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Rusyns - Wikipedia

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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carpatho-Russian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Carpatho-Russian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carpatho-Russian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anthropology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthropology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Anthropology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthropology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Population genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Recent history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autonomist_and_separatist_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autonomist_and_separatist_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Autonomist and separatist movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autonomist_and_separatist_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_history_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_history_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Recent history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_history_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_Catholics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_Catholics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Greek Catholics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_Catholics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Eastern Orthodox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_subgroups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_subgroups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ethnic subgroups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_subgroups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>General and cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rusyns</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="روسينيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روسينيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusins" title="Rusins – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Rusins" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusinl%C9%99r" title="Rusinlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rusinlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="روسین‌‌لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روسین‌‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B_(%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0)" title="Русіны (этнічная група) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Русіны (этнічная група)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B_(%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0)" title="Русіны (этнічная група) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Русіны (этнічная група)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Русини – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Русини" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusini" title="Rusini – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rusini" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Русинсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Русинсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%C3%ADni" title="Rusíni – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rusíni" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russinen" title="Russinen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Russinen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiinid" title="Russiinid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Russiinid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%AF" title="Ρουθηνοί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρουθηνοί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusinos_(etnia)" title="Rusinos (etnia) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rusinos (etnia)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenoj" title="Rutenoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rutenoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiniar" title="Rusiniar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rusiniar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="روسین‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روسین‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rusyns" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_rusino" title="Pobo rusino – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo rusino" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%8B%A0%EC%9D%B8" title="루신인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루신인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ռուսիններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուսիններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusini" title="Rusini – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rusini" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Rusin" title="Orang Rusin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Rusin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusynes" title="Rusynes – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Rusynes" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Русинаг адæм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Русинаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russini" title="Russini – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Russini" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="רוסינים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוסינים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Rusyn" title="Wong Rusyn – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wong Rusyn" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="რუსინები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუსინები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%C4%ABni" title="Rusīni – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rusīni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusinai_(tauta)" title="Rusinai (tauta) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rusinai (tauta)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roethene" title="Roethene – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Roethene" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruszinok" title="Ruszinok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ruszinok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Источни Русини – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Источни Русини" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="روسينيون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روسينيون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Rusyns" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roethenen_(Karpati%C3%AB)" title="Roethenen (Karpatië) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Roethenen (Karpatië)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E4%BA%BA" title="ルシン人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルシン人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenere" title="Rutenere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rutenere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="روسینی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روسینی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusini_karpaccy" title="Rusini karpaccy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rusini karpaccy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russinos" title="Russinos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Russinos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteni" title="Ruteni – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ruteni" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Русины – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Русины" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Русины – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Русины" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rusyns" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%C3%ADni" title="Rusíni – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rusíni" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusini" title="Rusini – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rusini" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%81%D1%94_(%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B8)" title="Роусє (Карпатьсци) – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Роусє (Карпатьсци)" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ڕووسین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕووسین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Русини – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Русини" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusini_(Ukrajina)" title="Rusini (Ukrajina) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rusini (Ukrajina)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteenit" title="Ruteenit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ruteenit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiner" title="Rusiner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rusiner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusinler" title="Rusinler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rusinler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0)" title="Русини (етнографічна група) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Русини (етнографічна група)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Rusyn" title="Người Rusyn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Rusyn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E4%BA%BA" title="卢森尼亚人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卢森尼亚人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Rut%C3%A8n" title="Orang Rutèn – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Orang Rutèn" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">East Slavic ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Rusyn (disambiguation)">Rusyn (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Rusnak", "Rusins", "Russini", and "Russins" redirect here. For individuals with the last name of Rusnak, see <a href="/wiki/Rusnak_(surname)" title="Rusnak (surname)">Rusnak (surname)</a>. For the Latgalian duke, see <a href="/wiki/R%C5%ABsi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Rūsiņš">Rūsiņš</a>. For the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Russini_(surname)" title="Russini (surname)">Russini (surname)</a>. For the municipality in Switzerland, see <a href="/wiki/Russin" title="Russin">Russin</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Carpathian Rusyns" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Rusyn_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Carpathian Rusyn (disambiguation)">Carpathian Rusyn (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-MOS plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-mos" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs editing to <b>comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a>.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rusyns&amp;action=edit">improve the content</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Carpatho-Rusyns</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Rusyns_2007.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Rusyns_2007.svg/200px-Flag_of_Rusyns_2007.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Rusyns_2007.svg/300px-Flag_of_Rusyns_2007.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Rusyns_2007.svg/400px-Flag_of_Rusyns_2007.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="432" /></a></span><br /> <p>Flag of Rusyns, approved by the <a href="/wiki/World_Congress_of_Rusyns" title="World Congress of Rusyns">World Congress of Rusyns</a> in 2007<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Academy_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Academy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br /> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rusyn_coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Rusyn_coat_of_arms.svg/80px-Rusyn_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Rusyn_coat_of_arms.svg/120px-Rusyn_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Rusyn_coat_of_arms.svg/160px-Rusyn_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="326" /></a></span><br />The Rusyn coat of arms, based on the coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Subcarpathian_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcarpathian Rus">Subcarpathian Rus</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Academy_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Academy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Rusyns.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Rusyns.png/185px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Rusyns.png" decoding="async" width="185" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Rusyns.png/278px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Rusyns.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Rusyns.png/370px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Rusyns.png 2x" data-file-width="7480" data-file-height="4760" /></a></span><br />The Greater coat of arms of Rusyns, approved by the&#160;<a href="/wiki/World_Congress_of_Rusyns" title="World Congress of Rusyns">World Congress of Rusyns</a>&#160;in 2023<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">110,000–1,762,500<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20151_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20151-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Slovakia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">63,556–250,000 <small>(2021, 2012)</small><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20151_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20151-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Poland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">10,531–30,000 <small>(2011, 2012)</small><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20151_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20151-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stat_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stat-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Serbia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">11,483 <small>(2022)</small><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Ukraine"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">10,183<br /><small>853,000 (2012 ancestry estimate)</small><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20151_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20151-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ukraine_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ukraine-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">7,583<br /><small>620,000 (2012 ancestry estimate)</small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20151_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20151-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Romania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">834 (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 4,090-14,000 (estimates)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20151_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20151-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-insse2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insse2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EMA_ref_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMA_ref-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Croatia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">1,343 <small>(2021)</small><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Hungary"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">2,342–6,000 <small>(2016, 2012)</small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20151_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20151-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KSH_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KSH-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="Czech Republic"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></span></span></th><td class="infobox-data">608–10,000 <small>(2021, 2012)</small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20151_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20151-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Russia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">225<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <small>(2010)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Canada"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="estimation">est.</abbr> 20,000 <small>(2012)</small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20151_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20151-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Australia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="estimation">est.</abbr> 2,500 <small>(2012)</small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20151_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20151-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian Greek Catholic</a>)</span><br />minority <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a><br />(primarily <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rusyns</b> (<a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a>: <span lang="rue">Русины</span>, <small>romanized:&#160;</small><span title="Rusyn-language romanization"><i lang="rue-Latn">Rusynŷ</i></span>), also known as <b>Carpatho-Rusyns</b> (<a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a>: <span lang="rue">Карпаторусины or Карпатьскы Русины</span>, <small>romanized:&#160;</small><span title="Rusyn-language romanization"><i lang="rue-Latn">Karpatorusynŷ or Karpaťskŷ Rusynŷ</i></span>), <b>Ruthenians</b>, or <b>Rusnaks</b> (<a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a>: <span lang="rue">Руснакы or Руснаци</span>, <small>romanized:&#160;</small><span title="Rusyn-language romanization"><i lang="rue-Latn">Rusnakŷ or Rusnacy</i></span>), are an <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavic</a> ethnic group from the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Rus&#39;">Eastern Carpathians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. They speak <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a>, an <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">language variety</a>, treated variously as either a distinct language or a dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian language</a>. As traditional adherents of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>, the majority of Rusyns are <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholics">Eastern Catholics</a>, though a minority of Rusyns practice <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>. Rusyns primarily self-identify as a distinct Slavic people<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Talk:Rusyns#Rusyns primarily self-identify as a distinct Slavic people (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> and they are recognized as such in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, where they have official <a href="/wiki/National_minority" class="mw-redirect" title="National minority">minority</a> status. Alternatively, some identify more closely with their country of residence (i.e. Polish, Slovak), while others are a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rusyns are descended from an East Slavic population which inhabited the northeastern regions of the Eastern Carpathians. In those regions, there are several Rusyn groups, including Dolinyans, <a href="/wiki/Boykos" title="Boykos">Boykos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hutsuls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a>. </p><p>Of the estimated 1.7 million people of Rusyn origin, only around 110,000 have been officially identified as such in recent (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2012) national censuses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20151_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20151-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This is largely because some census-taking authorities classify them as a subgroup of the Ukrainian people, while others classify them as a distinct ethnic group. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnonyms">Ethnonyms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Ethnonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <b>Rusyn</b> (<a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a>: <span lang="rue">Русин</span>, plural <span title="Rusyn-language text"><span lang="rue">Русины</span></span>, <span title="Rusyn-language romanization"><i lang="rue-Latn">Rusynŷ</i></span>) originates from the archaic <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> "<a href="/wiki/Rus%27_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus&#39; (term)"><i>Rus</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">&#39;</span></a>". The respective <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">endonymic</a> adjective has traditionally been <span title="Rusyn-language romanization"><i lang="rue-Latn">rusʹkŷi</i></span> (<span title="Rusyn-language text"><span lang="rue">руськый</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Masculine_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculine noun">m.</a>, <span title="Rusyn-language text"><span lang="rue">руська</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Feminine_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine noun">f.</a>, <span title="Rusyn-language text"><span lang="rue">руське/руськое</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Neuter_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuter noun">n.</a>), though <span title="Rusyn-language romanization"><i lang="rue-Latn">rusynʹskŷi</i></span> (<span title="Rusyn-language text"><span lang="rue">русиньскый, русинськый, русинский, русиньскій, русински</span></span>) has also been used; even more so after 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERusinko20037_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusinko20037-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005433–434_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005433–434-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In interwar Czechoslovakia, <i>Ruthenia</i> was called <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Rusinsko</i></span> in Czech; sometimes rendered <i>Rusinia</i> or <i>Rusynia</i> in American-Rusyn publications.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005330,_423,_434,_481_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005330,_423,_434,_481-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_identifiers">Regional identifiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Regional identifiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Carpatho-Rusyn</b> or <i>Carpatho-Ruthenian</i> (<span title="Rusyn-language romanization"><i lang="rue-Latn">Karpato-Rusyny</i></span>) is the main regional designation for Rusyns. The term refers to <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a> (<span title="Rusyn-language romanization"><i lang="rue-Latn">Karpatsʹka Rusʹ</i></span>), which is a historical cross-border region encompassing Subcarpathian Rus' (in northeastern Slovakia and Ukraine's <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov_Region" title="Prešov Region">Prešov Region</a> (in eastern Slovakia), the Lemko Region (in southeastern Poland), and Maramureş (in north-central Romania). In the Lemko region, the endonym <i>Lemko</i> (pl. <span title="Rusyn-language romanization"><i lang="rue-Latn">Lemkŷ</i></span>) became more common in the twentieth century, along with <i>Lemko-Rusyn</i> since the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005433–434_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005433–434-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The variant <b>Rusnak</b> (<span title="Rusyn-language text"><span lang="rue">Руснак</span></span>; plural: <span title="Rusyn-language romanization"><i lang="rue-Latn">Rusnakŷ</i></span> or Pannonian-Rusyn, <i>Rusnatsi</i>) was also (and still is) used as an <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERusinko20037_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusinko20037-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005433–434_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005433–434-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> particularly by Rusyns outside the Carpathians in <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>, Serbia and <a href="/wiki/Slavonia" title="Slavonia">Slavonia</a>, Croatia. However, they may also referred to as <i>Vojvodinian Rusyns</i> (<span title="Rusyn-language romanization"><i lang="rue-Latn">voivodianski Rusnatsi</i></span>), <i>Bachka-Srem Rusyns</i> (<span title="Rusyn-language romanization"><i lang="rue-Latn">bachvansʹko-srimski rusnatsi</i></span>), or formerly as <i>Yugoslav Rusyns</i> (<span title="Rusyn-language romanization"><i lang="rue-Latn">iuzhnoslaviansʹki Rusnatsi</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005433–434_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005433–434-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other terms such as Ruthene, Rusniak, Lemak, Lyshak, and Lemko are considered by some scholars to be historic, local, or <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonymic</a> names for these inhabitants of Transcarpathia. Others hold that the terms Lemko and Rusnak are simply regional variations for Rusyns or Ruthenes.<sup id="cite_ref-Magocsi_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magocsi-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rusyns have at times also been referred to as <i>Uhro-Rusyn</i> (<span title="Rusyn-language romanization"><i lang="rue-Latn">Uhro-Rus</i></span>) in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov" title="Prešov">Prešov</a>, Slovakia and <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rus'"><span id="Rus.27"></span>Rus'</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Rus&#039;"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus&#39; (term)">Rus' (term)</a></div> <p>Several endonyms such as Rus' and Rusyn were used widely by the <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus&#39;">Kievan Rus'</a> during the medieval period. Common endonymic use of those terms continued through the life of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. </p><p>Parallel, medieval <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> terms such as <i>Rusi</i>, <i>Russi</i> or <i>Rusci</i> are found in sources of the period and were commonly used as an <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> for the East Slavs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005433–434_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005433–434-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Magocsi_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magocsi-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ruthenian">Ruthenian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Ruthenian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a></div> <p>Since the end of the 11th century, the <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonymic</a> term <b>Rutheni</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ruthenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenes">Ruthenes</a>) was also used by some Latin sources of western provenance as an alternative term for all East Slavs. During the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, the scope of <i>Rutheni</i> gradually narrowed to only refer to inhabitants of the East Slavic regions that now mostly belong to the states of <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a>, <i>Rutheni</i> "came to be associated primarily with those [East Slavs] who lived under the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>" (and was used as an official designation in the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> after 1843).<sup id="cite_ref-John-Paul_Himka_2001_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John-Paul_Himka_2001-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, <i>Ruthene</i> was used as the official term for the Rusyn people (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">rutén or ruszin</i>) of Transcarpathia until 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During the early twentieth century the term "became even more restricted: it was generally used to refer to the inhabitants of Transcarpathia and to Transcarpathian emigrants in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>", for whom the terms Rusyn and Carpatho-Rusyn are more commonly used since the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-John-Paul_Himka_2001_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John-Paul_Himka_2001-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some non-<a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> languages, Rusyns may be referred to by exonymic or somewhat archaic terms such as <i>Carpatho-Ruthenes</i> or <i>Carpatho-Ruthenians</i>, but such terminology is not present in the <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn language</a>. Exonymic <i><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a></i> designations are seen as less precise because they encompass various East Slavic groups and bear broader ethnic connotations as a result of varied historical usage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHimka19995–8,_135–138_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHimka19995–8,_135–138-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2011a177_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2011a177-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20152–5_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20152–5-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carpatho-Russian">Carpatho-Russian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Carpatho-Russian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In older literature and speech, both Catholic and Orthodox Rusyns occasionally referred to themselves as <b>Carpatho-Russians</b> or <i>Carpathian Russians.