927/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004927/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004927/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004927/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004927/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004927/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004927/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004927/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004927.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1291</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">638</span> Evaluating the Interactions of Co2-Ionic Liquid Systems through Molecular Modeling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20Yamini%20Sudha">S. Yamini Sudha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ashok%20Khanna"> Ashok Khanna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Owing to the stringent environmental legislations, CO2 capture and sequestration is one of the viable solutions to reduce the CO2 emissions from various sources. In this context, Ionic liquids (ILs) are being investigated as suitable absorption media for CO2 capture. Due to their non-evaporative, non-toxic, and non-corrosive nature, these ILs have the potential to replace the existing solvents like aqueous amine solutions for CO2 separation technologies. Thus, the present work aims at studying the important aspects such as the interactions of CO2 molecule with different anions (F-, Br-, Cl-, NO3 -, BF4 -, PF6 -, Tf2N-, and CF3SO3 -) that are commonly used in ILs through molecular modeling. In this, the minimum energy structures have been obtained using Ab initio based calculations at MP2 (Moller-Plesset perturbation) level. Results revealed various degrees of distortion of CO2 molecule (from its linearity) with the anions studied, most likely due to the Lewis acid-base interactions between CO2 and anion. Furthermore, binding energies for the anion-CO2 complexes were also calculated. The implication of anion-CO2 interactions to the solubility of CO2 in ionic liquids is also discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=CO2" title="CO2">CO2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ionic%20liquids" title=" Ionic liquids"> Ionic liquids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=capture" title=" capture"> capture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=molecular%20modeling" title=" molecular modeling"> molecular modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=sequestration." title="sequestration.">sequestration.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5258/evaluating-the-interactions-of-co2-ionic-liquid-systems-through-molecular-modeling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5258/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5258/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5258/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5258/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5258/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5258/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5258/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5258/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5258/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5258/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5258.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2726</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">637</span> Comparative Kinetic Study on Alkylation of p-cresol with Tert-butyl Alcohol using Different SO3-H Functionalized Ionic Liquid Catalysts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Pandian%20Elavarasan">Pandian Elavarasan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Kishore%20Kondamudi"> Kishore Kondamudi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sreedevi%20Upadhyayula"> Sreedevi Upadhyayula</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Ionic liquids are well known as green solvents, reaction media and catalysis. Here, three different sulfonic acid functional ionic liquids prepared in the laboratory are used as catalysts in alkylation of p-cresol with tert-butyl alcohol. The kinetics on each of the catalysts was compared and a kinetic model was developed based on the product distribution over these catalysts. The kinetic parameters were estimated using Marquadt's algorithm to minimize the error function. The Arrhenius plots show a curvature which is best interpreted by the extended Arrhenius equation.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Alkylation" title="Alkylation">Alkylation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=p-cresol" title=" p-cresol"> p-cresol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=tert-butyl%20alcohol" title=" tert-butyl alcohol"> tert-butyl alcohol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=kinetics" title=" kinetics"> kinetics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=activation%20parameter" title=" activation parameter"> activation parameter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=extended%20Arrhenius%20equation." title=" extended Arrhenius equation."> extended Arrhenius equation.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6235/comparative-kinetic-study-on-alkylation-of-p-cresol-with-tert-butyl-alcohol-using-different-so3-h-functionalized-ionic-liquid-catalysts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6235/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6235/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6235/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6235/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6235/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6235/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6235/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6235/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6235/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6235/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6235.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2446</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">636</span> The Viscosity of Xanthan Gum Grout with Different pH and Ionic Strength</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=H.%20Ahmad%20Raji">H. Ahmad Raji</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=R.%20Ziaie%20Moayed"> R. Ziaie Moayed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20A.%20Nozari"> M. A. Nozari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Xanthan gum (XG) an eco-friendly biopolymer has been recently explicitly investigated for ground improvement approaches. Rheological behavior of this additive strongly depends on electrochemical condition such as pH, ionic strength and also its content in aqueous solution. So, the effects of these factors have been studied in this paper considering various XG contents as 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2% of water. Moreover, adjusting pH values such as 3, 5, 7 and 9 in addition to increasing ionic strength to 0.1 and 0.2 in the molar scale has covered a practical range of electrochemical condition. The viscosity of grouts shows an apparent upward trend with an increase in ionic strength and XG content. Also, pH affects the polymerization as much as other parameters. As a result, XG behavior is severely influenced by electrochemical settings <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Electrochemical%20condition" title="Electrochemical condition">Electrochemical condition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=ionic%20strength" title=" ionic strength"> ionic strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=viscosity" title=" viscosity"> viscosity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=xanthan%20gum." title=" xanthan gum. "> xanthan gum. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011766/the-viscosity-of-xanthan-gum-grout-with-different-ph-and-ionic-strength" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011766/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011766/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011766/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011766/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011766/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011766/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011766/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011766/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011766/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011766/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011766.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">659</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">635</span> Role of Ionic Solutions Affect Water Treeing Propagation in XLPE Insulation for High Voltage Cable</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=T.%20Boonraksa">T. Boonraksa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=B.%20Marungsri"> B. Marungsri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>This paper presents the experimental results on role of ionic solutions affect water treeing propagation in cross-linked polyethylene insulation for high voltage cable. To study the water treeing expansion due to the ionic solutions, discs of 4mm thickness and 4cm diameter were taken from 115 kV XLPE insulation cable and were used as test specimen in this study. Ionic solutions composed of CuSO4, FeSO4, Na2SO4 and K2SO4 were used. Each specimen was immersed in 0.1 mole ionic solutions and was tested for 120 hrs. under a voltage stress at 7 kV AC rms, 1000 Hz. The results show that Na2SO4 and CuSO4solutions play an important role in the expansion of water treeing and cause degradation of the crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) in the presence of the applied electric field.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ionic%20Solutions" title="Ionic Solutions">Ionic Solutions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Water%20Treeing" title=" Water Treeing"> Water Treeing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Water%20treeing%0D%0AExpansion" title=" Water treeing Expansion"> Water treeing Expansion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Cross-linked%20Polyethylene%20%28XLPE%29." title=" Cross-linked Polyethylene (XLPE)."> Cross-linked Polyethylene (XLPE).</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998326/role-of-ionic-solutions-affect-water-treeing-propagation-in-xlpe-insulation-for-high-voltage-cable" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998326/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998326/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998326/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998326/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998326/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998326/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998326/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998326/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998326/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998326/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998326.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2880</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">634</span> Preconcentration and Determination of Cyproheptadine in Biological Samples by Hollow Fiber Liquid Phase Microextraction Coupled with High Performance Liquid Chromatography</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Najari%20Moghadam%20Sh.">Najari Moghadam Sh.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Qomi%20M."> Qomi M.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Raofie%20F."> Raofie F.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Khadiv%20J."> Khadiv J.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>In this study, a liquid phase microextraction by hollow fiber (HF-LPME) combined with high performance liquid chromatography-UV detector was applied to preconcentrate and determine trace levels of Cyproheptadine in human urine and plasma samples. Cyproheptadine was extracted from 10 mL alkaline aqueous solution (pH: 9.81) into an organic solvent (n-octnol) which was immobilized in the wall pores of a hollow fiber. Then was back-extracted into an acidified aqueous solution (pH: 2.59) located inside the lumen of the hollow fiber. This method is simple, efficient and cost-effective. It is based on pH gradient and differences between two aqueous phases. In order to optimize the HF-LPME some affecting parameters including the pH of donor and acceptor phases, the type of organic solvent, ionic strength, stirring rate, extraction time and temperature were studied and optimized. Under optimal conditions enrichment factor, limit of detection (LOD) and relative standard deviation (RSD(%), n=3) were up to 112, 15 μg.L<sup>−1</sup> and 2.7, respectively.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Biological%20samples" title="Biological samples">Biological samples</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Cyproheptadine" title=" Cyproheptadine"> Cyproheptadine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=hollow%20fiber" title=" hollow fiber"> hollow fiber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=liquid%20phase%20microextraction." title=" liquid phase microextraction."> liquid phase microextraction.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999053/preconcentration-and-determination-of-cyproheptadine-in-biological-samples-by-hollow-fiber-liquid-phase-microextraction-coupled-with-high-performance-liquid-chromatography" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999053/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999053/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999053/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999053/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999053/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999053/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999053/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999053/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999053/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999053/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999053.