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href="#Slavic_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Slavic settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavic_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungarian_arrival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungarian_arrival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hungarian arrival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungarian_arrival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_of_Hungary_and_Transylvania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_of_Hungary_and_Transylvania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Part of Hungary and Transylvania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_of_Hungary_and_Transylvania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transitional_period_(1918–1919)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transitional_period_(1918–1919)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Transitional period (1918–1919)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transitional_period_(1918–1919)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rus'ka_Krajina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rus'ka_Krajina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Rus'ka Krajina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rus'ka_Krajina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_Soviet_Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_Soviet_Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>Fall of Soviet Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_Soviet_Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_of_Czechoslovakia_(1920–1938)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_of_Czechoslovakia_(1920–1938)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Part of Czechoslovakia (1920–1938)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_of_Czechoslovakia_(1920–1938)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subcarpathian_Rus'_(1928–1939)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subcarpathian_Rus'_(1928–1939)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Subcarpathian Rus' (1928–1939)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subcarpathian_Rus'_(1928–1939)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carpathian_Ukraine_(1938–1939)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carpathian_Ukraine_(1938–1939)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Carpathian Ukraine (1938–1939)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carpathian_Ukraine_(1938–1939)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governorate_of_Subcarpathia_(1939–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governorate_of_Subcarpathia_(1939–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Governorate of Subcarpathia (1939–1945)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governorate_of_Subcarpathia_(1939–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_to_Soviet_takeover_and_control_(1944–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_Soviet_takeover_and_control_(1944–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Transition to Soviet takeover and control (1944–1945)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_Soviet_takeover_and_control_(1944–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transcarpathian_Ukraine–Soviet_Union_(1945–1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transcarpathian_Ukraine–Soviet_Union_(1945–1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Transcarpathian Ukraine–Soviet Union (1945–1991)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transcarpathian_Ukraine–Soviet_Union_(1945–1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_to_independent_Ukraine_(1991–)" class="vector-toc-list-item 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href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue_with_self-identity:_Ukrainians_or_Rusyns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue_with_self-identity:_Ukrainians_or_Rusyns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Issue with self-identity: Ukrainians or Rusyns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue_with_self-identity:_Ukrainians_or_Rusyns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungarians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungarians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Hungarians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungarians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Germans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czechs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czechs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> 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vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> 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encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpathian_Ruthenia&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historic region located on the northeastern side of the Carpathian Mountains</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the historical region. For the autonomous state that existed from 1938–39, see <a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Ukraine" title="Carpatho-Ukraine">Carpatho-Ukraine</a>. For the modern Ukrainian region, see <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a>. 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Transcarpathia%22">"Transcarpathia"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Transcarpathia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Transcarpathia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Transcarpathia%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Transcarpathia%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Transcarpathia%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, 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plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Tone" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>tone or style may not reflect the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic tone</a> used on Wikipedia</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> See Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">guide to writing better articles</a> for suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Transcarpathia</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Закарпаття</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Zakarpattia</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="uk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian" title="Help:IPA/Ukrainian">[zɐkɐrˈpatʲːɐ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b1\/LL-Q8798_%28ukr%29-Tohaomg-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F.wav\/LL-Q8798_%28ukr%29-Tohaomg-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Tohaomg-\u0417\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0440\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0442\u044f.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/LL-Q8798_%28ukr%29-Tohaomg-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F.wav/LL-Q8798_%28ukr%29-Tohaomg-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q8798_(ukr)-Tohaomg-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F.wav" title="File:LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Tohaomg-Закарпаття.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a historical region on the border between <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a>, mostly located in western Ukraine's <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a>. </p><p>From the Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">conquest</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a> (at the end of the 9th century) to the end of World War I (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> in 1920), most of this region was part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, it was part of the <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Second Czechoslovak Republics</a>. Before World War II, the region was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%9346)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)">Kingdom of Hungary</a> once again when Germany dismembered the Second Czechoslovak Republic. After the war, it was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and became part of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>. </p><p>It is an ethnically diverse region, inhabited mostly by people who regard themselves as ethnic <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak people">Slovaks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>. It also has small communities of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> minorities. Prior to World War II, many more Jews lived in the region, constituting over 13% of its total population in 1930. The most commonly spoken languages are <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusyn Language">Rusyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovakian language">Slovak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_Counties_in_Zakarpattia.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Historical_Counties_in_Zakarpattia.GIF/220px-Historical_Counties_in_Zakarpattia.GIF" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Historical_Counties_in_Zakarpattia.GIF/330px-Historical_Counties_in_Zakarpattia.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Historical_Counties_in_Zakarpattia.GIF/440px-Historical_Counties_in_Zakarpattia.GIF 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>Former Hungarian counties in Zakarpattia Oblast: <table style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4682B4; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ung_county" class="mw-redirect" title="Ung county">Ung</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C0C0C0; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bereg_(county)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bereg (county)">Bereg</a></div> </td> <td valign="top"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CD5C5C; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ugocsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugocsa">Ugocsa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FBEC5D; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Maramure%C8%99" title="Northern Maramureș">Northern Maramureș</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></figcaption></figure> <p>The name Carpathian Ruthenia is sometimes used for the contiguous cross-border area of Ukraine, Slovakia and Poland inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a>. The local Ruthenian population self-identifies in different ways: some consider themselves to be a separate and unique Slavic group of <a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a> and some consider themselves to be both Rusyns and Ukrainians. To describe their home region, most of them use the term <i>Zakarpattia</i> (Trans-Carpathia; literally "beyond the Carpathian mountains").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This is contrasted implicitly with <i><a href="/wiki/Prykarpattia" title="Prykarpattia">Prykarpattia</a></i> (Ciscarpathia; "Near-Carpathia"), an unofficial region in Ukraine, to the immediate north-east of the central area of the Carpathian Range, and potentially including its foothills, the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Subcarpathia" title="Outer Subcarpathia">Subcarpathian</a> basin and part of the surrounding plains.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>From a Hungarian (and to an extent Slovak and Czech) perspective, the region is usually described as <a href="/wiki/Inner_Subcarpathia" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner Subcarpathia">Subcarpathia</a> (literally "below the Carpathians"), although technically this name refers only to a long, narrow basin that flanks the northern side of the mountains.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the period in which the region was administered by the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungarian states</a>, it was officially referred to in Hungarian as Kárpátalja (literally: "the base of the Carpathians") or the north-eastern regions of medieval <i>Upper Hungary</i>, which in the 16th century was contested between the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Empire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> name of the region is <a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Maramureș</a>, which is geographically located in the eastern and south-eastern portions of the region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the period of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovak</a> administration in the first half of the 20th century, the region was referred to for a while as <i>Rusinsko</i> (Ruthenia) or <i>Karpatske Rusinsko</i>, and later as Subcarpathian Rus (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>: <i>Podkarpatská Rus</i>) or Subcarpathian Ukraine (Czech and Slovak: <i>Podkarpatská Ukrajina</i>), and from 1928 as Subcarpathian Ruthenian Land.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Czech: <i>Země podkarpatoruská</i>, Slovak: <i>Krajina podkarpatoruská</i>). </p><p>Alternative, unofficial names used in Czechoslovakia before World War II included Subcarpathia (Czech and Slovak: <i>Podkarpatsko</i>), Transcarpathia (Czech and Slovak: <i>Zakarpatsko</i>), Transcarpathian Ukraine (Czech and Slovak: <i>Zakarpatská Ukrajina</i>), Carpathian Rus/Ruthenia (Czech and Slovak: <i>Karpatská Rus</i>) and, occasionally, Hungarian Rus/Ruthenia (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">Uherská Rus</i>; <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>: <i lang="sk">Uhorská Rus</i>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The region declared its independence as <a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Ukraine" title="Carpatho-Ukraine">Carpatho-Ukraine</a> on March 15, 1939, but was occupied and annexed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a> on the same day, and remained under Hungarian control until the end of World War II. During this period the region continued to possess a special administration and the term <i>Kárpátalja</i> was locally used.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1944–1946, the region was occupied by the Soviet Army and was a separate political formation known as Transcarpathian Ukraine or Subcarpathian Ruthenia. During this period the region possessed some form of quasi-autonomy with its own legislature, while remaining under the governance of the Communist Party of Transcarpathian Ukraine. After the signing of a treaty between <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> as well as the decision of the regional council, Transcarpathia joined the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region has subsequently been referred to as <i>Zakarpattia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Закарпаття</span>) or <i>Transcarpathia</i>, and on occasions as <i>Carpathian Rus’</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Карпатська Русь</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Karpatska Rus</i></span>), <i>Transcarpathian Rus’</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Закарпатська Русь</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Zakarpatska Rus</i></span>), or <i>Subcarpathian Rus’</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Підкарпатська Русь</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Pidkarpatska Rus</i></span>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_Carpathians" title="Divisions of the Carpathians">Divisions of the Carpathians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outer_Subcarpathia" title="Outer Subcarpathia">Outer Subcarpathia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Topographical_map_of_the_Carpathian_Ruthenia_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Topographical_map_of_the_Carpathian_Ruthenia_region.svg/220px-Topographical_map_of_the_Carpathian_Ruthenia_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Topographical_map_of_the_Carpathian_Ruthenia_region.svg/330px-Topographical_map_of_the_Carpathian_Ruthenia_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Topographical_map_of_the_Carpathian_Ruthenia_region.svg/440px-Topographical_map_of_the_Carpathian_Ruthenia_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Lands bordering the Carpathian Ruthenia region</figcaption></figure> <p>Carpathian Ruthenia rests on the southern slopes of the eastern <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>, bordered to the east and south by the <a href="/wiki/Tisza" title="Tisza">Tisza</a> River, and to the west by the <a href="/wiki/Horn%C3%A1d" title="Hornád">Hornád</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poprad_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Poprad River">Poprad Rivers</a>. The region borders Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania, and makes up part of the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Plain">Pannonian Plain</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The region is predominantly rural and infrastructurally underdeveloped. The landscape is mostly mountainous; it is geographically separated from Ukraine, Slovakia, and Romania by mountains, and from Hungary by the Tisza river. The two major cities are <a href="/wiki/Uzhhorod" title="Uzhhorod">Uzhhorod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mukachevo" title="Mukachevo">Mukachevo</a>, both with populations around 100,000. The population of the other five cities (including <a href="/wiki/Khust" title="Khust">Khust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berehove" title="Berehove">Berehove</a>) varies between 10,000 and 30,000. Other urban and rural populated places have a population of less than 10,000.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Transcarpathia" title="Special:EditPage/Transcarpathia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_cultures">Prehistoric cultures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prehistoric cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Late <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age</a> in the 2nd millennium BC, the region was characterized by Stanove culture;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, it only gained more advanced metalworking skills with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a> from the South with Kushtanovytsia culture in the 6th-3rd century BC. In the 5th-3rd century BC, <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> arrived from the West, bringing iron-melting skills and <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a>. A Thracian-Celtic symbiosis existed for a time in the region, after which appeared the <a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EIU_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIU-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, the Iranian-speaking <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> and later a <a href="/wiki/Sarmatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmatian">Sarmatian</a> tribe called the <a href="/wiki/Iazyges" title="Iazyges">Iazyges</a> were present in the region. <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavics" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavics">Proto-Slavic</a> settlement began between the 2nd-century BCE and 2nd century CE,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EOU_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOU-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and during the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>, the region was traversed by <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a> (4th century) and <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Pannonian Avars</a> (6th century). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavic_settlement">Slavic settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Slavic settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 8th and 9th century, the valleys of the Northern and Southern slopes of the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a> were "densely" settled by Slavic tribe of <a href="/wiki/White_Croats" title="White Croats">White Croats</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EOU_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOU-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who were closely related to <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavic</a> tribes who inhabited <a href="/wiki/Prykarpattia" title="Prykarpattia">Prykarpattia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transnistria_(geographical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transnistria (geographical region)">Transnistria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_Ukraine" title="Dnieper Ukraine">Dnieper Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EIU_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIU-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas some White Croats remained behind in Carpathian Ruthenia, others moved southward into the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> in the 7th century. Those who remained were conquered by <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> in the late 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-EOU_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOU-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungarian_arrival">Hungarian arrival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hungarian arrival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 896 the <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> crossed the Carpathian Range and migrated into the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Pannonian Basin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EOU_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOU-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Nestor's Chronicle</a> wrote that Hungarian tribes had to fight against the <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Volochi</a> and settled among Slavs when on their way to Pannonia. <a href="/wiki/Laborec_(ruler)" title="Laborec (ruler)">Prince Laborec</a> fell from power under the efforts of the Hungarians and the Kievan forces.