</i> These terms, however, are generally considered antiquated and now typically refer to ethnic <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Ukraine" title="Russians in Ukraine">Russians</a> of the Carpathian region. The use of several, imprecise <i>Russian</i> ethnonyms (in a Rusyn context) are also present in the works of some older authors, including foreign authors, as well as those native to the region. This terminology has also been reflected within some groups of the Rusyn diaspora. For example, the popular newspaper of the <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Byzantine (Greek) Catholic Church</a> in the U.S. for decades known as the ‘<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/sn85054872/">Greek Catholic Union Messenger</a>’, used the term Carpatho-Russian up until the 1950s (by the 1960s the term Ruthenian came into vogue).<sup id="cite_ref-Warzeski_1971_p248-249_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warzeski_1971_p248-249-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As well, the <a href="/wiki/American_Carpatho-Russian_Orthodox_Diocese" title="American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese">American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese</a>, with over 14,000 members and 78 parishes as of 2006 (and founded by former Byzantine Catholic members), uses the term Carpatho-Russian on a regular basis even today. Finally, as of the early 21st Century, one can still hear Rusyn Americans within the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">OCA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">ROCOR</a> Orthodox churches self-identify as Carpatho-Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005433–434_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005433–434-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are different theories to explain Rusyn origins.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robert_Magocsi" title="Paul Robert Magocsi">Paul Robert Magocsi</a>, the origin of the present-day Carpatho-Rusyns is complex and not exclusively related to the <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus&#39;">Kievan Rus'</a>. The ancestors were the early Slavs whose movement to the Danubian Basin was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Pannonian Avars</a> between the 5th and 6th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/White_Croats" title="White Croats">White Croats</a> who lived on both slopes of the Carpathians and built many hill-forts in the region including <a href="/wiki/Uzhhorod" title="Uzhhorod">Uzhhorod</a> ruled by the mythical ruler <a href="/wiki/Laborec_(ruler)" title="Laborec (ruler)">Laborec</a>, the Rusyns of <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlach</a> shepherds of Transylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20055_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20055-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is thought that the Croats were part of the <a href="/wiki/Antes_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antes (people)">Antes</a> tribal polity who migrated to Galicia in the 3rd-4th century, under pressure by invading <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Shevelov" title="George Shevelov">George Shevelov</a> also considered a connection with <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Slavic_peoples_and_tribes#East_Slavs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Slavic peoples and tribes">East Slavic tribes</a>, more specifically, the <a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hutsuls</a>, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Boykos" title="Boykos">Boykos</a>, argued to be the descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Ulichs" title="Ulichs">Ulichs</a> who were not native in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As the region of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Carpathians" title="Ukrainian Carpathians">Ukrainian Carpathians</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Zakarpattia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prykarpattia" title="Prykarpattia">Prykarpattia</a>, has since the Early Middle Ages been inhabited by the tribes of Croats,<sup id="cite_ref-ListofRefs1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ListofRefs1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in Ukrainian encyclopedias and dictionaries, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Encyclopedia" title="Great Russian Encyclopedia">Great Russian Encyclopedia</a></i>, the Rusyns are generally considered to be the descendants of the White Croats.<sup id="cite_ref-ListofRefs2_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ListofRefs2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anthropology">Anthropology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Anthropology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to anthropological studies, the Eastern Carpathian population makes one of the sub-regional clines of the Ukrainian population, which can be regionally divided into Eastern and Western Carpathian variants. In the study by M. S. Velikanova (1975) the skulls from a medieval necropolis near village of <a href="/wiki/Vasyliv" title="Vasyliv">Vasyliv</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zastavna_Raion" title="Zastavna Raion">Zastavna Raion</a> were very similar to contemporary Carpathian population, and according to <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="uk:Сегеда Сергій Петрович">S. P. Segeda</a>, <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="uk:Дяченко Василь Дмитрович">V. Dyachenko</a> and <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%94%D1%94%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Алексєєва Тетяна Іванівна">T. I. Alekseyeva</a> this anthropological complex developed in the Middle Ages or earlier, as descendants of the medieval Slavs of Galicia and carriers of <a href="/wiki/Chernyakhov_culture" title="Chernyakhov culture">Chernyakhov culture</a> along <a href="/wiki/Prut" title="Prut">Prut</a>-<a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> rivers, possibly with some <a href="/wiki/Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracian">Thracian</a> component. According to the data, the population has the lowest admixture in Ukraine of Turkic speaking populations, like <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a>, while in comparison to other populations they have similarities with neighbouring Eastern <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorals" title="Gorals">Gorals</a> of Poland, <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a>, some groups of <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>, Northwestern <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarians</a>, Central and Northern Serbians, and most of Croatians.<sup id="cite_ref-Segeda_1999_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segeda_1999-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Segeda_2001_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segeda_2001-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Population_genetics">Population genetics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Population genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2006 mitochondrial DNA study of Carpathian Highlanders – <a href="/wiki/Boykos" title="Boykos">Boykos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hutsuls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a> people<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19589018_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19589018-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> – showed a common ancestry with other modern Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A 2009 mitochondrial DNA study of 111 samples found that in comparison to eight other Central and Eastern European populations (Belarusian, Croatian, Czech, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Ukrainian), the three Rusyn groups have a greater distance between themselves than these populations, with Boykos showing the greatest distance from all and did not cluster with anyone because have atypically low frequencies of haplogroup H (20%) and J (5%) for a European population, while <a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a> are closest to the Czech and Romanian (0.17) population, and Hutsuls closest to the Croatian (0.11) and Ukrainian (0.16) population.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19589018_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19589018-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2014 Y-DNA studies of 200 <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyns" title="Pannonian Rusyns">Pannonian Rusyns</a> in the region of <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>, Serbia, found they mostly belong to haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a" title="Haplogroup R1a">R1a</a> (43%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M438#I2a-L621" title="Haplogroup I-M438">I2</a> (20%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-V68#V-13" title="Haplogroup E-V68">E-V13</a> (12.5%), and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">R1b</a> (8.5%), while <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M253" title="Haplogroup I-M253">I1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_G-M201" title="Haplogroup G-M201">G2a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M172" title="Haplogroup J-M172">J2b</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_N-M231" title="Haplogroup N-M231">N1</a> between 2.5 and 4.5%, and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M267" title="Haplogroup J-M267">J1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T-M184" title="Haplogroup T-M184">T</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)">H</a> only in traces of less than 1%.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They cluster closest to the Ukrainian and Slovakian population, "providing evidence for their genetic isolation from the Serbian majority population".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The 2015 Y-DNA study of 150 men from <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast" title="Chernivtsi Oblast">Chernivtsi Oblast</a> (Bukovina), found they mostly belong to R1a1a1*(М198), I2a (Р37.2), R1a1a1 (М458) ranging around and less than 30%, with E1b1b1a1 (M78), R1b1b2 (M269), and I1 (М253) ranging between 4-14%. The sampled population is most similar to other Ukrainians, while the Bukovina population slightly "differs from the typical Ukrainian population" because it has the highest percentage of I2a (&gt;30%) and the lowest percentage of R1a (30%) in Ukraine. Bukovina's percentage of I2 is similar to near Moldovan and Romanian population, while the highest percentage is among South Slavs in <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Western Balkans</a>. It was concluded that although bordered by diverse nations, the Carpathians seemingly were a barrier decreasing gene flow southward of N1c (М178), R1a (М198) from the region, and northward of E1b (М78), R1b (М269), J (М304) and G (М201) to the region.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rusyns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The general usage of 'Rusyn' by all <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a> dates back to over 11 centuries, its origin signifying the ethnic tie to the political entity of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus&#39;">Kievan Rus'</a>, which existed from the late ninth to the early 13th century. The Carpathian Rusyns, Ukrainians (once called Ruthenians or Little Russians), Belarusians (once called White Russians) and Russians (Great Russians) are descendants of the Russichi, the people of Rus', that is East Slavs who mixed with other peoples over centuries, including in the south with Iranian and later with Germanic peoples, in the west with Baltic peoples, in the east with Finnish and Turkic peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the centuries these loosely affiliated peoples developed different political and economic centers as well as new names. The inhabitants of northern Rus' were known as Great Russians by the 17th century. The people in the west called themselves <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> and the people in the south were known as Malorussians (<a href="/wiki/Little_Russia" title="Little Russia">Little Russians</a>). Later, in what began as a political movement in the mid 19th century, many Little Russians began using the term "<a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a>" to distinguish themselves from the Great Russians in northern Rus'. So by the mid-20th century the original name Rus or Rusyn was retained only in the Carpathian Mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rusyns settled in the Carpathian Mountain region in various waves of immigration from the north between the eighth and 17th centuries. Weapons and skeletons found in tombs in <a href="/wiki/Bereg_County" title="Bereg County">Bereg County</a> from the 10th century era suggest that <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman Vikings</a> (who played a role in the founding of Kiev Rus') were there as well.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Even so, as late as the 11th century, this mountainous area was still a sparsely inhabited 'No-Man's Land' border between the kingdoms of Kievan Rus' and Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005321–322,_481_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005321–322,_481-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1241, the Carpathians fell to <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus&#39;">Mongol invasions</a> led by Genghis Khan's grandson, <a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu Khan</a>, with populations exterminated and villages torched.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonkáló199012–13_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonkáló199012–13-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Mongols entered the region via the <a href="/wiki/Veretskyi_Pass" title="Veretskyi Pass">Veretski Pass</a>, just to the north of <a href="/wiki/Mukachevo" title="Mukachevo">Mukachevo</a>. </p><p>In 1395, Orthodox Rus' Prince <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Koriatovych" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor Koriatovych">Feodor Koriatovich</a>, son of the Duke of Novgorod, brought with him from the north soldiers and their families to settle unpopulated Carpathian lands. While the actual number of immigrants is uncertain, the arrival of Koriatovich and his retinue was a milestone for the Rusyns, substantially improving the region's administrative, ecclesiastical and cultural aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This included building and fortifying <a href="/wiki/Palanok_Castle" title="Palanok Castle">Mukachevo Castle</a> with cannons, a moat, workers and artisans, and the founding of an Orthodox monastery on the Latorytsia River.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian monarchy</a> controlled the Carpathians from 1772 to 1918. With the increased <a href="/wiki/Magyarization" title="Magyarization">Magyarization</a> in the nineteenth century, for some educated and intellectual Rusyns it was natural to move to <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, while for other Slavic minded intellectuals the Russian Empire became a favored destination.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Rusyns have always been subject to larger neighboring powers, but in the 19th century a Rusyn national movement was formed which emphasized distinct ethnic identity and literary language.<sup id="cite_ref-GRE_2016_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRE_2016-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Spring_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring of Nations">Spring of Nations</a> on 2 May 1848 in Lemberg (today <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a>) was established the first political representation of the Galician Rusyns, the <a href="/wiki/Main_Ruthenian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Ruthenian Council">Main Ruthenian Council</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a>: <span lang="rue">Головна Руська Рада</span>, <i>Holovna Ruska Rada</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Melnyk_2019_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melnyk_2019-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The most active and leading stratum among Rusyns was Greek-Catholic clergy (see <a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Mukachevo" title="Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo">Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church</a>, a successor of Ecclesia Ruthena unita).<sup id="cite_ref-Melnyk_2019_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melnyk_2019-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nineteenth century also saw the spread of pan Slavism in Europe, and a pro-Moscow view became popular. The Russian military campaign of Tsar Nicholas I through the Carpathians in 1849 had significance for the local Rusyn population, who came into close contact with an almost 200,000 man Russian army. This interaction had an impact on the rising national consciousness of that time. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dukhnovych" title="Alexander Dukhnovych">Aleksander Dukhnovich</a> (1803–1865), who wrote the unofficial Rusyn National Anthem ("I was, am, and will be a Rusyn"), and who by some is considered to be a sort of 'George Washington' of the Rusyns, reminisced that when he saw the Russian Cossacks on the streets, he "danced and cried with joy".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few decades later, when economic conditions and repression worsened in the late 19th century, massive emigration of Rusyns to America took place, beginning in the early 1870s. Between 1899 and 1931, Ellis Island listed 268,669 Rusyn immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Most settled in the northeastern states, but Rusyn settlements also appeared in more far flung states such as Minnesota, Colorado, Alabama, Washington and Montana. Smaller numbers also emigrated to Canada, Brazil and Argentina. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA.jpg/170px-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA.jpg/255px-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA.jpg/340px-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Klochurak" title="Stepan Klochurak">Stepan Klochurak</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Rusyns formed two ephemeral states after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Lemko-Rusyn_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemko-Rusyn Republic">Lemko-Rusyn Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Komancza_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Komancza Republic">Komancza Republic</a>. Prior to this time, some of the founders of the Lemko-Rusyn Republic were sentenced to death or imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Talerhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Talerhof">Talerhof</a> by the prosecuting attorney <a href="/wiki/Kost_Levytsky" title="Kost Levytsky">Kost Levytsky</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a>: <span lang="rue">Кость Леви́цький</span>), future president of the <a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People&#39;s Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRE_2016_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRE_2016-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, the Rusyn diaspora in Czechoslovakia enjoyed liberal conditions to develop their culture (in comparison with Ukrainians in Poland or Romania).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hutsul" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutsul">Hutsul</a> <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Klochurak" title="Stepan Klochurak">Stepan Klochurak</a> was a prime minister of <a href="/wiki/Hutsul_Republic" title="Hutsul Republic">Hutsul Republic</a> centered in <a href="/wiki/Yasinia" title="Yasinia">Yasinia</a> that was seeking union with the West Ukrainian People's Republic, but was overran by the Hungarian troops, later Klochurak became a Defense Minister of <a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Ukraine" title="Carpatho-Ukraine">Carpatho-Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRE_2016_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRE_2016-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>After World War I, the majority of Rusyns found themselves in the new country of Czechoslovakia. The interwar period became a mini renaissance for Rusyn culture, as they were permitted their own schools, theater, anthem, and even their own governor. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanians_before_WW1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Romanians_before_WW1.jpg/220px-Romanians_before_WW1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Romanians_before_WW1.jpg/330px-Romanians_before_WW1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Romanians_before_WW1.jpg/440px-Romanians_before_WW1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Map of territories occupied by Ruthenes in the Carpathian region near Huszt, Munkács, Ungvár</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Austro-Hungarian_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy">Dissolution of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy</a> (1918),<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> various parts of Rusyn people were faced with different political challenges. Those who lived in northeastern counties of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1867%E2%80%931918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1867–1918)">Hungarian</a> part of the former Monarchy were faced with pretensions of Hungary, Romania, and Czechoslovakia. On the other hand, those who lived in the former <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria</a> were faced with pretensions of Poland and Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERychlíkRychlíková2016_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERychlíkRychlíková2016-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8_1927_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8_1927_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83..jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8_1927_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8_1927_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83..jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8_1927_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8_1927_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83..jpg/440px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8_1927_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83..jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Polish map of 1927 indicating location of Rusyns and Ukrainians (labelled <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Rusini</i></span>) and Belarusians (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Bialo Rusini</i></span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1920s and 1930s a dispute existed between Russophile and Ukrainophile Rusyns.<sup id="cite_ref-GRE_2016_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRE_2016-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In October 1938, a series of political reforms were initiated, leading to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Second Czechoslovak Republic</a>, consisting of three autonomous political entities, one of them being the Subcarpathian Rus' (<a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a>: <span lang="rue">Підкарпатьска Русь</span>). On 11 October 1938, first autonomous Government of Subcarpathian Rus was appointed, headed by prime-minister Andrej Bródy. Soon after, a crisis occurred between pro-Rusyn and pro-Ukrainian fractions, leading to the fall of Bródy government on 26 October. New regional government, headed by <a href="/wiki/Avgustyn_Voloshyn" title="Avgustyn Voloshyn">Avgustyn Voloshyn</a>, adopted a pro-Ukrainian course and opted for the change of name, from <i>Subcarpathian Rus'</i> to <i>Carpathian Ukraine</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERychlíkRychlíková2016_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERychlíkRychlíková2016-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Act_of_Subcarpathian_Rus_Autonomy_1938.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Act_of_Subcarpathian_Rus_Autonomy_1938.png/170px-Act_of_Subcarpathian_Rus_Autonomy_1938.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Act_of_Subcarpathian_Rus_Autonomy_1938.png/255px-Act_of_Subcarpathian_Rus_Autonomy_1938.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Act_of_Subcarpathian_Rus_Autonomy_1938.png/340px-Act_of_Subcarpathian_Rus_Autonomy_1938.png 2x" data-file-width="1331" data-file-height="1940" /></a><figcaption>Constitutional Law on the Autonomy of Subcarpathian Rus' (1938)</figcaption></figure> <p>That move led to the creation of a particular terminological duality. On 22 November 1938, authorities of the Second Czechoslovak Republic proclaimed the <i>Constitutional Law on the Autonomy of Subcarpathian Rus'</i> (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">Ústavní zákon o autonomii Podkarpatské Rusi</i>), officially reaffirming the right of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> of Rusyn people (<a href="/wiki/Preamble" title="Preamble">preamble</a>), and confirming full political and administrative autonomy of Subcarpathian Rus', with its own assembly and government. In the constitutional system of the Second Czechoslovak Republic, the region continued to be known as the Subcarpathian Rus', while local institutions promoted the use of the term <i>Carpathian Ukraine</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERychlíkRychlíková2016_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERychlíkRychlíková2016-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carpatho_Ukraine_March_1939.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Carpatho_Ukraine_March_1939.png/220px-Carpatho_Ukraine_March_1939.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Carpatho_Ukraine_March_1939.png/330px-Carpatho_Ukraine_March_1939.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Carpatho_Ukraine_March_1939.png/440px-Carpatho_Ukraine_March_1939.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Ukraine" title="Carpatho-Ukraine">Carpatho-Ukraine</a> in 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>The Republic of <a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Ukraine" title="Carpatho-Ukraine">Carpatho-Ukraine</a>, which existed for one day on March 15, 1939, before it was occupied and annexed by Hungary, is sometimes considered to have been a self-determining Rusyn state that had intentions to unite with <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> The Republic's president, <a href="/wiki/Avgustyn_Voloshyn" title="Avgustyn Voloshyn">Avgustyn Voloshyn</a>, was an advocate of writing in <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> The Hungarian annexation caused support for Russophile direction, while in Germany occupied Poland support for Ukrainian identity.<sup id="cite_ref-GRE_2016_50-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRE_2016-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Carpathians were not a major WWII battlefield, the Rusyns saw their share of horror and destruction, beginning with the Hungarian government's 1941 deportation of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Carpathian_Ruthenia" title="History of the Jews in Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Jews</a>. In September 1944, while retreating from a Soviet Red Army offensive, the Nazis who were passing through blew up all the bridges in Uzhhorod, including one built in the 14th century. </p><p>On 26 November 1944 in <a href="/wiki/Mukachevo" title="Mukachevo">Mukachevo</a> representatives from all cities and villages of the land adopted the manifesto uniting Zakarpattia Ukraine with Soviet Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-holukr101130_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holukr101130-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviets occupied the Carpathians, and in 1945 the Rusyn ethnic homeland was split among three countries, as western portions were incorporated into Czechoslovakia and Poland, while the eastern portion became part of the Soviet Union and was officially named <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Transcarpathia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> After World War II, Transcarpathia was declared as a part of Ukrainia.