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aria-controls="toc-Definition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standard_territorial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_territorial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Standard territorial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_territorial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Member_states_of_the_Arab_League" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Member_states_of_the_Arab_League"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Member states of the Arab League</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Member_states_of_the_Arab_League-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancillary_linguistic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancillary_linguistic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ancillary linguistic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancillary_linguistic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Film industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_equality_and_women's_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_equality_and_women's_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Gender equality and women's rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_equality_and_women's_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Child_marriages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_marriages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Child marriages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_marriages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Largest cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_and_colonial_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_and_colonial_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ottoman and colonial rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_and_colonial_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_Arab_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Arab_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Rise of Arab nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Arab_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Modern conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Unification of Saudi Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab–Israeli_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab–Israeli_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Arab–Israeli conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab–Israeli_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran–Iraq_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran–Iraq_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Iran–Iraq War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran–Iraq_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebanese_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanese_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.4</span> <span>Lebanese Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanese_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Sahara_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Sahara_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.5</span> <span>Western Sahara conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Sahara_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Yemen_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Yemen_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.6</span> <span>North Yemen Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Yemen_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somali_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somali_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.7</span> <span>Somali Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somali_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_Spring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_Spring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.8</span> <span>Arab Spring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_Spring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petroleum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petroleum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Petroleum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petroleum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Recent history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-States_and_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States_and_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>States and territories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-States_and_territories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle States and territories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-States_and_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forms_of_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms_of_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Forms of government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forms_of_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Modern boundaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_economies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_economies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Modern economies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_economies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Historical boundaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Arab world</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiese_w%C3%AAreld" title="Arabiese wêreld – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Arabiese wêreld" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabische_Welt" title="Arabische Welt – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Arabische Welt" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="الوطن العربي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الوطن العربي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundo_arabe" title="Mundo arabe – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mundo arabe" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%A0%DC%A1%DC%90_%DC%A5%DC%AA%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܥܠܡܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܠܡܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0" title="Արաբական Աշխարհ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արաբական Աշխարհ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundu_%C3%A1rabe" title="Mundu árabe – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mundu árabe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="আরব বিশ্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আরব বিশ্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-la-pek_s%C3%A8-k%C3%A0i" title="A-la-pek sè-kài – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="A-la-pek sè-kài" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Арабскі свет – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арабскі свет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Арабскі сьвет – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Арабскі сьвет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Арабски свят – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арабски свят" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapski_svijet" title="Arapski svijet – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Arapski svijet" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%AFsos_%C3%A0rabs" title="Països àrabs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Països àrabs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabsk%C3%BD_sv%C4%9Bt" title="Arabský svět – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arabský svět" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Byd_Arabaidd" title="Y Byd Arabaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Byd Arabaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiske_verden" title="Arabiske verden – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arabiske verden" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A8_%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لبلدان لهاضرة ب لعربية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لبلدان لهاضرة ب لعربية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabische_Welt" title="Arabische Welt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arabische Welt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81s%C3%A1%C3%AD_din%C3%A9%CA%BCi%CA%BC_bik%C3%A9yah" title="Ásáí dinéʼiʼ bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ásáí dinéʼiʼ bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araabia_maad" title="Araabia maad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Araabia maad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundo_%C3%A1rabe" title="Mundo árabe – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mundo árabe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araba_mondo" title="Araba mondo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Araba mondo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiar_mundua" title="Arabiar mundua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arabiar mundua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="جهان عرب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جهان عرب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monde_arabe" title="Monde arabe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Monde arabe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabyske_wr%C3%A2ld" title="Arabyske wrâld – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Arabyske wrâld" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duniiyaru_Arabic" title="Duniiyaru Arabic – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Duniiyaru Arabic" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_devletl%C3%A4ri" title="Arab devletläri – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Arab devletläri" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundo_%C3%A1rabe" title="Mundo árabe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mundo árabe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%9E%8D_%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84" title="아랍 세계 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아랍 세계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0" title="Արաբական աշխարհ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արաբական աշխարհ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="अरब देश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अरब देश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapski_svijet" title="Arapski svijet – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arapski svijet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunia_Arab" title="Dunia Arab – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dunia Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_arabo" title="Mondo arabo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mondo arabo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91" title="ארצות ערב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארצות ערב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagara-nagara_Arab" title="Nagara-nagara Arab – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nagara-nagara Arab" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="არაბული სამყარო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არაბული სამყარო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansi_ya_balabu" title="Bansi ya balabu – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Bansi ya balabu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C4%81bu_pasaule" title="Arābu pasaule – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arābu pasaule" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%C5%B3_%C5%A1alys" title="Arabų šalys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Arabų šalys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_%C3%A1llamok" title="Arab államok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Arab államok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tontolo_Arabo" title="Tontolo Arabo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tontolo Arabo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="അറബ് ലോകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അറബ് ലോകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87" title="अरब राष्ट्रे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अरब राष्ट्रे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%89" title="العالم العربى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="العالم العربى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunia_Arab" title="Dunia Arab – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dunia Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC" title="အာရပ်ကမ္ဘာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာရပ်ကမ္ဘာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabische_wereld" title="Arabische wereld – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arabische wereld" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%96%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="アラブ世界 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラブ世界" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_arabiske_verden" title="Den arabiske verden – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den arabiske verden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_arabiske_verda" title="Den arabiske verda – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den arabiske verda" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%AFses_Arabis" title="Païses Arabis – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Païses Arabis" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_dunyosi" title="Arab dunyosi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arab dunyosi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A4" title="ਅਰਬ ਜਗਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਰਬ ਜਗਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%AC%DA%AF%D8%AA" title="عرب جگت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عرب جگت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%87%DB%90%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="عربي هېوادونه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عربي هېوادونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraje_arabskie" title="Kraje arabskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kraje arabskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundo_%C3%A1rabe" title="Mundo árabe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mundo árabe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumea_arab%C4%83" title="Lumea arabă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lumea arabă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Арабский мир – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арабский мир" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bota_arabe" title="Bota arabe – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bota arabe" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%80" title="අරාබි ලොව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අරාබි ලොව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Arab world" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabski_svet" title="Arabski svet – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Arabski svet" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%EA%99%91_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%EA%99%91" title="Аравьскꙑ странꙑ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Аравьскꙑ странꙑ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhulka_Carabta" title="Dhulka Carabta – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhulka Carabta" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B9%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8" title="جیھانی عەرەب – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جیھانی عەرەب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Арапски свет – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Арапски свет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapski_svijet" title="Arapski svijet – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arapski svijet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunya_Arab" title="Dunya Arab – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Dunya Arab" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabimaailma" title="Arabimaailma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arabimaailma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabv%C3%A4rlden" title="Arabvärlden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arabvärlden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%E1%B8%8Dal_a%C9%9Brab" title="Amḍal aɛrab – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amḍal aɛrab" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="โลกอาหรับ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โลกอาหรับ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Ҷаҳони