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hungarorum" title="Gesta Hungarorum">Gesta Hungarorum</a>, the Hungarians defeated a united <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Byzantine army</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Salan" title="Salan">Salan</a> in the early 10th century on the plains of Alpár, who ruled over territory that was finally conquered by Hungarians. During the tenth and for most of the eleventh century the territory remained a borderland between the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> to the south and the <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Halych" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Halych">Principality of Halych</a> to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slavs from the north (<a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a>) and east—who actually arrived from <a href="/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolia</a> via the mountain passes of <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>—continued to settle in small numbers in various parts of the Carpathian borderland, which the Hungarians and other medieval writers referred to as the Marchia Ruthenorum—the Rus' March. These new immigrants, from the north and east, like the Slavs already living in Carpathian Ruthenia, had by the eleventh century come to be known as the people of Rus', or <a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a>. Local Slavic nobility often intermarried with the <a href="/wiki/Nobility_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility in the Kingdom of Hungary">Hungarian nobles</a> to the south. <a href="/wiki/Rostislav_of_Slavonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rostislav of Slavonia">Prince Rostislav</a>, a Ruthenian noble unable to continue his family's rule of Kiev, governed a great deal of Transcarpathia from 1243 to 1261 for his <a href="/wiki/Father-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Father-in-law">father-in-law</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_IV_of_Hungary" title="Béla IV of Hungary">Béla IV of Hungary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territory's ethnic diversity increased with the influx of some 40,000 <a href="/wiki/Cuman" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuman">Cuman</a> settlers, who came to the Pannonian Basin after their defeat by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_II_Monomakh" title="Vladimir II Monomakh">Vladimir II (Monomakh)</a> in the 12th century and their ultimate defeat at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> in 1238.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early period of Hungarian administration, part of the area was included into the <a href="/wiki/Gyep%C5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyepű">Gyepű</a> border region, while the other part was under county authority and was included into the counties of <a href="/wiki/Ung_County" title="Ung County">Ung</a>, Borsova and <a href="/wiki/Szatm%C3%A1r_County" title="Szatmár County">Szatmár</a>. Later, the county administrative system was expanded to the whole of Transcarpathia, and the area was divided between the counties of Ung, <a href="/wiki/Bereg_County" title="Bereg County">Bereg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ugocsa_County" title="Ugocsa County">Ugocsa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ramaros_County" title="Máramaros County">Máramaros</a>. At the end of the 13th and beginning of the 14th century, during the collapse of the central power in the Kingdom of Hungary, the region was part of the domains of semi-independent oligarchs <a href="/wiki/Amadeus_Aba" title="Amadeus Aba">Amadeus Aba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Pok" title="Nicholas Pok">Nicholas Pok</a>. From 1280 to 1320, the north-western part of Carpathian Ruthenia was part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the 12th and 15th centuries, the area was probably colonized by <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> groups of <a href="/wiki/Vlach" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlach">Vlach</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanian</a>) highlanders with accompanying <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenian</a> populations. Initially, the Romanians were organized into the <a href="/wiki/Voivodeship_of_Maramure%C8%99" title="Voivodeship of Maramureș">Voivodeship of Maramureș</a>, formally integrated into Hungary in 1402. All the groups, including local <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic</a> population, blended together, creating a distinctive culture from the main <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenian</a>-speaking areas. Over time, because of geographical and political isolation from the main Ruthenian-speaking territory, the inhabitants developed distinctive features.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_of_Hungary_and_Transylvania">Part of Hungary and Transylvania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Part of Hungary and Transylvania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungary-ethnic_groups.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hungary-ethnic_groups.jpg/220px-Hungary-ethnic_groups.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hungary-ethnic_groups.jpg/330px-Hungary-ethnic_groups.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hungary-ethnic_groups.jpg/440px-Hungary-ethnic_groups.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2913" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>1885 <a href="/wiki/Ethnographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnographic">ethnographic</a> map of the Hungarian Crown <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:gold; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1526 the region was divided between the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom" title="Eastern Hungarian Kingdom">Eastern Hungarian Kingdom</a>. Beginning in 1570 the latter transformed to the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a>, which soon fell under <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> suzerainty. The part of Transcarpathia under Habsburg administration was included into the <a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Captaincies of the Kingdom of Hungary">Captaincy of Upper Hungary</a>, which was one of the administrative units of the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary. During this period, an important factor in the Ruthenian cultural identity, namely religion, came to the forefront. The <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Brest" title="Union of Brest">Union of Brest</a> (1595) and <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Uzhhorod" title="Union of Uzhhorod">Union of Uzhhorod</a> (1646) were instituted, causing the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Byzantine Orthodox Churches</a> of Carpathian and Transcarpathian Rus' to come under the jurisdiction of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Rome</a>, thus establishing the so-called <a href="/wiki/Uniate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniate">"Unia"</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic churches</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a>. </p><p>In the 17th century (until 1648) the entire region was part of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a> and between 1682 and 1685 its north-western part was administered by the Ottoman vassal state of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Upper_Hungary" title="Principality of Upper Hungary">Upper Hungary</a>, while the south-eastern parts remained under the administration of Transylvania. From 1699 the entire region eventually became part of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>, divided between the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Kingdom of Hungary</a> and the Principality of Transylvania. Later, the entire region was included into the Kingdom of Hungary. Between 1850 and 1860 the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary was divided into five military districts, and the region was part of the <a href="/wiki/Military_District_of_Kaschau" title="Military District of Kaschau">Military District of Kaschau</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen">Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 1867, the region was administratively included into <a href="/wiki/Transleithania" class="mw-redirect" title="Transleithania">Transleithania</a> or the Hungarian part of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. </p><p>In the 19th and 20th centuries, many nationalist groups vied for unification or alignment with many different possible nationalities, all arguing that the Rus people would be better off uniting with that nation for security or staying within the nation of Hungary. Many of these groups utilized the ethnic makeup of the region, with ideas such as the Lemko-Boiko-Hutsul schema looking to prove the Slavic nature of the Rus, and therefore justifying union with Russia (or later a Ukrainian state) under the claim that the Rus were part of that Slavic cultural sphere. These Rus or Ruthenians would argue this point until the early 1900's when action would be taken.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1910, the population of Transcarpathia was 605,942, of which 330,010 (54.5%) were speakers of <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a>, 185,433 (30.6%) were speakers of <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, 64,257 (10.6%) were speakers of <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, 11,668 (1.9%) were speakers of <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, 6,346 (1%) were speakers of <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> or <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, and 8,228 (1.4%) were speakers of other languages. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ung_County" title="Ung County">Ung County</a>, Ungvár (<a href="/wiki/Uzhhorod" title="Uzhhorod">Uzhhorod</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereg_County" title="Bereg County">Bereg County</a>, Beregszász (<a href="/wiki/Berehove" title="Berehove">Berehove</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugocsa_County" title="Ugocsa County">Ugocsa County</a>, Nagyszőllős (<a href="/wiki/Vynohradiv" title="Vynohradiv">Vynohradiv</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ramaros_County" title="Máramaros County">Máramaros County</a> (only the northern part), Máramarossziget (<a href="/wiki/Sighetu_Marma%C8%9Biei" title="Sighetu Marmației">Sighetu Marmației</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transitional_period_(1918–1919)"><span id="Transitional_period_.281918.E2.80.931919.29"></span>Transitional period (1918–1919)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Transitional period (1918–1919)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregory_%C5%BDatkovich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gregory_%C5%BDatkovich.jpg/220px-Gregory_%C5%BDatkovich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gregory_%C5%BDatkovich.jpg/330px-Gregory_%C5%BDatkovich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gregory_%C5%BDatkovich.jpg/440px-Gregory_%C5%BDatkovich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1618" data-file-height="1564" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gregory_%C5%BDatkovich" title="Gregory Žatkovich">Gregory Žatkovich</a> signing the Declaration of Common Aims at Independence Hall, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> 10-26-1918.</figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Dissolution of Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian monarchy collapsed</a> and the region was briefly (in 1918 and 1919) claimed as part of the independent <a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukraine</a> Republic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (April 2022)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Transcarpathia#Dubious" title="Talk:Transcarpathia">discuss</a></i>]</sup> However, for most of this period the region was controlled by the newly formed independent <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Democratic Republic">Hungarian Democratic Republic</a>, with a short period of West Ukrainian control. </p><p>On November 8, 1918, the first National Council (the Lubovňa Council, which later reconvened as the <a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov" title="Prešov">Prešov</a> Council) was held in western Ruthenia. The first of many councils, it simply stated the desire of its members to separate from the newly formed Hungarian state but did not specify a particular alternative—only that it must involve the right to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-preclik2019_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preclik2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other councils, such as the Carpatho-Ruthenian National Council meetings in Huszt (<a href="/wiki/Khust" title="Khust">Khust</a>) (November 1918), called for unification with the <a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a>. Only in early January 1919 were the first calls heard in Ruthenia for union with <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-preclik2019_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preclik2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rus'ka_Krajina"><span id="Rus.27ka_Krajina"></span>Rus'ka Krajina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rus'ka Krajina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout November and the following few months, councils met every few weeks, calling for various solutions. Some wanted to remain part of the Hungarian Democratic Republic, but with greater autonomy; the most notable of these, the <a href="/wiki/Uzhhorod" title="Uzhhorod">Uzhhorod</a> Council (November 9, 1918), declared itself the representative of the <a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyn people</a> and began negotiations with Hungarian authorities. These negotiations ultimately resulted in the passage of <i>Law no. 10</i><sup id="cite_ref-preclik2019_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preclik2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the Hungarian government on December 21, 1918, thereby establishing the autonymous Rusyn province of <a href="/wiki/Rus%27ka_Krajina" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus'ka Krajina">Rus'ka Krajina</a> from the Rusyn-inhabited parts of four eastern counties (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ramaros_County" title="Máramaros County">Máramaros County</a>, Ugocha County, <a href="/wiki/Bereg_County" title="Bereg County">Bereg County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ung_County" title="Ung County">Ung County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-magocsi2002_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magocsi2002-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 5, 1919, a provisional government for Rus'ka Krajina was established. The "Rus'ka <a href="/wiki/Rada" title="Rada">rada</a>" (or Rusyn Council), was made up of 42 representatives from the four constituent counties and headed by a chairman, Orest Sabov, and vice-chairman, Avhustyn Shtefan. The following month, on March 4, elections were held for a formal <a href="/wiki/Diet_(assembly)" title="Diet (assembly)">diet</a> of 36 deputies. Upon election, the new diet requested the Hungarian government define the borders of the autonomous region, which had not yet been elaborated; without an established territory, the deputies argued that the diet was useless.<sup id="cite_ref-magocsi2002_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magocsi2002-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 21, 1919 the Democratic Republic of Hungary was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a>, which then announced the existence of a "Soviet Rus'ka Krajina". Elections organized by the new Hungarian government of a people's <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">soviet</a> (council) on April 6 and 7, 1919 led to Rus'ka Krajina then had two councils: the original diet, and the newly elected soviet. Representatives from both councils then decided to join, forming the <i>Uriadova rada</i> ("Governing Council) of Rus'ka Krajina.<sup id="cite_ref-magocsi2002_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magocsi2002-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fall_of_Soviet_Hungary">Fall of Soviet Hungary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fall of Soviet Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to this, in July 1918, <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_Americans" title="Rusyn Americans">Rusyn immigrants</a> in the United States had convened and called for complete <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a>. Failing that, they would try to unite with <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Central_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia (Central Europe)">Galicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>; and failing that, they would demand autonomy, though they did not specify under which state. They approached the American government and were told that the only viable option was unification with <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>. Their leader, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Zatkovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Zatkovich">Gregory Zatkovich</a>, then signed the "Philadelphia Agreement" with Czechoslovak President <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Masaryk" title="Tomáš Masaryk">Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk</a>, guaranteeing Rusyn autonomy upon unification with Czechoslovakia on 25 October 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A referendum was held among American Rusyn parishes in November 1918, with a resulting 67% in favor. Another 28% voted for union with <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, and less than one percent each for Galicia, Hungary and Russia. Less than 2% desired complete independence. </p><p>In April 1919, <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovak</a> control on the ground was established, when <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Army" title="Czechoslovak Army">Czechoslovak Army</a> troops acting in coordination with <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Land_Forces" title="Romanian Land Forces">Royal Romanian Army</a> forces arriving from the east—both acting under <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French</a> auspices—entered the area. In a series of battles they defeated and crushed the local militias of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a>, which had created the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovak Soviet Republic</a> and whose proclaimed aim was to "unite the Hungarian, Rusyn and Jewish toilers against the exploiters of the same nationalities". Communist sympathizers accused the Czechoslovaks and Romanians of atrocities, such as public hangings and the clubbing to death of wounded prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fighting prevented the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet</a> aid, for which the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Communist_Party" title="Hungarian Communist Party">Hungarian Communists</a> hoped in vain; the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> were also too preoccupied with their own <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">civil war</a> to assist. </p><p>In May 1919, a Central National Council convened in the United States under Zatkovich and voted unanimously to accept the admission of Carpathian Ruthenia to Czechoslovakia. Back in Ruthenia, on May 8, 1919, a general meeting of representatives from all the previous councils was held, and declared that "The Central Russian National Council... completely endorse the decision of the American Uhro-Rusin Council to unite with the Czech-Slovak nation on the basis of full national autonomy." Note that the Central Russian National Council was an offshoot of the <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Центральна Руська Народна Рада">Central Ruthenian National Council</a> and represented a Carpathian branch of the <a href="/wiki/Russophiles_of_Galicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russophiles of Galicia">Russophiles movement</a> that existed in the Austrian Galicia.