<sup id="cite_ref-GRE_2016_50-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRE_2016-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Poland, the new Communist government deported many Rusyns from their ancestral region, sending many east to Ukraine, and others to the far west of the country. In Czechoslovakia a policy of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainization" title="Ukrainization">Ukrainization</a> was implemented. In Ukraine, many Rusyns who owned land or livestock, often funded via their own family members in America, were now branded by the Soviets as kulaks, or rich peasants. Property and farm animals were confiscated and newly established kolkhozes (collectivized farms) were built, with people being forced to work on their own former land, 'employed' by the Communist government. Some of the less lucky were sent to Siberia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>In 1947, under the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Vistula" title="Operation Vistula">Operation Vistula</a> happened <a href="/wiki/Forced_resettlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced resettlement">forced resettlement</a> of c. 150,000 Lemkos, Boykos and other Ukrainians between Poland and Ukraine. In the same time some 8,500 Rusyns voluntarily emigrated from Czechoslovakia to Ukraine, but more than half of them returned during the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-GRE_2016_50-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRE_2016-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2_(%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2_%28%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%29.jpg/220px-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2_%28%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2_%28%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%29.jpg/330px-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2_%28%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2_%28%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%29.jpg/440px-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2_%28%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3979" data-file-height="2984" /></a><figcaption>Sign reads "House of Subcarpathian Rusyns" (Dom Podkarpatskikh Rusinov) in <a href="/wiki/Mukachevo" title="Mukachevo">Mukachevo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>These acts were protested for years, but to no avail. In the US, the Greek Catholic Union's 1964 convention even adopted a resolution calling on the United Nations to act "so that Carpatho-Russia be recognized and accepted into the free nations of the world as an autonomous state".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In former <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, Rusyns were officially recognized as a distinct <a href="/wiki/National_minority" class="mw-redirect" title="National minority">national minority</a>, and their legal status was regulated in Yugoslav federal units of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Croatia</a>. In the Constitution of Serbia, that was adopted in 1963, Rusyns were designated as one of seven (explicitly named) national minorities (Article 82),<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКатунин2015232–233_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEКатунин2015232–233-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and the same provision was implemented in the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina" title="Statute of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina">Statute of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina</a> that was adopted in the same year (Article 32). Further on, the Constitutional Law of 1969 regulated the position of <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn language</a> as one of five official languages in Vojvodina (Article 67).<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_history">Recent history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Recent history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of communism">fall of communism</a>, new opportunities arose for Rusyns in Poland and in the newly formed countries of Slovakia and Ukraine. The Rusyns of the Transcarpathia region of Ukraine were able to vote in December 1991 for self-rule. With an 89% voter turnout, 78% voted Yes to autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> But with the Russian majority in the Odesa region casting a similar vote, the Ukrainian government, fearing secession, has refused to honor this referendum. </p><p>In terms of minority rights, the question of Rusyn self-identification and recognition in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> has been a subject of interest for European institutions, as well as the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> Nationally, Rusyns are considered (by both state and cultural authorities) only a sub-group of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In spite of this, Ukraine's <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a> has recognized Rusyns as a "distinct nationality" within the oblast since a 2007 proclamation by its regional assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201212_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201212-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:02016_0639_Zjazd_Karpacki_(Sanok).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/02016_0639_Zjazd_Karpacki_%28Sanok%29.jpg/220px-02016_0639_Zjazd_Karpacki_%28Sanok%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/02016_0639_Zjazd_Karpacki_%28Sanok%29.jpg/330px-02016_0639_Zjazd_Karpacki_%28Sanok%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/02016_0639_Zjazd_Karpacki_%28Sanok%29.jpg/440px-02016_0639_Zjazd_Karpacki_%28Sanok%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Lemkos is southeastern Poland</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of the 20th century there appeared many societies and organizations considering Rusyns as people separate from Ukrainians. By the early 21st century they had representatives in parliaments of Serbia, Hungary, and Romania, published their own press, and in 2007 the Museum of Ruthenian Culture was opened in <a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov" title="Prešov">Prešov</a>, Slovakia.<sup id="cite_ref-GRE_2016_50-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRE_2016-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010 in Mukachevo were festivities commemorating the union of Zakarpattia with Ukraine, four out of 663 of congress delegates who adopted the Manifest about the Union and who were still alive attended the event: F. Sabov, O. Lohoida, M. Moldavchuk and J. Matlakh.<sup id="cite_ref-holukr101130_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holukr101130-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They shared their experience about first years of the People's Council in revival of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-holukr101130_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holukr101130-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also ongoing <a href="/wiki/Linguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic">linguistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> controversy as to whether <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a> is a distinct <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic language</a> or one of several dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian language</a>. In several countries, it is recognized as a distinct minority language. Though Ukraine also <a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_Ukraine" title="Language policy in Ukraine">adopted a law</a> that recognized Rusyn as one of several minority and regional languages in 2012, that law was revoked in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECsernicskóFedinec2016560–582_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECsernicskóFedinec2016560–582-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021 while discussing the borders of modern Ukraine, <a href="/wiki/On_the_Historical_Unity_of_Russians_and_Ukrainians" title="On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians">Russian President Vladimir Putin specifically referred to the people in the Carpathian Mountains of modern-day Ukraine as Rusyns</a>, rather than Ukrainians. In writing about the Soviet Union's post World War II takeover of the Transcarpathian region, Putin stated that, "quote, 'Rusyns (Русины) made up a considerable share of the local population', unquote". Then, using the pre-World War II term to describe the region, he asserted that the population of "Subcarpathian Rus", also known as Podkarpatska Rus (Подкарпатскa Рус) voted to join the Soviet Union either as "either part of the Russian Soviet republic or as a separate Carpathian republic". Putin noted however that the Soviet authorities "ignored the choice of the people" and incorporated it instead into the Ukrainian Soviet republic.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today there are estimated to be approximately 1.5 million Rusyns in Europe<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and a healthy pro-Rusyn movement exists in the Carpathians. Some Ukrainian nationalists have argued that the modern 'Rusyn movement' is in service of the expansionist aims of modern <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Autonomist_and_separatist_movements">Autonomist and separatist movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Autonomist and separatist movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_in_Ukraine" title="Regionalism in Ukraine">Regionalism in Ukraine</a></div><p>According to Mrs Jozsefne Csepanyi-Bardos, the president of the Ruthenian Ethnic Minority Council in Budapest Capital.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The flag of the Ruthenians of the World and the Ruthenian Ethnic Minority Council is a tricolour in a 2:1:1 ratio. </p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_flag_of_the_Ruhenian_Ethnic_Minority_Council.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/The_flag_of_the_Ruhenian_Ethnic_Minority_Council.png/244px-The_flag_of_the_Ruhenian_Ethnic_Minority_Council.png" decoding="async" width="244" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/The_flag_of_the_Ruhenian_Ethnic_Minority_Council.png/366px-The_flag_of_the_Ruhenian_Ethnic_Minority_Council.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/The_flag_of_the_Ruhenian_Ethnic_Minority_Council.png/488px-The_flag_of_the_Ruhenian_Ethnic_Minority_Council.png 2x" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Ukrainian academician, doctor of historical sciences, head of department of National Minorities of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Institute of Political and Ethno-national research, May Panchuk explained that soon after <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> and during the 1991 Ukrainian referendum, there was provided additional question for Zakarpattia residents only whether they wish to obtain a self-governed territory within Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-setl160421_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-setl160421-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It triggered Rusyns to create their own political parties and movements.<sup id="cite_ref-setl160421_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-setl160421-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Already in March 1992 the recently created "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Subcarpathian_republican_party&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Subcarpathian republican party (page does not exist)">Subcarpathian republican party</a>" published its program with first elements of separatism: create independent, neutral "Republic Subcarpathian Ruthenia" just as Switzerland; receive full political and economic independence; recognize Rusyn people as a full-scale nationality among other nations.<sup id="cite_ref-setl160421_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-setl160421-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The party contained a well expressed Kremlin orientation and did not hide its connections with pro-Russians elements.<sup id="cite_ref-setl160421_94-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-setl160421-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1993 in <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a> there was presented the "government of Subcarpathian Ruthenia" with an emphasized change – as "separate subject of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-setl160421_94-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-setl160421-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The activity of the "government" was openly supported by "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russkiy_dom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Russkiy dom (page does not exist)">Russkiy dom</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Russkiy_Mir_Foundation" title="Russkiy Mir Foundation">Russkiy Mir Foundation</a>", <a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Zakarpattia_democrats&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Association of Zakarpattia democrats (page does not exist)">Association of Zakarpattia democrats</a>, and other pro-Russian organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-setl160421_94-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-setl160421-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In December 1994 so called "minister of foreign affairs" T. Ondyk appealed to the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> to cancel the 1945 treaty between the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia about Zakarpattia Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-setl160421_94-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-setl160421-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> At that same time, Ondyk appealed to the presidents of the United States and Hungary accusing the Ukrainian government in the policy of extermination of Rusyns and Hungarians.<sup id="cite_ref-setl160421_94-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-setl160421-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>A considerable controversy has arisen regarding the Rusyn separatist movement led by the Orthodox priest <a href="/wiki/Dimitry_Sydor" title="Dimitry Sydor">Dimitry Sydor</a> (now Archbishop of Uzhhorod, in the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)</a>), his relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> and funding for his activities.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Russia has, as a result of the Russian census of 2002, recognized the Rusyns as a separate ethnic group in 2004, and has been accused by the Ukrainian government of fueling ethnic tensions and separatism among Rusyns and Ukrainians.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>A criminal case under Part 2, Art. 110 of the Ukrainian Criminal Code was initiated after the 1st European Congress of Rusyns took place in <a href="/wiki/Mukachevo" title="Mukachevo">Mukachevo</a> on June 7, 2008. At that particular congress the reinstatement of the Zakarpattia's status as special "territory of Rusyns to the south of the Carpathians" with self-government under the constitutional name Subcarpathian Rus was recognized. On October 29, at the 2nd congress in Mukachevo, a memorandum was signed calling for the authorities to recognize the Subcarpathian Rus autonomy (by December 1). That same day, according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Kommersant" title="Kommersant">Kommersant</a>-Ukraine</i> (Ukrainian edition) agents of the <a href="/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Security Service of Ukraine">Security Service of Ukraine</a> (SBU) questioned Dmytro Sydor and Yevgeniy Zhupan. They were summoned to SBU as witnesses in a criminal case "on the infringement on territorial integrity of Ukraine" initiated in June 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to internet publisher "<a href="/wiki/NEWSru" title="NEWSru">Newsru</a>", earlier in 2008 the Zakarpattia Rusyns appealed to Russia to recognize independence of <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Subcarpathian Ruthenia</a> from Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-newsru120320_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newsru120320-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 2014 with the start of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>, an activist of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subcarpathian_Ruthenia_movement&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Subcarpathian Ruthenia movement (page does not exist)">Subcarpathian Ruthenia movement</a> named Petro Hetsko, who claims to be prime minister of the Subcarpathian Ruthenia, asked the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a> to intervene and help "neutralize Galician Nazism in Zakarpattia".<sup id="cite_ref-setl160421_94-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-setl160421-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research conducted by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> during the height of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_Rusynism&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Political Rusynism (page does not exist)">political Rusynism</a> in the mid-1990s that focused on five specific regions within the Zakarpattia Oblast having the strongest pro-Rusyn cultural and political activism, found that only nine percent of the population of these areas claimed Rusyn ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the present day, according to the Ukrainian census, most – over 99% – of the local inhabitants consider themselves to be Ukrainians. (Ukrainian census numbers inflated since 1991 refer to local ones for accuracy).<sup id="cite_ref-Ukraine_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ukraine-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history_2">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Religion and Rusyn history are deeply intertwined, often resulting in controversy. Many believe that when Rusyns first came to Christianity it was through the Orthodox faith, although this has been challenged by many others who assert the initial Christian influence actually came from Catholic Moravia. One of the earliest saints of the (Orthodox) Monastery of the Caves at Kiev was the Rusyn Moses Uhrin (died 1043),<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> who prior to becoming a monk served Boris, the prince of Ancient Rus'. Moses and his brothers Efrem and Georgii stories are recorded in the noted <i><a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a></i>. Also originating from this time is the unique Carpathian church <a href="/wiki/Prostopinije" title="Prostopinije">Prostopinije</a> (Plain Chant), which is closely related to the ancient chant of Kievan Rus' and has even preserved elements of it.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>For over 600 years, the Orthodox Church was the only Rusyn church in the Carpathians. But under the growing influence of the then ruling Austro-Hungarian Empire, Orthodox clergy were reduced over time to the legal status of peasant-serfs, and even the bishop of Mukachevo was at the mercy of the Hungarian lords. To improve their condition, some Orthodox priests attempted to form a new church under the Catholics. In 1614, 50 priests convened at the Krasni Brid Monastery with this intent, but a crowd of Orthodox protested and dispersed the group. A second attempt in the 1630s under Bishop <a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Tarasovych" title="Vasyl Tarasovych">Vasyl Tarasovych</a> also failed. Finally in April 1646, Bishop <a href="/wiki/Petro_Parfenii#Biography" title="Petro Parfenii">Parfenii Petrovich</a> was able to convene a meeting of 63 (out of a few hundred) priests who pledged their allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope of Rome</a>. Their signed document became known as the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Uzhhorod" title="Union of Uzhhorod">Union of Uzhhorod</a>, resulting in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Catholic Church">Ukrainian Catholic Church</a>. This new Church was given greater material assistance from the Austro-Hungarian Empire while being allowed to maintain their Eastern Rite traditions, including married priests. From that time, the Rusyns had two bishops, one Greek Catholic and one Orthodox, until 1721 when the last remaining Orthodox priests in the western counties accepted the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some priests in the eastern counties of <a href="/wiki/Bereg_County" title="Bereg County">Bereg</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ramaros_County" title="Máramaros County">Maramaros</a> remained Orthodox until 1745.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_history_2">Recent history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Recent history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1890s, 145 years after Orthodoxy had ceased to exist in the Carpathians, a so-called 'return to Orthodoxy' movement began, reaching a high point in the 1920s. Many Greek Catholics who became Orthodox were arrested for treason and a few were even executed by the government, with the <a href="/wiki/Thalerhof_internment_camp" title="Thalerhof internment camp">Thalerhof internment camp</a> and martyrdom (by firing squad) of the Orthodox priest <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Sandovich" title="Maxim Sandovich">Maxim Sandovich</a> in 1914 being the best known incidents. Meanwhile, the Russian Bolshevik Revolution was forcing Russians of the nobility and middle class to flee, and many settled in the US. These Russians arrived and began joining the American Russian Orthodox Church (then called the Metropolia) at precisely the same time Carpatho-Russians in America were also 'returning' to the Orthodox faith. This mixing furthered Russophile leanings among many Rusyns. Leading the charge was Fr. <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Toth" title="Alexis Toth">Alexis Toth</a>, a former Greek Catholic priest who led as many as 20,000 Rusyn Americans to Orthodoxy, for which he was canonized by the Orthodox Church (due to his efforts, perhaps 1/3rd of American Rusyns are Orthodox today). This American mixing further influenced events and persecutions back in the Carpathian homeland, where thousands of fleeing Orthodox Russians also settled, including monks who founded the Ladomirova Monastery.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Indeed, <a href="/wiki/Laurus_%C5%A0kurla" title="Laurus Škurla">Laurus Škurla</a> who was born in Ladomirova (now in Slovakia) rose to become Metropolitan Laurus, the leader of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia. </p><p>Conversely, it was Greek Catholics of the Carpathians who suffered in the 1940s. By force, the Soviet government annulled the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Uzhhorod" title="Union of Uzhhorod">Union of Uzhhorod</a> in 1946, and the Greek Catholic Church was liquidated exactly 300 years after its formation. The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Cathedral,_Uzhhorod" title="Greek Catholic Cathedral, Uzhhorod">Greek Catholic Cathedral, Uzhhorod</a> was transferred to the Moscow-based Russian Orthodox Church in 1948, and priests who refused to convert to Orthodoxy were sent to the Siberian and Arctic labor camps, where many died. Others were simply murdered in their home villages. A horrific example of this was the martyrdom (by assassination) of Greek Catholic Bishop <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Romzha" title="Theodore Romzha">Theodore Romzha</a>. To add salt to the wound, in 1971 the Russian Orthodox Synod of Zagorsk, U.S.S.R. indirectly justified this violence by officially ratifying the annulment.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>And while no longer the case, from the early and even until the mid-1900s in America, religious and nationalist causes went together.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> Aside from Russian Orthodox/Greek Catholic struggle, the dislike of Ukrainians by Rusyn religious leaders was strong and expressed often, as Ukrainian nationalism was deemed a destructive force to Rusyn culture. The influential newspaper of the American Greek Catholic Church, the 'GCU Messenger', wrote in 1954: "To us Carpatho-Russian people here and in our native country under the green Carpathians, there can be no greater insult and offense then when someone calls us Ukrainians. We know not such people on the world's map."<sup id="cite_ref-Warzeski_1971_p248-249_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warzeski_1971_p248-249-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Europe Today</b> </p><p>In Europe today, some tensions still exist. As an example, the aforementioned Cathedral of the Exaltation of the Cross in Uzhhorod belonged to the Greek Catholics but after WWII had been given to the Russian Orthodox Church by the Communist government. With the pending fall of communism, a well-meaning visit to this cathedral in February 1990 by American Byzantine Catholic (Greek Catholic) Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kocisko" title="Stephen Kocisko">Stephen Kocisko</a>, whose own Rusyn parents were born in the Carpathians, led to confrontation from Rusyn Orthodox protestors. Later in 1991, there were major protests, including physical attacks and hunger strikes when it was decided to transfer the cathedral back to the Greek Catholics. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orthodox_protest_Greek_Catholic_Archbishop_Kocisko%27s_Uzhorod_Cathedral_visit_Feb._1990.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Orthodox_protest_Greek_Catholic_Archbishop_Kocisko%27s_Uzhorod_Cathedral_visit_Feb._1990.jpg/220px-Orthodox_protest_Greek_Catholic_Archbishop_Kocisko%27s_Uzhorod_Cathedral_visit_Feb._1990.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Orthodox_protest_Greek_Catholic_Archbishop_Kocisko%27s_Uzhorod_Cathedral_visit_Feb._1990.jpg/330px-Orthodox_protest_Greek_Catholic_Archbishop_Kocisko%27s_Uzhorod_Cathedral_visit_Feb._1990.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Orthodox_protest_Greek_Catholic_Archbishop_Kocisko%27s_Uzhorod_Cathedral_visit_Feb._1990.jpg/440px-Orthodox_protest_Greek_Catholic_Archbishop_Kocisko%27s_Uzhorod_Cathedral_visit_Feb._1990.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Orthodox protest Greek Catholic Archbishop Kocisko's 1990 Uzhhorod Cathedral visit.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Orthodox immediately set about to build a new <a href="/wiki/Uzhhorod_Orthodox_Cathedral" title="Uzhhorod Orthodox Cathedral">Uzhhorod Orthodox Cathedral</a>, under the guidance of the Rusyn Fr. <a href="/wiki/Dimitry_Sydor" title="Dimitry Sydor">Dimitry Sydor</a>, a Moscow Patriarchate priest, who is perhaps the most controversial cleric in today's Carpathians. In a nod to Moscow, the architecture of the new cathedral is based on the design of the famous and newly rebuilt <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour" title="Cathedral of Christ the Saviour">Cathedral of Christ the Saviour</a> in Moscow, which is the largest church in all of Russia. </p><p>At the parish level, numerous churches which had been forcibly Orthodox for decades switched back to the Greek Catholic jurisdiction, and new ones were also constructed. As well, in spite of continued pressure, the region's Greek Catholic Church steadfastly refuses to be included under the jurisdiction of the Ukrainian oriented Lviv Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy. Notably and in another example of Rusyns going against the tide and seen as a pushback against Ukrainianism, an estimated 542 of the existing 550 Transcarpathian Orthodox churches chose to remain under the (Russian) Moscow Patriarchate rather than join the (Ukrainian) Kiev/Kyiv Patriarchate.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> And as of 2021 according to the Ukrainian government itself, Transcarpathia had one of the highest adherence levels in Ukraine to the Moscow Orthodox Patriarchate rather than the Kyiv Orthodox Patriarchate.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_Catholics">Greek Catholics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Greek Catholics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Michael%27s_Greek_Catholic_Church,_Turja_Pasika_Transcarpathia_Ukraine_(built_1810).