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2233</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">633</span> Effect of Ionic Strength on Mercury Adsorption on Contaminated Soil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=G.%20Petruzzelli">G. Petruzzelli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=F.%20Pedron"> F. Pedron</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=I.%20Rosellini"> I. Rosellini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=E.%20Tassi"> E. Tassi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=F.%20Gorini"> F. Gorini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=B.%20Pezzarossa"> B. Pezzarossa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20Barbafieri"> M. Barbafieri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mercury adsorption on soil was investigated at different ionic strengths using Ca(NO3)2 as a background electrolyte. Results fitted the Langmuir equation and the adsorption isotherms reached a plateau at higher equilibrium concentrations. Increasing ionic strength decreased the sorption of mercury, due to the competition of Ca ions for the sorption sites in the soils. The influence of ionic strength was related to the mechanisms of heavy metal sorption by the soil. These results can be of practical importance both in the agriculture and contaminated soils since the solubility of mercury in soils are strictly dependent on the adsorption and release process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Heavy%20metals" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=bioavailability" title=" bioavailability"> bioavailability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=remediation" title=" remediation"> remediation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=competitive%20sorption." title=" competitive sorption."> competitive sorption.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1564/effect-of-ionic-strength-on-mercury-adsorption-on-contaminated-soil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1564/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1564/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1564/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1564/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1564/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1564/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1564/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1564/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1564/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1564/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1564.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2449</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">632</span> The Role of Physically Adsorbing Species of Oxyhydryl Reagents in Flotation Aggregate Formation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20A.%20Kondratyev">S. A. Kondratyev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=O.%20I.%20Ibragimova"> O. I. Ibragimova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The authors discuss the collecting abilities of desorbable species (DS) of saturated fatty acids. The DS species of the reagent are understood as species capable of moving from the surface of the mineral particle to the bubble at the moment of the rupture of the interlayer of liquid separating these objects of interaction. DS species of carboxylic acids (molecules and ionic-molecular complexes) have the ability to spread over the surface of the bubble. The rate of their spreading at pH 7 and 10 over the water surface is determined. The collectibility criterion of saturated fatty acids is proposed. The values of forces exerted by the spreading DS species of reagents on liquid in the interlayer and the liquid flow rate from the interlayer are determined.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Criterion%20of%20action%20of%20physically%20adsorbed%20reagent" title="Criterion of action of physically adsorbed reagent">Criterion of action of physically adsorbed reagent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=flotation" title=" flotation"> flotation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=saturated%20fatty%20acids" title=" saturated fatty acids"> saturated fatty acids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=surface%20pressure." title=" surface pressure. "> surface pressure. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008072/the-role-of-physically-adsorbing-species-of-oxyhydryl-reagents-in-flotation-aggregate-formation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008072/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008072/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008072/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008072/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008072/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008072/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008072/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008072/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008072/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008072/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008072.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">876</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">631</span> On the Characteristics of Liquid Explosive Dispersing Flow</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Lei%20Li">Lei Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Xiaobing%20Ren"> Xiaobing Ren</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Xiaoxia%20Lu"> Xiaoxia Lu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Xiaofang%20Yan"> Xiaofang Yan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>In this paper, some experiments of liquid dispersion flow driven by explosion in vertical plane were carried out using a liquid explosive dispersion device with film cylindrical constraints. The separated time series describing the breakup shape and dispersion process of liquid were recorded with high speed CMOS camera. The experimental results were analyzed and some essential characteristics of liquid dispersing flow are presented.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Explosive%20Disseminations" title="Explosive Disseminations">Explosive Disseminations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=liquid%20dispersion%20Flow" title=" liquid dispersion Flow"> liquid dispersion Flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Cavitations" title=" Cavitations"> Cavitations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gasification." title=" Gasification."> Gasification.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15453/on-the-characteristics-of-liquid-explosive-dispersing-flow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15453/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15453/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15453/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15453/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15453/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15453/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15453/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15453/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15453/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15453/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15453.