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hungarian left-wing writer <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Ill%C3%A9s_(writer)" title="Béla Illés (writer)">Béla Illés</a> claimed that the meeting was little more than a farce, with various "notables" fetched from their homes by police, formed into a "National Assembly" without any semblance of a democratic process, and effectively ordered to endorse incorporation into Czechoslovakia. He further asserts that <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Clemenceau</a> had personally instructed the French general on the spot to get the area incorporated into Czechoslovakia "at all costs", so as to create a buffer separating Soviet Ukraine from Hungary, as part of the French anti-Communist "<a href="/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire_(politics)" title="Cordon sanitaire (politics)">Cordon sanitaire</a>" policy, and that it was the French rather than the Czechoslovaks who made the effective decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_of_Czechoslovakia_(1920–1938)"><span id="Part_of_Czechoslovakia_.281920.E2.80.931938.29"></span>Part of Czechoslovakia (1920–1938)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Part of Czechoslovakia (1920–1938)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Article 53, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of St. Germain</a> (September 10, 1919) granted the Carpathian <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a> autonomy,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was later upheld to some extent by the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Constitution_of_1920" title="Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920">Czechoslovak constitution</a>. Some rights were, however, withheld by Prague, which justified its actions by claiming that the process was to be a gradual one; and Ruthenians representation in the national sphere was less than that hoped for. Carpathian Ruthenia included former Hungarian territories of <a href="/wiki/Ung_County" title="Ung County">Ung County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bereg_County" title="Bereg County">Bereg County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ugocsa_County" title="Ugocsa County">Ugocsa County</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ramaros_County" title="Máramaros County">Máramaros County</a>. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a>, Transcarpathia became part of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>. Whether this was widely popular among the mainly peasant population, is debatable; clearly, however, what mattered most to Ruthenians was not which country they would join, but that they be granted autonomy within it. After their experience of <a href="/wiki/Magyarization" title="Magyarization">Magyarization</a>, few Carpathian Rusyns were eager to remain under Hungarian rule, and they desired to ensure self-determination.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Constitution_of_1920" title="Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920">Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920</a>, the former region of the Kingdom of Hungary, Ruthenian Land (<i>Ruszka Krajna</i>), was officially renamed to Subcarpathian Ruthenia (<i>Podkarpatská Rus</i>). </p><p>In 1920, the area was used as a conduit for arms and ammunition for the anti-Soviet Poles fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Soviet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Soviet War">Polish-Soviet War</a> directly to the north, while local Communists sabotaged the trains and tried to help the Soviet side.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During and after the war many <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian nationalists</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Galicia" title="Eastern Galicia">East Galicia</a> who opposed both Polish and Soviet rule fled to Carpathian Ruthenia.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gregory_%C5%BDatkovich" title="Gregory Žatkovich">Gregory Žatkovich</a> was appointed governor of the province by Masaryk on April 20, 1920 and resigned almost a year later, on April 17, 1921, to return to his law practice in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, US. The reason for his resignation was dissatisfaction with the borders with Slovakia.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His tenure is a historical anomaly as the only American citizen ever acting as governor of a province that later became a part of the USSR. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Subcarpathian_Rus'"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subcarpathian_Rus'_(1928–1939)"><span id="Subcarpathian_Rus.27_.281928.E2.80.931939.29"></span>Subcarpathian Rus' (1928–1939)<span class="anchor" id="Subcarpathian_Rus'"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Subcarpathian Rus' (1928–1939)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carpathian_Rus%27_(1920-1938).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Carpathian_Rus%27_%281920-1938%29.svg/220px-Carpathian_Rus%27_%281920-1938%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Carpathian_Rus%27_%281920-1938%29.svg/330px-Carpathian_Rus%27_%281920-1938%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Carpathian_Rus%27_%281920-1938%29.svg/440px-Carpathian_Rus%27_%281920-1938%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="206" /></a><figcaption>Carpathian Rus' (1920-1938)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1928, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> was divided into four provinces: Bohemia, Moravia-Silesia, Slovakia, and the Subcarpathian Rus'.<sup id="cite_ref-pudkarpatskarus.eu_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pudkarpatskarus.eu-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main town of the region, and its capital until 1938, was <a href="/wiki/U%C5%BEhorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Užhorod">Užhorod</a>. It had an area of 12,097 square kilometres (4,671 sq mi), and its 1921 population was estimated as being 592,044.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the period 1918–1938 the Czechoslovak government attempted to bring the Subcarpathian Rus', with 70% of the population illiterate, no industry, and a herdsman way of life,<sup id="cite_ref-pudkarpatskarus.eu_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pudkarpatskarus.eu-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> up to the level of the rest of Czechoslovakia. Thousands of Czech teachers, policemen, clerks and businessmen went to the region. The Czechoslovak government built thousands of kilometers of railways, roads, airports, and hundreds of schools and residential buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-pudkarpatskarus.eu_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pudkarpatskarus.eu-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Rusyn people decided to join the new state of Czechoslovakia, a decision that happened parallel to other events that affected these proceedings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a>, several other countries (including Hungary, Ukraine and Russia) laid claim to Carpathian Rus'. The Allies, however, had few alternatives to choosing Czechoslovakia. Hungary had lost the war and therefore gave up its claims; Ukraine was seen as politically unviable; and Russia was in the midst of a civil war. Thus the only importance of Rusyns' decision to become part of Czechoslovakia was in creating, at least initially, good relations between the leaders of Carpathian Rus' and Czechoslovakia. The <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian language</a> was not actively persecuted in Czechoslovakia during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, unlike in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ukrainian_minority_in_Poland" title="History of the Ukrainian minority in Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukovina#Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Bukovina">Romania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Serhy_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serhy-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 73 percent of local parents voted against Ukrainian language education for their children in a referendum conducted in Subcarpathian Rus' in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carpathian_Ukraine_(1938–1939)"><span id="Carpathian_Ukraine_.281938.E2.80.931939.29"></span>Carpathian Ukraine (1938–1939)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Carpathian Ukraine (1938–1939)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Subcarpathia_-_Carpatho-Ukraine.svg&lang=en" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Subcarpathia_-_Carpatho-Ukraine.svg/220px-Subcarpathia_-_Carpatho-Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Subcarpathia_-_Carpatho-Ukraine.svg/330px-Subcarpathia_-_Carpatho-Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Subcarpathia_-_Carpatho-Ukraine.svg/440px-Subcarpathia_-_Carpatho-Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1326" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Ukraine" title="Carpatho-Ukraine">Carpatho-Ukraine</a> in 1939</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Ukraine" title="Carpatho-Ukraine">Carpathian Ukraine</a></div> <p>In November 1938, under the <a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">First Vienna Award</a>—a result of the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a>—<a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> ceded southern Carpathian Rus to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a>. The remainder of Subcarpathian Rus' received <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autonomy" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:autonomy">autonomy</a>, with Andrej Bródy as <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a> of the autonomous government. After the resignation of the government following a local political crisis, <a href="/wiki/Avhustyn_Voloshyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Avhustyn Voloshyn">Avhustyn Voloshyn</a> became <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a> of the new government. In December 1938, Subcarpathian Rus' was renamed to Carpathian Ukraine. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)#Creation" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak proclamation of independence</a> on March 14, 1939 and the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">Nazis' seizure of the Czech lands</a> on March 15, Carpathian Ukraine declared its independence as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Carpatho-Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine">Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Avhustyn_Voloshyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Avhustyn Voloshyn">Avhustyn Voloshyn</a> as head of state, and was immediately occupied and annexed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a>, restoring provisionally the former counties of <a href="/wiki/Ung_County" title="Ung County">Ung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bereg_County" title="Bereg County">Bereg</a> and partially <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ramaros_County" title="Máramaros County">Máramaros</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2660044bkarpatskoiukraini_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2660044bkarpatskoiukraini-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governorate_of_Subcarpathia_(1939–1945)"><span id="Governorate_of_Subcarpathia_.281939.E2.80.931945.29"></span>Governorate of Subcarpathia (1939–1945)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Governorate of Subcarpathia (1939–1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:May_1944_-_Jews_from_Carpathian_Ruthenia_arrive_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/May_1944_-_Jews_from_Carpathian_Ruthenia_arrive_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau.jpg/220px-May_1944_-_Jews_from_Carpathian_Ruthenia_arrive_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/May_1944_-_Jews_from_Carpathian_Ruthenia_arrive_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau.jpg/330px-May_1944_-_Jews_from_Carpathian_Ruthenia_arrive_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/May_1944_-_Jews_from_Carpathian_Ruthenia_arrive_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau.jpg/440px-May_1944_-_Jews_from_Carpathian_Ruthenia_arrive_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1687" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Carpathian Ruthenian Jews arrive at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>–Birkenau, May 1944. Without being registered to the camp system, most were killed in gas chambers hours after arriving.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia_during_World_War_II" title="Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II">Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary" title="The Holocaust in Hungary">The Holocaust in Hungary</a></div> <p>On March 23, 1939, Hungary <a href="/wiki/Slovak%E2%80%93Hungarian_War" title="Slovak–Hungarian War">annexed</a> further territories disputed with <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a> bordering with the west of the former Carpatho-Rus. The Hungarian invasion was followed by a few weeks of terror in which more than 27,000 people were shot dead without trial and investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-2660044bkarpatskoiukraini_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2660044bkarpatskoiukraini-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 75,000 Ukrainians decided to seek asylum in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>; of those almost 60,000 of them died in <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> prison-camps.<sup id="cite_ref-2660044bkarpatskoiukraini_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2660044bkarpatskoiukraini-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others joined the remaining Czech troops from the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_army-in-exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak army-in-exile">Czechoslovak army-in-exile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2660044bkarpatskoiukraini_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2660044bkarpatskoiukraini-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon liquidation of <a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Ukraine" title="Carpatho-Ukraine">Carpatho-Ukraine</a>, in the territory annexed the Governorate of Subcarpathia was installed and divided into three, the administrative branch offices of Ung (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Ungi közigazgatási kirendeltség</i>), Bereg (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Beregi közigazgatási kirendeltség</i>) and Máramaros (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Máramarosi közigazgatási kirendeltség</i>) governed from <a href="/wiki/Uzhhorod" title="Uzhhorod">Ungvár</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mukachevo" title="Mukachevo">Munkács</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khust" title="Khust">Huszt</a> respectively, having <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn language</a> as official languages. </p><p>Memoirs and historical studies provide much evidence that in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Rusyn-Jewish relations were generally peaceful. In 1939, census records showed that 80,000 Jews lived in the autonomous province of Ruthenia. Jews made up approximately 14% of the prewar population; however, this population was concentrated in the larger towns, especially <a href="/wiki/Mukachevo" title="Mukachevo">Mukachevo</a>, where they constituted 43% of the prewar population. After the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Margarethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Margarethe">German occupation of Hungary</a> (19 March 1944) the pro-<a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> policies of the Hungarian government resulted in emigration and deportation of Hungarian-speaking <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a>, and other groups living in the territory were decimated by war. During the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, 17 main ghettos were set up in cities in Carpathian Ruthenia, from which all Jews were taken to <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a> for extermination. Ruthenian ghettos were set up in May 1944 and liquidated by June 1944. Most of the Jews of Transcarpathia were killed, though a number survived, either because they were hidden by their neighbours, or were forced into <a href="/wiki/Labour_battalion" title="Labour battalion">labour battalions</a>, which often guaranteed food and shelter. </p><p>The end of the war had a significant impact on the ethnic Hungarian population of the area: 10,000 fled before the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> forces. Many of the remaining adult men (25,000) were deported to the Soviet Union; about 30% of them died in Soviet <a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">labor camps</a>. As a result of this development since 1938, the Hungarian and Hungarian-speaking population of Transcarpathia was recorded differently in various censuses and estimations from that time: 1930 census recorded 116,548 ethnic Hungarians, while the contested Hungarian census from 1941 shows as many as 233,840 speakers of Hungarian language in the region. Subsequent estimations are showing 66,000 ethnic Hungarians in 1946 and 139,700 in 1950, while the Soviet census from 1959 recorded 146,247 Hungarians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_to_Soviet_takeover_and_control_(1944–1945)"><span id="Transition_to_Soviet_takeover_and_control_.281944.E2.80.931945.29"></span>Transition to Soviet takeover and control (1944–1945)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Transition to Soviet takeover and control (1944–1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_annexation_of_Transcarpathia" title="Soviet annexation of Transcarpathia">Soviet annexation of Transcarpathia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZakapratskaUkraina1944.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/ZakapratskaUkraina1944.png/220px-ZakapratskaUkraina1944.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/ZakapratskaUkraina1944.png/330px-ZakapratskaUkraina1944.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/ZakapratskaUkraina1944.png/440px-ZakapratskaUkraina1944.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1111" /></a><figcaption>Front page of the Zakarpattia Ukraine newspaper (1944) with manifest of unification with <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Ukraine">Soviet Ukraine</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Soviet takeover of the region started with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dukla_Pass" title="Battle of the Dukla Pass">East Carpathian Strategic Offensive</a> in the fall of 1944. This offensive consisted of two parts: the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dukla_Pass" title="Battle of the Dukla Pass">Battle of the Dukla Pass</a> in effort to support the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovak National Uprising</a>; and the Battle of Uzhgorod to break through to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hungarian_Plain" title="Great Hungarian Plain">Hungarian plains</a> and encircle <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">German troops</a> in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>. On 28 October 1944, upon conclusion of the offensive campaign, most of Subcarpathian Ruthenia was secured by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Workers-Peasants Red Army</a> (RKKA). </p><p>The Czechoslovak government delegation led by minister František Němec arrived in <a href="/wiki/Khust" title="Khust">Khust</a> to establish the provisional Czechoslovak administration,<sup id="cite_ref-pltv365181126_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pltv365181126-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to the treaties between the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile" title="Czechoslovak government-in-exile">Czechoslovak governments</a> on 8 May 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-pltv365181126_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pltv365181126-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Soviet–Czechoslovak treaty, it was agreed that once any liberated territory of Czechoslovakia ceased to be a combat zone of the Red Army, those lands would be transferred to full control of the Czechoslovak state.<sup id="cite_ref-pltv365181126_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pltv365181126-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after a few weeks, the Red Army and <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> started to obstruct the Czechoslovak delegation's work. Communications between Khust and the government center in exile in London were obstructed and the Czechoslovak officials were forced to use <a href="/wiki/Underground_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground radio">underground radio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pltv365181126_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pltv365181126-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 November 1944 the underground radio "Vladislav" transmitted the following message from Khust to London: "The Red Army is subjugating everything to it. We are requesting information, whether it is discussed with the government. Our situation is critical. An open campaign is ongoing for uniting Subcarpathian Ukraine with the Soviet Union. Forced recruitment to the ranks of the Red Army. People are uneducated. Awaiting your recommendations. We urgently need instructions from the government."<sup id="cite_ref-pltv365181126_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pltv365181126-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 November 1944, in anticipation of Soviet rule, the Uzhgorod city council introduced <a href="/wiki/Moscow_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow time">Moscow time</a> (2 hours ahead of <a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">Central European Time</a>). According to Magdalena Lavrincova, this was perceived by many as a sign of the <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a> to come.