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/St_Michael%27s_Greek_Catholic_Church%2C_Turja_Pasika_Transcarpathia_Ukraine_%28built_1810%29.jpg/220px-St_Michael%27s_Greek_Catholic_Church%2C_Turja_Pasika_Transcarpathia_Ukraine_%28built_1810%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/St_Michael%27s_Greek_Catholic_Church%2C_Turja_Pasika_Transcarpathia_Ukraine_%28built_1810%29.jpg/330px-St_Michael%27s_Greek_Catholic_Church%2C_Turja_Pasika_Transcarpathia_Ukraine_%28built_1810%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/St_Michael%27s_Greek_Catholic_Church%2C_Turja_Pasika_Transcarpathia_Ukraine_%28built_1810%29.jpg/440px-St_Michael%27s_Greek_Catholic_Church%2C_Turja_Pasika_Transcarpathia_Ukraine_%28built_1810%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>St Michael's Greek Catholic Church, Turja Pasika Transcarpathia Ukraine (built 1810)</figcaption></figure> <p>Many Rusyns are <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a>, who since the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Uzhhorod" title="Union of Uzhhorod">Union of Uzhhorod</a> in 1646 have been in communion with the <a href="/wiki/See_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="See of Rome">See of Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPekar1979_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPekar1979-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitwin198757–83_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitwin198757–83-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVéghseő2015147–181_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVéghseő2015147–181-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This church, the <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church</a>, is distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Catholic Church</a>. It has retained the Byzantine Rite liturgy, sometimes including the <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> language, the liturgical forms of Byzantine or <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a>, and married priests. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyns" title="Pannonian Rusyns">Pannonian Rusyns</a> of Croatia are organized under the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Kri%C5%BEevci" title="Greek Catholic Eparchy of Križevci">Greek Catholic Eparchy of Križevci</a>, and those in the region of <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> (northern Serbia), are organized under the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Ruski_Krstur" title="Greek Catholic Eparchy of Ruski Krstur">Greek Catholic Eparchy of Ruski Krstur</a>, headed by bishop <a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_D%C5%BEud%C5%BEar" title="Đura Džudžar">Đura Džudžar</a>, who is an ethnic Rusyn. Those in the <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Catholic_Metropolitan_Church_of_Pittsburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Catholic Metropolitan Church of Pittsburgh">Byzantine Catholic Metropolitan Church of Pittsburgh</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Eparchy_of_Mukachevo_and_Pre%C5%A1ov" class="mw-redirect" title="Eparchy of Mukachevo and Prešov">Eparchy of Mukachevo and Prešov</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Carpatho-Russian_Orthodox_Diocese" title="American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese">American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saints_Peter_%26_Paul_Orthodox_Church,_Mokra_Transcarpathia_Ukraine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Saints_Peter_%26_Paul_Orthodox_Church%2C_Mokra_Transcarpathia_Ukraine.jpg/220px-Saints_Peter_%26_Paul_Orthodox_Church%2C_Mokra_Transcarpathia_Ukraine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Saints_Peter_%26_Paul_Orthodox_Church%2C_Mokra_Transcarpathia_Ukraine.jpg/330px-Saints_Peter_%26_Paul_Orthodox_Church%2C_Mokra_Transcarpathia_Ukraine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Saints_Peter_%26_Paul_Orthodox_Church%2C_Mokra_Transcarpathia_Ukraine.jpg/440px-Saints_Peter_%26_Paul_Orthodox_Church%2C_Mokra_Transcarpathia_Ukraine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Saints Peter &amp; Paul Orthodox Church, Mokra Transcarpathia Ukraine</figcaption></figure> <p>Although originally associated with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Eparchy_of_Mukachevo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Mukachevo (page does not exist)">Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Mukachevo</a>, that diocese was suppressed after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Uzhhorod" title="Union of Uzhhorod">Union of Uzhhorod</a>. New Eastern Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Eparchy_of_Mukachevo_and_Pre%C5%A1ov" class="mw-redirect" title="Eparchy of Mukachevo and Prešov">Eparchy of Mukachevo and Prešov</a> was created in 1931 under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> That eparchy was divided in 1945, eastern part joining <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eparchy_of_Mukachevo_and_Uzhhorod&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eparchy of Mukachevo and Uzhhorod (page does not exist)">Eparchy of Mukachevo and Uzhhorod</a>, while western part was reorganized as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Eparchy_of_Pre%C5%A1ov&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Prešov (page does not exist)">Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Prešov</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech and Slovak Orthodox Church">Czech and Slovak Orthodox Church</a>. </p><p> Many Rusyn Americans left Catholicism for Eastern Orthodoxy in the 19th century due to disputes with the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> bishops, who viewed different practices in the Byzantine Rite (such as married clergy) with suspicion.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Nicholas_Carpatho-Russian_Orthodox_Church,_Jacobs_Creek_PA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/St_Nicholas_Carpatho-Russian_Orthodox_Church%2C_Jacobs_Creek_PA.jpg/220px-St_Nicholas_Carpatho-Russian_Orthodox_Church%2C_Jacobs_Creek_PA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/St_Nicholas_Carpatho-Russian_Orthodox_Church%2C_Jacobs_Creek_PA.jpg/330px-St_Nicholas_Carpatho-Russian_Orthodox_Church%2C_Jacobs_Creek_PA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/St_Nicholas_Carpatho-Russian_Orthodox_Church%2C_Jacobs_Creek_PA.jpg/440px-St_Nicholas_Carpatho-Russian_Orthodox_Church%2C_Jacobs_Creek_PA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>St Nicholas Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Church, Jacobs Creek Pennsylvania, USA</figcaption></figure> <p>Another large segment of <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_Americans" title="Rusyn Americans">Rusyn Americans</a> belong to the <a href="/wiki/American_Carpatho-Russian_Orthodox_Diocese" title="American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese">American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese</a>, which is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Johnstown,_Pennsylvania" title="Johnstown, Pennsylvania">Johnstown, Pennsylvania</a>. From its early days, this group was <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acrod.org/diocese/history">recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate</a> as a self-governing diocese. </p><p>The affiliation of Eastern Orthodox Rusyns was adversely affected by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Communist revolution</a> in the Russian Empire and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a> which split the Orthodox diaspora from the Eastern Orthodox believers living in the ancestral homelands. A number of émigré communities have claimed to continue the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Tradition</a> of the pre-revolution church while either denying or minimizing the validity of the church organization operating under Communist authority. </p><p>For example, the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">Orthodox Church in America</a> (OCA) was granted autocephalous (self-governing) status by the Moscow Patriarchate in 1970. Although approximately 25% of the OCA was Rusyn in the early 1980s, an influx of Eastern Orthodox émigrés from other nations and new converts wanting to connect with the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Church</a> have lessened the impact of a particular Rusyn emphasis in favor of a new American Orthodoxy. </p><p>In 1994, the historian <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robert_Magocsi" title="Paul Robert Magocsi">Paul Robert Magocsi</a> stated that there were approximately 690,000 Carpatho-Rusyn church members in the United States, with 320,000 belonging to the largest <a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Catholic">Greek Catholic</a> affiliations, 270,000 to the largest <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> affiliations, and 100,000 to various Protestant and other denominations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2005_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2005-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Places_inhabited_by_Rusyns" title="Places inhabited by Rusyns">Places inhabited by Rusyns</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vojvodina_west_east_slavs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Vojvodina_west_east_slavs.png/220px-Vojvodina_west_east_slavs.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Vojvodina_west_east_slavs.png/330px-Vojvodina_west_east_slavs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Vojvodina_west_east_slavs.png/440px-Vojvodina_west_east_slavs.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyns" title="Pannonian Rusyns">Pannonian Rusyns</a> in Vojvodina, Serbia (2002 census)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Places_inhabited_by_Rusyns.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Places_inhabited_by_Rusyns.png/220px-Places_inhabited_by_Rusyns.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Places_inhabited_by_Rusyns.png/330px-Places_inhabited_by_Rusyns.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Places_inhabited_by_Rusyns.png/440px-Places_inhabited_by_Rusyns.png 2x" data-file-width="2053" data-file-height="1378" /></a><figcaption>Places inhabited by Rusyns</figcaption></figure> <p>The traditional homeland of the Rusyn people, <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Rus&#39;">Carpathian Rus'</a>, lies at the heart of the Carpathian mountains, on the borders of modern-day Ukraine, Poland, and Slovakia. Today, approximately three-quarters of Rusyns reside within Ukraine, specifically the geographic region known as <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Transcarpathia</a> (historic <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia#Subcarpathian_Rus&#39;_(1928–1938)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Subcarpathian Rus'</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>There also exists a multitude of Rusyn diaspora communities throughout neighboring countries in Europe and North America. The oldest of these diaspora communities is located in the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Plain">Pannonian Plain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Since the mid-18th century, the resettled communities of Pannonia have existed in parts of present-day Serbia (particularly, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Vojvodina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>, known historically as Bachka) and Croatia (in <a href="/wiki/Vukovar-Srijem_County" title="Vukovar-Srijem County">Vukovar-Srijem County</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-GRE_2016_50-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRE_2016-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The United States holds the largest population of Rusyns outside of Carpathian Rus', mostly within the <a href="/wiki/Rust_Belt" title="Rust Belt">former industrial centers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_US" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern US">Northeastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest">Midwestern</a> United States. At the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries, approximately 225,000 Rusyns <a href="/wiki/Emigrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Emigrate">emigrated</a> here.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Within Europe, Rusyns also migrated and settled in <a href="/wiki/Prnjavor,_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Prnjavor, Bosnia and Herzegovina">Prnjavor</a>, a town in the northern region of present-day <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRE_2016_50-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRE_2016-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The community in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> is located in northern <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> and the capital of <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>. Populations of Rusyns also migrated to Canada and Argentina in the 1920s and Canada, Australia, and Germany in the 1970s and 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of the estimated 1.2 to 1.6 million people of Rusyn origins,<sup id="cite_ref-Magocsi_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magocsi-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GRE_2016_50-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRE_2016-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> only around 90,000 individuals have been officially identified as such in recent national censuses (see infobox above). This is due, in part, to the refusal of some governments<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2020)">which?</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> to count Rusyns and/or allow them to self-identify on census forms, especially in Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The ethnic classification of Rusyns as a separate <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="East Slavic peoples">East Slavic</a> ethnicity distinct from <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> is, consequently, politically controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005280_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005280-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The claim that Rusyns are Ukrainian subgroup is disputed by some non-mainstream scholars,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> as well as other scholars from the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Canada, and the United States. According to the <a href="/wiki/2001_Ukrainian_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Ukrainian Census">2001 Ukrainian Census</a>, thirty percent of Rusyns in Ukraine identified Ukrainian as their native language, while two thirds named the Rusyn language.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, about 10 thousand people, or 0.8%, of Ukraine's <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a> (Province) identified themselves as Rusyns; by contrast, over 1 million considered themselves Ukrainians.<sup id="cite_ref-Ukraine_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ukraine-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to the 2022 Romanian census, there were 834 people (0.004% of the population) who identified themselves officially as Rusyns, and 594 who declared that their language was Rusyn.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> <i>Rusyn</i> has frequently gone unrecognised by various governments, and has in other cases been prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-Magocsi_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magocsi-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Today, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Serbia and Croatia officially recognize contemporary Rusyns as an ethnic minority.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> In 2007, Carpatho-Rusyns were recognized as a separate ethnicity in Ukraine by the <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast_Council" title="Zakarpattia Oblast Council">Zakarpattia Oblast Council</a> on a regional level,<sup id="cite_ref-GRE_2016_50-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRE_2016-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and in 2012 the Rusyn language gained official regional status in certain areas of the province, as well as nationwide based on the 2012 Law of Ukraine, "<a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_Ukraine" title="Language policy in Ukraine">On the principles of the state language policy</a>". However, most contemporary self-identified ethnic Rusyns live outside of Ukraine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_subgroups">Ethnic subgroups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: Ethnic subgroups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rusyns may be divided into two significant subgroups: Carpathian Rusyns and <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyns" title="Pannonian Rusyns">Pannonian Rusyns</a>. While both groups are descendants of Rusyn populations from <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Rus&#39;">Carpathian Rus'</a>, Pannonian Rusyns migrated from the Carpathian to parts of modern-day Croatia and Serbia (<a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>) in the 19th century. Additionally, the two groups speak different dialects (or languages, depending on the author): the former group speaking <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Rusyn_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Rusyn language">Carpathian Rusyn</a><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and the latter speaking <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Rusyn language">Pannonian Rusyn</a>. </p><p>Other more specific, regional subgroups (debatably) include Lemkos, Boykos, Hutsuls, and Dolinyans (lit. "lowlanders").<sup id="cite_ref-GRE_2016_50-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRE_2016-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, the Lemko-Boyko-Hutsul subdivision popular with Ukrainian scholars was only first promoted in the 1920s by the <i>Lemko Committee</i> and other contemporary Ukrainian scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasieka_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasieka-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Furthermore, while <a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a> and Rusyns are recognized as distinct ethnic minorities in Poland and Slovakia (respectively), neither <a href="/wiki/Boykos" title="Boykos">Boykos</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hutsuls</a> are formally recognized in any country; nor are any Rusyns for that matter recognized as such in Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19589018_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19589018-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schaefer_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaefer-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Olson_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p> Regarding these common ethnographic divisions, prominent Rusyn scholar, Paul Robert Magocsi, has said the following: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> The tripartite Lemko-Boiko-Hutsul schema […] does not, however, respond to reality on the ground. For example, Carpatho-Rusyns on the southern slopes of the mountains have never referred to themselves as either Lemkos or Boikos, while the area inhabited by self-designated Hutsuls is for the most part outside Carpathian Rus'. Only 17 villages […] (a mere 3 percent of the total number of villages in historic Carpathian Rus') are inhabited by persons who may use Hutsul as a self-identifier. On the other hand, the name Hutsul has taken on a broader and vaguer meaning. Especially in today's Ukraine it is used as a kind of term of endearment to describe all the inhabitants of Ukraine's Transcarpathian oblast, who are viewed with nostalgia as pristine mountaineers […] <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20153_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20153-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boykos_of_Maniava.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boyko family, late 19th century"><img alt="Boyko family, late 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Boykos_of_Maniava.jpg/120px-Boykos_of_Maniava.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Boykos_of_Maniava.jpg/180px-Boykos_of_Maniava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Boykos_of_Maniava.jpg/240px-Boykos_of_Maniava.jpg 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="554" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Boykos" title="Boykos">Boyko</a> family, late 19th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boyko family, early 20th century"><img alt="Boyko family, early 20th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg/95px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg/143px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg/190px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="882" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Boyko family, early 20th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukrainian_hutsuls_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hutsul family, 1925–1939"><img alt="Hutsul family, 1925–1939" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ukrainian_hutsuls_1.jpg/90px-Ukrainian_hutsuls_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ukrainian_hutsuls_1.jpg/135px-Ukrainian_hutsuls_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ukrainian_hutsuls_1.jpg/180px-Ukrainian_hutsuls_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="1002" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hutsul</a> family, 1925–1939</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hutsul_music_band.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hutsul music band, 1918–1935"><img alt="Hutsul music band, 1918–1935" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hutsul_music_band.jpg/120px-Hutsul_music_band.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hutsul_music_band.jpg/180px-Hutsul_music_band.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hutsul_music_band.jpg/240px-Hutsul_music_band.jpg 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="624" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hutsul music band, 1918–1935</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carpatho-Rusyn_sub-groups_-_Sanok_area_Lemkos_in_original_goral_folk-costumes_from_Mokre_(Poland)_..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lemkos from Sanok in stylized highland folk-costumes from Mokre (Poland)"><img alt="Lemkos from Sanok in stylized highland folk-costumes from Mokre (Poland)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Carpatho-Rusyn_sub-groups_-_Sanok_area_Lemkos_in_original_goral_folk-costumes_from_Mokre_%28Poland%29_..jpg/87px-Carpatho-Rusyn_sub-groups_-_Sanok_area_Lemkos_in_original_goral_folk-costumes_from_Mokre_%28Poland%29_..jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Carpatho-Rusyn_sub-groups_-_Sanok_area_Lemkos_in_original_goral_folk-costumes_from_Mokre_%28Poland%29_..jpg/131px-Carpatho-Rusyn_sub-groups_-_Sanok_area_Lemkos_in_original_goral_folk-costumes_from_Mokre_%28Poland%29_..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Carpatho-Rusyn_sub-groups_-_Sanok_area_Lemkos_in_original_goral_folk-costumes_from_Mokre_%28Poland%29_..jpg/174px-Carpatho-Rusyn_sub-groups_-_Sanok_area_Lemkos_in_original_goral_folk-costumes_from_Mokre_%28Poland%29_..jpg 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="1160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sanok" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanok">Sanok</a> in stylized highland folk-costumes from Mokre (Poland)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carpatho-Rusyn_sub-groups_-_Przemy%C5%9Bl_area_Ukrainians_in_original_goral_folk-costumes..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rusyns from Przemyśl"><img alt="Rusyns from Przemyśl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Carpatho-Rusyn_sub-groups_-_Przemy%C5%9Bl_area_Ukrainians_in_original_goral_folk-costumes..jpg/90px-Carpatho-Rusyn_sub-groups_-_Przemy%C5%9Bl_area_Ukrainians_in_original_goral_folk-costumes..jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Carpatho-Rusyn_sub-groups_-_Przemy%C5%9Bl_area_Ukrainians_in_original_goral_folk-costumes..jpg/135px-Carpatho-Rusyn_sub-groups_-_Przemy%C5%9Bl_area_Ukrainians_in_original_goral_folk-costumes..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Carpatho-Rusyn_sub-groups_-_Przemy%C5%9Bl_area_Ukrainians_in_original_goral_folk-costumes..jpg/180px-Carpatho-Rusyn_sub-groups_-_Przemy%C5%9Bl_area_Ukrainians_in_original_goral_folk-costumes..jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rusyns from <a href="/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Przemyśl">Przemyśl</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carpatho-Rusyn_sub-groups_-_Presov_area_Lemkos_(left_side)_and_Przemy%C5%9Bl_area_Ukrainians_in_original_goral_folk-costumes..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boykos from Prešov (left side) and Lemkos from Przemyśl"><img alt="Boykos from Prešov (left side) and Lemkos from Przemyśl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Carpatho-Rusyn_sub-groups_-_Presov_area_Lemkos_%28left_side%29_and_Przemy%C5%9Bl_area_Ukrainians_in_original_goral_folk-costumes..jpg/120px-Carpatho-Rusyn_sub-groups_-_Presov_area_Lemkos_%28left_side%29_and_Przemy%C5%9Bl_area_Ukrainians_in_original_goral_folk-costumes..jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Carpatho-Rusyn_sub-groups_-_Presov_area_Lemkos_%28left_side%29_and_Przemy%C5%9Bl_area_Ukrainians_in_original_goral_folk-costumes..jpg/180px-Carpatho-Rusyn_sub-groups_-_Presov_area_Lemkos_%28left_side%29_and_Przemy%C5%9Bl_area_Ukrainians_in_original_goral_folk-costumes..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Carpatho-Rusyn_sub-groups_-_Presov_area_Lemkos_%28left_side%29_and_Przemy%C5%9Bl_area_Ukrainians_in_original_goral_folk-costumes..jpg/240px-Carpatho-Rusyn_sub-groups_-_Presov_area_Lemkos_%28left_side%29_and_Przemy%C5%9Bl_area_Ukrainians_in_original_goral_folk-costumes..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Boykos from <a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov" title="Prešov">Prešov</a> (left side) and Lemkos from Przemyśl</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Narodna_nosnja_petrovci.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruthenian costume from Petrovci, Croatia"><img alt="Ruthenian costume from Petrovci, Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Narodna_nosnja_petrovci.jpg/90px-Narodna_nosnja_petrovci.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Narodna_nosnja_petrovci.jpg/136px-Narodna_nosnja_petrovci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Narodna_nosnja_petrovci.jpg/181px-Narodna_nosnja_petrovci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="670" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruthenian costume from <a href="/wiki/Petrovci,_Croatia" title="Petrovci, Croatia">Petrovci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Uplanders" title="Polish Uplanders">Polish Uplanders</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The blue represents the deep skies, a perspective representation of the Carpathian mountains, hope for a better future, the colour of rational reasoning, freshness of the spirit and the body and undying diligence. The white represents traditional peacefulness, hospitability, kindness, tolerance, peace, moral and physical purity, high culture and the natural pacifism of Rusyns. The red represents all that lives and is beautiful, with the aesthetic ideal of Rusyns, and it symbolises energy and health in man.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The red bear represents the Carpathian Mountains and the three gold bars the region's three major rivers: Uzh, Tysa and Latorytsia. Dark blue and gold are the region's traditional heraldic colors.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_motto" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraldic motto">heraldic motto</a> reads "I was, am, and will be a Rusyn"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magocsi estimated that as of 2012 there were 853,000 Rusyns in Ukraine (773,000 in Transcarpathia; 80,000 resettled Lemkos), 620,000 in the United States, 130,000 in Slovakia, 35,000 in Romania, 30,000 in Poland, 20,000 in Canada and Serbia respectively, 10,000 in Czechia, 6,000 in Hungary, 5,000 in Croatia, and 2,500 in Australia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">63,556 people identified as Rusyn in the 2021 Slovak census. This includes 23,746 as primary ethnicity and 39,810 as secondary ethnicity.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the 2011 Polish census, 10,531 respondents identified as <a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a>, separately from Rusyns.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Of the 853,000 Rusyns Magocsi estimated to be in Ukraine as of 2012, 773,000 were in Transcarpathia and 80,000 were resettled Lemkos.