араб – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷаҳони араб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap_d%C3%BCnyas%C4%B1" title="Arap dünyası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arap dünyası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82" title="Арабський світ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арабський світ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9" title="عرب ممالک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عرب ممالک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89" title="ئەرەب ئەللىرى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئەرەب ئەللىرى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_gi%E1%BB%9Bi_%E1%BA%A2_R%E1%BA%ADp" title="Thế giới Ả Rập – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế giới Ả Rập" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monde_arabe" title="Monde arabe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Monde arabe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="阿拉伯世界 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿拉伯世界" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="אראבישע לענדער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אראבישע לענדער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" title="阿拉伯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿拉伯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="阿拉伯世界 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿拉伯世界" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Geographical and cultural region in Africa and the Middle East</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about geographical region. For the geopolitical entity, see <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Arab world</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Arab_World_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Arab_World_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Arab_World_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Arab_World_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Arab_World_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Arab_World_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Arab_World_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">13,132,327 km<sup>2</sup> (5,070,420 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">456,520,777<sup id="cite_ref-totalpop_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-totalpop-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population density</th><td class="infobox-data">29.839/km<sup>2</sup> (70.37/sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP (nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">$2.782 trillion<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">$6,647<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Arab_world" title="Demographics of the Arab world">Arab</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><div>22 <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">sovereign states</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Minimum definition: </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Extended definition: </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><div>2 <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">de facto states</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Minimum definition: </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Extended definition: </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dependencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a><sup id="cite_ref-Frishkopf_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frishkopf-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zones</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%C2%B100:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC±00:00">UTC±00:00</a> to <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B04:00" title="UTC+04:00">UTC+04:00</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Internet <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.africa" title=".africa">.africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/.asia" title=".asia">.asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest cities</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_the_Arab_world" title="List of largest cities in the Arab world">Major cities of Arab world</a> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan"><img alt="Jordan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"><img alt="Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen"><img alt="Yemen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Arab world</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">اَلْعَالَمُ الْعَرَبِيُّ</span> <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-ʿālam al-ʿarabī</i></span></i>), formally the <b>Arab homeland</b> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">اَلْوَطَنُ الْعَرَبِيُّ</span></span> <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-waṭan al-ʿarabī</i></span></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as the <b>Arab nation</b> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">اَلْأُمَّةُ الْعَرَبِيَّةُ</span></span> <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-ummah al-ʿarabiyyah</i></span></i>), the <b>Arabsphere</b>, or the <b>Arab states</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> comprises a large group of countries, mainly located in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. While the majority of people in the Arab world are ethnically <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are also significant populations of other ethnic groups such as <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nubians" title="Nubians">Nubians</a>, among other <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Arab_world" title="Demographics of the Arab world">groups</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> is used as the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> throughout the Arab world.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Arab world is at its minimum defined as the 19 states where <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a> form at least a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plurality" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:plurality">plurality</a> of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tamari_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamari-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its maximum it consists of the 22 <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Arab_League" title="Member states of the Arab League">members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, an international organization,<sup id="cite_ref-Frishkopf_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frishkopf-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which on top of the 19 plurality Arab states also includes the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>. The region stretches from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> in the east, and from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> in the north to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> in the southeast.<sup id="cite_ref-Frishkopf_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frishkopf-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eastern part of the Arab world is known as the <a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a>, and the western part as the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, the Arab world has a total population of 456 million inhabitants and a <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> of $2.85 trillion, as of 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-totalpop_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-totalpop-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region is nevertheless diverse in many ways, and economically includes some of the wealthiest as well as poorest populations.<sup id="cite_ref-tamari_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamari-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region mostly corresponds with the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a> (MENA) definition. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">post-classical history</a>, the Arab world was synonymous with the historic Arab empires and caliphates.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> arose in the second half of the 19th century along with other <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire">nationalist</a> movements within the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. The Arab League was formed in 1945 to represent the interests of Arab people and especially to pursue the political unification of the Arab countries; a project known as <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> <p>In page 9 of <i>Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions</i>, 10th century Arab geographer <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqdisi" title="Al-Maqdisi">Al Maqdisi</a> used the term <i>Arab regions</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أَقَالِيمُ ٱلْعَرَبِ</span>) to refer to the lands of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> (Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen). He also considered Iraq, alongside <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a> (Iraq, Syria and Turkey), <a href="/wiki/Ash-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash-Sham">Ash-Sham</a> (Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria and Turkey), Egypt and the Maghreb (Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia and Western Sahara Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic) to be part of the Arab regions.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, an island country in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">national language</a> derives from Arabic (through <a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Sicilian Arabic</a>), is not included in the region. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> recognize Arabic as one of their official or working languages but are not included in the region because they are not members of the Arab League. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div> <p>The linguistic and political denotation inherent in the term <i><a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab</a></i> is generally dominant over <a href="/wiki/Genealogical" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogical">genealogical</a> considerations. In Arab states, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Standard Arabic</a> is used by the government. Local <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">vernacular languages</a> are referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Darija" class="mw-redirect" title="Darija">Darija</a></i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الدَّارِجَة</span></span> "everyday/colloquial language"<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> or <i>Aammiyya</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلْعَامِيَّة</span></span> "common language") in the <a href="/wiki/Mashreq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mashreq">Mashreq</a>. The majority of the vocabulary in these vernaculars is shared with Standard Arabic, but they also significantly borrow from other languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> in the Maghreb.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_territorial">Standard territorial</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></div> <p>Although no globally accepted definition of the Arab world exists,<sup id="cite_ref-Frishkopf_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frishkopf-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all countries that are <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Arab_League" title="Member states of the Arab League">members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> are generally acknowledged as being part of the Arab world.<sup id="cite_ref-Frishkopf_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frishkopf-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hätinger_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hätinger-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Arab League is a <a href="/wiki/Regional_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional organisation">regional organisation</a> that aims, among other things, to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries and sets out the following definition of an Arab: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>An Arab is a person whose language is Arabic, who lives in an Arab country, and who is in sympathy with the aspirations of the Arab people.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This standard territorial definition is sometimes seen to be inappropriate<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or problematic,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may be supplemented with certain additional elements (see <a href="#Ancillary_linguistic">ancillary linguistic definition</a> below).<sup id="cite_ref-Kronholm_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kronholm-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Member_states_of_the_Arab_League">Member states of the Arab League</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Arab_League" title="Member states of the Arab League">Member states of the Arab League</a></div> <table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:33.33%; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الجزائر</span> <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Jazā’ir</i></span></i>): <a href="/wiki/Standard_Algerian_Berber" title="Standard Algerian Berber">Berber</a> is the second official language (minority)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">البحرين</span> <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Baḥrayn</i></span></i>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جزر القمر</span> <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Juzur al-Qamar</i></span></i>): <a href="/wiki/Comorian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Comorian language">Comorian</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> are the other official languages</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جيبوتي</span> <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Jībūtī</i></span></i>): <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> is the other official language</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مصر</span> <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Miṣr</i></span></i>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">العراق</span> <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-‘Irāq</i></span></i>): <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> is the second official language (minority)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الأردن</span> <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Urdun</i></span></i>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الكويت</span> <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Kuwayt</i></span></i>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">لبنان</span> <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Lubnān</i></span></i>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ليبيا</span> <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Lībyā</i></span></i>)</li></ul> </th> <th style="width:33.33%; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">موريتانيا</span> <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Mūrītānyā</i></span></i>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المغرب</span> <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Maghrib</i></span></i>): <a href="/wiki/Standard_Moroccan_Amazigh" title="Standard Moroccan Amazigh">Berber</a> is the second official language (minority)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عمان</span> <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">‘Umān</i></span></i>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">فلسطين</span> <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Filasṭīn</i></span></i>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قطر</span> <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Qaṭar</i></span></i>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المملكة العربية السعودية</span> <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Mamlakah al-‘Arabīyah as-Sa‘ūdīyah</i></span></i>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الصومال</span> <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">aṣ-Ṣūmāl</i></span></i>): <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> is the first official language</li></ul> </th> <th style="width:33.33%; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">السودان</span> <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">as-Sūdān</i></span></i>): <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is the second official language</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سوريا</span> <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Sūriyā</i></span></i>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تونس</span> <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Tūnis</i></span></i>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الإمارات العربيّة المتّحدة</span> <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Imārāt al-‘Arabīyah al-Muttaḥidah</i></span></i>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">اليمن</span> <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Yaman</i></span></i>)</li></ul> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancillary_linguistic">Ancillary linguistic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a></div> <p>As an alternative to,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in combination with,<sup id="cite_ref-Frishkopf_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frishkopf-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the standard territorial definition, the Arab world may be defined as consisting of peoples and states united to at least some degree by Arabic language, culture or geographic contiguity,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or those states or territories in which the majority of the population speaks Arabic, and thus may also include <a href="/wiki/Arab_diaspora" title="Arab diaspora">populations of the Arab diaspora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frishkopf_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frishkopf-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When an ancillary linguistic definition is used in combination with the <a href="#Standard_territorial">standard territorial definition</a>, various parameters may be applied<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to determine whether a state or territory should be included in this alternative definition of the Arab world. These parameters may be applied<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to the states and territories of the Arab League (which constitute the Arab world under the standard definition) and to other states and territories. Typical parameters that may be applied include: whether Arabic is widely spoken; whether Arabic is an official or national language; or whether an Arabic cognate language is widely spoken. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabic_Varieties_Map-2023.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Arabic_Varieties_Map-2023.svg/300px-Arabic_Varieties_Map-2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Arabic_Varieties_Map-2023.svg/450px-Arabic_Varieties_Map-2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Arabic_Varieties_Map-2023.svg/600px-Arabic_Varieties_Map-2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2051" data-file-height="1151" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Varieties of Arabic</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While <a href="/wiki/Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic dialects">Arabic dialects</a> are spoken in a number of Arab League states, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Literary Arabic</a> is official in all of them. Several states have declared Arabic to be an <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where Arabic is an official language">official or national language</a>, although Arabic is not as widely spoken there. As members of the Arab League, however, they are considered part of the Arab world under the standard territorial definition. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> has two official languages, Arabic and <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> has three, Arabic, Somali and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Arabic and Somali belong to the larger <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> language family. Although Arabic is widely spoken by many people in the north and urban areas in the south, Somali is the most widely used language, and contains many Arabic <a href="/wiki/Loan_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan word">loan words</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> has two official languages, Arabic and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>. It also has several formally recognized national languages; besides Somali, many people speak <a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a>, which is also an Afro-Asiatic language. The majority of the population speaks Somali and Afar, although Arabic is also widely used for trade and other activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Legum_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legum-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a> has three official languages: Arabic, <a href="/wiki/Comorian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Comorian language">Comorian</a> and French. Comorian is the most widely spoken language, with Arabic having a religious significance, and French being associated with the educational system. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a><sup id="cite_ref-CIA_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> all recognize Arabic as an official or working language, but none of them is a member-state of the Arab League, although both Chad and Eritrea are observer states of the League (with possible future membership) and have large populations of Arabic speakers. </p><p>Israel is not a part of the Arab world. By some definitions,<sup id="cite_ref-Kronholm_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kronholm-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arab citizens of Israel</a> may concurrently be considered a constituent part of the Arab world. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> has about 1.5 million Arabic speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Arabs" title="Iranian Arabs">Iranian Arabs</a> are mainly found in <a href="/wiki/Ahvaz" title="Ahvaz">Ahvaz</a>, a southwestern region in the <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan Province</a>; others inhabit the <a href="/wiki/Bushehr_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushehr Province">Bushehr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hormozgan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormozgan Province">Hormozgan</a> provinces and the city of <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> recognize <a href="/wiki/Hassaniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassaniya">Hassaniya</a>, the Arabic dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moorish</a> ethnic minority, as a <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassaniyya_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassaniyya-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> also recognize <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Maronite_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypriot Maronite Arabic">Cypriot Maronite Arabic</a> under the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>. Additionally, Malta, though not part of the Arab world, has as its official language <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>. The language is grammatically akin to Maghrebi Arabic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Arab_world" title="Demographics of the Arab world">Demographics of the Arab world</a></div> <p>In the Arab world, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a>, derived from <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a> (symptomatic of Arabic <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a>), serves as an official language in the Arab League states, and <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Arabic dialects</a> are used as lingua franca. Various indigenous languages are also spoken, which predate the spread of the Arabic language. This contrasts with the situation in the wider <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a>, where, in contiguous Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan, the <a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic script">Perso-Arabic script</a> is used and Arabic is the primary liturgical language, but the tongue is not official at the state level or spoken as a <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> constitute around one quarter of the 1.5 billion <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> in the Islamic world.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: Relating to the Arab world survey conducted by the BBC. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-48703377">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-48703377</a>).<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this section to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eid_in_Morocco.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Eid_in_Morocco.JPG/220px-Eid_in_Morocco.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Eid_in_Morocco.JPG/330px-Eid_in_Morocco.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Eid_in_Morocco.JPG/440px-Eid_in_Morocco.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a> mass prayer in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The majority of people in the Arab world adhere to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and the religion has official status in most countries. <a href="/wiki/Shariah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shariah">Shariah</a> law exists partially in the legal system in some countries (especially in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>), while others are legislatively <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a>. The majority of the Arab countries adhere to <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, however, are <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> majority countries, while <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> have large Shia minorities. In <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, Ismailite pockets are also found in the eastern Al-Hasa region and the southern city of Najran. <a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a> Islam is practiced in <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, where Ibadis constitute around 75% of Muslims. </p><p>There are also <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> adherents in the Arab world, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>. Small native Christian communities can be found also throughout the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PharesIntro_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PharesIntro-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Church">Coptic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Christian">Assyrian Christian</a> enclaves exist in the Nile Valley, Levant and northern Iraq respectively. There are also <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians" title="Terms for Syriac Christians">Syriac</a>-<a href="/wiki/Aramean" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramean">Aramean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a> throughout Iraq, Syria, Palestine, Lebanon and Jordan. There are also native Arab Christian communities in Algeria,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bahrain,<sup id="cite_ref-2010Census_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010Census-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morocco,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kuwait<sup id="cite_ref-num_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-num-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Tunisia.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smaller ethno-religious minorities across the Arab League include the <a href="/wiki/Yezidis" class="mw-redirect" title="Yezidis">Yezidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yarsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarsan">Yarsan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shabak_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabak people">Shabaks</a> (mainly in Iraq), the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druzes</a> (mainly in Syria and also in Lebanon, Jordan)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a> (in Iraq). Formerly, there were significant minorities of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> throughout the Arab World. However, the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> prompted their mass <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab countries">exodus</a> between 1948 and 1972. Today small Jewish communities remain, ranging anywhere from just 10 in <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, to more than 1,000 in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> and some 3,000 in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. Historically, <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">slavery in the Muslim world</a> developed out of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Arab_slave_trade" title="Arab slave trade">practices of slavery in the Arab world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_in_the_Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher Education in the Arab World">Higher Education in the Arab World</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Girls_lining_up_for_class_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Girls_lining_up_for_class_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/220px-Girls_lining_up_for_class_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Girls_lining_up_for_class_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/330px-Girls_lining_up_for_class_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Girls_lining_up_for_class_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/440px-Girls_lining_up_for_class_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian</a> schoolgirls in <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a> lining up for class, 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, the average rate of <a href="/wiki/Adult_literacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult literacy">adult literacy</a> (ages 15 and older) in this region <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_literacy_rate" title="List of countries by literacy rate">is 78%</a>. In Mauritania the rate is lower than the average, at less than 50%. <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> record a high adult literacy rate of over 95%.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average rate of adult literacy shows steady improvement, and the absolute number of adult illiterates fell from 64 million to around 58 million between 1990 and 2000–2004.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall, the gender disparity in adult literacy is high in this region, and of the illiteracy rate, women account for two-thirds, with only 69 literate women for every 100 literate men. The average GPI (Gender Parity Index) for adult literacy is 0.72, and gender disparity can be observed in Egypt, Morocco, and Yemen. Above all, the GPI of Yemen is only 0.46 in a 53% adult literacy rate.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Literacy rate is higher among the <a href="/wiki/Youth_in_the_Arab_world" title="Youth in the Arab world">youth</a> than adults. Youth literacy rate (ages 15–24) in the Arab region increased from 63.9 to 76.3% from 1990 to 2002. The average rate of GCC States *<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161004140510/http://arabwindow.net/cat/gulf/">Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)</a> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arab_world&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf_(GCC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)">Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)</a> was 94%, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> at 83.2% and the <a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a> at 73.6%. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> published an <a href="/wiki/Arab_human_development_report" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab human development report">Arab human development report</a> in 2002, 2003 and 2004. These reports, written by researchers from the Arab world, address some sensitive issues in the development of Arab countries: women empowerment, availability of education and information among others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_industry">Film industry</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arab_cinema" title="Arab cinema">Arab cinema</a></div> <p>There is no single description of <a href="/wiki/Arab_cinema" title="Arab cinema">Arab cinema</a> since it includes films from various countries and cultures of the Arab world and therefore does not have one form, structure, or style.