<sup id="cite_ref-magocsi_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magocsi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1944, in <a href="/wiki/Mukachevo" title="Mukachevo">Mukachevo</a>, there was a meeting of representatives of <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party</a> organization from local districts, who created an organization committee to call for a party conference.<sup id="cite_ref-usecpzu_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usecpzu-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 November 1944 at the conference in Mukachevo, the Communist Party of Zakarpattia Ukraine was established.<sup id="cite_ref-usecpzu_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usecpzu-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conference also decided to unite Carpathian Ruthenia with the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a>, to strengthen People's committees as organs of revolutionary authority, and to organize help for the Red Army.<sup id="cite_ref-usecpzu_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usecpzu-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conference also elected its central committee and its first secretary, Ivan Turyanytsia, and agreed to hold a congress of the People's committees on 26 November 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-usecpzu_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usecpzu-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "National Council of Transcarpatho-Ukraine" was set up in <a href="/wiki/Mukachevo" title="Mukachevo">Mukachevo</a> under the protection of the Red Army. On November 26 this committee, led by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Turyanitsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Turyanitsa">Ivan Turyanitsa</a> (a Rusyn who <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">deserted</a> from the <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(Czechoslovakia)" class="mw-redirect" title="I Corps (Czechoslovakia)">Czechoslovak army</a>) proclaimed the will of Ukrainian people to separate from Czechoslovakia and join <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Ukraine</a>. After two months of conflicts and negotiations the Czechoslovak government delegation departed from Khust on February 1, 1945, leaving Carpathian Ukraine under Soviet control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transcarpathian_Ukraine–Soviet_Union_(1945–1991)"><span id="Transcarpathian_Ukraine.E2.80.93Soviet_Union_.281945.E2.80.931991.29"></span>Transcarpathian Ukraine–Soviet Union (1945–1991)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Transcarpathian Ukraine–Soviet Union (1945–1991)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 29 June 1945, Czechoslovakia signed a treaty with the Soviet Union, officially ceding the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Kafkadesk-2021_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kafkadesk-2021-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1945 and 1947, the new Soviet authorities fortified the new borders, and in July 1947 declared Transcarpathia as a "restricted zone of the highest level", with checkpoints on the mountain passes connecting the region to mainland Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-magocsi_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magocsi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1944 the National Council of Transcarpatho-Ukraine set up a special people's tribunal in <a href="/wiki/Uzhgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzhgorod">Uzhgorod</a> to try and condemn all collaborationists with the previous regimes—both Hungary and Carpatho-Ukraine. The court was allowed to hand down either 10 years of forced labour, or the death penalty. Several Ruthenian leaders, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrej_Br%C3%B3dy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrej Bródy (page does not exist)">Andrej Bródy</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shtefan_Fentsyk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shtefan Fentsyk (page does not exist)">Shtefan Fentsyk</a>, were condemned and executed in May 1946. <a href="/wiki/Avgustyn_Voloshyn" title="Avgustyn Voloshyn">Avgustyn Voloshyn</a> also died in prison. The extent of the repression showed to many Carpatho-Ruthenian activists how it would not have been possible to find an accommodation with the coming Soviet regime as it had been with all previous ones.<sup id="cite_ref-magocsi_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magocsi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After breaking the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Catholic Church">Greek Catholic Church</a> in Eastern <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> in 1946, Soviet authorities pushed for the return to Orthodoxy of Greek-Catholic parishes in Transcarpathia too, including by engineering an accident leading to the death of recalcitrant bishop <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Romzha" title="Theodore Romzha">Theodore Romzha</a> on 1 November 1947. In January 1949 the Greek-Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo was declared illegal; remaining priests and nuns were arrested, and church properties were nationalised and parcelled for public use or lent to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Moscow_and_all_Rus%27" title="Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'">Moscow Patriarchate</a>), the only accepted religious authority in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-magocsi_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magocsi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cultural institutions were also forbidden, including the <a href="/wiki/Russophilia" title="Russophilia">Russophile</a> Dukhnovych Society, the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainophilia" title="Ukrainophilia">Ukrainophile</a> Prosvita, and the Subcarpathian Scholarly Society. New books and publications were circulated, including the <i>Zakarpatsk<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>a Pravda</i> (130,000 copies). The <a href="/wiki/Uzhhorod_National_University" title="Uzhhorod National University">Uzhhorod National University</a> was opened in 1945 and over 816 <a href="/wiki/Cinematograph" title="Cinematograph">cinematographs</a> were open by 1967. The <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian language</a> was the first language of instruction in schools throughout the region, followed by <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, which was used in academia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Most new generations had a passive knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn language</a>, but no knowledge about local culture. XIX-century Rusyn intellectuals were labelled as "members of the reactionary class and instruments of Vatican obscurantism". The Rusyn anthem and hymn were banned from public performance. Carpatho-Rusyn folk culture and songs, which were promoted, were presented as part of Transcarpathian regional culture as a local variant of Ukrainian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-magocsi_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magocsi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1924, the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> declared all East Slavic inhabitants of Czechoslovakia (<a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a>, Carpatho-Russians, <a href="/wiki/Rusnaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusnaks">Rusnaks</a>) to be <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>. Starting with the 1946 census, all Rusyns were recorded as Ukrainians; anyone clinging to the old label was considered a separatist and a potential counter-revolutionary. </p><p>In February 1945, the National Council confiscated 53,000 hectares of land from large landowners and redistribute it to 54,000 peasant households (37% of the population). <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Collectivization in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Collectivisation of land</a> started in 1946; around 2,000 peasants were arrested during protests in 1948–49 and sent for forced labour in the <a href="/wiki/Gulags" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulags">gulags</a>. Collectivisation, including of mountain shepherds, was completed by May 1950. <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Central planning</a> decisions set Transcarpatia to become a "land of orchards and vineyards" between 1955 and 1965, planting 98,000 hectares with little results. Attempt to cultivate <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus</a> also failed due to the climate. Most <a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">vineyards</a> were uprooted twenty years later, during <a href="/wiki/Gorbachev" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a>'s anti-alcohol campaign in 1985–87.<sup id="cite_ref-magocsi_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magocsi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviet period also meant the upscaling of industrialization in Transcarpathia. State-owned lumber mills, chemical and food-processing plants widened, with Mukachevo's tobacco factory and Solotvyno's salt works as the biggest ones, providing steady employment to the residents of the region, beyond the traditional subsistence agriculture. And while traditional labour migration routes to the fields of Hungary or the factories of the United States were now closed, Carpathian Ruthens and Romanians could now move for seasonal work in Russia's North and East.<sup id="cite_ref-magocsi_39-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magocsi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inhabitants of the region grew steadily in the Soviet period, from 776,000 in 1946 to over 1.2 million in 1989. Uzhgorod's population increased five-fold, from 26,000 to 117,000, and <a href="/wiki/Mukachevo" title="Mukachevo">Mukachevo</a> likewise from 26,600 to 84,000. This population increase also reflected demographic changes. The arrival of the Red Army meant the departure of 5,100 Magyars and 2,500 Germans, while 15–20,000 Jewish survivors of the Holocaust also decided to move out before the borders were sealed. By 1945, around 30,000 Hungarians and Germans had been interned and sent for labour camps in Eastern Ukraine and Siberia; while amnestied in 1955, around 5,000 did not come back. In January 1946, 2,000 more Germans were deported. In return, a large number of Ukrainians and Russians moved to Transcarpathia, were they found jobs in the industry, the military, or the civilian administration. By 1989, around 170,000 Ukrainians (mainly from nearby Galizia) and 49,000 Russians were living in Transcarpatia, mainly in new residential blocks in the main towns of Uzhgorod and Mukachevo, where the dominant language had soon turned from Hungarian and Yiddish to Russian. They kept being considered newcomers (<i>novoprybuli</i>) due to their disconnect from the Rusyn- and Hungarian-speaking countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-magocsi_39-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magocsi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_to_independent_Ukraine_(1991–)"><span id="Transition_to_independent_Ukraine_.281991.E2.80.93.29"></span>Transition to independent Ukraine (1991–)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Transition to independent Ukraine (1991–)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a> and <a href="/wiki/1991_Transcarpathian_general_regional_referendum" title="1991 Transcarpathian general regional referendum">1991 Transcarpathian general regional referendum</a></div> <p>In July 1991 the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a> adopted a law about referendums that lasted until 2012. Soon after the <a href="/wiki/August_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="August coup">August coup</a> in Moscow (19–22), on 24 August 1991 the <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Verkhovna Rada</a> (Ukrainian parliament) of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a> proclaimed declaration about its independence and also prohibited the Communist Party in the republic.<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local <a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">nomenklatura</a> remained in confusion for several days following those events.<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_of_Ukraine" title="People's Movement of Ukraine">People's Movement of Ukraine</a> (Rukh) and other activists were organizing protests across the whole oblast (region).<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local council of Uzhhorod city renamed the Lenin Square to People's Square.<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 August 1991 during a protest in Uzhhorod a monument of Lenin was removed.<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_monuments_to_Vladimir_Lenin_in_Ukraine" title="Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine">Monuments of Lenin were also removed in other settlements</a>; however, this decision was not universally accepted and faced resistance in some instances.<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Tiachiv" title="Tiachiv">Tiachiv</a>, a municipality which also adopted the decision to remove the monument faced resistance from local "supporters of Lenin" of Roma ethnicity who clashed with Rukh activists.<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to support of the Zakarpattia regional council of the putsch organizers in Moscow (<a href="/wiki/GKChP" class="mw-redirect" title="GKChP">GKChP</a>), the local "democratic forces" were requesting for the council to announce its dissolution.<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those "democratic forces" were members of the Uzhhorod city council, deputies of "Democratic platform" in the regional council, <a href="/wiki/National_Movement_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Movement of Ukraine">National Movement of Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Republican_Party" title="Ukrainian Republican Party">Ukrainian Republican Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Democratic Party of Ukraine">Democratic Party of Ukraine</a>, Hungarian Cultural Federation in Transcarpathia (KMKSZ), Shevchenko Association of Ukrainian Language and the regional branch of <a href="/wiki/Prosvita" title="Prosvita">Prosvita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the situation in the region, on 26 August 1991 the deputy chairman of the regional council Yuriy Vorobets signed an order to hold an extraordinary session of the council on 30 August, but on 29 August the head of the council Mykhailo Voloshchuk (formerly the 1st secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Regional_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Zakarpattia Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine">Zakarpattia regional communist party committee</a>) postponed it by a separate order.<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 August 1991 the demand for the extraordinary session was supported by the Zakarpattia Democratic League of Youth that previously was part of the <a href="/wiki/Komsomol_of_Ukraine" title="Komsomol of Ukraine">Komsomol of Ukraine</a> (LKSMU).<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To relieve the pressure, Voloshchuk approved a composition of provisional deputy commission for inspection of activity of officials during the putsch that consisted of 17 members mostly of the recently dissolved Communist Party and couple of Rukh members (<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="uk:Тиводар Михайло Петрович">Mykhailo Tyvodar</a> and Lyubov Karavanska).<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time Voloshchuk was urgently seeking for other managing positions for other party officials who lost their job with recent liquidation of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concurrently, the regional <a href="/wiki/Ispolkom" title="Ispolkom">ispolkom</a> (executive committee) suddenly registered 208 religious communities and transferred property ownership of 83 church buildings to them.<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government of Zakarpattia decided to bet on separatist actions.<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 August 1991 the Mukachevo city council decided to ask the Zakarpattia regional council to adopt a decision about proclamation of the region as the "Zakarpattia autonomous land of Ukraine".<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In two days the Mukachevo Raion council has decided to ask the regional council to petition before the <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Verkhovna Rada</a> (Ukrainian parliament) to "grant the Zakarpattia Oblast status of autonomous republic".<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter decision was supported by the Berehove Raion council, Uzhhorod city council and Svaliava Raion council.<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 September 1991 in Mukachevo, the Association of Carpatho-Rusyns organized a picket with anti-Ukrainian slogans and accusations in "forceful Ukrainization of Rusyns".<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the gathering were adopted statement with demand for autonomy and carrying out a regional referendum on the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 September 1991 the same demand were put forward by KMKSZ.<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those Rusyns questioned legality of Zakarpattia unification with the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a> in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%81_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%81_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80.JPG/220px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%81_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%81_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80.JPG/330px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%81_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%81_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80.JPG/440px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%81_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Carpathian Ruthenia in 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of September 1991 in <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a> has formed two opposing political camps.<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One camp pro-Ukrainian has united around the <a href="/wiki/National_Movement_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Movement of Ukraine">National Movement of Ukraine</a> also included URP, DemPU, Party of Greens, Shevchenko Association of Ukrainian Language, regional branches of <a href="/wiki/Prosvita" title="Prosvita">Prosvita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The camp also supported by students of the Uzhhorod State University, several members of the Uzhhorod city council, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Mukachevo" title="Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo">Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo</a>, and small faction of deputies in the regional council.<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pro-Ukrainian camp was seeking to reelect the regional council.<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other camp consisted of sympathizers of the regional <a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">nomenklatura</a> officials (and formerly communist) who were supported by Association of Carpatho-Rusyns, later it was joined by <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Hungarians_of_Ukraine_(KMKSZ)" title="Party of Hungarians of Ukraine (KMKSZ)">KMKSZ</a> (Association of Hungarian Culture of Zakarpattia).<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter camp also was supported by the Zakarpattia eparchy of Russian Orthodox Church, selected members of the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo as well as by the majority of the regional council.<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The camp was aimed to prevent reelection of the regional council and obtain autonomous status for the region.<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 September 1991 it was finally announced about the extraordinary session of the regional council.<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leadership of the council planned to end its work the same day, but the session stretched until 31 October 1991 and the center of political life in <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a> had relocated to the regional council and the People's Square in front of the council's building.<sup id="cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1991 Zakarpattia became a part of independent <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. A majority 92.59% of voters of Zakarpattia oblast <a href="/wiki/1991_Ukrainian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Ukrainian independence referendum">approved</a> the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Ukraine" title="Declaration of Independence of Ukraine">Declaration of Independence of Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the same day in Zakarpattia Oblast a <a href="/wiki/1991_Transcarpathian_general_regional_referendum" title="1991 Transcarpathian general regional referendum">regional referendum</a> also took place. 78 percent of voters voted for autonomy within Ukraine, which was not granted.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Percentages may not total 100.0% because of rounding.