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magocsi (2002): "[<i>Rus&#39;</i>] was and in some cases still is 'translated' as Russia, with the result that Carpathian Rus' and its Rusyn inhabitants are incorrectly described as Carpatho-Russia and Carpatho-Russians. By contast, Rusyn sources have almost always used the noun Rus' to describe all or part of the Carpathian homeland: <i>Karpats'ka Rus', Podkarpats'ka Rus', Priashivs'ka Rus',</i> or <i>Uhors'ka Rus'.</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ListofRefs1-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ListofRefs1_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <sup id="cite_ref-Magocsi_1995_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magocsi_1995-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kozak_1999_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozak_1999-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20022–4_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20022–4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EIU_2007_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIU_2007-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ListofRefs2-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ListofRefs2_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <sup id="cite_ref-GRE_2016_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRE_2016-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://okruhly-stol.sk/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/rusynska_symbolika_final.pdf">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Academy-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Academy_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Academy_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rusynacademy.sk/english/en-academy5.html">"Academy of Rusyn Culture in the Slovak Republic: Rusyn Symbols"</a>. Academy of Rusyn Culture in the Slovak Republic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417180902/http://rusynacademy.sk/english/en-academy5.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Academy+of+Rusyn+Culture+in+the+Slovak+Republic%3A+Rusyn+Symbols&amp;rft.pub=Academy+of+Rusyn+Culture+in+the+Slovak+Republic&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusynacademy.sk%2Fenglish%2Fen-academy5.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lem.fm/predsedom-skr-i-dalshy-dva-roky-bude-shtefan-lyavinets-delegaty-skhvalili-velikyj-erb/">"At the 17th World Congress of Rusyns, the greater coat of arms of Rusyns was approved"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Number+of+population+by+ethnicity+in+the+Slovak+Republic+at+1+January+2021&amp;rft.pub=Statistical+Office+of+the+Slovak+Republic&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scitanie.sk%2Fen%2Fpopulation%2Fbasic-results%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stat-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stat_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf">"Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno społeczna"</a> &#91;State and structure of the social demographics of the population&#93; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Polish). Central Statistical Office of Poland. 2013. p.&#160;91. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130417192753/http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Ludno%C5%9B%C4%87.+Stan+i+struktura+demograficzno+spo%C5%82eczna&amp;rft.pages=91&amp;rft.pub=Central+Statistical+Office+of+Poland&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gov.pl%2Fcps%2Frde%2Fxbcr%2Fgus%2FLUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/popisni-podaci-eksel-tabele/">"ПОПИС 2022 - еxcел табеле &#124; О ПОПИСУ СТАНОВНИШТВА"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%98%D0%A1+2022+-+%D0%B5xc%D0%B5%D0%BB+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5+%26%23124%3B+%D0%9E+%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%A3+%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%A8%D0%A2%D0%92%D0%90&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopis2022.stat.gov.rs%2Fpopisni-podaci-eksel-tabele%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ukraine-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ukraine_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ukraine_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ukraine_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul2/select_5/?botton=cens_db&amp;box=5.5W&amp;k_t=00&amp;p=0&amp;rz=1_1&amp;rz_b=2_1"><bdi lang="uk">Чисельність осіб окремих етнографічних груп украінського етносу та їх рідна мова</bdi></a> &#91;Number of persons individual ethnographic groups of the Ukrainian ethnicity and their native language&#93;. <i>ukrcensus.gov.ua</i> (in Ukrainian). 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191023/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul2/select_5/?botton=cens_db&amp;box=5.5W&amp;k_t=00&amp;p=0&amp;rz=1_1&amp;rz_b=2_1">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ukrcensus.gov.ua&amp;rft.atitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B1+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%97%D1%85+%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua%2Fresults%2Fnationality_population%2Fnationality_popul2%2Fselect_5%2F%3Fbotton%3Dcens_db%26box%3D5.5W%26k_t%3D00%26p%3D0%26rz%3D1_1%26rz_b%3D2_1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://haidamaka.org.ua/obr/maps/mapa2.jpg">Карта говорiв української мови</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225092118/http://haidamaka.org.ua/obr/maps/mapa2.jpg">Archived</a> 2021-02-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 10 October 2008; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/1/001/007/088/88994.htm">Энциклопедический словарь: В 86 томах с иллюстрациями и дополнительными материалами. 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Dallas, Texas, U.S.A.: SIL International, 2008 (2005)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220111153716/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/rue">Archived</a> 2022-01-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 10 October 2008; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720162001/https://www.eurominority.eu/version/eng/minority-detail.asp?id_minorities=208">Eurominority: Peoples in search of freedom. Edited by Bodlore-Penlaez, Mikael, s.v. <i>Ruthenians</i>. Quimper, France: Organization for the European Minorities, 1999–2008</a>, 10 October 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ancestry&amp;tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B04006">"B04006: PEOPLE REPORTING ANCESTRY, 2019 American Community Survey, 1-Year Estimates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=B04006%3A+PEOPLE+REPORTING+ANCESTRY%2C+2019+American+Community+Survey%2C+1-Year+Estimates&amp;rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fcedsci%2Ftable%3Fq%3Dancestry%26tid%3DACSDT1Y2019.B04006&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Comunicat de presă Primele date provizorii pentru Recensământul Populației și Locuințelor, runda 2021", at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221230125029/https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/cp-date-provizorii-rpl_2.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20221230125029/https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/cp-date-provizorii-rpl_2.pdf</a> , p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoser2016" class="citation book cs1">Moser, Michael (2016). 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Basingstoke UK: Palgrave Macmillan. p.&#160;132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Rusyn&amp;rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Slavic+Languages%2C+Identities+and+Borders&amp;rft.place=Basingstoke+UK&amp;rft.pages=132&amp;rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.aulast=Moser&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-insse2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-insse2_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insse.ro/cms/files/rpl2002rezgen1/14.pdf">"Populaţia după etnie"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Romanian). Institutul Naţional de Statistică. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111091907/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/rpl2002rezgen1/14.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2012-01-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Popula%C5%A3ia+dup%C4%83+etnie&amp;rft.pub=Institutul+Na%C5%A3ional+de+Statistic%C4%83&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insse.ro%2Fcms%2Ffiles%2Frpl2002rezgen1%2F14.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EMA_ref-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EMA_ref_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929201654/https://recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro/?pg=3&amp;id=771">"Date naţionale"</a> (in Romanian). Erdélyi Magyar Adatbank. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro/?pg=3&amp;id=771">the original</a> on 2011-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Date+na%C5%A3ionale&amp;rft.pub=Erd%C3%A9lyi+Magyar+Adatbank&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frecensamant.referinte.transindex.ro%2F%3Fpg%3D3%26id%3D771&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://podaci.dzs.hr/media/3hue4q5v/popis_2021-stanovnistvo_rh.xlsx">"Population by Ethnicity/Citizenship/Mother tongue/Religion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(xlsx)</span>. <i>Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in 2021</i>. Zagreb: <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Croatian Bureau of Statistics">Croatian Bureau of Statistics</a>. 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Census+of+Population%2C+Households+and+Dwellings+in+2021&amp;rft.atitle=Population+by+Ethnicity%2FCitizenship%2FMother+tongue%2FReligion&amp;rft.date=2022&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpodaci.dzs.hr%2Fmedia%2F3hue4q5v%2Fpopis_2021-stanovnistvo_rh.xlsx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KSH-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KSH_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVukovich2018" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vukovich, Gabriella (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/mikrocenzus2016/mikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf">Mikrocenzus 2016 – 12. Nemzetiségi adatok</a> &#91;2016 microcensus – 12. Ethnic data&#93; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hungarian Central Statistical Office</i> (Report) (in Hungarian). Budapest. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-235-542-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-235-542-9"><bdi>978-963-235-542-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190109011815/http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/mikrocenzus2016/mikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=report&amp;rft.btitle=Mikrocenzus+2016+%E2%80%93+12.+Nemzetis%C3%A9gi+adatok&amp;rft.place=Budapest&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.isbn=978-963-235-542-9&amp;rft.aulast=Vukovich&amp;rft.aufirst=Gabriella&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksh.hu%2Fdocs%2Fhun%2Fxftp%2Fidoszaki%2Fmikrocenzus2016%2Fmikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.czso.cz/csu/scitani2021/narodnost">"Národnost – Sčítání 2021"</a>. Czech Statistical Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115083026/https://www.czso.cz/csu/scitani2021/narodnost">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=N%C3%A1rodnost+%E2%80%93+S%C4%8D%C3%ADt%C3%A1n%C3%AD+2021&amp;rft.pub=Czech+Statistical+Office&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.czso.cz%2Fcsu%2Fscitani2021%2Fnarodnost&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403003259/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol4/pub-04-03.pdf">"НАСЕЛЕНИЕ ПО НАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТИ И ВЛАДЕНИЮ РУССКИМ ЯЗЫКОМ"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service of Russia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol4/pub-04-03.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-04-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%95+%D0%9F%D0%9E+%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%98+%D0%98+%D0%92%D0%9B%D0%90%D0%94%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%AE+%D0%A0%D0%A3%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%9C+%D0%AF%D0%97%D0%AB%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9C&amp;rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service+of+Russia&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Ffree_doc%2Fnew_site%2Fperepis2010%2Fcroc%2FDocuments%2FVol4%2Fpub-04-03.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsiPop2005">Magocsi &amp; Pop 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERusinko20037-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERusinko20037_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERusinko20037_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRusinko2003">Rusinko 2003</a>, p.&#160;7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005433–434-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005433–434_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005433–434_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005433–434_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005433–434_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005433–434_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005433–434_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsiPop2005">Magocsi &amp; Pop 2005</a>, pp.&#160;433–434.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005330,_423,_434,_481-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005330,_423,_434,_481_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsiPop2005">Magocsi &amp; Pop 2005</a>, pp.&#160;330, 423, 434, 481.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magocsi-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Magocsi_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Magocsi_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Magocsi_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Magocsi_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Magocsi1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robert_Magocsi" title="Paul Robert Magocsi">Paul Magocsi</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.litopys.org.ua/rizne/magocie.htm">"The Rusyn Question"</a>. <i>Political Thought</i>. <b>2–3</b> (6). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220202015353/http://www.litopys.org.ua/rizne/magocie.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Political+Thought&amp;rft.atitle=The+Rusyn+Question&amp;rft.volume=2%E2%80%933&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.au=Paul+Magocsi&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.litopys.org.ua%2Frizne%2Fmagocie.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Robert_Magocsi2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Paul Robert Magocsi (2015). "Rusyn". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064505/Ruthenian"><i>Rusyn &#124; people &#124; Britannica</i></a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080622132854/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064505/Ruthenian">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-06-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-17</span></span>. <q>Rusyn, Rusyn ruskyi, also called Ruthenian, Carpatho-Rusyn, Lemko, or Rusnak, any of several East Slavic peoples (modern-day Belarusians, Ukrainians, and Carpatho-Rusyns) and their languages</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Rusyn+%26%23124%3B+people+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.au=Paul+Robert+Magocsi&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9064505%2FRuthenian&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John-Paul_Himka_2001-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John-Paul_Himka_2001_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John-Paul_Himka_2001_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn-Paul_Himka2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">John-Paul Himka (2001) [1993]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRuthenians.htm">"Ruthenians"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" title="Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></i>. Vol.&#160;4. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-3289-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-3289-9"><bdi>978-1-4426-3289-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202010500/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRuthenians.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Ruthenians&amp;rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4426-3289-9&amp;rft.au=John-Paul+Himka&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3Flinkpath%3Dpages%255CR%255CU%255CRuthenians.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUdvari2017" class="citation web cs1">Udvari, István (7 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rusyn.hu/hu/kulturalis-ertekeink-es-hagyomanyaink">"Kultúra és hagyományok"</a>. <i>www.rusyn.hu</i>. Országos Ruszin Önkormányzat - Вседержавноє Русинськоє Самосправованя. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202010430/http://www.rusyn.hu/hu/kulturalis-ertekeink-es-hagyomanyaink">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.rusyn.hu&amp;rft.atitle=Kult%C3%BAra+%C3%A9s+hagyom%C3%A1nyok&amp;rft.date=2017-03-07&amp;rft.aulast=Udvari&amp;rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusyn.hu%2Fhu%2Fkulturalis-ertekeink-es-hagyomanyaink&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHimka19995–8,_135–138-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHimka19995–8,_135–138_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHimka1999">Himka 1999</a>, pp.&#160;5–8, 135–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2011a177-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2011a177_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2011a">Magocsi 2011a</a>, p.&#160;177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20152–5-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20152–5_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2015">Magocsi 2015</a>, pp.&#160;2–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warzeski_1971_p248-249-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warzeski_1971_p248-249_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warzeski_1971_p248-249_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarzeski1971" class="citation book cs1">Warzeski, Walter (1971). <i>Byzantine Rite Rusyns</i>. Pittsburgh: Byzantine Seminary Press. pp.&#160;248–249.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Byzantine+Rite+Rusyns&amp;rft.place=Pittsburgh&amp;rft.pages=248-249&amp;rft.pub=Byzantine+Seminary+Press&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft.aulast=Warzeski&amp;rft.aufirst=Walter&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotta2014" class="citation book cs1">Motta, Giuseppe (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GnUxBwAAQBAJ"><i>Less than Nations: Central-Eastern European Minorities after WWI, Volumes 1 and 2</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p.&#160;156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-5859-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-5859-5"><bdi>978-1-4438-5859-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190729040953/https://books.google.com/books?id=GnUxBwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-07-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-11</span></span>. <q>There were different theories to explain the presence of Rusyns. In his <i>The settlements, economy and history of the Rusyns of Subcarpathia</i> (1923) A. Hodinka wondered if Russians arrived before the Magyars, at the same time or later? Were they White Croats? Slavs who mixed with nomad Vlachs?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Less+than+Nations%3A+Central-Eastern+European+Minorities+after+WWI%2C+Volumes+1+and+2&amp;rft.pages=156&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4438-5859-5&amp;rft.aulast=Motta&amp;rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGnUxBwAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20055-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20055_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2005">Magocsi 2005</a>, p.&#160;5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gluhak, Alemko (1990), Porijeklo imena Hrvat [Origin of the name Croat] (in Croatian), Zagreb, Čakovec: Alemko Gluhak. pp 115–116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paščenko, Jevgenij (2006), Nosić, Milan (ed.), Podrijetlo Hrvata i Ukrajina [The origin of Croats and Ukraine] (in Croatian), Maveda, pp 84–87. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/953-7029-03-4" title="Special:BookSources/953-7029-03-4">953-7029-03-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sedov, Valentin Vasilyevich (2013) [1995]. Славяне в раннем Средневековье [Sloveni u ranom srednjem veku (Slavs in Early Middle Ages)]. Novi Sad: Akademska knjiga. pp. 444, 451, 501, 516. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-6263-026-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-6263-026-1">978-86-6263-026-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Shevelov2002" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/George_Shevelov" title="George Shevelov">George Shevelov</a> (2002) [1979]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.litopys.org.ua/shevelov/shev03.htm">"A Historical Phonology of the Ukrainian Language"</a> (in Ukrainian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080615144502/http://litopys.org.ua/shevelov/shev03.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-06-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-23</span></span>. <q>Говорячи про Україну, слід брати до уваги такі доісторичні слов'янські племена, перелічені та/або згадані в Київському Початковому літописі, як деревляни (Середнє Полісся), сіверяни (Східне Полісся), поляни (Київщина, цебто ядро Русі), бужани (називані також волинянами або дулібами), уличі або улучі, тиверці (Подністров'я) та хорвати (Карпати? Перемищина?). Дуліби востаннє згадуються в записі за 907 р., уличі за 922 р., поляни й тиверці за 944 р., деревляни за 990 р., хорвати за 992 р., сіверяни за 1024 р. Дивлячись суто географічно, середньополіські говірки можуть бути виведені від деревлян, східнополіські від сіверян, західноволинські від дулібів; висловлено також гіпотезу, обстоювану — з індивідуальними нюансами — низкою вчених (Шахматовим, Лєр-Сплавінським, Зілинським, Нідерле, Кобилянським та ін.), що гуцули, а можливо й бойки, є нащадками уличів, які під тиском печенігів залишили свої рідні землі над Богом, переселившися до цієї частини карпатського реґіону. Проте нам нічого не відомо про мовні особливості, якими відрізнялися між собою доісторичні слов'янські племена на Україні, а отже будь-які спроби пов'язати сучасні говірки зі згаданими племенами ані довести, ані, навпаки, спростувати незмога.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=A+Historical+Phonology+of+the+Ukrainian+Language&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.au=George+Shevelov&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.litopys.org.ua%2Fshevelov%2Fshev03.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magocsi_1995-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Magocsi_1995_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robert_Magocsi" title="Paul Robert Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul Robert</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carpatho-rusyn.org/cra/chap3.html">"The Carpatho-Rusyns"</a>. <i>Carpatho-Rusyn American</i>. <b>XVIII</b> (4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202010405/http://carpatho-rusyn.org/cra/chap3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-17</span></span>. <q>The purpose of this somewhat extended discussion of early history is to emphasize the complex origins of the Carpatho-Rusyns. They were not, as is often asserted, exclusively associated with Kievan Rus', from which it is said their name Rusyn derives. Rather, the ancestors of the present-day Carpatho-Rusyns are descendants of: (1) early Slavic peoples who came to the Danubian Basin with the Huns; (2) the White Croats; (3) the Rusyns of Galicia and Podolia; and (4) the Vlachs of Transylvania.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Carpatho-Rusyn+American&amp;rft.atitle=The+Carpatho-Rusyns&amp;rft.volume=XVIII&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.aulast=Magocsi&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul+Robert&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarpatho-rusyn.org%2Fcra%2Fchap3.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedov2013" class="citation book cs1">Sedov, Valentin Vasilyevich (2013) [1995]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HD4oAAAAMAAJ"><i>Славяне в раннем Средневековье</i></a> &#91;<i>Sloveni u ranom srednjem veku (Slavs in Early Middle Ages)</i>&#93;. Novi Sad: Akademska knjiga. pp.&#160;444, 451. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-6263-026-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-6263-026-1"><bdi>978-86-6263-026-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727171406/https://books.google.com/books?id=HD4oAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%B5&amp;rft.place=Novi+Sad&amp;rft.pages=444%2C+451&amp;rft.pub=Akademska+knjiga&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-86-6263-026-1&amp;rft.aulast=Sedov&amp;rft.aufirst=Valentin+Vasilyevich&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHD4oAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kozak_1999-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kozak_1999_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКозак1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Козак, В. Д. (1999). <i>Етногенез та етнічна історія населення Українських Карпат</i> (in Ukrainian). Vol.&#160;1. Lviv: <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Ukraine" title="National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine">Institute of Ethnology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine</a>. pp.&#160;483–502.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%D0%95%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82&amp;rft.place=Lviv&amp;rft.pages=483-502&amp;rft.pub=Institute+of+Ethnology+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+Ukraine&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=%D0%92.+%D0%94.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20022–4-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20022–4_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2002">Magocsi 2002</a>, pp.&#160;2–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EIU_2007-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EIU_2007_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFВортман_Д.Я.Косміна_О.Ю.2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Вортман Д.Я.; Косміна О.Ю. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Karpaty_Ukrainski">"КАРПАТИ КРАЇНСЬКІ"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Ukrainian History</i> (in Ukrainian). Vol.&#160;4. <a href="/wiki/Naukova_Dumka" title="Naukova Dumka">Naukova Dumka</a>, <a href="/wiki/NASU_Institute_of_History_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="NASU Institute of History of Ukraine">NASU Institute of History of Ukraine</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-966-00-0692-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-966-00-0692-8"><bdi>978-966-00-0692-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308050005/http://history.org.ua/?termin=Karpaty_Ukrainski">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-17</span></span>. <q>Не пізніше 6 ст. нас. Східнокарпатського регіону стає переважно слов'ян. Одне з літописних племен – білих хорватів (див. Хорвати) – локалізують у Передкарпатті. Наприкінці 10 ст. їх підкорив вел. кн. київ. Володимир Святославич і таким чином зх. кордони Київської Русі сягнули Карпат</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%9F%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%98+%D0%9A%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%87%D0%9D%D0%A1%D0%AC%D0%9A%D0%86&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukrainian+History&amp;rft.pub=Naukova+Dumka%2C+NASU+Institute+of+History+of+Ukraine&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-966-00-0692-8&amp;rft.au=%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%94.%D0%AF.&amp;rft.au=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9E.%D0%AE.