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1809</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">630</span> Numerical Simulation and Analysis on Liquid Nitrogen Spray Heat Exchanger</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Wenjing%20Ding">Wenjing Ding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Weiwei%20Shan"> Weiwei Shan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Zijuan"> Zijuan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Wang"> Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Chao%20He"> Chao He</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Liquid spray heat exchanger is the critical equipment of temperature regulating system by gaseous nitrogen which realizes the environment temperature in the range of -180 ℃~+180 ℃. Liquid nitrogen is atomized into smaller liquid drops through liquid nitrogen sprayer and then contacts with gaseous nitrogen to be cooled. By adjusting the pressure of liquid nitrogen and gaseous nitrogen, the flowrate of liquid nitrogen is changed to realize the required outlet temperature of heat exchanger. The temperature accuracy of shrouds is ±1 ℃. Liquid nitrogen spray heat exchanger is simulated by CATIA, and the numerical simulation is performed by FLUENT. The comparison between the tests and numerical simulation is conducted. Moreover, the results help to improve the design of liquid nitrogen spray heat exchanger. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Liquid%20nitrogen%20spray" title="Liquid nitrogen spray">Liquid nitrogen spray</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=temperature%20regulating%20system" title=" temperature regulating system"> temperature regulating system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=heat%20exchanger" title=" heat exchanger"> heat exchanger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=numerical%20simulation." title=" numerical simulation."> numerical simulation.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007936/numerical-simulation-and-analysis-on-liquid-nitrogen-spray-heat-exchanger" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007936/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007936/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007936/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007936/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007936/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007936/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007936/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007936/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007936/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007936/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007936.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1157</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">629</span> Production and Purification of Monosaccharides by Hydrolysis of Sugar Cane Bagasse in an Ionic Liquid Medium</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=T.%20R.%20Bandara">T. R. Bandara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=H.%20Jaelani"> H. Jaelani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=G.%20J.%20Griffin"> G. J. Griffin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The conversion of lignocellulosic waste materials, such as sugar cane bagasse, to biofuels such as ethanol has attracted significant interest as a potential element for transforming transport fuel supplies to totally renewable sources. However, the refractory nature of the cellulosic structure of lignocellulosic materials has impeded progress on developing an economic process, whereby the cellulose component may be effectively broken down to glucose monosaccharides and then purified to allow downstream fermentation. Ionic liquid (IL) treatment of lignocellulosic biomass has been shown to disrupt the crystalline structure of cellulose thus potentially enabling the cellulose to be more readily hydrolysed to monosaccharides. Furthermore, conventional hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials yields byproducts that are inhibitors for efficient fermentation of the monosaccharides. However, selective extraction of monosaccharides from an aqueous/IL phase into an organic phase utilizing a combination of boronic acids and quaternary amines has shown promise as a purification process. Hydrolysis of sugar cane bagasse immersed in an aqueous solution with IL (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate) was conducted at different pH and temperature below 100 ºC. It was found that the use of a high concentration of hydrochloric acid to acidify the solution inhibited the hydrolysis of bagasse. At high pH (i.e. basic conditions), using sodium hydroxide, catalyst yields were reduced for total reducing sugars (TRS) due to the rapid degradation of the sugars formed. For purification trials, a supported liquid membrane (SLM) apparatus was constructed, whereby a synthetic solution containing xylose and glucose in an aqueous IL phase was transported across a membrane impregnated with phenyl boronic acid/Aliquat 336 to an aqueous phase. The transport rate of xylose was generally higher than that of glucose indicating that a SLM scheme may not only be useful for purifying sugars from undesirable toxic compounds, but also for fractionating sugars to improve fermentation efficiency.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=bagasse" title=" bagasse"> bagasse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=hydrolysis" title=" hydrolysis"> hydrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=monosaccharide" title=" monosaccharide"> monosaccharide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=supported%20liquid%20membrane" title=" supported liquid membrane"> supported liquid membrane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=purification." title=" purification."> purification.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005852/production-and-purification-of-monosaccharides-by-hydrolysis-of-sugar-cane-bagasse-in-an-ionic-liquid-medium" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005852/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005852/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005852/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005852/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005852/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005852/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005852/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005852/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005852/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005852/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005852.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1358</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">628</span> Gas-Liquid Interaction on Perforated Plates</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.O.%20Balabekova">M.O. Balabekova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=O.S.