</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Census </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a> </th> <th>"Czechoslovaks"<br />(<a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovaks_in_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovaks in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">Slovaks</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">Germans</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Czechoslovakia" title="History of the Jews in Czechoslovakia">Jews</a> </th> <th>Romanians </th> <th>Others </th> <th>Total population </th></tr> <tr> <td>1880 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">244,742 (59.8%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8,611 (2.1%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">31,745 (7.8%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">105,343 (25.8%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">(not a census option) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">16,713 (4.1%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,817 (0.4%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">408,971 (100%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1921<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">372,884 (63.0%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">19,737 (3.3%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">10,460 (1.8%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">102,144 (17.3%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">80,059 (13.5%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">(with "others") </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6,760 (1.1%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">592,044 (100%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">450,925 (62.2%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">34,511 (4.8%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">13,804 (1.9%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">115,805 (16.0%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">95,008 (13.1%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">12,777 (1.8%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2,527 (0.4%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">725,357 (100%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">686,464 (74.6%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Slovaks<br />12,289 (1.3%)<br />Czechs<br />964 (0.1%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3,504 (0.4%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">146,247 (15.9%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">12,169 (1.3%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">18,346 (2%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Russians<br />29,599 (3.2%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">920,173 (100%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">808,131 (76.5%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Slovaks<br />9,573 (0.9%)<br />Czechs<br />721 (0.1%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4,230 (0.4%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">151,949 (14.4%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">10,856 (1%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">23,454 (2.2%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Russians<br />35,189 (3.3%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,056,799 (100%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">898,606 (77.8%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Slovaks<br />8,245 (0.7%)<br />Czechs<br />669 (0.1%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3,746 (0.3%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">158,446 (13.7%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3,848 (0.3%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">27,155 (2.3%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Russians<br />41,713 (3.6%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,155,759 (100%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">976,749 (78.4%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Slovaks<br />7,329 (0.6%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3,478 (0.3%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">155,711 (12.5%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2,639 (0.2%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">29,485 (2.4%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Russians<br />49,456 (4.0%)<br /><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a><br />(1.0%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,245,618 (100%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001<sup id="cite_ref-population_2001_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population_2001-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a><br />1,010,100 (80.5%)<br /><a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a><br />10,100 (0.8%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a><br />5,600 (0.5%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3,500 (0.3%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">151,500 (12.1%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">no data </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32,100 (2.6%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Russians<br />31,000 (2.5%)<br />Roma<br />14,000 (1.1%)<br />Others <br />(0.4%) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">(100%) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Transcarpathia" title="Special:EditPage/Transcarpathia">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Grey; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1589.4544843865px; border-left-color:Honeydew"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Honeydew"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Honeydew"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 791.58150883059px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 524.21835811132px; border-left-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 252.57116894473px; border-left-color:Turquoise"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Turquoise"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Turquoise"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 93.906250581749px; border-left-color:Orchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Orchid"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:90.482705246602px 42.577929156507px 0 0; border-top-color:DarkOrchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrchid"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Zakarpattia Oblast (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-infolight.org.ua_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infolight.org.ua-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkOrchid; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> (68%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orchid; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholicism</a> (19%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Turquoise; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> (7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;"> </span> Unaffiliated <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> (3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Honeydew; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a> (1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Grey; color:black;"> </span> Undecided (1%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>According to a 2015 survey, 68% of the population of Zakarpattia Oblast adheres to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>, while 19% are followers of the <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church</a> and 7% are <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">unaffiliated</a> generic <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> make up 1% and 3% of the population respectively. Only one percent of the population does not follow any religion.<sup id="cite_ref-infolight.org.ua_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infolight.org.ua-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Orthodox community of Zakarpattia is divided as follows: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Kyiv_Patriarchate" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate">Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate</a> – 42%<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate</a> – 33%</li> <li>Non-denominational – 25%</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Issue_with_self-identity:_Ukrainians_or_Rusyns">Issue with self-identity: Ukrainians or Rusyns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Issue with self-identity: Ukrainians or Rusyns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Transcarpathia" title="Special:EditPage/Transcarpathia">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1991_Transcarpathian_general_regional_referendum" title="1991 Transcarpathian general regional referendum">1991 Transcarpathian general regional referendum</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_%D0%A1%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%86%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/2_%D0%A1%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%86%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8.jpg/220px-2_%D0%A1%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%86%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/2_%D0%A1%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%86%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8.jpg/330px-2_%D0%A1%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%86%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/2_%D0%A1%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%86%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8.jpg/440px-2_%D0%A1%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%86%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hutsuls</a> and their habitations, <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>, c. 1872</figcaption></figure> <p>Carpathian Ruthenia is inhabited mainly by people who self-identify as <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, many of whom may refer to themselves as <a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a>, <i>Rusnak</i> or <i>Lemko</i>. <a href="/wiki/Places_inhabited_by_Rusyns" title="Places inhabited by Rusyns">Places inhabited by Rusyns</a> also span adjacent regions of the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>, including regions of present-day <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>. Ruthenian settlements exist in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> as well. </p><p>In the 19th century and the first part of the 20th, the inhabitants of Transcarpathia continued to call themselves "Ruthenians" ("<i>Rusyny</i>"). After Soviet annexation the ethnonym "Ukrainian", which had replaced "Ruthenian" in eastern Ukraine at the turn of the century, was also applied to Ruthenians/Rusyns of Transcarpathia. Most present-day inhabitants consider themselves ethnically <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, although in the most recent census 10,100 people (0.8% of Zakarpattia Oblast's 1.26 million) identified themselves as ethnically <a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyn</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungarians">Hungarians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Hungarians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Transcarpathia" title="Special:EditPage/Transcarpathia">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zakarpatska2001HungarianLanguage.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Zakarpatska2001HungarianLanguage.PNG/220px-Zakarpatska2001HungarianLanguage.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Zakarpatska2001HungarianLanguage.PNG/330px-Zakarpatska2001HungarianLanguage.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Zakarpatska2001HungarianLanguage.PNG/440px-Zakarpatska2001HungarianLanguage.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="842" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of Hungarian native speakers in <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakarpattia oblast">Zakarpattia oblast</a> according to 2001 census</figcaption></figure> <p>The following data is according to the Ukrainian census of 2001. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Ukraine" title="Hungarians in Ukraine">Hungarians in Ukraine</a></div> <p>The 1910 Austro-Hungarian census showed 185,433 speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian language</a>, while the Czechoslovak census of 1921 showed 111,052 ethnic Hungarians and 80,132 ethnic Jews, many of whom were speakers of the Hungarian language. Much of the difference in these censuses reflects differences in methodology and definitions rather than a decline in the region's ethnic Hungarian (<a href="/wiki/Magyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyars">Magyar</a>) or Hungarian-speaking population. According to the 1921 census, Hungarians constituted about 17.9% of the region's total population. </p><p>The end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> had a significant impact on the ethnic Hungarian population of the area: 10,000 fled before the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> forces. Many of the remaining adult men (25,000) were deported to the Soviet Union; about 30% of them died in Soviet <a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">labor camps</a>. As a result of this development since 1938, the Hungarian and Hungarian-speaking population of Transcarpathia was recorded differently in various censuses and estimations from that time: 1930 census recorded 116,548 ethnic Hungarians, while the contested Hungarian census from 1941 shows as much as 233,840 speakers of Hungarian language in the region. Subsequent estimations are showing 66,000 ethnic Hungarians in 1946 and 139,700 in 1950, while the Soviet census from 1959 recorded 146,247 Hungarians. </p><p>As of 2004<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, about 170,000 (12–13%) inhabitants of Transcarpathia declare Hungarian as their mother tongue. Homeland Hungarians refer to <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Ukraine" title="Hungarians in Ukraine">Hungarians in Ukraine</a> as <i>kárpátaljaiak</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jews">Jews</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Jews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Carpathian_Ruthenia" title="History of the Jews in Carpathian Ruthenia">History of the Jews in Carpathian Ruthenia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Transcarpathia" title="Special:EditPage/Transcarpathia">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukrainian_Jews_from_Galicia_(left)_and_Mukachevo_(right),_1821.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ukrainian_Jews_from_Galicia_%28left%29_and_Mukachevo_%28right%29%2C_1821.jpg/180px-Ukrainian_Jews_from_Galicia_%28left%29_and_Mukachevo_%28right%29%2C_1821.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ukrainian_Jews_from_Galicia_%28left%29_and_Mukachevo_%28right%29%2C_1821.jpg/270px-Ukrainian_Jews_from_Galicia_%28left%29_and_Mukachevo_%28right%29%2C_1821.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ukrainian_Jews_from_Galicia_%28left%29_and_Mukachevo_%28right%29%2C_1821.jpg/360px-Ukrainian_Jews_from_Galicia_%28left%29_and_Mukachevo_%28right%29%2C_1821.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Jews from Galicia (left) and Mukachevo (right), 1821</figcaption></figure> <p>Memoirs and historical studies provide much evidence that in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Rusyn-Jewish relations were generally peaceful. In 1939, census records showed that 80,000 Jews lived in the autonomous province of Ruthenia. Jews made up approximately 14% of the prewar population; however, this population was concentrated in the larger towns, especially <a href="/wiki/Mukachevo" title="Mukachevo">Mukachevo</a>, where they constituted 43% of the prewar population. Most of them perished during the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germans">Germans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Germans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Germans" title="Carpathian Germans">Carpathian Germans</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2014</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>See <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Germans" title="Carpathian Germans">Carpathian Germans</a> for more information (mainly Germans from <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> and the territories from present-day central and eastern Germany) about their settlement in the 16th to 18th centuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czechs">Czechs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Czechs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2014</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> in Carpathian Ruthenia are ethnoculturally distinct from other <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavic</a> groups like the Slovaks, as they originated from Czech-speaking groups from Bohemia and Moravia instead of Slovakia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romani">Romani</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Romani"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are approximately 25,000 ethnic <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ukraine" title="Romani people in Ukraine">Romani</a> in present-day Transcarpathia. Some estimates point to a number as high as 50,000 but a true count is hard to obtain as many Roma cannot afford ID documents for themselves and their children.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, many Romani will claim to be Hungarian or Romanian when interviewed by Ukrainian authorities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>They are by far the poorest and least-represented ethnic group in the region and face intense prejudice. The years since the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">fall of the Soviet Union</a> have not been kind to the Romani of the region, as they have been particularly hard hit by the economic problems faced by peoples all over the former USSR. Some Romani in western Ukraine live in major cities such as Uzhhorod and Mukachevo, but most live in ghettos on the outskirts of cities. These ghettos are known as "taberi" and can house up to 300 families. These encampments tend to be fairly primitive with no running water or electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanians">Romanians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Romanians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanians_of_Zakarpattya_Oblast_dancing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Romanians_of_Zakarpattya_Oblast_dancing.jpg/220px-Romanians_of_Zakarpattya_Oblast_dancing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Romanians_of_Zakarpattya_Oblast_dancing.jpg/330px-Romanians_of_Zakarpattya_Oblast_dancing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Romanians_of_Zakarpattya_Oblast_dancing.jpg/440px-Romanians_of_Zakarpattya_Oblast_dancing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1587" /></a><figcaption>Stylized traditional folk costume of Romanians of Zakarpattia</figcaption></figure> <p>Today some 30,000 <a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_Ukraine" title="Romanians in Ukraine">Romanians</a> live in this region, mostly in northern Maramureș, around the southern towns of Rahău/<a href="/wiki/Rakhiv" title="Rakhiv">Rakhiv</a> and Teceu Mare/Tiachiv and close to the <a href="/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93Ukraine_border" title="Romania–Ukraine border">border with Romania</a>. However, there also are Romanians in Carpathian Ruthenia living outside Maramureș, mostly in the village of <a href="/wiki/Poroshkovo" title="Poroshkovo">Poroshkovo</a>. They are usually called <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">volohi</i></span> in Romanian and live closer to Poland and Slovakia than Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greeks">Greeks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Greeks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are a few Greeks in Carpathian Ruthenia. They are also known as Carpatho-Greeks and Greek-Carpathians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carpatho-Rus_under_western_eyes">Carpatho-Rus under western eyes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Carpatho-Rus under western eyes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For 19th-century west-European readers, Ruthenia was an inspiration for "<a href="/wiki/Ruritania" title="Ruritania">Ruritania</a>", a rustic province lost in forested mountains.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Conceived as a Central European kingdom, Ruritania was the setting for several of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hope" title="Anthony Hope">Anthony Hope</a>'s novels, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prisoner_of_Zenda" title="The Prisoner of Zenda">The Prisoner of Zenda</a></i> (1894).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A century later <a href="/wiki/Vesna_Goldsworthy" title="Vesna Goldsworthy">Vesna Goldsworthy</a>, in <i>Inventing Ruritania: the Imperialism of the Imagination</i> (1998), theorizes on ideas underpinning western views of Europe's "Wild East", especially Ruthenia and some Slavic Balkan areas. She sees these ideas as highly applicable to Transcarpathia and describes "an innocent process: a cultural great power seizes and exploits the resources of an area, while imposing new frontiers on its mind-map and creating ideas which, reflected back, have the ability to reshape reality.”