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its inception, Arab cinema was mostly an imitation of Western cinema. However, it has and continues to constantly change and evolve.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It mostly includes films made in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egypt is a pioneer in the field,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but each country in the region has its own unique cinema.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elsewhere in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, film production was scarce until the late 1960s and early 1970s when filmmakers began to receive funding and financial assistance from state organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was during the post-independence and is when most Arab cinema took root.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most films produced at that time were funded by the state and contained a nationalistic dimension. These films helped to advance certain social causes such as independence, and other social, economic and political agendas.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A sustained film industry was able to emerge in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> when other parts of the Arab world had only been able to sporadically produce feature-length films due to limited financing.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_56-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arabic cinema is dominated by films from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. Three quarters of all Arab movies are produced in Egypt. According to film critic and historian Roy Armes, the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lebanon" title="Cinema of Lebanon">cinema of Lebanon</a> is the only other in the Arabic-speaking region, beside Egypt's, that could amount to a national cinema.<sup id="cite_ref-Armes,_Roy_page_26_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armes,_Roy_page_26-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Egyptian and Lebanese cinema have a long history of production, most other Arab countries did not witness film production until after independence, and even today, the majority of film production in countries like Bahrain, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and the United Arab Emirates is limited to television or short films.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is increased interest in films originating in the Arab world. For example, films from <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Algeria" title="Cinema of Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lebanon" title="Cinema of Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Morocco" title="Cinema of Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Palestine" title="Cinema of Palestine">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Syria" title="Cinema of Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tunisia" title="Cinema of Tunisia">Tunisia</a> are making wider and more frequent rounds than ever before in local film festivals and repertoire theaters.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arab cinema has explored many topics from politics, colonialism, tradition, modernity and social taboos.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also attempted to escape from its earlier tendency to mimic and rely on Western film devices.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, colonization did not only influence Arab films, but it also had an impact on Arab movies theaters.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from the history of Arab cinema, recently the portrayal of women became an important aspect in the production of Arab cinema. Arab women shaped a great portion of the film industry in the Arab world by employing their cinematic talents in improving the production of Arab films.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The production of Arab cinema has declined in the last decades and many filmmakers in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> gathered to hold a meeting and discuss the current state of Arab cinema.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_equality_and_women's_rights"><span id="Gender_equality_and_women.27s_rights"></span>Gender equality and women's rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Arab_world" title="Women in the Arab world">Women in the Arab world</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Women%27s_Day_in_Egypt_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English_(97).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/International_Women%27s_Day_in_Egypt_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English_%2897%29.jpg/220px-International_Women%27s_Day_in_Egypt_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English_%2897%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/International_Women%27s_Day_in_Egypt_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English_%2897%29.jpg/330px-International_Women%27s_Day_in_Egypt_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English_%2897%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/International_Women%27s_Day_in_Egypt_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English_%2897%29.jpg/440px-International_Women%27s_Day_in_Egypt_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English_%2897%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>A women's rights protest in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, 2011</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Arab_world" title="Women in the Arab world">Women in the Arab world</a> are still denied <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">equality of opportunity</a>, although their disenfranchisement is a critical factor crippling the Arab nations' quest to return to the first rank of global leaders in commerce, learning and culture, according to a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>-sponsored report in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Child_marriages">Child marriages</h4></div> <p>According to the United Nations, 14% of Arab girls are married by the age of 18.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Violence">Violence</h4></div> <p>Rapists are often treated leniently or acquitted in the Arab region if they marry their victims. 37% of Arab women experienced violence in their lifetime, but the numbers may be higher according to indicators. In some countries, the share of women experiencing violence and abuse by intimate partner reaches 70%.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_the_Arab_world" title="List of largest cities in the Arab world">List of largest cities in the Arab world</a></div> <p>Table of largest cities in the Arab world by official <a href="/wiki/City_proper" title="City proper">city propers</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ececec;"> <th>Rank </th> <th>Country </th> <th>City </th> <th>Population </th> <th>Founding date </th> <th class="unsortable">Image </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>Egypt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> </td> <td>16,225,000 </td> <td>969 AD </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg/150px-View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg/225px-View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg/300px-View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1683" data-file-height="1290" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>Iraq </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> </td> <td>7,960,000 </td> <td>762 AD </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:5628442718_b10fc2c47f_o.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/5628442718_b10fc2c47f_o.jpg/150px-5628442718_b10fc2c47f_o.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/5628442718_b10fc2c47f_o.jpg/225px-5628442718_b10fc2c47f_o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/5628442718_b10fc2c47f_o.jpg/300px-5628442718_b10fc2c47f_o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1312" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>Saudi Arabia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> </td> <td>6,030,000 </td> <td>100–200 AD </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KING_FAHD_ROAD_FEB1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/KING_FAHD_ROAD_FEB1.JPG/150px-KING_FAHD_ROAD_FEB1.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/KING_FAHD_ROAD_FEB1.JPG/225px-KING_FAHD_ROAD_FEB1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/KING_FAHD_ROAD_FEB1.JPG/300px-KING_FAHD_ROAD_FEB1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1475" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>Sudan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> </td> <td>5,345,000 </td> <td>1821 AD </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khartoum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Khartoum.jpg/150px-Khartoum.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Khartoum.jpg/225px-Khartoum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Khartoum.jpg/300px-Khartoum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="281" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>Jordan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> </td> <td>4,995,000 </td> <td>7250 BC </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_5th_circle_from_Wadi_Saqra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/View_of_5th_circle_from_Wadi_Saqra.jpg/150px-View_of_5th_circle_from_Wadi_Saqra.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/View_of_5th_circle_from_Wadi_Saqra.jpg/225px-View_of_5th_circle_from_Wadi_Saqra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/View_of_5th_circle_from_Wadi_Saqra.jpg/300px-View_of_5th_circle_from_Wadi_Saqra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3243" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>Egypt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> </td> <td>4,870,000 </td> <td>331 BC </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandria_-_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Alexandria_-_Egypt.jpg/150px-Alexandria_-_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Alexandria_-_Egypt.jpg/225px-Alexandria_-_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Alexandria_-_Egypt.jpg/300px-Alexandria_-_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>Kuwait </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a> </td> <td>4,660,000 </td> <td>1613 AD </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuwait_City_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Kuwait_City_cropped.jpg/150px-Kuwait_City_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Kuwait_City_cropped.jpg/225px-Kuwait_City_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Kuwait_City_cropped.jpg/300px-Kuwait_City_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="304" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>Morocco </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a> </td> <td>4,370,000 </td> <td>768 AD </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Night_of_the_Hassan_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Night_of_the_Hassan_II.jpg/150px-Night_of_the_Hassan_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Night_of_the_Hassan_II.jpg/225px-Night_of_the_Hassan_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Night_of_the_Hassan_II.jpg/300px-Night_of_the_Hassan_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="696" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>Saudi Arabia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> </td> <td>3,875,000 </td> <td>600 BC </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeddah_Fountatain_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Jeddah_Fountatain_1.jpg/150px-Jeddah_Fountatain_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Jeddah_Fountatain_1.jpg/225px-Jeddah_Fountatain_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Jeddah_Fountatain_1.jpg/300px-Jeddah_Fountatain_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2056" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>United Arab Emirates </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> </td> <td>3,805,000 </td> <td>1833 AD<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DubaiSkyline.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/DubaiSkyline.JPG/150px-DubaiSkyline.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/DubaiSkyline.JPG/225px-DubaiSkyline.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/DubaiSkyline.JPG/300px-DubaiSkyline.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="302" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabs" title="History of the Arabs">History of the Arabs</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_Panorama_-_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_Panorama_-_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan_Panorama.jpg/280px-Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_Panorama_-_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_Panorama_-_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan_Panorama.jpg/420px-Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_Panorama_-_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_Panorama_-_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan_Panorama.jpg/560px-Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_Panorama_-_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Uqba" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of Uqba">Great Mosque of Kairouan</a> (also called the Mosque of Uqba) was founded in 670 by the Arab general and conqueror Uqba ibn Nafi.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Uqba" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of Uqba">Great Mosque of Kairouan</a> is located in the historic city of <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arabs</a> historically originate as a <a href="/wiki/Central_Semitic_languages" title="Central Semitic languages">Central Semitic</a> group in southern <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Arabian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian peninsula">Arabian peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arab tribes and federations such as <a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" title="Tanukhids">Tanukhids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salihids" title="Salihids">Salihids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a>, and numerous other groups were prevalent in southern Levant (<a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a>) and northern Arabia. Their expansion beyond Arabia and the Syrian desert is due to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Muslim conquests</a> of the 7th and 8th centuries. <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> was conquered in 633, <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> (modern Syria, Israel, Palestine, Jordan and Lebanon ) between 636 and 640 CE. </p><p><a href="/wiki/History_of_Muslim_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Muslim Egypt">Egypt</a> was conquered in 639, and gradually Arabized during the medieval period. A distinctively <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a> language emerged by the 16th century. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> was also conquered in the 7th century, and gradually Arabized under the <a href="/wiki/Fatimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimids">Fatimids</a>. Islam was brought to <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> from Egypt during the 8th to 11th centuries. </p><p>The culture of Sudan today depends on the tribe, some have a pure Nubian, <a href="/wiki/Beja_people" title="Beja people">Beja</a>, or Arabic culture and some have a mixture of Arab and <a href="/wiki/Nubian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubian people">Nubian</a> elements.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_and_colonial_rule">Ottoman and colonial rule</h3></div> <p>The Arab <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> fell to the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasions">Mongol invasions</a> in the 13th century. Egypt, the Levant and Hejaz also came under the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a>. </p><p>By 1570, the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> controlled most of the Arab world. However, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> remained under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a> <a href="/wiki/Wattasid_dynasty" title="Wattasid dynasty">Wattasid dynasty</a>, which was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadi dynasty</a> in the 16th to 17th centuries. The <a href="/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran Sultanate</a> also held sway in the southern part of the Horn region. </p><p>The sentiment of <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> arose in the second half of the 19th century along with other <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire">nationalisms within the declining Ottoman Empire</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibrahim_Pasha_During_his_Final_Years.