%20Balabekov"> O.S. Balabekov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper deals with hydrodynamics of liquid-gas layers under gas streaming through liquid layer on perforated plates in column apparatuses. The plates with large apertures have been investigated especially. It was shown that hydrodynamic regularities for these plates are essentially different from known laws for foam forming on fine-perforated plates. Main regularities of liquid-gas interaction on plates with large apertures have been established. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=column%20apparatus" title="column apparatus">column apparatus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=large%20aperture" title=" large aperture"> large aperture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=liquid-gas%0Alayer" title=" liquid-gas layer"> liquid-gas layer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=perforated%20plate." title=" perforated plate."> perforated plate.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13247/gas-liquid-interaction-on-perforated-plates" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13247/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13247/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13247/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13247/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13247/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13247/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13247/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13247/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13247/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13247/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13247.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1466</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">627</span> Influence of Gas-Liquid Separator Design on Performance of Airlift Bioreactors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mateus%20N.%20Esperan%C3%A7a">Mateus N. Esperança</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Marcel%20O.%20Cerri"> Marcel O. Cerri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Alberto%20C.%20Badino"> Alberto C. Badino</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The performance of airlift bioreactors are closely related with their geometry, especially the gas-liquid separator design. In this study, the influence of the gas-liquid separator geometry on oxygen transfer and gas hold-up was evaluated in 10-L concentric-tube airlift bioreactor operating with distilled water and xanthan gum solution. The specific airflow rate (ɸ<sub>AIR</sub>) exhibited the higher effect on the oxygen transfer coefficient (k<sub>L</sub>a) for both fluids. While the gas-liquid separator openness angle (α) and liquid volume fraction on the gas-liquid separator (V<sub>GLS</sub>) have presented opposite effects on oxygen mass transfer, they affected negatively the global gas hold-up of distilled water system. The best degassing zone geometry corresponded to a 90° openness angle with 10% of the liquid on it.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Airlift%20bioreactor" title="Airlift bioreactor">Airlift bioreactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=gas%20holdup" title=" gas holdup"> gas holdup</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=gas-liquid%20separator" title=" gas-liquid separator"> gas-liquid separator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=oxygen%20transfer." title=" oxygen transfer. "> oxygen transfer. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17335/influence-of-gas-liquid-separator-design-on-performance-of-airlift-bioreactors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17335/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17335/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17335/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17335/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17335/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17335/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17335/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17335/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17335/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17335/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17335.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2207</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">626</span> Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium Data for Butan-2-ol - Ethanol - Water, Pentan-1-ol - Ethanol - Water and Toluene - Acetone - Water Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Tinuade%20Jolaade%20Afolabi">Tinuade Jolaade Afolabi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Theresa%20Ibibia%20Edewor"> Theresa Ibibia Edewor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Experimental liquid-liquid equilibra of butan-2-ol - ethanol -water; pentan-1-ol - ethanol - water and toluene - acetone - water ternary systems were investigated at (25oC). The reliability of the experimental tie-line data was ascertained by using Othmer-Tobias and Hand plots. The distribution coefficients (D) and separation factors (S) of the immiscibility region were evaluated for the three systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Distribution%20coefficient" title="Distribution coefficient">Distribution coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Liquid-liquid%20equilibrium" title=" Liquid-liquid equilibrium"> Liquid-liquid equilibrium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=separation%20factors" title=" separation factors"> separation factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=thermodynamic%20models" title=" thermodynamic models"> thermodynamic models</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3979/liquid-liquid-equilibrium-data-for-butan-2-ol-ethanol-water-pentan-1-ol-ethanol-water-and-toluene-acetone-water-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3979/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3979/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3979/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3979/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3979/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3979/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3979/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3979/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3979/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3979/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3979.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3842</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">625</span> Ionanofluids as Novel Fluids for Advanced Heat Transfer Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20M.%20Sohel%20Murshed">S. M. Sohel Murshed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=C.%20A.%20Nieto%20de%20Castro"> C. A. Nieto de Castro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20J.%20V.%20Louren%C3%A7o"> M. J. V. Lourenço</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=J.