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Stamtre (evolusjon) – Wikipedia

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class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Fylogeni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fylogeni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Fylogeni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fylogeni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kladogram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kladogram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kladogram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kladogram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hierarkisk_skrivemåte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hierarkisk_skrivemåte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hierarkisk skrivemåte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hierarkisk_skrivemåte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Er_livets_tre_et_tre?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Er_livets_tre_et_tre?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Er livets tre et tre?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Er_livets_tre_et_tre?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hvordan_ser_livets_tre_ut?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hvordan_ser_livets_tre_ut?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Hvordan ser livets tre ut?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hvordan_ser_livets_tre_ut?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stamtre (evolusjon)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 42 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="شجرة تطور السلالات – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شجرة تطور السلالات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rbol_filoxen%C3%A9ticu" title="Árbol filoxenéticu – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Árbol filoxenéticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filogenetsko_stablo" title="Filogenetsko stablo – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Filogenetsko stablo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbre_filogen%C3%A8tic" title="Arbre filogenètic – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arbre filogenètic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fylogenetick%C3%BD_strom" title="Fylogenetický strom – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fylogenetický strom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فيلوجينيا – marokkansk-arabisk" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فيلوجينيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="marokkansk-arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetischer_Baum" title="Phylogenetischer Baum – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phylogenetischer Baum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Phylogenetic tree" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rbol_filogen%C3%A9tico" title="Árbol filogenético – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Árbol filogenético" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filogeneza_arbo" title="Filogeneza arbo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filogeneza arbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="درخت تبارزایی – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درخت تبارزایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbre_phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique" title="Arbre phylogénétique – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arbre phylogénétique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crann_f%C3%ADliginiteach" title="Crann fíliginiteach – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Crann fíliginiteach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rbore_filoxen%C3%A9tica" title="Árbore filoxenética – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Árbore filoxenética" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%84%ED%86%B5%EC%88%98" title="계통수 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="계통수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="वर्गानुवंशिक वृक्ष – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वर्गानुवंशिक वृक्ष" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filogenetsko_stablo" title="Filogenetsko stablo – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Filogenetsko stablo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohon_filogenetika" title="Pohon filogenetika – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pohon filogenetika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albero_filogenetico" title="Albero filogenetico – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Albero filogenetico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A5_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99" title="עץ פילוגנטי – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עץ פילוגנטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Эволюциялық ағаш – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эволюциялық ағаш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_filojenetical_de_vive" title="Arbor filojenetical de vive – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Arbor filojenetical de vive" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Филогенетско дрво – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Филогенетско дрво" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%82_(%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82)" title="വംശവൃക്ഷം (ജീവശാസ്ത്രം) – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വംശവൃക്ഷം (ജീവശാസ്ത്രം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokok_filogenetik" title="Pokok filogenetik – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pokok filogenetik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fylogenetische_stamboom" title="Fylogenetische stamboom – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fylogenetische stamboom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E6%A8%B9" title="系統樹 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="系統樹" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbre_filogenetic" title="Arbre filogenetic – oksitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arbre