<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Ruthenia" title="Black Ruthenia">Black Ruthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ruthenia" title="Red Ruthenia">Red Ruthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Ruthenia" title="White Ruthenia">White Ruthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Carpathian_Ruthenia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II">Military history of Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenians_and_Ukrainians_in_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenians and Ukrainians in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">Ruthenians and Ukrainians in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy_of_Muka%C4%8Devo_and_Pre%C5%A1ov" title="Eparchy of Mukačevo and Prešov">Eparchy of Mukačevo and Prešov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dukhnovych" title="Alexander Dukhnovych">Alexander Dukhnovych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avgustyn_Voloshyn" title="Avgustyn Voloshyn">Avgustyn Voloshyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dialects" title="Ukrainian dialects">Ukrainian dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1talja_football_team" title="Kárpátalja football team">Kárpátalja football team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyaron" title="Magyaron">Magyaron</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also <b>Transcarpathian Ruthenia</b>, <b>Transcarpathian Ukraine</b>, <b>Carpathian Ruthenia</b>, <b>Rusinsko</b>, <b>Subcarpathian Rus'</b>, <b>Subcarpathia</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Additionally: <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a>: <span lang="rue">Пудкарпатьска Русь</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Rusyn-language romanization"><i lang="rue-Latn">Pudkarpat'ska Rus'</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>: <i lang="sk">Podkarpatská Rus</i>; <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Kárpátalja</i>; <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Transcarpatia</i>; <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Zakarpacie</i>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Закарпатье</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Zakarpat'ye</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">Podkarpatská Rus</i>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Karpatenukraine</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Similarly as in Galicia, Subcarpathian Ruthenia also had two main movements for self determination (Ukrainophile and Russophile).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724205028/http://www.rusyn.org/geosubcarpathian.html">"Subcarpathian Rus'/Podkarpats'ka Rus'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rusyn.org/geosubcarpathian.html">the original</a> on 2008-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Subcarpathian+Rus%27%2FPodkarpats%27ka+Rus%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusyn.org%2Fgeosubcarpathian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShandor1997">Shandor 1997</a>, pp. 257–258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkus1954" class="citation journal cs1">Markus, Vasyl (1954). "Carpatho-Ukraine under Hungarian Occupation". <i>The Ukrainian Quarterly</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 252ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ukrainian+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Carpatho-Ukraine+under+Hungarian+Occupation&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=252ff&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Markus&rft.aufirst=Vasyl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Carpathian+Ruthenia">"Transcarpathian Ukraine"</a>. <i>The Great Soviet Encyclopedia</i> (third (1970–1979) ed.) – via The Free Dictionary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transcarpathian+Ukraine&rft.btitle=The+Great+Soviet+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=third+%281970%E2%80%931979%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com%2FCarpathian%2BRuthenia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CT%5CStanoveculture.htm"><i>Stanove culture</i></a>. Vol. 5. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. 2001 [1993]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802030108" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802030108"><bdi>978-0802030108</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stanove+culture&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0802030108&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3Flinkpath%3Dpages%255CS%255CT%255CStanoveculture.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EIU-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EIU_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIU_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFВіднянський_С.В.2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Віднянський С.В. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Zakarpatska_Ukraina"><i>ЗАКАРПАТСЬКА УКРАЇНА, ЗАКАРПАТТЯ</i></a> (in Ukrainian). Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Naukova_Dumka" title="Naukova Dumka">Naukova Dumka</a>, <a href="/wiki/NASU_Institute_of_History_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="NASU Institute of History of Ukraine">NASU Institute of History of Ukraine</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9660006101" title="Special:BookSources/9660006101"><bdi>9660006101</bdi></a>. <q>Тут знайдено чимало предметів часів мідного віку, бронзового віку та залізного віку. Помірно континентальний клімат і природні багатства Закарпаття роблять цю місцевість привабливою для проживання. Тут свого часу осіли фракійські племена, які залишили після себе пам'ятки куштановицької культури, та кельти, репрезентовані пам'ятками латенської к-ри (див. Латенські пам'ятки). Вчені вважають, що в Закарпатті в 3–1 ст. до н. е. склалася змішана кельто-фракійська к-ра, на основі якої утворився досить стійкий симбіоз племен, що проіснував бл. 200 років і сприяв поширенню цивілізаційних досягнень із зх. на укр. тер. Пізніше на Закарпатті з'явилися бастарни (їхня етнічна приналежність не з'ясована). В 2 ст. н. е. ч. Закарпаття була приєднана до рим. провінції Дакія. В часи Великого переселення народів через Закарпаття проходили гуни й авари. На Закарпатті побували герм. племена, в т. ч. гепіди. З перших століть н. е. почалося розселення слов'ян. За археол. даними, з 2 ст. н. е. тут міцно осіло хліборобське слов'ян. нас. – білі хорвати (див. Хорвати), матеріальна й духовна к-ра яких була тісно пов'язана з к-рою східнослов'ян. племен, що населяли Прикарпаття, Волинь, Придністров'я і Придніпров'я. В 9–10 ст. Закарпаття входило до складу Болг. д-ви, а з 2-ї пол. 10 ст. перебувало у сфері впливу Київської Русі, про що свідчить, зокрема, міграція сюди нас. із Прикарпаття. В "Повісті временних літ" є згадки про участь білих хорватів у війнах київ. князів проти Візантії та про похід вел. кн. київ. Володимира Святославича на білих хорватів 992. З того часу за Закарпаттям закріплюється назва "Русь". Після смерті вел. кн. київ. Володимира Святославича (1015) Закарпаття почав завойовувати угор. король Стефан I, його син Емеріх мав титул "князь русинів". На поч. 13 ст. всі землі Закарпаття опинилися під владою Угорщини. До поч. 20 ст. Закарпаття, перебуваючи в складі Угорщини, Австрії та Австро-Угорщини, мало назву "Угорська Русь".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%9F%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%A1%D0%AC%D0%9A%D0%90+%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%87%D0%9D%D0%90%2C+%D0%97%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%9F%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%A2%D0%AF&rft.pub=Naukova+Dumka%2C+NASU+Institute+of+History+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9660006101&rft.au=%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A1.%D0%92.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.org.ua%2F%3Ftermin%3DZakarpatska_Ukraina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolodymyr_Mezentsev2001" class="citation book cs1">Volodymyr Mezentsev (2001) [1988]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CI%5CR%5CIronAge.htm"><i>Iron Age</i></a>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802034441" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802034441"><bdi>978-0802034441</bdi></a>. <q>In Transcarpathia, descendants of the Thracian Hallstatt culture constituted the Kushtanovytsia culture in the 6th to 3rd centuries BC. In the course of the 2nd and 1st centuries BC the indigenous Thracian and proto-Slavic population of Transcarpathia, western Podilia, Bukovyna, Galicia, and Volhynia intermingled with the Celtic tribes of the La Tàene culture that spread there from central Europe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Age&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0802034441&rft.au=Volodymyr+Mezentsev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3Flinkpath%3Dpages%255CI%255CR%255CIronAge.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EOU-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EOU_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOU_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOU_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOU_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolodymyr_KubijovyčVasyl_MarkusIvan_L._RudnytskyIhor_Stebelsky2005" class="citation book cs1">Volodymyr Kubijovyč; Vasyl Markus; <a href="/wiki/Ivan_L._Rudnytsky" title="Ivan L. Rudnytsky">Ivan L. Rudnytsky</a>; Ihor Stebelsky (2005) [1993]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CR%5CTranscarpathia.htm"><i>Transcarpathia</i></a>. Vol. 5. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802030108" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802030108"><bdi>978-0802030108</bdi></a>. <q>In the Bronze Age (ca 1800 BC) Transcarpathia maintained continuity in its painted pottery style of the Stanove culture but gained metalworking skills (swords, knives, sickles, axes) as a result of the arrival of Thracian tribes from Transylvania. Subsequently Transcarpathia came under the control of the Celts, who arrived from the west and brought with them iron-smelting (ca 400–200 BC); the first local coins were minted in the 3rd century BC. Of the eastern nomadic peoples the earliest to influence Transcarpathia were the Iranian-speaking Scythians (expressed locally from the 6th century BC in the Kushtanovytsia culture) and then the Iazyges, a Sarmatian tribe confronting the Romans in Dacia (50 AD); their influence was followed by the invasions of the Turkic-speaking Huns (380 AD), the Avars (558 AD), and, finally, the Ugro-Finnic Magyars (896 AD). In the 2nd century AD neighboring Dacia (Transylvania) became a Roman province, and Roman merchants visited Transcarpathia. In the early Middle Ages Transcarpathia was traversed by Germanic tribes. Remnants of the Ostrogoths (the Gepidae) remained in neighboring Transylvania until the 10th century. The Slavic colonization of Transcarpathia began in the 2nd century, with migration from the north across the mountain passes. By the 8th and 9th centuries the lowlands of Transcarpathia were fairly densely peopled by White Croatians (at the time inhabiting both the north and the south side of the Carpathians). The Slavs in the upper Tysa River and in Transylvania were subject to the Avars (6th–8th centuries) and later to the Bulgarian kingdom (9th–10th centuries). With the collapse of Bulgaria in the second half of the 10th century, Transcarpathia came under the sphere of influence of the Kievan Rus'. The Kievan chroniclers noted the participation of the White Croatians in the campaigns on Byzantium. Following the incorporation of the White Croatians by Prince Volodymyr the Great into his realm, the name Rus' or Ruthenia became entrenched in Transcarpathia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transcarpathia&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0802030108&rft.au=Volodymyr+Kubijovy%C4%8D&rft.au=Vasyl+Markus&rft.au=Ivan+L.+Rudnytsky&rft.au=Ihor+Stebelsky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3Flinkpath%3Dpages%255CT%255CR%255CTranscarpathia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi1995" class="citation journal cs1">Magocsi, Paul Robert (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carpatho-rusyn.org/cra/chap3.html">"The Carpatho-Rusyns"</a>. <i>Carpatho-Rusyn American</i>. <b>XVIII</b> (4). Carpatho-Rusyn Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Carpatho-Rusyn+American&rft.atitle=The+Carpatho-Rusyns&rft.volume=XVIII&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcarpatho-rusyn.org%2Fcra%2Fchap3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robert_Magocsi" title="Paul Robert Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul Robert</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CdiIa8n7SsgC"><i>The Roots of Ukrainian Nationalism: Galicia as Ukraine's Piedmont</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. pp. 2–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802047380" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802047380"><bdi>978-0802047380</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Ukrainian+Nationalism%3A+Galicia+as+Ukraine%27s+Piedmont&rft.pages=2-4&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0802047380&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCdiIa8n7SsgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedov2013" class="citation book cs1">Sedov, Valentin Vasilyevich (2013) [1995]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HD4oAAAAMAAJ"><i>Славяне в раннем Средневековье</i></a> [<i>Sloveni u ranom srednjem veku (Slavs in Early Middle Ages)</i>]. Novi Sad: Akademska knjiga. pp. 168, 444, 451. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8662630261" title="Special:BookSources/978-8662630261"><bdi>978-8662630261</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%B5&rft.place=Novi+Sad&rft.pages=168%2C+444%2C+451&rft.pub=Akademska+knjiga&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-8662630261&rft.aulast=Sedov&rft.aufirst=Valentin+Vasilyevich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHD4oAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jOBBAAAAYAAJ&q=Prince+Laborec">Uzhgorod and Mukachevo: a guide, Dmitriĭ Ivanovich Pop, Ivan Ivanovich Pop, Raduga Publishers, 1987, p. 14.</a>,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2005" class="citation book cs1">Magocsi, Paul R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rnMOAQAAMAAJ&q=Laborec"><i>Our people: Carpatho-Rusyns and their descendants in North America</i></a>. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0865166110" title="Special:BookSources/978-0865166110"><bdi>978-0865166110</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+people%3A+Carpatho-Rusyns+and+their+descendants+in+North+America&rft.pub=Bolchazy-Carducci+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0865166110&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrnMOAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DLaborec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForward2018" class="citation book cs1">Forward, Jean S. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8p3P1u_xmEEC&q=prince+laborec&pg=PA132"><i>Endangered Peoples of Europe: Struggles to Survive and Thrive</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313310065" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313310065"><bdi>978-0313310065</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endangered+Peoples+of+Europe%3A+Struggles+to+Survive+and+Thrive&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0313310065&rft.aulast=Forward&rft.aufirst=Jean+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8p3P1u_xmEEC%26q%3Dprince%2Blaborec%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi1993" class="citation book cs1">Magocsi, Paul (1993). <i>Historical Atlas of East Central Europe</i>. University of Washington Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0295972480" title="Special:BookSources/978-0295972480"><bdi>978-0295972480</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas+of+East+Central+Europe&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0295972480&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimnik2003" class="citation book cs1">Dimnik, Martin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/dynasty-of-chernigov-11461246/84C3F0771AB3FE46ECB1180E4C91D71B"><i>The Dynasty of Chernigov 1146–1246</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511496479">10.1017/CBO9780511496479</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521824422" title="Special:BookSources/9780521824422"><bdi>9780521824422</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynasty+of+Chernigov+1146%E2%80%931246&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511496479&rft.isbn=9780521824422&rft.aulast=Dimnik&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fdynasty-of-chernigov-11461246%2F84C3F0771AB3FE46ECB1180E4C91D71B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKincses-Nagy2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kincses-Nagy, Eva (2013). "A Disappeared People and a Disappeared Language: The Cumans and the Cuman language of Hungary".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Disappeared+People+and+a+Disappeared+Language%3A+The+Cumans+and+the+Cuman+language+of+Hungary&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kincses-Nagy&rft.aufirst=Eva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Ukraine/halickarus_ukr.jpg">"Images"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(JPG)</span>. <i>www.conflicts.rem33.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.conflicts.rem33.com&rft.atitle=Images&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conflicts.rem33.com%2Fimages%2FUkraine%2Fhalickarus_ukr.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2015" class="citation book cs1">Magocsi, Paul (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=With+Their+Backs+to+the+Mountains%3A+A+History+of+Carpathian+Rus%E2%80%99+and+Carpatho-Rusyns+"><i>With Their Backs to the Mountains: A History of Carpathian Rus' and Carpatho-Rusyns</i></a>. New York: Central European University Press. p. 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Their+Backs+to+the+Mountains%3A+A+History+of+Carpathian+Rus%27+and+Carpatho-Rusyns&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DWith%2BTheir%2BBacks%2Bto%2Bthe%2BMountains%253A%2BA%2BHistory%2Bof%2BCarpathian%2BRus%25E2%2580%2599%2Band%2BCarpatho-Rusyns%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-preclik2019-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-preclik2019_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-preclik2019_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-preclik2019_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Preclík, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions), váz. kniha, 219 pages, first issue vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karvina, Czech Republic) ve spolupráci s Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague), 2019, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8087173473" title="Special:BookSources/978-8087173473">978-8087173473</a>, pp. 35–53, 106–107, 111–112, 124–125, 128, 129, 132, 140–148, 184–199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-magocsi2002-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-magocsi2002_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-magocsi2002_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-magocsi2002_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/244768154"><i>Encyclopedia of Rusyn history and culture</i></a>. Paul R. Magocsi, Ivan Pop. Toronto, Ont.: University of Toronto Press. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442674431" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442674431"><bdi>978-1442674431</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/244768154">244768154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Rusyn+history+and+culture&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ont.&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F244768154&rft.isbn=978-1442674431&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F244768154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preclík, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions), váz. kniha, 219 str., vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karvina, Czech Republic) ve spolupráci s Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague), 2019, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8087173473" title="Special:BookSources/978-8087173473">978-8087173473</a>, pp. 87–89, 110–112, 124–128, 140–148, 184–190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted extensively in Béla Illés, "A Carpathian Raphosody", 1939</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shevchenko, K. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zapadrus.su/slavm/ispubsm/308-2011-04-04-14-38-32.html">How Subcarpathian Ruthenian became Carpathian Ukraine (Как Подкарпатская Русь стала Карпатской Украиной)</a></i>. Zapadnaya Rus. 4 April 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Illés, op.cit.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1920/3.html">"Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Austria; Protocol, Declaration and Special Declaration [1920] ATS 3"</a>. <i>www.austlii.edu.au</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.austlii.edu.au&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+Peace+between+the+Allied+and+Associated+Powers+and+Austria%3B+Protocol%2C+Declaration+and+Special+Declaration+%5B1920%5D+ATS+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Fother%2Fdfat%2Ftreaties%2F1920%2F3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924031930/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/macartney2/4Ruthenia.pdf">"www.hungarian-history.hu"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/macartney2/4Ruthenia.