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.org.ua%2F%3Ftermin%3DKarpaty_Ukrainski&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRE_2016-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GRE_2016_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRE_2016_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRE_2016_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRE_2016_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRE_2016_50-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRE_2016_50-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRE_2016_50-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRE_2016_50-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRE_2016_50-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRE_2016_50-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRE_2016_50-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRE_2016_50-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRE_2016_50-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRE_2016_50-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFМ._Ю._Дронов2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">М. Ю. Дронов (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/3520892">"РУСИ́НЫ"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Encyclopedia" title="Great Russian Encyclopedia">Great Russian Encyclopedia</a></i> (in Russian). Bolshaya Rossiyskaya Entsiklopediya, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190620155323/https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/3520892">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-20</span></span>. <q>В этногенезе Р. приняли участие потомки племени белых хорватов, выходцы из др. вост.–слав. земель и др.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%A3%D0%A1%D0%98%CC%81%D0%9D%D0%AB&amp;rft.btitle=Great+Russian+Encyclopedia&amp;rft.pub=Bolshaya+Rossiyskaya+Entsiklopediya%2C+Russian+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.au=%D0%9C.+%D0%AE.+%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigenc.ru%2Fethnology%2Ftext%2F3520892&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFИ._А._Бойко2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">И. А. Бойко (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/3456468">"ДОЛЫНЯ́НЕ"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Encyclopedia" title="Great Russian Encyclopedia">Great Russian Encyclopedia</a></i> (in Russian). Bolshaya Rossiyskaya Entsiklopediya, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190620000000/https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/3456468">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-21</span></span>. <q>Сформировались на основе вост.-слав. населения 7–9 вв. (хорваты, или белые хорваты), вошедшего в 10 в.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%AB%D0%9D%D0%AF%CC%81%D0%9D%D0%95&amp;rft.btitle=Great+Russian+Encyclopedia&amp;rft.pub=Bolshaya+Rossiyskaya+Entsiklopediya%2C+Russian+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.au=%D0%98.+%D0%90.+%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigenc.ru%2Fethnology%2Ftext%2F3456468&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFИ._А._Бойко2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">И. А. Бойко (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/2138846">"ЛЕ́МКИ"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Encyclopedia" title="Great Russian Encyclopedia">Great Russian Encyclopedia</a></i> (in Russian). Bolshaya Rossiyskaya Entsiklopediya, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190620155329/https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/2138846">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-21</span></span>. <q>Сформировались к 17 в. на основе потомков историч. хорватов и укр. переселенцев...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=%D0%9B%D0%95%CC%81%D0%9C%D0%9A%D0%98&amp;rft.btitle=Great+Russian+Encyclopedia&amp;rft.pub=Bolshaya+Rossiyskaya+Entsiklopediya%2C+Russian+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.au=%D0%98.+%D0%90.+%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigenc.ru%2Fethnology%2Ftext%2F2138846&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSofiia_Rabii-Karpynska2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sofiia Rabii-Karpynska (2013) [1984]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CO%5CBoikos.htm">"Boikos"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" title="Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></i>. Vol.&#160;1. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3362-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3362-8"><bdi>978-0-8020-3362-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022013611/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CO%5CBoikos.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-17</span></span>. <q>The Boikos are believed to be the descendants of the ancient Slavic tribe of White Croatians that came under the rule of the Kievan Rus' state during the reign of Prince Volodymyr the Great. Before the Magyars occupied the Danube Lowland this tribe served as a direct link between the Eastern and Southern Slavs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Boikos&amp;rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8020-3362-8&amp;rft.au=Sofiia+Rabii-Karpynska&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3Flinkpath%3Dpages%255CB%255CO%255CBoikos.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolae_PavliucVolodymyr_SichynskyStanisław_Vincenz2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Nicolae Pavliuc; Volodymyr Sichynsky; Stanisław Vincenz (2001) [1989]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009050312/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CU%5CHutsuls.htm">"Hutsuls"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" title="Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></i>. Vol.&#160;2. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3362-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3362-8"><bdi>978-0-8020-3362-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CU%5CHutsuls.htm">the original</a> on 2021-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-17</span></span>. <q>The Slavic White Croatians inhabited the region in the first millennium AD; with the rise of Kievan Rus', they became vassals of the new state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Hutsuls&amp;rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8020-3362-8&amp;rft.au=Nicolae+Pavliuc&amp;rft.au=Volodymyr+Sichynsky&amp;rft.au=Stanis%C5%82aw+Vincenz&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3Flinkpath%3Dpages%255CH%255CU%255CHutsuls.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFВойналович_В.А.2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Войналович В.А. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Bojky">"БОЙКИ"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Ukrainian History</i> (in Ukrainian). Vol.&#160;1. <a href="/wiki/Naukova_Dumka" title="Naukova Dumka">Naukova Dumka</a>, <a href="/wiki/NASU_Institute_of_History_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="NASU Institute of History of Ukraine">NASU Institute of History of Ukraine</a>. p.&#160;688. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/966-00-0734-5" title="Special:BookSources/966-00-0734-5"><bdi>966-00-0734-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160625034010/http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Bojky">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-17</span></span>. <q>Гадають, що Б. – нащадки давнього слов'ян. племені білих хорватів, яких Володимир Святославич приєднав до Київської Русі</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=%D0%91%D0%9E%D0%99%D0%9A%D0%98&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukrainian+History&amp;rft.pages=688&amp;rft.pub=Naukova+Dumka%2C+NASU+Institute+of+History+of+Ukraine&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=966-00-0734-5&amp;rft.au=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+%D0%92.%D0%90.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.org.ua%2F%3Ftermin%3DBojky&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКовпак_Л.В.2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ковпак Л.В. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Guculy">"ГУЦУЛИ"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Ukrainian History</i> (in Ukrainian). Vol.&#160;2. <a href="/wiki/Naukova_Dumka" title="Naukova Dumka">Naukova Dumka</a>, <a href="/wiki/NASU_Institute_of_History_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="NASU Institute of History of Ukraine">NASU Institute of History of Ukraine</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/966-00-0632-2" title="Special:BookSources/966-00-0632-2"><bdi>966-00-0632-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414010721/http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Guculy">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-17</span></span>. <q>Г. – нащадки давніх слов'ян. племен – білих хорватів, тиверців й уличів, які в 10 ст. входили до складу Київської Русі ... Питання походження назви "гуцули" остаточно не з'ясоване. Найпоширеніша гіпотеза – від волоського слова "гоц" (розбійник), на думку ін., від слова "кочул" (пастух).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%A3%D0%A6%D0%A3%D0%9B%D0%98&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukrainian+History&amp;rft.pub=Naukova+Dumka%2C+NASU+Institute+of+History+of+Ukraine&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=966-00-0632-2&amp;rft.au=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%9B.%D0%92.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.org.ua%2F%3Ftermin%3DGuculy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvan_KatchanovskiKohutNebesioYurkevich2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Katchanovski&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Katchanovski (page does not exist)">Ivan Katchanovski</a>; Kohut, Zenon E.; Nebesio, Bohdan Y.; Yurkevich, Myroslav (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-h6r57lDC4QC"><i>Historical Dictionary of Ukraine</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p.&#160;321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7847-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7847-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-7847-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615153436/https://books.google.com/books?id=-h6r57lDC4QC">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-06-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-20</span></span>. <q>In the opinion of some scholars, the ancestors of the Lemkos were the White Croatians, who settled the Carpathian region between the seventh and tenth centuries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Ukraine&amp;rft.pages=321&amp;rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7847-1&amp;rft.au=Ivan+Katchanovski&amp;rft.au=Kohut%2C+Zenon+E.&amp;rft.au=Nebesio%2C+Bohdan+Y.&amp;rft.au=Yurkevich%2C+Myroslav&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-h6r57lDC4QC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Segeda_1999-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Segeda_1999_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegeda1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Segeda, Sergei Petrovich (1999). "Антропологічний склад українців Східних Карпат". <i>Етногенез та етнічна історія населення Українських Карпат</i> (in Ukrainian). Vol.&#160;1. Lviv: Institute of Ethnology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. pp.&#160;461–482.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82&amp;rft.btitle=%D0%95%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82&amp;rft.place=Lviv&amp;rft.pages=461-482&amp;rft.pub=Institute+of+Ethnology+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+Ukraine&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.aulast=Segeda&amp;rft.aufirst=Sergei+Petrovich&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Segeda_2001-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Segeda_2001_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegeda2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Segeda, Sergei Petrovich (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://izbornyk.org.ua/segeda/se03.htm">"Антропологічний склад українського народу"</a>. <i>Antropolohiíà: navchal'nyĭ posibnyk dlíà studentiv humanitarnykh spet́s̀ial'nosteĭ vyshchykh navchal'nykh zakladiv</i> (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Lybid. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/966-06-0165-4" title="Special:BookSources/966-06-0165-4"><bdi>966-06-0165-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202010407/http://izbornyk.org.ua/segeda/se03.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83&amp;rft.btitle=Antropolohi%C3%AD%C3%A0%3A+navchal%27ny%C4%AD+posibnyk+dl%C3%AD%C3%A0+studentiv+humanitarnykh+spet%CC%81s%CC%80ial%27noste%C4%AD+vyshchykh+navchal%27nykh+zakladiv&amp;rft.place=Kyiv&amp;rft.pub=Lybid&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=966-06-0165-4&amp;rft.aulast=Segeda&amp;rft.aufirst=Sergei+Petrovich&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fizbornyk.org.ua%2Fsegeda%2Fse03.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19589018-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19589018_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19589018_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19589018_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikitinKochkinJuneWillis2009" class="citation journal cs1">Nikitin, Alexey G.; Kochkin, Igor T.; June, Cynthia M.; Willis, Catherine M.; Mcbain, Ian; Videiko, Mykhailo Y. (2009). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=McNair+Scholars+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=Study+of+the+Human+Mitochondrial+DNA+Polymorphism&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.aulast=Willis&amp;rft.aufirst=Catherine&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.gvsu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1071%26context%3Dmcnair&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeselinovic2014" class="citation journal cs1">Veselinovic; et&#160;al. (2014). "Genetic polymorphism of 17 Y chromosomal STRs in the Rusyn population sample from Vojvodina Province, Serbia". <i>International Journal of Legal Medicine</i>. <b>128</b> (2): 273–274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00414-013-0877-9">10.1007/s00414-013-0877-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23729201">23729201</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29357585">29357585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Legal+Medicine&amp;rft.atitle=Genetic+polymorphism+of+17+Y+chromosomal+STRs+in+the+Rusyn+population+sample+from+Vojvodina+Province%2C+Serbia.&amp;rft.volume=128&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=273-274&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29357585%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23729201&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00414-013-0877-9&amp;rft.au=Veselinovic&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRębała2014" class="citation journal cs1">Rębała; et&#160;al. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Forensic+Science+International%3A+Genetics&amp;rft.atitle=Northern+Slavs+from+Serbia+do+not+show+a+founder+effect+at+autosomal+and+Y-chromosomal+STRs+and+retain+their+paternal+genetic+heritage.&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=126-131&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fsigen.2013.08.011&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24315599&amp;rft.au=R%C4%99ba%C5%82a&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsigenetics.com%2Farticle%2FS1872-4973%2813%2900185-3%2Fabstract&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO._M._UtevskaM._I._ChukhraevaA._T._AgdzhoyanL._A._Atramentova2015" class="citation journal cs1">O. 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Balanovsky (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15421%2F021524">"Populations of Transcarpathia and Bukovina on the genetic landscape of surrounding regions"</a>. <i>Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 133–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15421%2F021524">10.15421/021524</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23879710">23879710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Regulatory+Mechanisms+in+Biosystems&amp;rft.atitle=Populations+of+Transcarpathia+and+Bukovina+on+the+genetic+landscape+of+surrounding+regions&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=133-140&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15421%2F021524&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23879710&amp;rft.au=O.+M.+Utevska&amp;rft.au=M.+I.+Chukhraeva&amp;rft.au=A.+T.+Agdzhoyan&amp;rft.au=L.+A.+Atramentova&amp;rft.au=E.+V.+Balanovska&amp;rft.au=O.+P.+Balanovsky&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15421%252F021524&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The East Slavs". <i>News From Ukraine, Kyiv, p. 2</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Terezin+i+Talergof%3A+k+50-letnej+godov%C5%A1%C4%8Dine+tragedii+galic.-rus.+naroda&amp;rft.place=Moscow&amp;rft.pub=Soft-izdat&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F163170799&amp;rft.aulast=Vavrik&amp;rft.aufirst=Vasilij+Romanowicz&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edrus.org%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F288%2F62&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orest Subtelny, <i>Ukraine. A History</i>. Second edition, 1994. University of Toronto Press/ p. 350–351. Subtelny treats transcarpathian Rusyns as a group of Ukrainians</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PRECLÍK, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions), váz. kniha, 219 pages, first issue – vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karvina, Czech Republic) ve spolupráci s Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague), 2019, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-87173-47-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-87173-47-3">978-80-87173-47-3</a>, pp. 87–89, 110–112, 124–128, 140–148, 184–209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERychlíkRychlíková2016-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERychlíkRychlíková2016_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERychlíkRychlíková2016_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERychlíkRychlíková2016_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRychlíkRychlíková2016">Rychlík &amp; Rychlíková 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holukr101130-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holukr101130_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holukr101130_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holukr101130_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nytka, V <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110824192655/https://mincult.kmu.gov.ua/mincult/uk/publish/article/229723;jsessionid=ED6F86F840B33FAE918AEDB1B6628B50?mustWords=%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8F&amp;searchPublishing=1">Zakarpattia celebrated the 66th Anniversary of the Manifest about the Union (Закарпаття відзначило 66-і роковини Маніфесту про возз'єднання)</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Holos_Ukrayiny" title="Holos Ukrayiny">Holos Ukrayiny</a>. 30 November 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubtelny1988" class="citation book cs1">Subtelny, Orest (1988). <i>Ukraine: A History</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p.&#160;487.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ukraine%3A+A+History&amp;rft.place=Toronto&amp;rft.pages=487&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.aulast=Subtelny&amp;rft.aufirst=Orest&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasich1967" class="citation journal cs1">Masich, John (1967). "Highlights in the Glorious History of the Greek Catholic Union of the USA". <i>Jubilee Almanac of the Greek Catholic Union of the USA, Munhall PA</i>: 263.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Jubilee+Almanac+of+the+Greek+Catholic+Union+of+the+USA%2C+Munhall+PA&amp;rft.atitle=Highlights+in+the+Glorious+History+of+the+Greek+Catholic+Union+of+the+USA&amp;rft.pages=263&amp;rft.date=1967&amp;rft.aulast=Masich&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Og2Kb5H4VkC&amp;q=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8">"Службени гласник (1963): Устав Социјалистичке Републике Србије"</a>. 1963. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202010402/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Og2Kb5H4VkC&amp;dq=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%281963%29%3A+%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5&amp;rft.date=1963&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Og2Kb5H4VkC%26q%3D%25D0%25A0%25D1%2583%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEКатунин2015232–233-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКатунин2015232–233_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFКатунин2015">Катунин 2015</a>, pp.&#160;232–233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF(Serbia)1969" class="citation web cs1">(Serbia), Vojvodina (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zaQMAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3">"Уставни закон Социјалистичке Аутономне Покрајине Војводине (1969)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202011902/https://books.google.com/books?id=zaQMAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%90%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5+%281969%29&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.aulast=%28Serbia%29&amp;rft.aufirst=Vojvodina&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzaQMAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Rusyns in Transcarpathia". <i>Byzantine Catholic World, Pittsburgh, p. 8</i>. February 16, 1992.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Byzantine+Catholic+World%2C+Pittsburgh%2C+p.+8&amp;rft.atitle=Rusyns+in+Transcarpathia&amp;rft.date=1992-02-16&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201212-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201212_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2012">Magocsi 2012</a>, p.&#160;12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECsernicskóFedinec2016560–582-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECsernicskóFedinec2016560–582_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCsernicskóFedinec2016">Csernicskó &amp; Fedinec 2016</a>, pp.&#160;560–582.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPutin2021" class="citation web cs1">Putin, Vladimir (July 12, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/66181">"On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians"</a>. <i>Official Internet Resources of the President of Russia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220216201806/http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/66181">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Official+Internet+Resources+of+the+President+of+Russia&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+Historical+Unity+of+Russians+and+Ukrainians&amp;rft.date=2021-07-12&amp;rft.aulast=Putin&amp;rft.aufirst=Vladimir&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.kremlin.ru%2Fevents%2Fpresident%2Fnews%2F66181&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuster" class="citation news cs1">Custer, Richard D. "Rusyns, Washington, D.C.".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Rusyns%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.&amp;rft.aulast=Custer&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyshanych1997" class="citation journal cs1">Myshanych, Oleksa (September 1997). "Political Ruthenianism – A Ukrainian Problem". <i>The Ukrainian Quarterly, New York</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Ukrainian+Quarterly%2C+New+York&amp;rft.atitle=Political+Ruthenianism+%E2%80%93+A+Ukrainian+Problem&amp;rft.date=1997-09&amp;rft.aulast=Myshanych&amp;rft.aufirst=Oleksa&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crwflags.com/FOTW/FLAGS/ua_ruth.html">"Ruthenians (Ukraine)"</a>. <i>www.crwflags.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.crwflags.com&amp;rft.atitle=Ruthenians+%28Ukraine%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crwflags.com%2FFOTW%2FFLAGS%2Fua_ruth.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-setl160421-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-setl160421_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-setl160421_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-setl160421_94-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-setl160421_94-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-setl160421_94-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-setl160421_94-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-setl160421_94-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-setl160421_94-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-setl160421_94-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svetlovodsk.com.ua/8964-sbu.html?fb_comment_id=849331198505739_849332888505570">Hybrid war: ethnic factor of the Zakarpattia Rusyns. Analytics of IS (Гибридная война: этнический фактор русинов Закарпатья. Аналитика ИС)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202011243/http://svetlovodsk.com.ua/8964-sbu.html?fb_comment_id=849331198505739_849332888505570">Archived</a> 2021-12-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Svetlovodsk.com.ua. 21 April 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ua-reporter.com/novosti/42228"><bdi lang="ru">Дмитрий Сидор отказался давать показания СБУ и "наехал" на журналистов</bdi></a> &#91;Dmitry Sydorov refused to give evidence to a Ukrainian Security Services investigation and "struck back" at journalists&#93;. <i>ua-reporter.com</i> (in Russian). 19 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141222155124/http://www.ua-reporter.com/novosti/42228">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=ua-reporter.com&amp;rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%A3+%D0%B8+%22%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%22+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2&amp;rft.date=2008-11-19&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ua-reporter.com%2Fnovosti%2F42228&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ua-reporter.com/content/58928"><bdi lang="uk">ПОЛІТИЧНЕ РУСИНСТВО І ЙОГО СПОНСОРИ</bdi></a> &#91;Political Rusynism and its sponsors&#93;. <i>ua-reporter.com</i> (in Ukrainian). 11 July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141222160643/http://www.ua-reporter.com/content/58928">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=ua-reporter.com&amp;rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%86%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%A7%D0%9D%D0%95+%D0%A0%D0%A3%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%92%D0%9E+%D0%86+%D0%99%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%9E+%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%98&amp;rft.date=2009-07-11&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ua-reporter.com%2Fcontent%2F58928&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFГвать2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Гвать, Іван (25 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/24433107.html"><bdi lang="uk">Україна в лещатах російських спецслужб</bdi></a> &#91;Ukraine is in the grip of Russian secret services&#93;. <i>radiosvoboda.org</i> (in Ukrainian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185729/http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/24433107.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=radiosvoboda.org&amp;rft.atitle=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1&amp;rft.date=2011-12-25&amp;rft.aulast=%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C&amp;rft.aufirst=%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiosvoboda.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F24433107.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102075138/http://www.unpo.org/member/rusyn/rusyn.html">"Unpo - Rusyn People"</a>. 2001-11-02. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unpo.org/member/rusyn/rusyn.html">the original</a> on 2001-11-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Unpo+-+Rusyn+People&amp;rft.date=2001-11-02&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unpo.org%2Fmember%2Frusyn%2Frusyn.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708111911/https://ua.glavred.info/archive/2008/10/30/092718-16.html"><bdi lang="uk">Лідерів русинів допитали в СБУ</bdi></a> &#91;Leaders of Rusyns were questioned at the SBU&#93;. <i>ua.glavred.info</i> (in Ukrainian). 30 October 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ua.glavred.info/archive/2008/10/30/092718-16.html">the original</a> on 8 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ua.glavred.info&amp;rft.atitle=%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%A3&amp;rft.date=2008-10-30&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fua.glavred.info%2Farchive%2F2008%2F10%2F30%2F092718-16.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newsru120320-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newsru120320_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140309023917/https://rus.newsru.ua/ukraine/20mar2012/sidor.html">The leader of Zakarpattia Rusyns, a priest of UOC-MP, received three years conditionally for separatism (Лидеру закарпатских русинов, священнику УПЦ МП, дали три года условно за сепаратизм)</a>. Newsru.ua. 20 March 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taraskuzio.net/Nation%20and%20State%20Building_files/national-rusyns.pdf">Taras Kuzio (2005). <i>The Rusyn Question in Ukraine: Sorting Out Fact from Fiction.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327140741/https://www.taraskuzio.net/Nation%20and%20State%20Building_files/national-rusyns.