filogenetic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drzewo_filogenetyczne" title="Drzewo filogenetyczne – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Drzewo filogenetyczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rvore_filogen%C3%A9tica" title="Árvore filogenética – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Árvore filogenética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbore_filogenetic" title="Arbore filogenetic – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arbore filogenetic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Филогенетическое дерево – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Филогенетическое дерево" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filogenetsko_stablo" title="Filogenetsko stablo – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Filogenetsko stablo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filogenetsko_stablo" title="Filogenetsko stablo – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Filogenetsko stablo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluutiopuu" title="Evoluutiopuu – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Evoluutiopuu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punong_pilohenetiko" title="Punong pilohenetiko – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Punong pilohenetiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filogenetik_a%C4%9Fac%C4%B1" title="Filogenetik ağacı – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Filogenetik ağacı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Філогенетичне дерево – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Філогенетичне дерево" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="ارتقائی شجر – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ارتقائی شجر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2y_ph%C3%A1t_sinh_h%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng" title="Cây phát sinh hệ thống – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cây phát sinh hệ thống" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E6%A8%B9" title="進化樹 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="進化樹" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F%E6%A8%B9" title="系統發生樹 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="系統發生樹" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q242125#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Pedigree_of_man_(Haeckel_1874).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pedigree_of_man_%28Haeckel_1874%29.jpg/360px-Pedigree_of_man_%28Haeckel_1874%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="623" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pedigree_of_man_%28Haeckel_1874%29.jpg/540px-Pedigree_of_man_%28Haeckel_1874%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pedigree_of_man_%28Haeckel_1874%29.jpg/720px-Pedigree_of_man_%28Haeckel_1874%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="2077" /></a><figcaption> <b>Figur 1:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckels</a> <i>Stammbaum des Menschen</i> («menneskets stamtre») fra <a href="/wiki/1874" title="1874">1874</a> er et av de aller første stamtrærne som ble tegnet etter <a href="/wiki/Evolusjonsteori" title="Evolusjonsteori">evolusjonsteoriens</a> gjennombrudd. Fremstillingen som eiketre er utvilsomt estetisk, men gjennomsyret av <a href="/wiki/Antroposentrisme" title="Antroposentrisme">antroposentrisme</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Livets_tre_no.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Livets_tre_no.jpg/360px-Livets_tre_no.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Livets_tre_no.jpg/540px-Livets_tre_no.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Livets_tre_no.jpg/720px-Livets_tre_no.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><b>Figur 2:</b> Dagens måte å presentere stamtrær på, her illustrert ved et <i>kladogram</i> over de første forgreningene av livets tre. Legg merke til noen av forskjellene fra figur 1: Alle grener er like tykke, og alle grupper er plassert øverst på samme høyde.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Stamtre</b> har i biologien to betydninger som er nært knyttet til hverandre, men som man likevel må skille mellom: </p> <ol><li><b>Fylogeni</b><br />Stamtre kan betegne <a href="/wiki/Slektskap_(evolusjon)" title="Slektskap (evolusjon)">slektskapsforholdene</a> mellom <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">artene</a>. I denne forstand er «stamtre» ensbetydende med fagordet <i>fylogeni</i> (se <a href="/wiki/Fylogenetikk" title="Fylogenetikk">fylogenetikk</a>).</li> <li><b>Kladogram</b><br />Stamtre kan betegne en grafisk fremstilling av en slektskaps<a href="/wiki/Hypotese" title="Hypotese">hypotese</a>. I denne forstand er «stamtre» ensbetydende med fagordet <i>kladogram</i> (se <a href="/wiki/Biologisk_systematikk#Fylogenetisk_systematikk" title="Biologisk systematikk">kladistikk</a>).</li></ol> <p>Grunnen til at det er viktig å skille mellom disse to betydningene, er at det kun fins én sann fylogeni, men mange måter å fremstille denne på. Det ene sanne stamtreet er et resultat av <a href="/wiki/Evolusjon" title="Evolusjon">evolusjonen</a> som har foregått over millioner av år. En gitt stamtre<i>fremstilling</i> (kladogram) er derimot et resultat av <a href="/wiki/Menneske" title="Menneske">menneskelig</a> aktivitet, nemlig <a href="/wiki/Fylogenetikk" title="Fylogenetikk">fylogenetisk forskning</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fylogeni">Fylogeni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stamtre_(evolusjon)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Fylogeni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stamtre_(evolusjon)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Fylogeni"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Som sagt fins det kun ett sant stamtre – også kalt <i>livets tre</i>. Dette treet eksisterer ikke i fysisk forstand, men er en <i>relasjon</i> mellom alle <a href="/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme">organismer</a>, og et resultatet av en <a href="/wiki/Evolusjon" title="Evolusjon">evolusjonær</a> prosess der <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">arter</a> har gitt opphav til nye arter. I og med at alle arter har hatt felles stamformer, er også alle arter beslektet med hverandre. Det er disse <a href="/wiki/Slektskap_(evolusjon)" title="Slektskap (evolusjon)">slektskapsforholdene</a> mellom alle jordens arter som menes med fylogeni eller stamtre. I og med at evolusjonen har foregått på én og kun én måte, fins det også kun ett sant stamtre (om vi kan rekonstruere den, er som sagt et annet spørsmål). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kladogram">Kladogram</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stamtre_(evolusjon)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Kladogram" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stamtre_(evolusjon)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Kladogram"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I sin streben etter kunnskap prøver mennesket også å rekonstruere livets tre. Vitenskapen som har dette som sitt mål, er <a href="/wiki/Fylogenetikk" title="Fylogenetikk">fylogenetikken</a>. Resultatet av en fylogenetisk slektskapsanalyse kan uttrykkes grafisk som en trelignende tegning, et kladogram. Et kladogram er en <a href="/wiki/Hypotese" title="Hypotese">hypotese</a> som senere kan vise seg å ha vært feil. Det vil si at et gitt kladogram kan overensstemme med deler av fylogenien, eller den kan inneholde feil. På grunn av <a href="/wiki/Erkjennelsesteori" title="Erkjennelsesteori">epistemologiske</a> begrensninger vil vi aldri kunne få kunnskap om samtlige grener i livets tre – og i tilfellet vi likevel skulle gjøre det, vil vi aldri kunne vite sikkert at vi faktisk har lykkes. </p><p>Dette er ikke et spesifikt problem for fylogenetikken, men for all <a href="/wiki/Vitenskap" title="Vitenskap">vitenskap</a>. Grunnen til at disse problemene fremheves her, er nettopp for å illustrere at uenighet om et gitt kladograms korrekthet ikke betyr at forskere betviler at det fins én sann fylogeni. </p><p>Når dette er sagt, fins det allerede store deler av livets tre som er klarlagt med så stor sikkerhet, at det er usannsynlig at slektskapshypotesene vil endre seg vesentlig i fremtiden. Andre deler av stamtreet hefter det seg imidlertid større usikkerhet til. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hierarkisk_skrivemåte"><span id="Hierarkisk_skrivem.C3.A5te"></span>Hierarkisk skrivemåte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stamtre_(evolusjon)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Hierarkisk skrivemåte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stamtre_(evolusjon)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Hierarkisk skrivemåte"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Det fins en alternativ måte å gjengi fylogenien på som ikke benytter seg av kladogrammer. En slik skrivemåte illustrerer med innrykk hvilke grupper som har hatt felles <a href="/wiki/Stamart" title="Stamart">stamarter</a>. Resultatet av å gjengi figur 2 i hierarkisk skrivemåte, er som følger: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakterier" title="Bakterier">ekte bakterier</a> <ul><li>Planktomycetes</li> <li>øvrige bakterier</li></ul></li> <li>[gruppe uten navn] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkebakterier" title="Arkebakterier">arkebakterier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryoter" title="Eukaryoter">eukaryoter</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Her står f.eks. <i>Planktomycetes</i> og <i>øvrige bakterier</i> med større innrykk under <i>ekte bakterier</i>, noe som betyr at de er <a href="/wiki/Gruppe_(biologi)#Overordnede_og_delgrupper" title="Gruppe (biologi)">delgrupper</a> av de ekte bakteriene. På samme måte ser man at arkebakterier og eukaryoter er <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8stergruppe" title="Søstergruppe">søstergrupper</a>, altså hverandres nærmeste slektninger, fordi de har samme innrykk under en felles overgruppe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Er_livets_tre_et_tre?"><span id="Er_livets_tre_et_tre.3F"></span>Er livets tre et tre?</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stamtre_(evolusjon)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Er livets tre et tre?" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stamtre_(evolusjon)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Er livets tre et tre?"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:PhylogeneticTree_horizontal_transfers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PhylogeneticTree_horizontal_transfers.png/250px-PhylogeneticTree_horizontal_transfers.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PhylogeneticTree_horizontal_transfers.png/375px-PhylogeneticTree_horizontal_transfers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PhylogeneticTree_horizontal_transfers.png/500px-PhylogeneticTree_horizontal_transfers.png 2x" data-file-width="1454" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>«Livets tre» der <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endosymbiose&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Endosymbiose (ikke skrevet ennå)">endosymbiose</a> og horisontal overføring av genmateriale er tegnet inn</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Tre</i> er en mektig <a href="/wiki/Metafor" title="Metafor">metafor</a>, som lett kan misforstås hvis den tolkes for ordrett (se figur 1). Mens f.eks. et <a href="/wiki/Eik" class="mw-redirect" title="Eik">eiketre</a> har både en stamme, tykke grener, små kvister og grønne blader, er ikke et stamtre organisert på samme måte. Stamtreets grener er arter, og forgreninger i stamtreet er <a href="/wiki/Art#Artsdannelse" title="Art">artsdannelser</a>. Derfor er alle grener i livets tre like tykke i den forstand at alle grener består av nøyaktig én art (se figur 2). Se ellers <a href="/wiki/Slektskap_(evolusjon)" title="Slektskap (evolusjon)">slektskap</a> for en nærmere forklaring av hvordan stamtrær (kladogrammer) tolkes. </p><p>Det hevdes av og til at «livets tre» bør erstattes med en annen metafor, slik som «livets busk» eller «livets nettverk». Bakgrunnen for det første er at mange deler av livets tre ser ut til å være så tette med grener at de ligner mer på en busk enn på et tre. Ikke alle forgreninger trenger m.a.o. å være tvegreninger. Bakgrunnen for den andre kritikken er