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ibrahim_Pasha_During_his_Final_Years" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ibrahim_Pasha_During_his_Final_Years.jpg/190px-Ibrahim_Pasha_During_his_Final_Years.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ibrahim_Pasha_During_his_Final_Years.jpg/285px-Ibrahim_Pasha_During_his_Final_Years.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ibrahim_Pasha_During_his_Final_Years.jpg/380px-Ibrahim_Pasha_During_his_Final_Years.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1429" data-file-height="1893" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Army" title="Egyptian Army">Egyptian Army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1831%E2%80%931833)" title="Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833)">Egyptian Ottoman War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When the Ottoman Empire collapsed as a result of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, much of the Arab world came to be controlled by the European colonial empires: <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Mandatory Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="British protectorate of Egypt">British protectorate of Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French protectorate of Morocco">French protectorate of Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="French occupation of Tunisia">French Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="French colonization of Algeria">French Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon</a> and the so-called <a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a>, a British protectorate formed by the sheikhdoms on the former "Pirate Coast". </p><p>These Arab states only gained their independence during or after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Lebanon">Republic of Lebanon</a> in 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Republic">Syrian Arab Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hashemite_Kingdom_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan">Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan</a> in 1946, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Kingdom of Libya</a> in 1951, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom of Egypt</a> in 1952, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Morocco">Kingdom of Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> in 1956, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Iraq">Republic of Iraq</a> in 1958, the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a> in 1960, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> in 1962, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> in 1971. </p><p>By contrast, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> had fragmented with the fall of the Ottoman Empire, and was <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Unification of Saudi Arabia">unified</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia">Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia</a> by 1932. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen</a> also seceded directly from the Ottoman Empire in 1918. <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, apart from brief intermittent Persian and Portuguese rule, has been self-governing since the 8th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_Arab_nationalism">Rise of Arab nationalism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islam and modernity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasser,_Arif_and_Ben_Bella.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three important men walking alongside each other." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Nasser%2C_Arif_and_Ben_Bella.jpg/220px-Nasser%2C_Arif_and_Ben_Bella.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Nasser%2C_Arif_and_Ben_Bella.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian president <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> (center) receiving Algerian president <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella" title="Ahmed Ben Bella">Ahmed Ben Bella</a> (right) and Iraqi president <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Arif" title="Abdul Salam Arif">Abdel Salam Arif</a> (left) for the <a href="/wiki/1964_Arab_League_summit_(Alexandria)" title="1964 Arab League summit (Alexandria)">Arab League summit</a> in Alexandria, September 1964.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Arab League was formed in 1945 to represent the interests of the Arabs, and especially to pursue the political unification of the Arab world, a project known as <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were some short-lived attempts at such unification in the mid-20th century, notably the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a> of 1958 to 1961. The Arab League's main goal is to unify politically the Arab populations so defined. Its permanent headquarters are located in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. However, it was moved temporarily to <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> during the 1980s, after Egypt was expelled for signing the <a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords_(1978)" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp David Accords (1978)">Camp David Accords (1978)</a>. </p><p>Pan-Arabism has mostly been abandoned as an ideology since the 1980s, and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a> on one hand, and individual nationalisms on the other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_conflicts">Modern conflicts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">List of modern conflicts in the Middle East</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia">Unification of Saudi Arabia</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Unification of Saudi Arabia">unification of Saudi Arabia</a> was a 30-year-long military and political campaign, by which the various <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom" title="Sheikhdom">sheikhdoms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">emirates</a> of most of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> were conquered by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">House of Saud</a>, or <i>Al Saud</i>, between 1902 and 1932, when the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a> was proclaimed. Carried out under the charismatic <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia">Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud</a>, this process created what is sometimes referred to as the <i>Third Saudi State</i>, to differentiate it from the <a href="/wiki/First_Saudi_State" class="mw-redirect" title="First Saudi State">first</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Saudi_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Saudi State">second</a> states that existed under the Al Saud clan. </p><p>The Al-Saud had been in exile in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq" title="Ottoman Iraq">Ottoman Iraq</a> since 1893 following the disintegration of the Second Saudi State and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Ha%27il" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Ha'il">Jebel Shammar</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Rashidi_dynasty" title="Rashidi dynasty">Al Rashid</a> clan. In 1902, Ibn Saud recaptured <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, the Al Saud dynasty's former capital. He went on to subdue the rest of <a href="/wiki/Nejd" class="mw-redirect" title="Nejd">Nejd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">Al-Hasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Shammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebel Shammar">Jebel Shammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asir" title="Asir">Asir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> (location of the <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a> holy cities of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>) between 1913 and 1926. The resultant polity was named the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nejd_and_Hejaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz">Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz</a> from 1927 until it was further consolidated with Al-Hasa and <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a> into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arab–Israeli_conflict"><span id="Arab.E2.80.93Israeli_conflict"></span>Arab–Israeli conflict</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptianbridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Egyptianbridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Egyptianbridge.jpg/240px-Egyptianbridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Egyptianbridge.jpg/360px-Egyptianbridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Egyptianbridge.jpg/480px-Egyptianbridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian vehicles crossing the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> on October 7, 1973, during the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a> in 1948 has given rise to the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>, one of the major <a href="/wiki/Ongoing_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ongoing conflicts">unresolved geopolitical conflicts</a>. </p><p>The Arab states in changing alliances were involved in a number of wars with Israel and its western allies between 1948 and 1973, including the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>, the 1956 <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> of 1967, and the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> of 1973. An <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">Egypt–Israel peace treaty</a> was signed in 1979. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran–Iraq_War"><span id="Iran.E2.80.93Iraq_War"></span>Iran–Iraq War</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Chelcheragh_(8).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Operation_Chelcheragh_%288%29.gif/220px-Operation_Chelcheragh_%288%29.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Operation_Chelcheragh_%288%29.gif/330px-Operation_Chelcheragh_%288%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Operation_Chelcheragh_%288%29.gif/440px-Operation_Chelcheragh_%288%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> (1980–1988) killed more than 500,000 people before a UN-brokered ceasefire ended it</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> (also known as the First Gulf War and by various other names) was an armed conflict between the armed forces of Iraq and Iran, lasting from September 1980 to August 1988, making it the second longest conventional war of the 20th century. It was initially referred to in English as the "Gulf War" prior to the "Gulf War" of 1990. </p><p>The war began when Iraq invaded Iran, launching a simultaneous invasion by air and land into Iranian territory on 22 September 1980 following a long history of border disputes, and fears of Shia Islam insurgency among Iraq's long-suppressed Shia majority influenced by the Iranian Revolution. Iraq was also aiming to replace Iran as the dominant Persian Gulf state. Although Iraq hoped to take advantage of the revolutionary chaos in Iran (see <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>, 1979) and attacked without formal warning, they made only limited progress into Iran and were quickly repelled by the Iranians who regained virtually all lost territory by June 1982. For the next six years, Iran was on the offensive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lebanese_Civil_War">Lebanese Civil War</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> was a multifaceted civil war in Lebanon, lasting from 1975 to 1990 and resulting in an estimated 120,000 fatalities. Another one million people (a quarter of the population) were wounded,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and today approximately 76,000 people remain displaced within Lebanon. There was also a mass exodus of almost one million people from Lebanon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Sahara_conflict">Western Sahara conflict</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a> was an armed struggle between the Sahrawi Polisario Front and Morocco between 1975 and 1991, being the most significant phase of the Western Sahara conflict. The conflict erupted after the withdrawal of Spain from the Spanish Sahara in accordance with the Madrid Accords, by which it transferred administrative control of the territory to Morocco and Mauritania, but not the sovereignty. In 1975, Moroccan government organized the Green March of some 350,000 Moroccan citizens, escorted by around 20,000 troops, who entered Western Sahara, trying to establish Moroccan presence. </p><p>While at first met with just minor resistance by the Polisario, Morocco later engaged a long period of guerilla warfare with the Sahrawi nationalists. During the late 1970s, the Polisario Front, desiring to establish an independent state in the territory, successively fought both Mauritania and Morocco. In 1979, Mauritania withdrew from the conflict after signing a peace treaty with the Polisario. The war continued in low intensity throughout the 1980s, though Morocco made several attempts to take the upper hand in 1989–1991. A cease-fire agreement was finally reached between the Polisario Front and Morocco in September 1991. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Yemen_Civil_War">North Yemen Civil War</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a> was fought in North Yemen between royalists of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen and factions of the Yemen Arab Republic from 1962 to 1970. The war began with a coup d'état carried out by the republican leader, Abdullah as-Sallal, which dethroned the newly crowned Imam al-Badr and declared Yemen a republic under his presidency. The Imam escaped to the Saudi Arabian border and rallied popular support. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Somali_Civil_War">Somali Civil War</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> is an ongoing civil war taking place in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>. It began in 1991, when a coalition of clan-based armed opposition groups ousted the nation's long-standing military government. </p><p>Various factions began competing for influence in the power vacuum that followed, which precipitated an aborted UN peacekeeping attempt in the mid-1990s. A period of decentralization ensued, characterized by a return to customary and religious law in many areas as well as the establishment of autonomous regional governments in the northern part of the country. The early 2000s saw the creation of fledgling interim federal administrations, culminating in the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional Federal Government">Transitional Federal Government</a> (TFG) in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-Eanbkois2_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eanbkois2-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, the TFG, assisted by Ethiopian troops, assumed control of most of the nation's southern conflict zones from the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a> (ICU). The ICU splintered into more radical groups, notably <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a>, which have since been fighting the Somali government and its <a href="/wiki/AMISOM" class="mw-redirect" title="AMISOM">AMISOM</a> allies for control of the region. In 2011, a coordinated military operation between the Somali military and multinational forces began, which is believed to represent one of the final stages in the war's Islamist insurgency.<sup id="cite_ref-Eanbkois2_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eanbkois2-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arab_Spring">Arab Spring</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War">Libyan Civil War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Budaiya_highway_protest_08.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Budaiya_highway_protest_08.JPG/220px-Budaiya_highway_protest_08.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Budaiya_highway_protest_08.JPG/330px-Budaiya_highway_protest_08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Budaiya_highway_protest_08.JPG/440px-Budaiya_highway_protest_08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">popular protests throughout the Arab world</a> of late 2010 to the present have been directed against authoritarian leadership and associated <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">political corruption</a>, paired with demands for more democratic rights. The two most violent and prolonged conflicts in the aftermath of the Arab Spring are the Libyan Civil War and Syrian Civil War. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petroleum">Petroleum</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_and_Gas_Infrastructure_Persian_Gulf_(large).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Oil_and_Gas_Infrastructure_Persian_Gulf_%28large%29.gif/220px-Oil_and_Gas_Infrastructure_Persian_Gulf_%28large%29.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Oil_and_Gas_Infrastructure_Persian_Gulf_%28large%29.gif/330px-Oil_and_Gas_Infrastructure_Persian_Gulf_%28large%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Oil_and_Gas_Infrastructure_Persian_Gulf_%28large%29.gif/440px-Oil_and_Gas_Infrastructure_Persian_Gulf_%28large%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">gas</a> pipelines and fields</figcaption></figure> <p>While the Arab world had been of limited interest to the European colonial powers, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> being mostly interested in the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> as a route to <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>, the economic and geopolitical situation changed dramatically after the discovery of large <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> deposits in the 1930s, coupled with the vastly increased demand for petroleum in the west as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> is particularly well-endowed with this strategic <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">raw material</a>: five Persian Gulf states, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, the UAE, Kuwait, and Qatar, are among the top ten petroleum or gas exporters worldwide. In Africa, Algeria (10th world) and Libya are important gas exporters. Bahrain, Egypt, Tunisia, and Sudan all have smaller but significant reserves. Where present, these have had significant effects on regional politics, often enabling <a href="/wiki/Rentier_state" title="Rentier state">rentier states</a>, leading to economic disparities between oil-rich and oil-poor countries, and, particularly in the more sparsely populated states of the Persian Gulf and Libya, triggering extensive labor immigration. It is believed that the Arab world holds approximately 46% of the world's total proven oil reserves and a quarter of the world's natural-gas reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a> were on the rise during the 1980s. The <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>, a militant Islamic party in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, was founded in 1982. <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a> became a problem in the Arab world in the 1970s to 1980s. While the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> had been active in Egypt since 1928, their militant actions were limited to assassination attempts on political leaders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_history">Recent history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SaddamStatue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SaddamStatue.jpg/220px-SaddamStatue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SaddamStatue.jpg/330px-SaddamStatue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SaddamStatue.jpg/440px-SaddamStatue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>The toppling of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>'s statue in <a href="/wiki/Firdos_Square" title="Firdos Square">Firdos Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> shortly after the American <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a> in 2003</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destroyed_house_in_the_south_of_Sanaa_12-6-2015-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Destroyed_house_in_the_south_of_Sanaa_12-6-2015-3.jpg/220px-Destroyed_house_in_the_south_of_Sanaa_12-6-2015-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Destroyed_house_in_the_south_of_Sanaa_12-6-2015-3.jpg/330px-Destroyed_house_in_the_south_of_Sanaa_12-6-2015-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Destroyed_house_in_the_south_of_Sanaa_12-6-2015-3.jpg/440px-Destroyed_house_in_the_south_of_Sanaa_12-6-2015-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen">Saudi Arabian-led airstrikes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, June 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>Today, Arab states are characterized by their <a href="/wiki/Autocratic_ruler" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocratic ruler">autocratic rulers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy in the Middle East">lack of democratic control</a>. The 2016 <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a></i> classifies <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> as "hybrid regimes", <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> as a "flawed democracy" and all other Arab states as "authoritarian regimes". Similarly, the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> report classifies the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Electoral_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral democracy">electoral democracies</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> as "partly free", and all other Arab states as "not free". </p><p>The invasion of Kuwait by Iraq forces, led to the 1990–91 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Persian Gulf War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> joined a multinational coalition that opposed Iraq. Displays of support for Iraq by <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> resulted in strained relations between many of the Arab states. After the war, a so-called "Damascus Declaration" formalized an alliance for future joint Arab defensive actions between Egypt, Syria, and the GCC states.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A chain of events leading to the destabilization of the authoritarian regimes established during the 1950s throughout the Arab world became apparent during the early years of the 21st century. The <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq</a> led to the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Baathist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baathist">Baathist</a> regime and ultimate <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Execution of Saddam Hussein">execution of Saddam Hussein</a>. </p><p>A growing class of young, educated, secular citizens with access to modern media such as <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al Jazeera</a> (since 1996) and communicating via the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> began to form a third force besides the classical dichotomy of Pan-Arabism vs. Pan-Islamism that had dominated the second half of the 20th century. These citizens wish for reform in their country's religious institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Syria, the <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Spring" title="Damascus Spring">Damascus Spring</a> of 2000 to 2001 heralded the possibility of democratic change, but the Baathist regime managed to suppress the movement. </p><p>In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Movement_for_Change" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Movement for Change">Egyptian Movement for Change</a>, popularly known as <i>Kefaya</i>, was launched to oppose the <a href="/wiki/Mubarak_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Mubarak regime">Mubarak regime</a> and to establish democratic reforms and greater <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> in Egypt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="States_and_territories">States and territories</h2></div> <p>For the states and territories constituting the Arab world, see definition above. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forms_of_government">Forms of government</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Joe_Biden_stands_with_leaders_of_the_GCC_countries,_Egypt,_Iraq,_and_Jordan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/President_Joe_Biden_stands_with_leaders_of_the_GCC_countries%2C_Egypt%2C_Iraq%2C_and_Jordan.jpg/220px-President_Joe_Biden_stands_with_leaders_of_the_GCC_countries%2C_Egypt%2C_Iraq%2C_and_Jordan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/President_Joe_Biden_stands_with_leaders_of_the_GCC_countries%2C_Egypt%2C_Iraq%2C_and_Jordan.jpg/330px-President_Joe_Biden_stands_with_leaders_of_the_GCC_countries%2C_Egypt%2C_Iraq%2C_and_Jordan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/President_Joe_Biden_stands_with_leaders_of_the_GCC_countries%2C_Egypt%2C_Iraq%2C_and_Jordan.jpg/440px-President_Joe_Biden_stands_with_leaders_of_the_GCC_countries%2C_Egypt%2C_Iraq%2C_and_Jordan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Arab leaders at the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC</a>+3 summit in <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>, Saudi Arabia, July 2022</figcaption></figure> <p>Different forms of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> are represented in the Arab World: Some of the countries are <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchies</a>: Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. The other Arab countries are all <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republics</a>. With the exception of Lebanon, Tunisia, Iraq, Palestine, and recently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> Mauritania, democratic elections throughout the Arab World are generally viewed as compromised, due to outright vote rigging, intimidation of opposition parties, and severe restraints on civil liberties and political dissent. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a> sought to unite all Arabic-speaking countries into one political entity. Only <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">North Yemen</a> considered the short-lived unification of the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a>. Historical divisions, competing local nationalisms, and geographical sprawl were major reasons for the failure of Pan-Arabism. <a href="/wiki/Arab_Nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Nationalism">Arab Nationalism</a> was another strong force in the region which peaked during the mid-20th century and was professed by many leaders in Egypt, Algeria, Libya, Syria, and Iraq. Arab Nationalist leaders of this period included <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> of Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella" title="Ahmed Ben Bella">Ahmed Ben Bella</a> of Algeria, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">Zaki al-Arsuzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Zureiq" title="Constantin Zureiq">Constantin Zureiq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shukri_al-Kuwatli" class="mw-redirect" title="Shukri al-Kuwatli">Shukri al-Kuwatli</a> of Syria, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a> of Iraq, <a href="/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba" title="Habib Bourguiba">Habib Bourguiba</a> of Tunisia, <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Ben_Barka" title="Mehdi Ben Barka">Mehdi Ben Barka</a> of Morocco, and <a href="/wiki/Shakib_Arslan" title="Shakib Arslan">Shakib Arslan</a> of Lebanon. </p><p>Later and current Arab Nationalist leaders include <a href="/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi">Muammar al-Gaddafi</a> of Libya, <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> of Syria. The diverse Arab states generally maintained close ties but distinct national identities developed and strengthened with the social, historical and political realities of the past 60 years. This has made the idea of a pan-Arab nation-state increasingly less feasible and likely. Additionally, an upsurge in political Islam has since led to a greater emphasis on pan-Islamic rather than pan-Arab identity amongst some <a href="/wiki/Arab_Muslims" title="Arab Muslims">Arab Muslims</a>. Arab nationalists who once opposed Islamic movements as a threat to their power, now deal with them differently for reasons of political reality.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_boundaries">Modern boundaries</h3></div> <p>Many of the modern borders of the Arab World were drawn by <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> imperial powers during the 19th and early 20th century. However, some of the larger states (in particular <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>) have historically maintained geographically definable boundaries, on which some of the modern states are roughly based. The 14th-century Egyptian historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">Al-Maqrizi</a>, for instance, defines Egypt's boundaries as extending from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> in the north to lower <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> in the south; and between the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> in the east and the oases of the Western/<a href="/wiki/Libyan_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan desert">Libyan desert</a>. The modern borders of Egypt, therefore, are not a creation of European powers, and are at least in part based on historically definable entities which are in turn based on certain cultural and ethnic identifications. </p><p>At other times, kings, <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emirs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">sheikhs</a> were placed as semi-autonomous rulers over the newly created <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation states</a>, usually chosen by the same imperial powers that for some drew the new borders, for services rendered to European powers like <a href="/wiki/The_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="The British Empire">the British Empire</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Sherif_Hussein_ibn_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherif Hussein ibn Ali">Sherif Hussein ibn Ali</a>. Many African states did not attain independence until the 1960s from France after bloody insurgencies for their freedom. These struggles were settled by the imperial powers approving the form of independence given, so as a consequence almost all of these borders have remained. Some of these borders were agreed upon without consultation of those individuals that had served the colonial interests of Britain or France. One such agreement solely between Britain and France (to the exclusion of Sherif Hussein ibn Ali), signed in total secrecy until <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> released the full text, was the <a href="/wiki/Sykes-Picot_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sykes-Picot Agreement">Sykes-Picot Agreement</a>. Another influential document written without the consensus of the local population was the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a>. </p><p>As former director of the Israeli intelligence agency <a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a>, Efraim Halevy, now a director at the Hebrew University said, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The borders, which if you look on the maps of the middle-east are very straight lines, were drawn by British and French draftsmen who sat with maps and drew the lines of the frontiers with rulers. If the ruler for some reason or other moved on the map, because of some person's hand shaking, then the frontier moved (with the hand).<sup id="cite_ref-lawac2004_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawac2004-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He went on to give an example, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There was a famous story about a British consul, a lady named <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Bell" title="Gertrude Bell">Gertrude Bell</a> who drew the map between Iraq and Jordan, using transparent paper. She turned to talk to somebody and as she was turning the paper moved and the ruler moved and that added considerable territory to the (new) Jordanians.