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-03-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism, XXXII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060910222404/https://dev.eurac.edu:8085/mugs2/do/blob.pdf?type=pdf&amp;serial=1036425198529">Political and Ethno-Cultural Aspects of the Rusyns' problem: A Ukrainian Perspective</a> – by Natalya Belitser, Pylyp Orlyk Institute for Democracy, Kyiv, Ukraine</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarriger" class="citation journal cs1">Barriger, Lawrence. "Saints Cyril &amp; Methodios – Spiritual Insights". <i>The Church Messenger (Johnstown, PA)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Church+Messenger+%28Johnstown%2C+PA%29&amp;rft.atitle=Saints+Cyril+%26+Methodios+%E2%80%93+Spiritual+Insights&amp;rft.aulast=Barriger&amp;rft.aufirst=Lawrence&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner1979" class="citation journal cs1">Gardner, Johann von (July 1979). "Orthodox Chant". <i>Orthodox Life</i>: 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Orthodox+Life&amp;rft.atitle=Orthodox+Chant&amp;rft.pages=46&amp;rft.date=1979-07&amp;rft.aulast=Gardner&amp;rft.aufirst=Johann+von&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUdvari" class="citation book cs1">Udvari, Istvan. <i>The Rusyns – An East Slavic People</i>. 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November 20, 1971.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Svoboda+Ukrainian+Weekly+%28Jersey+City%2C+N.J.%29&amp;rft.atitle=Assail+Russian+Patriarch&amp;rft.date=1971-11-20&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuzio2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kuzio, Taras (2005). 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December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113193957/https://dess.gov.ua/statistics-2020/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Civil+Service+of+Ukraine+on+Ethnopolitics+and+Freedom+of+Conscience&amp;rft.atitle=Report+on+the+Network+of+Religious+Organizations+for+2021&amp;rft.date=2020-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdess.gov.ua%2Fstatistics-2020%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPekar1979-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPekar1979_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPekar1979">Pekar 1979</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELitwin198757–83-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitwin198757–83_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLitwin1987">Litwin 1987</a>, pp.&#160;57–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVéghseő2015147–181-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVéghseő2015147–181_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVéghseő2015">Véghseő 2015</a>, pp.&#160;147–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=stUkAQAAIAAJ">Eastern Churches Journal: A Journal of Eastern Christendom, vol. 4 (1997)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202010405/https://books.google.com/books?id=stUkAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> 2021-12-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2005-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2005_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2005">Magocsi 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magocsi, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magocsi, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magocsi, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magocsi, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zakarpattya.net.ua/News/10991-Zakonodavstvo-Ukrainy-ne-dozvoliaie-vyznaty-rusyniv-Zakarpattia-okremoiu-natsionalnistiu--">"Законодавство України не дозволяє визнати русинів Закарпаття окремою національністю"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405055905/http://zakarpattya.net.ua/News/10991-Zakonodavstvo-Ukrainy-ne-dozvoliaie-vyznaty-rusyniv-Zakarpattia-okremoiu-natsionalnistiu--">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%94+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2+%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%8E+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8E&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzakarpattya.net.ua%2FNews%2F10991-Zakonodavstvo-Ukrainy-ne-dozvoliaie-vyznaty-rusyniv-Zakarpattia-okremoiu-natsionalnistiu--&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ivan Pop: <i>Encyclopedia of Subcarpathian Ruthenia</i>(Encyclopedija Podkarpatskoj Rusi). Uzhhorod, 2000. <i>With support from Carpatho-Russian ethnic research center in the USA</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9667838234" title="Special:BookSources/9667838234">9667838234</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005280-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005280_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsiPop2005">Magocsi &amp; Pop 2005</a>, p.&#160;280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Trier (1998), <i>Inter-Ethnic Relations in Transcarpathian Ukraine</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrochanowski1992" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Petro_Trochanowski" title="Petro Trochanowski">Trochanowski, Piotr</a> (14 January 1992). "Lemkowszczyzna przebudzona" &#91;<a href="/wiki/Lemkivshchyna" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemkivshchyna">Lemkivshchyna</a> Awakened&#93;. <i>Gazeta Wyborcza (Krakowski dodatek)</i> (in Polish). Cracow. p.&#160;2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Gazeta+Wyborcza+%28Krakowski+dodatek%29&amp;rft.atitle=Lemkowszczyzna+przebudzona&amp;rft.pages=2&amp;rft.date=1992-01-14&amp;rft.aulast=Trochanowski&amp;rft.aufirst=Piotr&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul2/select_5/?botton=cens_db&amp;box=5.5W&amp;k_t=00&amp;p=0&amp;rz=1_1&amp;rz_b=2_1%20&amp;n_page=1">"Number of persons of individual ethnic groups other than those of Ukrainian ethnicity and their native language" <bdi lang="uk">Чисельність осіб окремих етнографічних груп украінського етносу та їх рідна мова</bdi></a> &#91;Number of persons of individual ethnic groups other than those of Ukrainian ethnicity and their native language&#93; (in Ukrainian). State Committee for Statistics of Ukraine: 2001 Census. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023100709/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul2/select_5/?botton=cens_db&amp;box=5.5W&amp;k_t=00&amp;p=0&amp;rz=1_1&amp;rz_b=2_1%20&amp;n_page=1">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Number+of+persons+of+individual+ethnic+groups+other+than+those+of+Ukrainian+ethnicity+and+their+native+language+%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B1+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%97%D1%85+%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&amp;rft.pub=State+Committee+for+Statistics+of+Ukraine%3A+2001+Census&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua%2Fresults%2Fnationality_population%2Fnationality_popul2%2Fselect_5%2F%3Fbotton%3Dcens_db%26box%3D5.5W%26k_t%3D00%26p%3D0%26rz%3D1_1%26rz_b%3D2_1%2520%26n_page%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Comunicat de presă Primele date provizorii pentru Recensământul Populației și Locuințelor, runda 2021", at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221230125029/https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/cp-date-provizorii-rpl_2.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20221230125029/https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/cp-date-provizorii-rpl_2.pdf</a> , p. 11 (on ethnicity) and p. 12 (on language).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFДуличенко_А._Д.2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dulichenko" title="Aleksandr Dulichenko">Дуличенко А. Д.</a> (2005). "Малые славянские литературные языки. III. Восточнославянские малые литературные языки. IIIа. Карпаторусинский". <i>Языки мира. Славянские языки</i>. М.: <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">Academia</a>. pp.&#160;610–611. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-87444-216-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-87444-216-3"><bdi>978-5-87444-216-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8.+III.+%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8.+III%D0%B0.+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9&amp;rft.btitle=%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0.+%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8&amp;rft.place=%D0%9C.&amp;rft.pages=610-611&amp;rft.pub=Academia&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-5-87444-216-3&amp;rft.au=%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D0%90.+%D0%94.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pasieka-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pasieka_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasieka2021" class="citation journal cs1">Pasieka, Agnieszka (August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F02656914211027121">"Making an Ethnic Group: Lemko-Rusyns and the Minority Question in the Second Polish Republic"</a>. <i>European History Quarterly</i>. <b>51</b> (3): 386–410. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F02656914211027121">10.1177/02656914211027121</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237155677">237155677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=European+History+Quarterly&amp;rft.atitle=Making+an+Ethnic+Group%3A+Lemko-Rusyns+and+the+Minority+Question+in+the+Second+Polish+Republic&amp;rft.volume=51&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=386-410&amp;rft.date=2021-08&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F02656914211027121&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237155677%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Pasieka&amp;rft.aufirst=Agnieszka&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F02656914211027121&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CH%5CU%5CHutsuls.htm">"Encyclopedia of Ukraine: Hutsuls"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202011302/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CH%5CU%5CHutsuls.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine%3A+Hutsuls&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3FAddButton%3Dpages%255CH%255CU%255CHutsuls.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaefer-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schaefer_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard T.Schaefer (ed.), 2008, <i>Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, Volume 1</i>, SAGE Publications, p. 1341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olson-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Olson_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsonPappasPappasPappas1994" class="citation book cs1">Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas Charles; Pappas, Nicholas C. J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CquTz6ps5YgC"><i>An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp.&#160;135–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27497-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27497-8"><bdi>978-0-313-27497-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211230337/https://books.google.com/books?id=CquTz6ps5YgC">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=An+Ethnohistorical+Dictionary+of+the+Russian+and+Soviet+Empires&amp;rft.pages=135-136&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-313-27497-8&amp;rft.aulast=Olson&amp;rft.aufirst=James+Stuart&amp;rft.au=Pappas%2C+Lee+Brigance&amp;rft.au=Pappas%2C+Nicholas+Charles&amp;rft.au=Pappas%2C+Nicholas+C.+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCquTz6ps5YgC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20153-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20153_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2015">Magocsi 2015</a>, p.&#160;3.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section: General and cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonkáló1990" class="citation book cs1">Bonkáló, Alexander (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sy8fAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Rusyns</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-190-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-190-6"><bdi>978-0-88033-190-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515134517/https://books.google.com/books?id=sy8fAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Rusyns&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-88033-190-6&amp;rft.aulast=Bonk%C3%A1l%C3%B3&amp;rft.aufirst=Alexander&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsy8fAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCsernicskóFedinec2016" class="citation journal cs1">Csernicskó, István; Fedinec, Csilla (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311926631">"Four Language Laws of Ukraine"</a>. <i>International Journal on Minority and Group Rights</i>. <b>23</b>: 560–582. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217115653/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311926631_Four_Language_Laws_of_Ukraine">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+on+Minority+and+Group+Rights&amp;rft.atitle=Four+Language+Laws+of+Ukraine&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.pages=560-582&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.aulast=Csernicsk%C3%B3&amp;rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&amp;rft.au=Fedinec%2C+Csilla&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F311926631&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHimka1999" class="citation book cs1">Himka, John-Paul (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j2yhkvCx60IC"><i>Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine: The Greek Catholic Church and the Ruthenian National Movement in Galicia, 1870–1900</i></a>. Montreal &amp; Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1812-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1812-4"><bdi>978-0-7735-1812-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202011905/https://books.google.com/books?id=j2yhkvCx60IC">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Religion+and+Nationality+in+Western+Ukraine%3A+The+Greek+Catholic+Church+and+the+Ruthenian+National+Movement+in+Galicia%2C+1870%E2%80%931900&amp;rft.place=Montreal+%26+Kingston&amp;rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7735-1812-4&amp;rft.aulast=Himka&amp;rft.aufirst=John-Paul&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj2yhkvCx60IC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКатунин2015" class="citation journal cs1">Катунин, Дмитрий А. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.tsu.ru/engine/download.php?id=54654&amp;area=files">"Языковые права русинов, украинцев и других национальных меньшинств в законодательстве Республики Сербия"</a>. <i>Русин: Международный исторический журнал</i>. <b>39</b> (1): 229–238. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210807124944/http://journals.tsu.ru/engine/download.php?id=54654&amp;area=files">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%3A+%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB&amp;rft.atitle=%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2+%D0%B2+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;rft.volume=39&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=229-238&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%90.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.tsu.ru%2Fengine%2Fdownload.php%3Fid%3D54654%26area%3Dfiles&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitwin1987" class="citation journal cs1">Litwin, Henryk (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rcin.org.pl/Content/30516/WA303_48794_1987-55_APH_03_o.pdf">"Catholicization among the Ruthenian Nobility and Assimilation Processes in the Ukraine during the Years 1569–1648"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Acta Poloniae Historica</i>. <b>55</b>: 57–83. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210706083105/http://rcin.org.pl/Content/30516/WA303_48794_1987-55_APH_03_o.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Acta+Poloniae+Historica&amp;rft.atitle=Catholicization+among+the+Ruthenian+Nobility+and+Assimilation+Processes+in+the+Ukraine+during+the+Years+1569%E2%80%931648&amp;rft.volume=55&amp;rft.pages=57-83&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.aulast=Litwin&amp;rft.aufirst=Henryk&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frcin.org.pl%2FContent%2F30516%2FWA303_48794_1987-55_APH_03_o.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsiPop2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a>; Pop, Ivan I., eds. (2005) [2002]. <i>Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture</i> (2. rev.&#160;ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Rusyn+History+and+Culture&amp;rft.place=Toronto&amp;rft.edition=2.+rev.&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CdiIa8n7SsgC"><i>The Roots of Ukrainian Nationalism: Galicia as Ukraine's Piedmont</i></a>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4738-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4738-0"><bdi>978-0-8020-4738-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515133409/https://books.google.com/books?id=CdiIa8n7SsgC">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Ukrainian+Nationalism%3A+Galicia+as+Ukraine%27s+Piedmont&amp;rft.place=Toronto&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8020-4738-0&amp;rft.aulast=Magocsi&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCdiIa8n7SsgC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (2005) [1984]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rnMOAQAAMAAJ"><i>Our people: Carpatho-Rusyns and their Descendants in North America</i></a> (4. rev.&#160;ed.). Wauconda: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-611-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-611-0"><bdi>978-0-86516-611-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515004740/https://books.google.com/books?id=rnMOAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Our+people%3A+Carpatho-Rusyns+and+their+Descendants+in+North+America&amp;rft.place=Wauconda&amp;rft.edition=4.+rev.&amp;rft.pub=Bolchazy-Carducci+Publishers&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-86516-611-0&amp;rft.aulast=Magocsi&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrnMOAQAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2011a" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (2011a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cius-archives.ca/files/original/06e65909058c8543b80153d33b7f3a55.pdf">"The Fourth Rus': A New Reality in a New Europe"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Ukrainian Studies</i>. 35–36 (2010–2011): 167–177. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717054617/https://cius-archives.ca/files/original/06e65909058c8543b80153d33b7f3a55.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ukrainian+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=The+Fourth+Rus%27%3A+A+New+Reality+in+a+New+Europe&amp;rft.volume=35%E2%80%9336+%282010%E2%80%932011%29&amp;rft.pages=167-177&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.aulast=Magocsi&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcius-archives.ca%2Ffiles%2Foriginal%2F06e65909058c8543b80153d33b7f3a55.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nzj2DAAAQBAJ"><i>With Their Backs to the Mountains: A History of Carpathian Rus' and Carpatho-Rusyns</i></a>. Budapest-New York: Central European University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786155053467" title="Special:BookSources/9786155053467"><bdi>9786155053467</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208125111/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nzj2DAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-12-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=With+Their+Backs+to+the+Mountains%3A+A+History+of+Carpathian+Rus%27+and+Carpatho-Rusyns&amp;rft.place=Budapest-New+York&amp;rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.isbn=9786155053467&amp;rft.aulast=Magocsi&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNzj2DAAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPekar1979" class="citation book cs1">Pekar, Athanasius B. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl7lAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Bishops of the Eparchy of Mukachevo, with Historical Outlines</i></a>. Pittsburgh: Byzantine Seminary Pres. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201119202407/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl7lAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Bishops+of+the+Eparchy+of+Mukachevo%2C+with+Historical+Outlines&amp;rft.place=Pittsburgh&amp;rft.pub=Byzantine+Seminary+Pres&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.aulast=Pekar&amp;rft.aufirst=Athanasius+B.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKl7lAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusinko2003" class="citation book cs1">Rusinko, Elaine (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XoT3hxJZ2lsC"><i>Straddling Borders: Literature and Identity in Subcarpathian Rus'<span></span></i></a>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3711-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3711-4"><bdi>978-0-8020-3711-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515005604/https://books.google.com/books?id=XoT3hxJZ2lsC">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Straddling+Borders%3A+Literature+and+Identity+in+Subcarpathian+Rus%27&amp;rft.place=Toronto&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8020-3711-4&amp;rft.aulast=Rusinko&amp;rft.aufirst=Elaine&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXoT3hxJZ2lsC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRychlíkRychlíková2016" class="citation book cs1">Rychlík, Jan; Rychlíková, Magdaléna (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jIJuDwAAQBAJ"><i>Podkarpatská Rus v dějinách Československa 1918–1946</i></a>. Praha: Vyšehrad. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788074297694" title="Special:BookSources/9788074297694"><bdi>9788074297694</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515121831/https://books.google.com/books?id=jIJuDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Podkarpatsk%C3%A1+Rus+v+d%C4%9Bjin%C3%A1ch+%C4%8Ceskoslovenska+1918%E2%80%931946&amp;rft.place=Praha&amp;rft.pub=Vy%C5%A1ehrad&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.isbn=9788074297694&amp;rft.aulast=Rychl%C3%ADk&amp;rft.aufirst=Jan&amp;rft.au=Rychl%C3%ADkov%C3%A1%2C+Magdal%C3%A9na&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjIJuDwAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVéghseő2015" class="citation journal cs1">Véghseő, Tamás (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://real.mtak.hu/39976/3/veghseo_ETJ_1_2015.pdf">"Reflections on the Background to the Union of Uzhhorod / Ungvár (1646)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Eastern Theological Journal</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 147–181. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210706083105/http://real.mtak.hu/39976/3/veghseo_ETJ_1_2015.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Eastern+Theological+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=Reflections+on+the+Background+to+the+Union+of+Uzhhorod+%2F+Ungv%C3%A1r+%281646%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=147-181&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.aulast=V%C3%A9ghse%C5%91&amp;rft.aufirst=Tam%C3%A1s&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freal.mtak.hu%2F39976%2F3%2Fveghseo_ETJ_1_2015.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (2012). <i>Carpatho-Rusyns</i>. New York: Carpatho-Rusyn Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Carpatho-Rusyns&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Carpatho-Rusyn+Research+Center&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.aulast=Magocsi&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_studies_journals" title="List of Slavic studies journals">List of Slavic studies journals</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBidermann1862" class="citation book cs1">Bidermann, Hermann Ignaz (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y88rAQAAMAAJ"><i>Die ungarischen Ruthenen, ihr Wohngebiet, ihr Erwerb und ihre Geschichte</i></a>. Vol.&#160;1. Innsbruck: Wagnersche Universitäts-Buchhandlung. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514202231/https://books.google.com/books?id=y88rAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Die+ungarischen+Ruthenen%2C+ihr+Wohngebiet%2C+ihr+Erwerb+und+ihre+Geschichte&amp;rft.place=Innsbruck&amp;rft.pub=Wagnersche+Universit%C3%A4ts-Buchhandlung&amp;rft.date=1862&amp;rft.aulast=Bidermann&amp;rft.aufirst=Hermann+Ignaz&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy88rAQAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBidermann1867" class="citation book cs1">Bidermann, Hermann Ignaz (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bpEAAAAAcAAJ"><i>Die ungarischen Ruthenen, ihr Wohngebiet, ihr Erwerb und ihre Geschichte</i></a>. Vol.&#160;2. Innsbruck: Wagnersche Universitäts-Buchhandlung. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514231659/https://books.google.com/books?id=bpEAAAAAcAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Die+ungarischen+Ruthenen%2C+ihr+Wohngebiet%2C+ihr+Erwerb+und+ihre+Geschichte&amp;rft.place=Innsbruck&amp;rft.pub=Wagnersche+Universit%C3%A4ts-Buchhandlung&amp;rft.date=1867&amp;rft.aulast=Bidermann&amp;rft.aufirst=Hermann+Ignaz&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbpEAAAAAcAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChlebowski1983" class="citation book cs1">Chlebowski, Cezary (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4i0rAAAAMAAJ"><i>Wachlarz: Monografia wydzielonej organizacji dywersyjnej Armii Krajowej: wrzesien 1941-marzec 1943</i></a>. Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy Pax. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788321106786" title="Special:BookSources/9788321106786"><bdi>9788321106786</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515032506/https://books.google.com/books?id=4i0rAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Wachlarz%3A+Monografia+wydzielonej+organizacji+dywersyjnej+Armii+Krajowej%3A+wrzesien+1941-marzec+1943&amp;rft.place=Warszawa&amp;rft.pub=Instytut+Wydawniczy+Pax&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft.isbn=9788321106786&amp;rft.aulast=Chlebowski&amp;rft.aufirst=Cezary&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4i0rAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyrud1992" class="citation book cs1">Dyrud, Keith P. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vjpKAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Quest for the Rusyn Soul: The Politics of Religion and Culture in Eastern Europe and in America, 1890-World War I</i></a>. Philadelphia: Balch Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-944190-10-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-944190-10-4"><bdi>978-0-944190-10-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514095155/https://books.google.com/books?id=vjpKAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+the+Rusyn+Soul%3A+The+Politics+of+Religion+and+Culture+in+Eastern+Europe+and+in+America%2C+1890-World+War+I&amp;rft.place=Philadelphia&amp;rft.pub=Balch+Institute+Press&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-944190-10-4&amp;rft.aulast=Dyrud&amp;rft.aufirst=Keith+P.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvjpKAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolovatsky1846" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Golovatsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakov Golovatsky">Golovatsky, Yakov</a> (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X7xbAAAAcAAJ"><i>Zustände der Russinen in Gallizien: Ein Wort zur Zeit</i></a>. Leipzig: Slawische Buchhandlung. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515020426/https://books.google.com/books?id=X7xbAAAAcAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Zust%C3%A4nde+der+Russinen+in+Gallizien%3A+Ein+Wort+zur+Zeit&amp;rft.place=Leipzig&amp;rft.pub=Slawische+Buchhandlung&amp;rft.date=1846&amp;rft.aulast=Golovatsky&amp;rft.aufirst=Yakov&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX7xbAAAAcAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKokaisl2023" class="citation book cs1">Kokaisl, Petr (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2bSvEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=kokaisl+rusyns&amp;pg=PA4"><i>In the footsteps of the Rusyns in Europe: Ukraine, Slovakia, Serbia, Poland and Hungary</i></a>. Praha: Nostalgie. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-908883-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-908883-0-2"><bdi>978-80-908883-0-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=In+the+footsteps+of+the+Rusyns+in+Europe%3A+Ukraine%2C+Slovakia%2C+Serbia%2C+Poland+and+Hungary&amp;rft.place=Praha&amp;rft.pub=Nostalgie&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft.isbn=978-80-908883-0-2&amp;rft.aulast=Kokaisl&amp;rft.aufirst=Petr&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2bSvEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dkokaisl%2Brusyns%26pg%3DPA4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLansdowne2008" class="citation book cs1">Lansdowne, Alan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.twirpx.com/file/1535336"><i>Is there a credible case for Rusyn National Self-Determination in Ukraine?