at det er en forenkling å bare snakke om at grener deler seg. Det forekommer også sammensmeltninger av to grener til én gren og utveksling av <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">gener</a> på tvers av grenene. Det førstnevnte er vanligst blant planter, og er oftest koblet til fordoblingen av kromosomsettet (se <a href="/wiki/Polyploidi" title="Polyploidi">polyploidi</a>). Det sistnevnte gjelder for det første enkelte av <a href="/wiki/Eukaryoter" title="Eukaryoter">eukaryotenes</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Celleorganelle&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Celleorganelle (ikke skrevet ennå)">celleorganeller</a>, som <a href="/wiki/Mitokondrium" title="Mitokondrium">mitokondrier</a> og <a href="/wiki/Kloroplast" title="Kloroplast">kloroplaster</a> (se <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiontteorien" title="Endosymbiontteorien">endosymbiontteorien</a>). Videre har det oppstått enkelte former for <a href="/wiki/Symbiose" title="Symbiose">symbiose</a> som <a href="/wiki/%C3%98kologi" title="Økologi">økologisk</a> sett utgjør selvstendige <a href="/wiki/Individ" title="Individ">individer</a>, selv om de dannes av nokså ulike <a href="/wiki/Gruppe_(biologi)" title="Gruppe (biologi)">grupper</a>, f.eks. <a href="/wiki/Lav" title="Lav">lav</a> som er «samarbeidsprodukter» av <a href="/wiki/Sopp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopp">sopp</a> og <a href="/wiki/Alge" title="Alge">alger</a>. Til slutt opptrer noen typer <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a> som såkalte <a href="/wiki/Vektor_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vektor (biologi)">vektorer</a>, som overfører <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> fra en art til en annen. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Tree_of_life_with_genome_size.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Tree_of_life_with_genome_size.svg/250px-Tree_of_life_with_genome_size.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Tree_of_life_with_genome_size.svg/375px-Tree_of_life_with_genome_size.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Tree_of_life_with_genome_size.svg/500px-Tree_of_life_with_genome_size.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4105" data-file-height="4494" /></a><figcaption>Grafisk fremstilling av stamtreet, med genomstørrelser</figcaption></figure> <p>Tre-metaforen har likevel overlevd denne kritikken. For det første er «buskete» slektskapshypoteser noe som gjelder kladogrammet, ikke livets tre: Artsoppdelingene har ikke skjedd samtidig, selv om noen av dem kanskje har overlappet såpass mye at man ikke vil få klarlagt rekkefølgen i etterkant. Men dette er ikke bare mindretallet av forgreningene, det gjelder dessuten bare for <i>vår kunnskap om</i> livets tre, ikke <i>selve</i> livets tre. </p><p>For det andre dominerer forgreningene helt klart sammensmeltningene i livets tre. Det er også klart feil å ignorere sammensmeltninger, men disse er relativt sett så sjeldne, at helheten av stamtreet fortsatt fortjener å bli omtalt som tre. </p><p>Til slutt kan man anmerke at <i>tre</i> ikke bare er en metafor, men faktisk et fagord fra den <a href="/wiki/Matematikk" title="Matematikk">matematiske</a> disiplinen <a href="/wiki/Grafteori" title="Grafteori">grafteori</a>. Et <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tre_(matematikk)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tre (matematikk) (ikke skrevet ennå)">tre i grafteoretisk forstand</a> er et <i>nettverk</i> av <i>noder</i> og <i>kanter</i> som forbinder nodene. Det evolusjonære stamtreet er et spesialtilfellet av et slikt matematisk tre, der kantene er artene og nodene deres forgreninger og/eller sammensmeltninger. I grafteorien omtales en slik struktur som «tre», uavhengig av om forgreninger eller sammensmeltninger overveier, og uavhengig av om treet er buskaktig eller ikke. Matematisk sett er det uansett korrekt å omtale livets tre som nettopp tre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hvordan_ser_livets_tre_ut?"><span id="Hvordan_ser_livets_tre_ut.3F"></span>Hvordan ser livets tre ut?</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stamtre_(evolusjon)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Hvordan ser livets tre ut?" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stamtre_(evolusjon)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Hvordan ser livets tre ut?"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Se de enkelte <a href="/wiki/Gruppe_(biologi)" title="Gruppe (biologi)">gruppene</a> for deres fylogeni, f.eks. <a href="/wiki/Dyr" title="Dyr">dyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planter" title="Planter">planter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sopp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopp">sopp</a>. Se <a href="/wiki/Rike_(biologi)" title="Rike (biologi)">rike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liv" title="Liv">liv</a> eller eksterne lenker for den «store sammenhengen». </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stamtre_(evolusjon)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stamtre_(evolusjon)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Se også"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fylogenetikk" title="Fylogenetikk">Fylogenetikk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slektskap_(evolusjon)" title="Slektskap (evolusjon)">slektskap (evolusjon)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biologisk_systematikk" title="Biologisk systematikk">systematikk</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tre_(matematikk)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tre (matematikk) (ikke skrevet ennå)">tre (matematikk)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stamtre_(evolusjon)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stamtre_(evolusjon)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evol.no/hanno/04/Naturen1.htm"><b>Hva er et stamtre?</b> (Farene ved å tolke tre-metaforen for langt)</a></li> <li>Dagens kunnskap om livets tre: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html">The Tree of Life (engelsk)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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