<sup id="cite_ref-lawac2004_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawac2004-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Historian Jim Crow, of <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a>, has said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Without that imperial carve-up, Iraq would not be in the state it is in today...Gertrude Bell was one of two or three Britons who were instrumental in the creation of the Arab states in the Middle East that were favourable to Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_economies">Modern economies</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo-Nile-2020(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cairo-Nile-2020(1)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cairo-Nile-2020%281%29.jpg/220px-Cairo-Nile-2020%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cairo-Nile-2020%281%29.jpg/330px-Cairo-Nile-2020%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cairo-Nile-2020%281%29.jpg/440px-Cairo-Nile-2020%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1527" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2006, the Arab world accounts for two-fifths of the gross domestic product and three-fifths of the trade of the wider <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Arab states are mostly, although not exclusively, developing economies and derive their export revenues from oil and gas, or the sale of other raw materials. Recent years have seen significant economic growth in the Arab World, due largely to an increase in oil and gas prices, which tripled between 2001 and 2006, but also due to efforts by some states to diversify their economic base. Industrial production has risen, for example the amount of steel produced between 2004 and 2005 rose from 8.4 to 19 million tonnes. (Source: Opening speech of Mahmoud Khoudri, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>'s Industry Minister, at the 37th General Assembly of the Iron & Steel Arab Union, Algiers, May 2006). However even 19 million tons pa still only represents 1.7% of global steel production, and remains inferior to the production of countries like <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The main economic organisations in the Arab World are the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council_(GCC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)">Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)</a>, comprising the states in the Persian Gulf, and the Union of the Arab Maghreb (UMA), made up of North African States. The GCC has achieved some success in financial and monetary terms, including plans to establish a common currency in the Persian Gulf region. Since its foundation in 1989, the UMA's most significant accomplishment has been the establishment of a 7,000 km highway crossing North Africa from <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> to <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>'s border with <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. The central stretch of the highway, expected to be completed in 2010, will cross <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>. In recent years a new term has been coined to define a greater economic region: the <a href="/wiki/MENA" class="mw-redirect" title="MENA">MENA</a> region, standing for "Middle East and North Africa", is becoming increasingly popular, especially with support from the current US administration.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dubai_Marina_Skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Dubai_Marina_Skyline.jpg/220px-Dubai_Marina_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Dubai_Marina_Skyline.jpg/330px-Dubai_Marina_Skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Dubai_Marina_Skyline.jpg/440px-Dubai_Marina_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Dubai" title="Emirate of Dubai">Emirate of Dubai</a> is one of the seven emirates of the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></figcaption></figure><p>As of August 2009 it was reported that Saudi Arabia is the strongest Arab economy according to World Bank.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> remains the top Arab economy in terms of total GDP. It is Asia's eleventh largest economy, followed by <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, which were the second and third largest economies in Africa, after <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, in 2006. In terms of GDP per capita, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> is the richest developing country in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The total GDP of all Arab countries in 1999 was US$531.2 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total Arab world GDP was estimated to be worth at least $2.8 trillion in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is only smaller than the GDP of the US, China, Japan and Germany. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arab_world&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Arab_world" title="Special:EditPage/Arab world">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Arab_world" title="Geography of the Arab world">Geography of the Arab world</a></div> <p>The Arab World stretches across more than 13,000,000 square kilometres (5,000,000 sq mi)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and the part of North-East Africa and South-West Asia. The eastern part of the Arab world is called the <i><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></i>. Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya and Mauritania are the <i><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></i> or <i>Maghrib</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magrib.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Magrib.png/220px-Magrib.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Magrib.png 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></i> (Western Arab world)</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "Arab" often connotes<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (September 2023)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> the Arabian Peninsula, but the larger (and more populous) part of the Arab World is North Africa. Its eight million square kilometers include two of the largest countries of the African continent, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> (2.4 million km<sup>2</sup>) in the center of the region and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> (1.9 million km<sup>2</sup>) in the southeast.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Algeria is about three-quarters the size of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, or about one-and-a-half times the size of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, the largest state in the United States. The largest country in the Arab West Asia is <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> (2 million km<sup>2</sup>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the other extreme, the smallest autonomous mainland Arab country is <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> (10,452 km<sup>2</sup>), and the smallest island Arab country is <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> (665 km<sup>2</sup>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Every Arab country borders a sea or ocean, with the exception of the Arab region of northern Chad, which is completely landlocked.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Who says northern Chad is part of the "Arab world"? (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Iraq is actually nearly landlocked, as it has only a very narrow access to the Persian Gulf.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_boundaries">Historical boundaries</h3></div> <p>The political borders of the Arab world have wandered, leaving Arab minorities in non-Arab countries of the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> as well as in the Middle Eastern countries of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and also leaving non-Arab minorities in Arab countries. However, the basic geography of sea, desert and mountain provides the enduring natural boundaries for this region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Age-of-caliphs-xtra-space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Age-of-caliphs-xtra-space.png/220px-Age-of-caliphs-xtra-space.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Age-of-caliphs-xtra-space.png/330px-Age-of-caliphs-xtra-space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Age-of-caliphs-xtra-space.png/440px-Age-of-caliphs-xtra-space.png 2x" data-file-width="1304" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a>'s expansion <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a1584e; color:white;"> </span> Expansion under <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, 622–632</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ef9070; color:black;"> </span> Expansion during the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a>, 632–661</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fad07d; color:black;"> </span> Expansion during the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>, 661–750</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The Arab world straddles two continents, Africa and Asia. It is mainly oriented along an east–west axis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The West Asian Arab region comprises the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, most of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> (excluding Cyprus and Israel), most of Mesopotamia (excluding parts of Turkey and Iran) and the Persian Gulf region. The peninsula is roughly a tilted rectangle that leans back against the slope of northeast Africa, the long axis pointing toward <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Arab North Africa comprises the entire northern third of the continent. It is surrounded by water on three sides (west, north, and east) and desert or desert scrubland on the fourth (south).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the west, it is bounded by the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. From northeast to southwest, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Provinces" title="Southern Provinces">mostly</a> unilaterally <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexed</a> by Morocco), and <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> make up the roughly 2,000 kilometers of Arab Atlantic coastline. The southwestern sweep of the coast is gentle but substantial, such that Mauritania's capital, <a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a> (18°N, 16°W), is far enough west to share longitude with <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (13–22°W). Nouakchott is the westernmost capital of the Arab World and the third-westernmost in Africa, and sits on the Atlantic fringe of the southwestern Sahara. Next south along the coast from Mauritania is <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, whose abrupt border belies the gradient in culture from Arab to indigenous African that historically characterizes this part of <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Arab Africa's boundary to the north is again a continental boundary, the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. This boundary begins in the west with the narrow <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a>, the thirteen kilometer wide channel that connects the Mediterranean with the Atlantic to the west, and separates Morocco from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> to the north. East along the coast from Morocco are Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, followed by Egypt, which forms the region's, and the continent's, northeastern corner. The coast turns briefly but sharply south at Tunisia, slopes more gently southeastward through the Libyan capital of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>, and bumps north through Libya's second city, <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a>, before turning straight east again through Egypt's second city, <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, at the mouth of the Nile. Along with the spine of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> to its north, Tunisia marks the junction of western and eastern Mediterranean, and a cultural transition as well: west of Egypt begins the region of the Arab World known as the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> include (Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco and Mauritania).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Historically the 4,000-kilometer Mediterranean boundary has fluttered. Population centers north of it in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> have invited contact and Arab exploration—mostly friendly, though sometimes not. Islands and peninsulas near the Arab coast have changed hands. The islands of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> lie just a hundred kilometers east of the Tunisian city of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, which has been a point of contact with Europe since its founding in the first millennium BCE; both Sicily and Malta at times have been part of the Arab World. Just across the Strait of Gibraltar from Morocco, regions of the Iberian peninsula were part of the Arab World throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, extending the northern boundary at times to the foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> and leaving a substantial mark on local and wider European and Western culture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The northern boundary of the African Arab world has also fluttered briefly in the other direction, first through the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> and later through the imperial involvement of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. Another visitor from northern shores, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, controlled the east of the region for centuries, though not as a colonizer. Spain still maintains two small enclaves, <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> (called "Morocco Espanol"), along the otherwise Moroccan coast. Overall this wave has ebbed, though like the Arab expansion north it has left its mark. The proximity of North Africa to Europe has always encouraged interaction, and this continues with Arab immigration to Europe and European interest in the Arab countries today. However, population centers and the physical fact of the sea keeps this boundary of the Arab World settled on the Mediterranean coastline.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>To the east, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> defines the boundary between <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, and thus also between Arab Africa and Arab West Asia. This sea is a long and narrow waterway with a northwest tilt, stretching 2,300 kilometers from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sinai_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai peninsula">Sinai peninsula</a> southeast to the <a href="/wiki/Bab-el-Mandeb" title="Bab-el-Mandeb">Bab-el-Mandeb</a> strait between <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> in Africa and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> in Arabia but on average just 150 kilometers wide. Though the sea is navigable along its length, historically much contact between Arab Africa and Arab West Asia has been either overland across the Sinai or by sea across the Mediterranean or the narrow Bab al Mendeb strait. From northwest to southeast, Egypt, Sudan, and Eritrea form the African coastline, with Djibouti marking Bab al Mendeb's African shore.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Southeast along the coast from Djibouti is Somalia, but the Somali coast soon makes a 90-degree turn and heads northeast, mirroring a bend in the coast of Yemen across the water to the north and defining the south coast of the Gulf of Aden. The Somali coast then takes a hairpin turn back southwest to complete the horn of Africa. For six months of the year the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> winds blow from up equatorial Somalia, past Arabia and over the small Yemeni archipelago of <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a>, to rain on <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. They then switch directions and blow back. </p><p>The east- and especially southeast-coast boundary of Arab Africa has historically been a gateway for maritime trade and cultural exchange with both <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> and the subcontinent. The trade winds help explain the presence of the Comoros islands, an Arab-African country, off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, the southernmost part of the Arab World.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The southern boundary of Arab North Africa is the strip of scrubland known as the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> that crosses the continent south of the Sahara.