%20Fran%C3%A7a"> J. França</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20P.%20C.%20Ribeiro"> A. P. C. Ribeiro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20I.%20C.Vieira"> S. I. C.Vieira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=C.%20S.%20Queir%C3%B3s"> C. S. Queirós</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Ionanofluids are a new and innovative class of heat transfer fluids which exhibit fascinating thermophysical properties compared to their base ionic liquids. This paper deals with the findings of thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of ionanofluids as a function of a temperature and concentration of nanotubes. Simulation results using ionanofluids as coolants in heat exchanger are also used to access their feasibility and performance in heat transfer devices. Results on thermal conductivity and heat capacity of ionanofluids as well as the estimation of heat transfer areas for ionanofluids and ionic liquids in a model shell and tube heat exchanger reveal that ionanofluids possess superior thermal conductivity and heat capacity and require considerably less heat transfer areas as compared to those of their base ionic liquids. This novel class of fluids shows great potential for advanced heat transfer applications.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Heat%20transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ionanofluids" title=" Ionanofluids"> Ionanofluids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ionic%20liquids" title=" Ionic liquids"> Ionic liquids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Nanotubes" title="Nanotubes">Nanotubes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Thermal%20conductivity." title=" Thermal conductivity."> Thermal conductivity.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10349/ionanofluids-as-novel-fluids-for-advanced-heat-transfer-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10349/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10349/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10349/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10349/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10349/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10349/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10349/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10349/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10349/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10349/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10349.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2218</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">624</span> High Efficiency Electrolyte Lithium Battery and RF Characterization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Wei%20Quan">Wei Quan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Liu%20Chao"> Liu Chao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mohammed%20N.%20Afsar"> Mohammed N. Afsar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The dielectric properties and ionic conductivity of novel "ceramic state" polymer electrolytes for high capacity lithium battery are characterized by Radio frequency and Microwave methods in two broad frequency ranges from 50 Hz to 20 KHz and 4 GHz to 40 GHz. This innovative solid polymer electrolyte which is highly ionic conductive (10-3 S/cm at room temperature) from -40oC to +150oC can be used in any battery application. Such polymer exhibits properties more like a ceramic rather than polymer. The various applied measurement methods produced accurate dielectric results for comprehensive analysis of electrochemical properties and ion transportation mechanism of this newly invented polymer electrolyte. Two techniques and instruments employing air gap measurement by Capacitance Bridge and in-waveguide measurement by vector network analyzer are applied to measure the complex dielectric spectra. The complex dielectric spectra are used to determine the complex alternating current electrical conductivity and thus the ionic conductivity.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Polymer%20electrolyte" title="Polymer electrolyte">Polymer electrolyte</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=dielectric%20permittivity" title=" dielectric permittivity"> dielectric permittivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=lithium%0D%0Abattery" title=" lithium battery"> lithium battery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=ionic%20relaxation" title=" ionic relaxation"> ionic relaxation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=microwave%20measurement." title=" microwave measurement."> microwave measurement.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000602/high-efficiency-electrolyte-lithium-battery-and-rf-characterization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000602/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000602/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000602/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000602/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000602/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000602/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000602/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000602/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000602/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000602/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000602.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2424</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">623</span> Synthesis of New Bio-Based Solid Polymer Electrolyte Polyurethane-LiClO4 via Prepolymerization Method: Effect of NCO/OH Ratio on Their Chemical, Thermal Properties and Ionic Conductivity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=C.%20S.%20Wong">C. S. Wong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=K.%20H.%20Badri"> K. H. Badri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=N.%20Ataollahi"> N. Ataollahi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=K.%20P.%20Law"> K. P. Law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20S.%20Su%E2%80%99ait"> M. S. Su’ait</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=N.%20I.%20Hassan"> N. I. Hassan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Novel bio-based polymer electrolyte was synthesized with LiClO4 as the main source of charge carrier. Initially, polyurethane-LiClO4 polymer electrolytes were synthesized via prepolymerization method with different NCO/OH ratios and labelled them as PU1, PU2, PU3 and PU4. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis indicates the co-ordination between Li+ ion and polyurethane in PU1. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis indicates PU1 has the highest glass transition temperature (Tg) corresponds to the most abundant urethane group which is the hard segment in PU1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows the good miscibility between lithium salt and the polymer. The study found that PU1 possessed the greatest ionic conductivity and the lowest activation energy, Ea. All the polyurethanes exhibited linear Arrhenius variations indicating ion transport via simple lithium ion hopping in polyurethane. This research proves the NCO content in polyurethane plays an important role in affecting the ionic conductivity of this polymer electrolyte.