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=www.hungarian-history.hu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hungarian-history.hu%2Flib%2Fmacartney2%2F4Ruthenia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Illés, op.cit., refers to local Communists lighting fires on Carpathian peaks, which they hoped would show the way to <a href="/wiki/Budyonny" class="mw-redirect" title="Budyonny">Budyonny</a>'s Red Cavalry</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteiner2005" class="citation book cs1">Steiner, Zara (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/86068902"><i>The lights that failed : European international history, 1919–1933</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191518812" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191518812"><bdi>978-0191518812</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/86068902">86068902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+lights+that+failed+%3A+European+international+history%2C+1919%E2%80%931933&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F86068902&rft.isbn=978-0191518812&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Zara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F86068902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924031930/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/macartney2/4Ruthenia.pdf">"www.hungarian-history.hu"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/macartney2/4Ruthenia.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=www.hungarian-history.hu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hungarian-history.hu%2Flib%2Fmacartney2%2F4Ruthenia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span> p. 223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pudkarpatskarus.eu-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pudkarpatskarus.eu_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pudkarpatskarus.eu_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pudkarpatskarus.eu_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150219100846/http://www.pudkarpatskarus.eu/rscz/article065.htm">"Subcarpathian Rus – Podkarpatska Rus"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pudkarpatskarus.eu/rscz/article065.htm">the original</a> on 2015-02-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Subcarpathian+Rus+%E2%80%93+Podkarpatska+Rus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pudkarpatskarus.eu%2Frscz%2Farticle065.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Serhy-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Serhy_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Serhy_Yekelchyk" title="Serhy Yekelchyk">Serhy Yekelchyk</a> <i>"Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation"</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> (2007), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195305463" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195305463">978-0195305463</a>, pp. 128–130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul R. Magocsi. Ivan Ivanovich Pop. Encyclopedia of Rusyn history and culture. University of Toronto Press. 2002. p. 512.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2660044bkarpatskoiukraini-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2660044bkarpatskoiukraini_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2660044bkarpatskoiukraini_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2660044bkarpatskoiukraini_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2660044bkarpatskoiukraini_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Ukrainian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukrinform.ua/rubric-society/2660044-sogodni-80ricca-z-dna-progolosenna-karpatskoi-ukraini.html">Today is the 80th anniversary of the proclamation of the Carpathian Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrinform" title="Ukrinform">Ukrinform</a> (15 March 2019)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pltv365181126-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pltv365181126_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pltv365181126_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pltv365181126_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pltv365181126_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pltv365181126_38-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryzh, Yevhen. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190605151758/https://poltava365.com/365-dnivx-nasha-istoriyax-26-listopadax-yak-zakarpattya-dobr.html">365 days. Our history. 26 November. How Transcarpathia "voluntarily" and decisively became Ukraine (365 днів. Наша історія. 26 листопада. Як Закарпаття "добровільно" і остаточно стало Україною)</a></i>. Poltava 365. 26 November 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-magocsi-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-magocsi_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-magocsi_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-magocsi_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-magocsi_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-magocsi_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-magocsi_39-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-magocsi_39-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-magocsi_39-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nzj2DAAAQBAJ">With Their Backs to the Mountains: A History of Carpathian Rus? and Carpatho-Rusyns</a>, by Paul Robert Magocsi, Central European University Press, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usecpzu-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usecpzu_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usecpzu_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usecpzu_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usecpzu_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hranchak, I. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leksika.com.ua/15740121/ure/komunistichna_partiya_zakarpatskoyi_ukrayini">Communist Party of Zakarpattia Ukraine (КОМУНІСТИЧНА ПАРТІЯ ЗАКАРПАТСЬКОЇ УКРАЇНИ)</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia">Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kafkadesk-2021-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kafkadesk-2021_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kafkadesk.org/2021/06/29/on-this-day-in-1945-carpathian-ruthenia-was-annexed-by-the-soviet-union/">"On this Day, in 1945: Carpathian Ruthenia was annexed by the Soviet Union"</a>. Kafkadesk. 29 June 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210726185851/https://kafkadesk.org/2021/06/29/on-this-day-in-1945-carpathian-ruthenia-was-annexed-by-the-soviet-union/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+this+Day%2C+in+1945%3A+Carpathian+Ruthenia+was+annexed+by+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pub=Kafkadesk&rft.date=1992-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkafkadesk.org%2F2021%2F06%2F29%2Fon-this-day-in-1945-carpathian-ruthenia-was-annexed-by-the-soviet-union%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a discussion of the treaty see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connell1967" class="citation book cs1">O'Connell, Daniel P. (1967). <i>State Succession in Municipal Law and International Law: Internal relations</i>. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521058582" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521058582"><bdi>978-0521058582</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Succession+in+Municipal+Law+and+International+Law%3A+Internal+relations&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0521058582&rft.aulast=O%27Connell&rft.aufirst=Daniel+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span>; for a copy of the treaty see <i>British and Foreign State Papers</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h3N-IB3iQYQC">volume cxlv</a>, p. 1096.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I0g6cYw35Ik">[1]</a>| Воскресеніє народ, Resurrection Of A Nation, John and Helen Timo Foundation 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zakrp110922-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakrp110922_44-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pipash, Volodymyr. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190605224030/https://zakarpattya.net.ua/Blogs/87564-Politychne-protystoiannia-na-Zakarpatti-voseny-1991-r.">Political confrontations in Zakarpattia in the fall of 1991. To the 20th Anniversary of Ukrainian Independence. Part 4 (Політичне протистояння на Закарпатті восени 1991 р. До двадцятиріччя Незалежності України. Ч. 4)</a></i>. Zakarpattia online. 22 September 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191014131250/https://archives.gov.ua/Sections/15r-V_Ref/index.php?11">"До 15-ї річниці Всеукраїнського референдуму"</a>. <i>archives.gov.ua</i>. ЦДАВО України. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.gov.ua/Sections/15r-V_Ref/index.php?11">the original</a> on 14 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archives.gov.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%BE+15-%D1%97+%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96+%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.gov.ua%2FSections%2F15r-V_Ref%2Findex.php%3F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Novyny Zakarpattya', the newspaper of the Regional Council of People's Deputies". No. 231.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Novyny+Zakarpattya%27%2C+the+newspaper+of+the+Regional+Council+of+People%27s+Deputies&rft.issue=231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slovenský náučný slovník, I. zväzok, Bratislava-Český Těšín, 1932</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nikolaus G. Kozauer, <i>Die Karpaten-Ukraine zwischen den beiden Weltkriegen</i>, Esslingen am Neckar 1979, p. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/resp_nac_59.php?reg=4">"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1959 года. Распределение городского и сельского населения областей республик СССР по полу и национальности"</a>. <i>www.demoscope.ru</i>. Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.demoscope.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+1959+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Fresp_nac_59.php%3Freg%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/resp_nac_70.php?reg=6">"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1970 года. Распределение городского и сельского населения областей республик СССР по полу и национальности"</a>. <i>www.demoscope.ru</i>. Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.demoscope.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+1970+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Fresp_nac_70.php%3Freg%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/resp_nac_79.php?reg=6">"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 года. Городское и сельское население областей республик СССР (кроме РСФСР) по полу и национальности"</a>. <i>www.demoscope.ru</i>. Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.demoscope.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+1979+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%28%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5+%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0%29+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Fresp_nac_79.php%3Freg%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/resp_nac_89.php?reg=5">"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Распределение городского и сельского населения областей республик СССР по полу и национальности"</a>. <i>www.demoscope.ru</i>. Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.demoscope.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+1989+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Fresp_nac_89.php%3Freg%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-population_2001-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-population_2001_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430050457/http://ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/nationality/zakarpatia/"><bdi lang="uk">Про кількість та склад населення Закарпатської області за підсумками Всеукраїнського перепису населення 2001 року</bdi></a> [About the number and composition of the Transcarpathian oblast according to the results of the National Census of 2001] (in Ukrainian). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bird+in+Flight&rft.atitle=Stay+Where+There+Are+Songs%3A+How+Thousands+of+Roma+People+Survive+in+Transcarpathia&rft.date=2016-05-12&rft.aulast=Nikolay&rft.aufirst=Polischuk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbirdinflight.com%2Freportage%2F20160512-roma-people-transcarpathia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070314022109/http://romaniyag.uz.ua/en/">"Romani Yag. Roma Public News. Interukrainian Biweekly"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romani+Yag.+Roma+Public+News.+Interukrainian+Biweekly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romaniyag.uz.ua%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeiu2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Peiu, Petrisor (2 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ziare.com/diaspora/romani-strainatate/si-ei-sunt-romani-si-ei-sunt-ai-nostri-si-ei-au-nevoie-de-romania-1595859">"Și ei sunt români. Și ei sunt ai noștri. Și ei au nevoie de România"</a>. <i>Ziare.com</i> (in Romanian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ziare.com&rft.atitle=%C8%98i+ei+sunt+rom%C3%A2ni.+%C8%98i+ei+sunt+ai+no%C8%99tri.+%C8%98i+ei+au+nevoie+de+Rom%C3%A2nia&rft.date=2020-02-02&rft.aulast=Peiu&rft.aufirst=Petrisor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fziare.com%2Fdiaspora%2Fromani-strainatate%2Fsi-ei-sunt-romani-si-ei-sunt-ai-nostri-si-ei-au-nevoie-de-romania-1595859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Baerlein, Henri (1938). <i>In Czechoslovakia's Hinterland</i>, Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00085K1BA">B00085K1BA</a></li> <li>Boysak, Basil (1963). <i>The Fate of the Holy Union in Carpatho-Ukraine</i>, Toronto-New York.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> Fentsik, Stefan A. (1935). <i>Greetings from the Old Country to all of the American Russian people! (Pozdravlenije iz staroho Kraja vsemu Amerikanskomu Karpatorusskomu Narodu!)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0008C9LY6">B0008C9LY6</a></li> <li>Nemec, Frantisek, and Vladimir Moudry (2nd ed., 1980). <i>The Soviet Seizure of Subcarpathian Ruthenia</i>, Hyperion Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0830500855" title="Special:BookSources/0830500855">0830500855</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> Ganzer, Christian (2001). <i>Die Karpato-Ukraine 1938/39: Spielball im internationalen Interessenkonflikt am Vorabend des Zweiten Weltkrieges.</i> Hamburg (<i>Die Ostreihe – Neue Folge</i>, Heft 12).</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> Kotowski, Albert S. (2001). <i>"Ukrainisches Piemont"? Die Karpartenukraine am Vorabend des Zweiten Weltkrieges</i>, in <i>Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 49</i>, Heft 1. S. 67–95.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krofta,_Kamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Krofta, Kamil">Krofta, Kamil</a> (1934). <i>Carpathian Ruthenia and the Czechoslovak Republic</i>. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007JY0OG">B0007JY0OG</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi1973" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191205040050/http://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Magochii_Pavlo_Robert/An_Historiographical_Guide_to_Subcarpathian_Rus_anhl.pdf">"An Historiographical Guide to Subcarpathian Rus'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Austrian History Yearbook</i>. <b>9</b>: 201–265. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS006723780001910X">10.1017/S006723780001910X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144778333">144778333</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Magochii_Pavlo_Robert/An_Historiographical_Guide_to_Subcarpathian_Rus_anhl.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-12-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Austrian+History+Yearbook&rft.atitle=An+Historiographical+Guide+to+Subcarpathian+Rus%27&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=201-265&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS006723780001910X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144778333%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshron1.chtyvo.org.ua%2FMagochii_Pavlo_Robert%2FAn_Historiographical_Guide_to_Subcarpathian_Rus_anhl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi1975" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428052942/http://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Magochii_Pavlo_Robert/The_Ruthenian_Decision_to_Unite_with_Czechoslovakia_anhl.pdf">"The Ruthenian Decision to Unite with Czechoslovakia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Slavic Review</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 360–381. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2495193">10.2307/2495193</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2495193">2495193</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155615547">155615547</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Magochii_Pavlo_Robert/The_Ruthenian_Decision_to_Unite_with_Czechoslovakia_anhl.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-04-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=The+Ruthenian+Decision+to+Unite+with+Czechoslovakia&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=360-381&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155615547%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2495193%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2495193&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshron1.chtyvo.org.ua%2FMagochii_Pavlo_Robert%2FThe_Ruthenian_Decision_to_Unite_with_Czechoslovakia_anhl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XcOOAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Shaping of a National Identity: Subcarpathian Rus', 1848–1948</i></a>. 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Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802024824" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802024824"><bdi>978-0802024824</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galicia%3A+A+Historical+Survey+and+Bibliographic+Guide&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0802024824&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqgTrJm85sDQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M2EnAQAAIAAJ"><i>Carpatho-Rusyn Studies: An Annotated Bibliography</i></a>. Vol. 1. New York: Garland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824012144" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824012144"><bdi>978-0824012144</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carpatho-Rusyn+Studies%3A+An+Annotated+Bibliography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0824012144&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM2EnAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Magocsi, Paul R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mnib.malorus.org/kniga/82/"><i>The Rusyn-Ukrainians Of Czechoslovakia</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061019203531/http://mnib.malorus.org/kniga/82/">Archived</a> 2006-10-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Magocsi, Paul R. – Pop, Ivan. <i>Encyclopedia of Rusyn history and culture</i>, Univ. of Toronto Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802035663" title="Special:BookSources/0802035663">0802035663</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Czech)</span> Pop, Ivan. <i>Dějiny Podkarpatské Rusi v datech.</i> Libri, Praha 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8072772376" title="Special:BookSources/8072772376">8072772376</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Ukrainian)</span> Rosokha, Stepan (1949). <i>Parliament of Carpatho-Ukraine (Coйм Карпатськoї України)</i>, Ukrainian National Publishing Co., Ltd. for Culture and Knowledge (Культура й ocвiтa).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShandor1997" class="citation book cs1">Shandor, Vincent (1997). <i>Carpatho-Ukraine in the Twentieth Century: A Political and Legal History</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press for the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0916458865" title="Special:BookSources/0916458865"><bdi>0916458865</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carpatho-Ukraine+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+A+Political+and+Legal+History&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press+for+the+Harvard+Ukrainian+Research+Institute&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0916458865&rft.aulast=Shandor&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscarpathia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Stercho, Peter (1959). <i>Carpatho-Ukraine in International Affairs: 1938–1939</i>, Notre Dame.</li> <li>Subtelny, Orest (3rd ed., 2000). <i>Ukraine: A History</i>, University of Toronto Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802083900" title="Special:BookSources/0802083900">0802083900</a></li> <li>Wilson, Andrew (2nd ed., 2002). <i>The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation</i>, Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300093098" title="Special:BookSources/0300093098">0300093098</a>.</li> <li>Winch, Michael (1973). <i> Republic for a day: An eye-witness account of the Carpatho-Ukraine incident</i>, University Microfilms. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006W7NUW">B0006W7NUW</a></li> <li>Nykolaj Beskyd. "Who Was Aleksander Duchnovyc?" Narodny Novynky. Prešov, Slovakia. No. 17. April 28, 1993. Translated by John E. Timo.