</i></a>. MA Thesis. London: School of Slavonic and Eastern European Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Is+there+a+credible+case+for+Rusyn+National+Self-Determination+in+Ukraine%3F&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.series=MA+Thesis&amp;rft.pub=School+of+Slavonic+and+Eastern+European+Studies&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.aulast=Lansdowne&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.twirpx.com%2Ffile%2F1535336&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer1997" class="citation book cs1">Mayer, Maria (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W3DiAAAAMAAJ"><i>Rusyns of Hungary: Political and Social Developments, 1860–1910</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-387-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-387-0"><bdi>978-0-88033-387-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514221246/https://books.google.com/books?id=W3DiAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Rusyns+of+Hungary%3A+Political+and+Social+Developments%2C+1860%E2%80%931910&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-88033-387-0&amp;rft.aulast=Mayer&amp;rft.aufirst=Maria&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW3DiAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi1973" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191205040050/https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Magochii_Pavlo_Robert/An_Historiographical_Guide_to_Subcarpathian_Rus_anhl.pdf">"An Historiographical Guide to Subcarpathian Rus'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Austrian History Yearbook</i>. <b>9</b>: 201–265. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS006723780001910X">10.1017/S006723780001910X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144778333">144778333</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Magochii_Pavlo_Robert/An_Historiographical_Guide_to_Subcarpathian_Rus_anhl.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-12-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Austrian+History+Yearbook&amp;rft.atitle=An+Historiographical+Guide+to+Subcarpathian+Rus%27&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.pages=201-265&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS006723780001910X&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144778333%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Magocsi&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshron1.chtyvo.org.ua%2FMagochii_Pavlo_Robert%2FAn_Historiographical_Guide_to_Subcarpathian_Rus_anhl.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi1975" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428052942/https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Magochii_Pavlo_Robert/The_Ruthenian_Decision_to_Unite_with_Czechoslovakia_anhl.pdf">"The Ruthenian Decision to Unite with Czechoslovakia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Slavic Review</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 360–381. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2495193">10.2307/2495193</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2495193">2495193</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155615547">155615547</a>. 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Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XcOOAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Shaping of a National Identity: Subcarpathian Rus', 1848–1948</i></a>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-80579-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-80579-8"><bdi>978-0-674-80579-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727180414/https://books.google.com/books?id=XcOOAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/carpathorusyname00mago"><i>The Carpatho-Rusyn Americans</i></a></span> (1.&#160;ed.). 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Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M2EnAQAAIAAJ"><i>Carpatho-Rusyn Studies: An Annotated Bibliography, 1975–1984</i></a>. Vol.&#160;1. New York: Garland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-1214-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-1214-4"><bdi>978-0-8240-1214-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727175037/https://books.google.com/books?id=M2EnAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EDkMAQAAMAAJ">"Magyars and Carpatho-Rusyns: On the Seventieth Anniversary of the Founding of Czechoslovakia"</a>. <i>Harvard Ukrainian Studies</i>. <b>14</b> (3–4): 427–460. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515014731/https://books.google.com/books?id=EDkMAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d-VnAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Rusyns of Slovakia: An Historical Survey</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-278-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-278-1"><bdi>978-0-88033-278-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190930112130/https://books.google.com/books?id=d-VNAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Boulder: East European Monographs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-331-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-331-3"><bdi>978-0-88033-331-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210822170713/https://books.google.com/books?id=K7diAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Boulder: East European Monographs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-438-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-438-9"><bdi>978-0-88033-438-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616063251/https://books.google.com/books?id=8OuzAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Of+the+Making+of+Nationalities+There+is+No+End&amp;rft.place=Boulder&amp;rft.pub=East+European+Monographs&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-88033-438-9&amp;rft.aulast=Magocsi&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8OuzAAAAIAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi1999b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (1999b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KMuzAAAAIAAJ"><i>Of the Making of Nationalities There is No End</i></a>. Vol.&#160;2. Boulder: East European Monographs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-438-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-438-9"><bdi>978-0-88033-438-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210617024252/https://books.google.com/books?id=KMuzAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Of+the+Making+of+Nationalities+There+is+No+End&amp;rft.place=Boulder&amp;rft.pub=East+European+Monographs&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-88033-438-9&amp;rft.aulast=Magocsi&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKMuzAAAAIAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (2010) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TA1zVKTTsXUC"><i>A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples</i></a> (2. rev.&#160;ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1021-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1021-7"><bdi>978-1-4426-1021-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819223631/https://books.google.com/books?id=TA1zVKTTsXUC">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ukraine%3A+The+Land+and+Its+Peoples&amp;rft.place=Toronto&amp;rft.edition=2.+rev.&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4426-1021-7&amp;rft.aulast=Magocsi&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTA1zVKTTsXUC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (2013). "Carpathian Rus': Interethnic Coexistence without Violence". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xam0fUlrXfkC"><i>Shatterzone of Empires: Coexistence and Violence in the German, Habsburg, Russian, and Ottoman Borderlands</i></a>. Bloomington-Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp.&#160;449–462. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00631-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00631-8"><bdi>978-0-253-00631-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514130504/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xam0fUlrXfkC">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Carpathian+Rus%27%3A+Interethnic+Coexistence+without+Violence&amp;rft.btitle=Shatterzone+of+Empires%3A+Coexistence+and+Violence+in+the+German%2C+Habsburg%2C+Russian%2C+and+Ottoman+Borderlands&amp;rft.place=Bloomington-Indianapolis&amp;rft.pages=449-462&amp;rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-253-00631-8&amp;rft.aulast=Magocsi&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXam0fUlrXfkC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (2018) [1993]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p-d_DwAAQBAJ"><i>Historical Atlas of Central Europe</i></a> (3. rev.&#160;ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-2331-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-2331-2"><bdi>978-1-4875-2331-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819172357/https://books.google.com/books?id=p-d_DwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas+of+Central+Europe&amp;rft.place=Toronto&amp;rft.edition=3.+rev.&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4875-2331-2&amp;rft.aulast=Magocsi&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp-d_DwAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrov1998" class="citation book cs1">Petrov, Aleksei L. (1998) [1930]. <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d2PZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Medieval Carpathian Rus': The Oldest Documentation About the Carpatho-Rusyn Church and Eparchy</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-388-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-388-7"><bdi>978-0-88033-388-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515003429/https://books.google.com/books?id=d2PZAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Medieval+Carpathian+Rus%27%3A+The+Oldest+Documentation+About+the+Carpatho-Rusyn+Church+and+Eparchy&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-88033-388-7&amp;rft.aulast=Petrov&amp;rft.aufirst=Aleksei+L.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd2PZAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShandor1997" class="citation book cs1">Shandor, Vikenty (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/carpathoukrainei0000shan"><i>Carpatho-Ukraine in the Twentieth Century: A Political and Legal History</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Carpatho-Ukraine+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+A+Political+and+Legal+History&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.aulast=Shandor&amp;rft.aufirst=Vikenty&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcarpathoukrainei0000shan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyns" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_Rusyns" title="Template:Navbox Rusyns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_Rusyns" title="Template talk:Navbox Rusyns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_Rusyns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox Rusyns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rusyns_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rusyns</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boykos" title="Boykos">Boykos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolinyans&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolinyans (page does not exist)">Dolinyans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hutsuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyns" title="Pannonian Rusyns">Pannonian Rusyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rusyn_diaspora" title="Category:Rusyn diaspora">Diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_Americans" title="Rusyn Americans">Rusyn Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Carpathian Rusyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li>Precursors <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iazychie" title="Iazychie">Iazychie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Catholicism">Greek Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Carpatho-Russian_Orthodox_Diocese" title="American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese">American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Croats" title="White Croats">White Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus&#39; people">Rus' people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints Cyril and Methodius">Saints Cyril and Methodius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Brest" title="Union of Brest">Union of Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Uzhhorod" title="Union of Uzhhorod">Union of Uzhhorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi&#39;s War of Independence">Rákóczi's War of Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Late_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Modern">Late Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dukhnovych" title="Alexander Dukhnovych">Alexander Dukhnovych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalerhof_internment_camp" title="Thalerhof internment camp">Thalerhof internment camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Russophilia" title="Galician Russophilia">Galician Russophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyarization" title="Magyarization">Magyarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Ukraine" title="Carpatho-Ukraine">Carpatho-Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komancza_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Komancza Republic">Komancza Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemko_Republic" title="Lemko Republic">Lemko Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesko_uprising" title="Lesko uprising">Lesko uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People&#39;s Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vistula" title="Operation Vistula">Operation Vistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainization" title="Ukrainization">Ukrainization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Places_inhabited_by_Rusyns" title="Places inhabited by Rusyns">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Rus'</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lemko_Region" title="Lemko Region">Lemkovyna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov_Region" title="Prešov Region">Prešov Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Maramureș County</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina, Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Congress_of_Rusyns" title="World Congress of Rusyns">World Congress of Rusyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Rusyn_Society" title="Carpatho-Rusyn Society">Carpatho-Rusyn Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostopinije" title="Prostopinije">Prostopinije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-dish_Christmas_Eve_supper" title="Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper">Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dukhnovych_Theater" title="Alexander Dukhnovych Theater">Alexander Dukhnovych Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_decorating_in_Slavic_culture" title="Egg decorating in Slavic culture">Pysanky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dukhnovych" title="Alexander Dukhnovych">Alexander Dukhnovych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Dobriansky" title="Adolf Dobriansky">Adolf Dobriansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robert_Magocsi" title="Paul Robert Magocsi">Paul Robert Magocsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Ditko" title="Steve Ditko">Steve Ditko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_%C5%BDatkovich" title="Gregory Žatkovich">Gregory Žatkovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.25em;"><div><div style="margin-top:0;line-height:1.4em;margin-bottom:-0.2em;"> </div><div style="margin-top:-0.2em;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Rusyns" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Rusyns">WikiProject Rusyns</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slavic_ethnic_groups" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavic_ethnic_groups" title="Template:Slavic ethnic groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavic_ethnic_groups" title="Template talk:Slavic ethnic groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic_ethnic_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic ethnic groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slavic_ethnic_groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic ethnic groups</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Creole_people" title="Alaskan Creole people">Alaskan Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Latvia" title="Belarusians in Latvia">Belarusian Latvians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Lithuania" title="Belarusians in Lithuania">Belarusian Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_minority_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian minority in Poland">Belarusian Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Russia" title="Belarusians in Russia">Belarusian Russians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boykos" title="Boykos">Boykos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albazinians" title="Albazinians">Albazinians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baikal_Cossacks" title="Baikal Cossacks">Baikal Cossacks</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Cossacks" title="Don Cossacks">Don Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekrasov_Cossacks" title="Nekrasov Cossacks">Nekrasov Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terek_Cossacks" title="Terek Cossacks">Terek Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greben_Cossacks" title="Greben Cossacks">Greben Cossacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurans_(Transbaikal_people)" title="Gurans (Transbaikal people)">Gurans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hutsuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyms" title="Karyms">Karyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokan" class="mw-redirect" title="Molokan">Molokans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlashuks" title="Podlashuks">Podlashuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poleshuks" title="Poleshuks">Poleshuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryuns" title="Goryuns">Goryuns</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Russians" title="Harbin Russians">Harbin Russians</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchadals" title="Kamchadals">Kamchadals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamenschik" title="Kamenschik">Kamenschiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipovans" title="Lipovans">Lipovans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polekhs" title="Polekhs">Polekhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semeiskie" title="Semeiskie">Semeiskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberians" title="Siberians">Siberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_old-settlers" title="Russian old-settlers">Starozhily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rusyns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyns" title="Pannonian Rusyns">Pannonian Rusyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns_of_Romania" title="Rusyns of Romania">Rusyn Romanians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Podolyans" title="Podolyans">Podolyans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvin#Ethnic_group_in_Ukraine" title="Litvin">Litvins</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavic_europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/100px-Slavic_europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/150px-Slavic_europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/200px-Slavic_europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chods" title="Chods">Chods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorals" title="Gorals">Gorals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Gorals" title="Silesian Gorals">Silesian Gorals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gochy" title="Gochy">Gochans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krubans" title="Krubans">Krubans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincians" title="Slovincians">Slovincians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechites" title="Lechites">Lechites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masurians" title="Masurians">Masurians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravians" title="Moravians">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambers" title="Bambers">Bambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderlands_Poles" title="Borderlands Poles">Borderlands Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug_River_Poles" title="Bug River Poles">Bug River Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_people" title="Greater Poland people">Greater Poland people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaliszans" title="Kaliszans">Kaliszans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyavians" title="Kuyavians">Kuyavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%9Btaks" title="Taśtaks">Taśtaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kociewie#Kociewians" title="Kociewie">Kociewians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurpie" title="Kurpie">Kurpies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasovians" title="Lasovians">Lasovians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czycans" title="Łęczycans">Łęczycans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland_people" title="Lesser Poland people">Lesser Poland people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masovians" title="Masovians">Masovians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81owiczans" title="Łowiczans">Łowiczans</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrzec_Boyars" title="Międzyrzec Boyars">Międzyrzec Boyars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poborzans" title="Poborzans">Poborzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Uplanders" title="Polish Uplanders">Polish Uplanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Russia" title="Polish minority in Russia">Russian Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%85cz_Lachs" title="Sącz Lachs">Sącz Lachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieradzans" title="Sieradzans">Sieradzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmians_(ethnic_group)" title="Warmians (ethnic group)">Warmians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obotrites" title="Obotrites">Obotrites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhrpolen" title="Ruhrpolen">Ruhrpolen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Vlachs" title="Cieszyn Vlachs">Cieszyn Vlachs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wends_of_Texas" title="Wends of Texas">Texas Wends</a></li> <li><a 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6.64% 140.107 27 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.89% 124.245 16 Template:Langx"," 5.11% 107.827 2 Template:Short_description"," 4.41% 93.203 10 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.320","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20104323,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF(Serbia)1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarriger\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenedek2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBidermann1862\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBidermann1867\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonkáló1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChlebowski1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCsernicskóFedinec2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuster\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyrud1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardner1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Shevelov2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolovatsky1846\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHimka1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvan_KatchanovskiKohutNebesioYurkevich2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn-Paul_Himka2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKokaisl2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuzio2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLansdowne2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLitwin1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi1988\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi1999a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi1999b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi2011a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi2011b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsiPop2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasich1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayer1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoser2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMotta2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyshanych1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolae_PavliucVolodymyr_SichynskyStanisław_Vincenz2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNikitinKochkinJuneWillis2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO._M._UtevskaM._I._ChukhraevaA._T._AgdzhoyanL._A._Atramentova2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlsonPappasPappasPappas1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPasieka2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Magocsi1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Robert_Magocsi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPekar1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrov1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPutin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRusinko2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRychlíkRychlíková2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRębała2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSedov2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegeda1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegeda2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShandor1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSofiia_Rabii-Karpynska2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubtelny1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrochanowski1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTymofelev1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUdvari\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUdvari2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVavrik2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeselinovic2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVukovich2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVéghseő2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarzeski1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFВойналович_В.А.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFВортман_Д.Я.Косміна_О.Ю.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFГвать2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFДуличенко_А._Д.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFИ._А._Бойко2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFКатунин2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFКовпак_Л.В.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFКозак1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFМ._Ю._Дронов2016\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 50,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 23,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Croatian Census 2021\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 10,\n [\"Estimation\"] = 2,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 1,\n [\"Fact\"] = 2,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 11,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 16,\n [\"MOS\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Navbox Rusyns\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 4,\n [\"See\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 41,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Slavic ethnic groups\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 10,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 7,\n [\"Which\"] = 1,\n [\"·\"] = 6,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","19.4"],["?","200","13.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","140","9.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","9.7"],["dataWrapper 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Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-05-21T11:55:36Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T19:10:05Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/27\/Flag_of_Rusyns_2007.svg","headline":"ethnic group that speaks an Eastern Slavic language"}</script> </body> </html>

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