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ionic%20conductivity" title="Ionic conductivity">Ionic conductivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Palm%20kernel%20oil-based%20monoester%0D%0Apolyol" title=" Palm kernel oil-based monoester polyol"> Palm kernel oil-based monoester polyol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=polyurethane" title=" polyurethane"> polyurethane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=solid%20polymer%20electrolyte." title=" solid polymer electrolyte."> solid polymer electrolyte.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999728/synthesis-of-new-bio-based-solid-polymer-electrolyte-polyurethane-liclo4-via-prepolymerization-method-effect-of-ncooh-ratio-on-their-chemical-thermal-properties-and-ionic-conductivity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999728/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999728/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999728/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999728/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999728/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999728/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999728/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999728/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999728/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999728/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999728.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3144</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">622</span> Voltage-Controllable Liquid Crystals Lens</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Wen-Chi%20Hung">Wen-Chi Hung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Tung-Kai%20Liu"> Tung-Kai Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ming-Shan%20Tsai"> Ming-Shan Tsai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Chun-Che%20Lee"> Chun-Che Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=I-Min%20Jiang"> I-Min Jiang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>This study investigates a voltage-controllable liquid crystals lens with a Fresnel zone electrode. When applying a proper voltage on the liquid crystal cell, a Fresnel-zone-distributed electric field is induced to direct liquid crystals aligned in a concentric structure. Owing to the concentrically aligned liquid crystals, a Fresnel lens is formed. We probe the Fresnel liquid crystal lens using a polarized incident beam with a wavelength of 632.8 nm, finding that the diffraction efficiency depends on the applying voltage. A remarkable diffraction efficiency of ~39.5 % is measured at the voltage of 0.9V. Additionally, a dual focus lens is fabricated by attaching a plane-convex lens to the Fresnel liquid crystals cell. The Fresnel LC lens and the dual focus lens may be applied for DVD/CD pick-up head, confocal microscopy system, or electrically-controlling optical systems.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Liquid%20Crystals%20Lens" title="Liquid Crystals Lens">Liquid Crystals Lens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Fresnel%20Lens" title=" Fresnel Lens"> Fresnel Lens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=and%20Dual%20focus" title=" and Dual focus"> and Dual focus</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7753/voltage-controllable-liquid-crystals-lens" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7753/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7753/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7753/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7753/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7753/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7753/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7753/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7753/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7753/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7753/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7753.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2295</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">621</span> Development of a Smart Liquid Level Controller</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Adamu%20Mudi">Adamu Mudi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Fawole%20Wahab%20Ibrahim"> Fawole Wahab Ibrahim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Abubakar%20Abba%20Kolo"> Abubakar Abba Kolo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>In this paper, we present a microcontroller-based liquid level controller which identifies the various levels of a liquid, carries out certain actions and is capable of communicating with the human being and other devices through the GSM network. This project is useful in ensuring that a liquid is not wasted. It also contributes to the internet of things paradigm, which is the future of the internet. The method used in this work includes designing the circuit and simulating it. The circuit is then implemented on a solderless breadboard after which it is implemented on a strip board. A C++ computer program is developed and uploaded into the microcontroller. This program instructs the microcontroller on how to carry out its actions. In other to determine levels of the liquid, an ultrasonic wave is sent to the surface of the liquid similar to radar or the method for detecting the level of sea bed. Message is sent to the phone of the user similar to the way computers send messages to phones of GSM users. It is concluded that the routine of observing the levels of a liquid in a tank, refilling the tank when the liquid level is too low can be entirely handled by a programmable device without wastage of the liquid or bothering a human being with such tasks. </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Arduino%20Uno" title="Arduino Uno">Arduino Uno</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=HC-SR04%20ultrasonic%20sensor" title=" HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor"> HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Internet%20of%20Things" title=" Internet of Things"> Internet of Things</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=IoT" title=" IoT"> IoT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=SIM900%20GSM%20Module." title=" SIM900 GSM Module."> SIM900 GSM Module.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012460/development-of-a-smart-liquid-level-controller" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012460/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012460/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012460/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012460/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012460/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012460/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012460/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012460/ris" 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