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robert_Magocsi" title="Paul Robert Magocsi">Paul Robert Magocsi</a> (1995) <i>The Carpatho-Rusyns</i>.</li> <li>"Nation Building or Nation Destroying? Lemkos, Poles and Ukrainians in Contemporary Poland." Polish Review. XXXV 3/4. New York 1990.</li> <li>John Slivka. The History of the Greek Rite Gatholics in Pannonia, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Podkarpatska Rus 863–1949. 1974.</li> <li>Ivan Panjkevic (1938) <i>Українськi Говори Пiдкарпатської Руси i Сумeжних</i> Областeй: Prague.</li> <li>Aleksej L. Petrov (1998) <i>Medieval Carpathian Rus</i>, New York.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcarpathia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carpatho-rusyn.org/">The Carpatho-Rusyn knowledge base</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carpatho-rusyn.org/history.htm">Paul R. Magocsi, Carpatho-Rusyns, brochure published by The Carpatho-Rusyn Research Center, 1995</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\C\A\Carpatho6Ukraine.htm">Carpatho-Ukraine</a> (Encyclopedia of Ukraine)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\D\I\DietofCarpatho6Ukraine.htm">Diet of Carpatho-Ukraine</a> (Encyclopedia of Ukraine)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206055441/http://ukrstor.com/karpaty.html">Trans-Carpathia in UkrStor.com</a> (the web library of historical documents & publicism about Malorussia/Ukraine)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060526073045/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/hmcb/Tab11.htm">Ethnic structure of the population on the present territory of Transcarpathia (1880–1989)</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian and Ukrainian)</span> Mykola Vehesh, <i>The greatness and the tragedy of Carpathian Ukraine</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Zerkalo_Nedeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Zerkalo Nedeli">Zerkalo Nedeli</a></i>, 10(485), 13–19 March 2004 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051130142316/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/485/45817/">in Russian</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/485/45817/">in Ukrainian</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zakarpattia.ru">Zakarpattia.ru</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Ukrainian)</span></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Hungarian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050901024644/http://www.karpatinfo.org.ua/">Kárpátinfo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070319052613/http://karpaty.prygl.net/ukrajina.php">Carpathian Ruthenia</a> – photographs and information</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110126235948/http://hungarian-history.hu/lib/ruth/ruth00.htm">"Ruthenia – Spearhead Toward the West", by Senator Charles J. Hokky, Former Member of the Czechoslovakian Parliament</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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title="Rusyns">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boykos" title="Boykos">Boykos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolinyans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolinyans (page does not exist)">Dolinyans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hutsuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyns" title="Pannonian Rusyns">Pannonian Rusyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rusyn_diaspora" title="Category:Rusyn diaspora">Diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_Americans" title="Rusyn Americans">Rusyn Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Carpathian Rusyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li>Precursors <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iazychie" title="Iazychie">Iazychie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Catholicism">Greek Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Carpatho-Russian_Orthodox_Diocese" title="American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese">American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Croats" title="White Croats">White Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus' people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints Cyril and Methodius">Saints Cyril and Methodius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Brest" title="Union of Brest">Union of Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Uzhhorod" title="Union of Uzhhorod">Union of Uzhhorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War of Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Late_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Modern">Late Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dukhnovych" title="Alexander Dukhnovych">Alexander Dukhnovych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalerhof_internment_camp" title="Thalerhof internment camp">Thalerhof internment camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Russophilia" title="Galician Russophilia">Galician Russophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyarization" title="Magyarization">Magyarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Ukraine" title="Carpatho-Ukraine">Carpatho-Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komancza_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Komancza Republic">Komancza Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemko_Republic" title="Lemko Republic">Lemko Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesko_uprising" title="Lesko uprising">Lesko uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vistula" title="Operation Vistula">Operation Vistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainization" title="Ukrainization">Ukrainization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Places_inhabited_by_Rusyns" title="Places inhabited by Rusyns">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Rus'</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lemko_Region" title="Lemko Region">Lemkovyna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov_Region" title="Prešov Region">Prešov Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Maramureș County</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina, Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Congress_of_Rusyns" title="World Congress of Rusyns">World Congress of Rusyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Rusyn_Society" title="Carpatho-Rusyn Society">Carpatho-Rusyn Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostopinije" title="Prostopinije">Prostopinije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-dish_Christmas_Eve_supper" title="Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper">Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dukhnovych_Theater" title="Alexander Dukhnovych Theater">Alexander Dukhnovych Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_decorating_in_Slavic_culture" title="Egg decorating in Slavic culture">Pysanky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dukhnovych" title="Alexander Dukhnovych">Alexander Dukhnovych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Dobriansky" title="Adolf Dobriansky">Adolf Dobriansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robert_Magocsi" title="Paul Robert Magocsi">Paul Robert Magocsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Ditko" title="Steve Ditko">Steve Ditko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_%C5%BDatkovich" title="Gregory Žatkovich">Gregory Žatkovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.25em;"><div><div style="margin-top:0;line-height:1.4em;margin-bottom:-0.2em;"> </div><div style="margin-top:-0.2em;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Rusyns" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Rusyns">WikiProject Rusyns</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ruthenian_lands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ruthenian_lands" title="Template:Ruthenian lands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ruthenian_lands" title="Template talk:Ruthenian lands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ruthenian_lands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ruthenian lands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ruthenian_lands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenian</a> lands</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Ruthenia" title="Black Ruthenia">Black Ruthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ruthenia" title="Red Ruthenia">Red Ruthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Ruthenia" title="White Ruthenia">White Ruthenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_regions_in_present-day_Ukraine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ukrainian_historical_regions" title="Template:Ukrainian historical regions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ukrainian_historical_regions" title="Template talk:Ukrainian historical regions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ukrainian_historical_regions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ukrainian historical regions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_regions_in_present-day_Ukraine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_in_present-day_Ukraine" title="Historical regions in present-day Ukraine">Historical regions in present-day Ukraine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographical regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Ukraine" title="Central Ukraine">Central Ukraine</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_Ukraine" title="Dnieper Ukraine">Dnieper Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-bank_Ukraine" title="Left-bank Ukraine">Left-bank Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-bank_Ukraine" title="Right-bank Ukraine">Right-bank Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polesia" title="Polesia">Polissia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severia" title="Severia">Siveria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryvbas" title="Kryvbas">Kryvbas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine" title="Eastern Ukraine">Eastern Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pryazovia" title="Pryazovia">Pryazovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloboda_Ukraine" title="Sloboda Ukraine">Sloboda Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_(region)" title="Zaporizhzhia (region)">Zaporizhzhia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ukraine" title="Southern Ukraine">Southern Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budjak" title="Budjak">Budjak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedisan" title="Yedisan">Yedisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novorossiya" title="Novorossiya">Novorossiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">Western Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82m_Land" title="Chełm Land">Chełm Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Halychyna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertsa_region" title="Hertsa region">Hertsa region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodomeria" title="Lodomeria">Lodomeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddnistrianshchyna" title="Naddnistrianshchyna">Naddnistrianshchyna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Maramure%C8%99" title="Northern Maramureș">Northern Maramorshchyna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokuttia" title="Pokuttia">Pokuttia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prykarpattia" title="Prykarpattia">Prykarpattia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States and tribes of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a><br />and the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurica" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurica">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ono%C4%9Furs" class="mw-redirect" title="Onoğurs">Onoğurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazarig" title="Kazarig">Kazarig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Avar Khaganate">Avar Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Old Great Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principalities of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kyivan Rus'</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Chernigov" title="Principality of Chernigov">Chernigov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Halych" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Halych">Halych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Novgorod-Seversk" title="Principality of Novgorod-Seversk">Novhorod-Seversk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kyiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Kyiv">Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Terebovlia" title="Principality of Terebovlia">Terebovlia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Turov" title="Principality of Turov">Turov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Pereyaslavl" title="Principality of Pereyaslavl">Pereyaslav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Volhynia" title="Principality of Volhynia">Volhynia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Post-Mongol era</a> regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Principality of Theodoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ruthenia" title="Red Ruthenia">Red Ruthenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherven_Cities" title="Cherven Cities">Cherven Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Subdivisions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belz_Voivodeship" title="Belz Voivodeship">Belz Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brac%C5%82aw_Voivodeship" title="Bracław Voivodeship">Bracław Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernihiv_Voivodeship" title="Chernihiv Voivodeship">Chernihiv Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv Voivodeship">Kyiv Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podolian_Voivodeship" title="Podolian Voivodeship">Podolian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Voivodeship" title="Ruthenian Voivodeship">Ruthenian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volhynian_Voivodeship_(1569%E2%80%931795)" title="Volhynian Voivodeship (1569–1795)">Volhynian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Fields" title="Wild Fields">Wild Fields</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman provinces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Ukraine" title="Ottoman Ukraine">Ottoman Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube Vilayet">Danube Vilayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefe_Eyalet" title="Kefe Eyalet">Kefe Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podolia_Eyalet" title="Podolia Eyalet">Podolia Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silistra_Eyalet" title="Silistra Eyalet">Silistra Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedisan" title="Yedisan">Yedisan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossack</a> regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-bank_Ukraine" title="Right-bank Ukraine">Right-bank Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-bank_Ukraine" title="Left-bank Ukraine">Left-bank Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloboda_Ukraine" title="Sloboda Ukraine">Sloboda Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich" title="Zaporozhian Sich">Zaporozhian Sich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Russia" title="Little Russia">Little Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial Russian</a> regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Cossack_Host" title="Black Sea Cossack Host">Black Sea Cossack Host</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Krai" title="Southwestern Krai">Southwestern Krai</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Military_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv Military District">Kyiv Military District</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv Governorate">Kyiv Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volhynian_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Volhynian Governorate">Volhynian Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podolia_Governorate" title="Podolia Governorate">Podolia Governorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabia_Governorate" title="Bessarabia Governorate">Bessarabia Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkov_Governorate" title="Kharkov Governorate">Kharkov Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Governorate_(1708%E2%80%9364)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv Governorate (1708–64)">Kyiv Governorate (1708–64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Serbia_(historical_province)" title="New Serbia (historical province)">New Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavo-Serbia" title="Slavo-Serbia">Slavo-Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Russia_Governorate_(1764%E2%80%931781)" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Russia Governorate (1764–1781)">Little Russia Governorate (1764–1781)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Russia_Governorate_(1796%E2%80%931802)" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Russia Governorate (1796–1802)">Little Russia Governorate (1796–1802)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volhynian_Viceroyalty" title="Volhynian Viceroyalty">Volhynian Viceroyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltava_Governorate" title="Poltava Governorate">Poltava Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernihiv_Governorate" title="Chernihiv Governorate">Chernihiv Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholm_Governorate_(Russian_Empire)" title="Kholm Governorate (Russian Empire)">Kholm Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkov_Governorate" title="Kharkov Governorate">Kharkov Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurida_Governorate" title="Taurida Governorate">Taurida Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novorossiya_Governorate" title="Novorossiya Governorate">Novorossiya Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekaterinoslav_Governorate" title="Yekaterinoslav Governorate">Yekaterinoslav Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherson_Governorate" title="Kherson Governorate">Kherson Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolayev_War_Governorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolayev War Governorate (page does not exist)">Nikolayev War Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradonachalstvo" title="Gradonachalstvo">Gradonachalstvo</a> <ul><li>Odessa</li> <li>Izmail</li> <li>Nikolayev</li> <li>Sevastopol</li> <li>Feodosia</li> <li>Kerch-Yenikale</li> <li>Yalta</li> <li>Taganrog</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bukovina" title="Duchy of Bukovina">Duchy of Bukovina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th-century regions and states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemko_Republic" title="Lemko Republic">Lemko Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutsul_Republic" title="Hutsul Republic">Hutsul Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian ASSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drohobych_Oblast" title="Drohobych Oblast">Drohobych Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izmail_Oblast" title="Izmail Oblast">Izmail Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Oblast">Crimean Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Voivodeship" title="Lwów Voivodeship">Lviv Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarnopol_Voivodeship" title="Tarnopol Voivodeship">Ternopil Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wo%C5%82y%C5%84_Voivodeship_(1921%E2%80%931939)" title="Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–1939)">Volyn Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%C3%B3w_Voivodeship" title="Stanisławów Voivodeship">Stanyslaviv Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Ukraine" title="Carpatho-Ukraine">Carpatho-Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Subcarpathia" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorate of Subcarpathia">Governorate of Subcarpathia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharkiv Governorate">Kharkiv Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Galicia" title="District of Galicia">Distrikt Galizien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_in_present-day_Ukraine#Traditional_regions" title="Historical regions in present-day Ukraine">Ethno-Ukrainian regions abroad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Ukraine" title="Green Ukraine">Green Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Ukraine" title="Grey Ukraine">Grey Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82m" title="Chełm">Kholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban">Kuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemko_Region" title="Lemko Region">Lemko Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Southern Maramorshchyna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov" title="Prešov">Priashiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_(river)" title="San (river)">Sian River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Ukraine" title="Yellow Ukraine">Yellow Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> <span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Transcarpathia&params=48_20_N_23_14_E_region:SK_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°20′N</span> <span class="longitude">23°14′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.333°N 23.233°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.333; 23.233</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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