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MENA" class="mw-redirect" title="MENA">MENA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Arab countries by population">List of Arab countries by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language_influence_on_the_Spanish_language" title="Arabic language influence on the Spanish language">Arabic language influence on the Spanish language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Arabic_Dialectology" title="International Association of Arabic Dialectology">International Association of Arabic Dialectology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Arabic is an official language">List of countries and territories where Arabic is an official language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_states_and_dynasties" title="List of Muslim states and dynasties">List of Muslim states and dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indexmundi.com/facts/arab-world/surface-area">"Arab World – Surface area"</a>. <i>indexmundi.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indexmundi.com&rft.atitle=Arab+World+%E2%80%93+Surface+area&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indexmundi.com%2Ffacts%2Farab-world%2Fsurface-area&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-totalpop-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-totalpop_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-totalpop_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/region/arab-world">"Arab World | Data"</a>. World Bank<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arab+World+%7C+Data&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Fregion%2Farab-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST?locations=1A&view=chart">"Population density (people per sq. km of land area) | Data"</a>. World Bank.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+density+%28people+per+sq.+km+of+land+area%29+%7C+Data&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FEN.POP.DNST%3Flocations%3D1A%26view%3Dchart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=1A">"GDP (current US$) | Data"</a>. World Bank.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GDP+%28current+US%24%29+%7C+Data&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNY.GDP.MKTP.CD%3Flocations%3D1A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=1A">"GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) | Data"</a>. World Bank.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GNI+per+capita%2C+Atlas+method+%28current+US%24%29+%7C+Data&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNY.GNP.PCAP.CD%3Flocations%3D1A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frishkopf-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frishkopf_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frishkopf_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frishkopf_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frishkopf_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frishkopf_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frishkopf_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frishkopf_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frishkopf: 61: "No universally accepted definition of 'the Arab world' exists, but it is generally assumed to include the twenty-two countries belonging to the Arab League that have a combined population of about 280 million (Seib 2005, 604). For the purposes of this introduction, this territorial definition is combined with a linguistic one (use of the Arabic language, or its recognition as critical to identity), and thereby extended into multiple diasporas, especially the Americas, Europe, Southeast Asia, West Africa, and Australia."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan" class="citation web cs1">Khan, Zafarul-Islam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milligazette.com/news/6666-the-arab-world-an-arab-perspective">"The Arab World – an Arab perspective"</a>. <i>milligazette.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=milligazette.com&rft.atitle=The+Arab+World+%E2%80%93+an+Arab+perspective&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Zafarul-Islam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.milligazette.com%2Fnews%2F6666-the-arab-world-an-arab-perspective&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2012" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Christopher (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C8djTtq2v5AC&pg=PA94"><i>Everyday Arab Identity: The Daily Reproduction of the Arab World</i></a>. Routledge. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-21960-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-21960-3"><bdi>978-1-136-21960-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everyday+Arab+Identity%3A+The+Daily+Reproduction+of+the+Arab+World&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-21960-3&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC8djTtq2v5AC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellorRinnawiDajaniAyish2013" class="citation book cs1">Mellor, Noha; Rinnawi, Khalil; Dajani, Nabil; Ayish, Muhammad I. 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John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745637365" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745637365"><bdi>978-0745637365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+Media%3A+Globalization+and+Emerging+Media+Industries&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0745637365&rft.aulast=Mellor&rft.aufirst=Noha&rft.au=Rinnawi%2C+Khalil&rft.au=Dajani%2C+Nabil&rft.au=Ayish%2C+Muhammad+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGoU-NRhn1agC%26pg%3DPT10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcpa.org/article/majority-and-minorities-in-the-arab-world-the-lack-of-a-unifying-narrative/">"Majority and Minorities in the Arab World: The Lack of a Unifying Narrative"</a>. <i>Jerusalem Center For Public Affairs</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Center+For+Public+Affairs&rft.atitle=Majority+and+Minorities+in+the+Arab+World%3A+The+Lack+of+a+Unifying+Narrative&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjcpa.org%2Farticle%2Fmajority-and-minorities-in-the-arab-world-the-lack-of-a-unifying-narrative%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitti1996" class="citation book cs1">Hitti, Philip K. 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Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89526-706-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89526-706-3"><bdi>0-89526-706-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34753527">34753527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabs+%3A+a+short+history&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34753527&rft.isbn=0-89526-706-3&rft.aulast=Hitti&rft.aufirst=Philip+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F34753527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogan2011" class="citation book cs1">Rogan, Eugene L. 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New York, NY: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02504-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02504-6"><bdi>978-0-465-02504-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/728657250">728657250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabs%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=First+paperback&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F728657250&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02504-6&rft.aulast=Rogan&rft.aufirst=Eugene+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F728657250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://world101.cfr.org/rotw/middle-east/people-and-society">"Middle East – People and Society"</a>. <i>World101 from the Council on Foreign Relations</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arab+League+Sends+Delegation+to+Iraq&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft.date=2005-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1P1-113946363.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia2_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia2_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P1-113950671.html">"Arab League Warns of Civil War in Iraq"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia.com</i>. 8 October 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arab+League+Warns+of+Civil+War+in+Iraq&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft.date=2005-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1P1-113950671.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Muqaddasī2001" class="citation book cs1">al-Muqaddasī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/469513651"><i>The best divisions for knowledge of the regions</i></a>. Garnet publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85964-136-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85964-136-9"><bdi>1-85964-136-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/469513651">469513651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+best+divisions+for+knowledge+of+the+regions&rft.pub=Garnet+publ&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F469513651&rft.isbn=1-85964-136-9&rft.aulast=al-Muqaddas%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+ibn+A%E1%B8%A5mad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F469513651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wehr, Hans: <i>Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic</i> (2011); Harrell, Richard S.: <i>Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic</i> (1966)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tilmatine Mohand, Substrat et convergences: Le berbére et l'arabe nord-africain (1999), in Estudios de dialectologia norteaafricana y andalusi 4, pp 99–119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hätinger-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hätinger_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin Hätinger, <i>The League of Arab States</i>, (GRIN Verlag: 2009), p.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dwight Fletcher Reynolds, <i>Arab folklore</i>: a handbook, (Greenwood Press: 2007), p.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baumann: 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deng: 405</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kronholm-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kronholm_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kronholm_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kronholm: 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rejwan: 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sullivan and Ismael: ix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.somalilandgov.com/cprofile.htm">"Somaliland Republic : Country Profile"</a>. <i>archive.ph</i>. 2 March 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20010302083933/http://www.somalilandgov.com/cprofile.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.ph&rft.atitle=Somaliland+Republic+%3A+Country+Profile&rft.date=2001-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.somalilandgov.com%2Fcprofile.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diana Briton Putman, Mohamood Cabdi Noor, <i>The Somalis: their history and culture</i>, (Center for Applied Linguistics: 1993), p.15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Legum-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Legum_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colin Legum, <i>Africa contemporary record: annual survey and documents</i>, Volume 13, (Africana Pub. Co.: 1985), p.B-116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eritrea/">Eritrea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927060149/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eritrea/">Archived</a> 27 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rinnawi: xvi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/">"Middle East – Iran"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Middle+East+%E2%80%93+Iran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Firan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hassaniyya-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hassaniyya_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mey">"Hassaniyya – A language of Mauritania"</a>. Ethnologue.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hassaniyya+%E2%80%93+A+language+of+Mauritania&rft.pub=Ethnologue.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_language.asp%3Fcode%3Dmey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143553/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1809?_hi=1&_pos=1%20">"How Many Muslims Are There in the World?"</a>. <i>About.com Religion & Spirituality</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islam.about.com/od/muslimcountries/a/population.htm">the original</a> on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com+Religion+%26+Spirituality&rft.atitle=How+Many+Muslims+Are+There+in+the+World%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislam.about.com%2Fod%2Fmuslimcountries%2Fa%2Fpopulation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PharesIntro-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PharesIntro_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhares2001" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walid_Phares" title="Walid Phares">Phares, Walid</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabicbible.com/for-christians/christians/1396-arab-christians-introduction.html">"Arab Christians: An Introduction"</a>. Arabic Bible Outreach Ministry.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arab+Christians%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Arabic+Bible+Outreach+Ministry&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Phares&rft.aufirst=Walid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabicbible.com%2Ffor-christians%2Fchristians%2F1396-arab-christians-introduction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcpa.org/article/majority-and-minorities-in-the-arab-world-the-lack-of-a-unifying-narrative/">"Majority and Minorities in the Arab World: The Lack of a Unifying Narrative"</a>. <i>Jerusalem Center For Public Affairs</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Center+For+Public+Affairs&rft.atitle=Majority+and+Minorities+in+the+Arab+World%3A+The+Lack+of+a+Unifying+Narrative&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjcpa.org%2Farticle%2Fmajority-and-minorities-in-the-arab-world-the-lack-of-a-unifying-narrative%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210715132018/https://www.justice.gov/eoir/file/826846/download">"Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada"</a>. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 30 June 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/eoir/file/826846/download">the original</a> on 15 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2022</span>. <q>there is an estimated 20,000 to 100,000 evangelical Christians in Algeria, who practice their faith in mainly unregistered churches in the Kabyle region</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immigration+and+Refugee+Board+of+Canada&rft.pub=Immigration+and+Refugee+Board+of+Canada&rft.date=2015-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Feoir%2Ffile%2F826846%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010Census-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2010Census_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320104234/http://www.census2010.gov.bh/results_en.php">"2010 Census Results"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.census2010.gov.bh/results_en.php">the original</a> on 20 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010+Census+Results&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census2010.gov.bh%2Fresults_en.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarnes2012" class="citation book cs1">Carnes, Nat (2012). <i>Al-Maghred, the Barbary Lion: A Look at Islam</i>. University of Cambridge Press. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781475903423" title="Special:BookSources/9781475903423"><bdi>9781475903423</bdi></a>. <q>. In all an estimated 40,000 Moroccans have converted to Christianity</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Maghred%2C+the+Barbary+Lion%3A+A+Look+at+Islam&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781475903423&rft.aulast=Carnes&rft.aufirst=Nat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.vice.com/article/house-churches-and-silent-masses-the-converted-christians-of-morocco-are-praying-in-secret">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'House-Churches' and Silent Masses —The Converted Christians of Morocco Are Praying in Secret – VICE News"</a>. 23 March 2015. <q>Converted Moroccans — most of them secret worshippers, of whom there are estimated to be anywhere between 5,000 and 40,000 —</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27House-Churches%27+and+Silent+Masses+%E2%80%94The+Converted+Christians+of+Morocco+Are+Praying+in+Secret+%E2%80%93+VICE+News&rft.date=2015-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.vice.com%2Farticle%2Fhouse-churches-and-silent-masses-the-converted-christians-of-morocco-are-praying-in-secret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-num-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-num_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharaf2012" class="citation web cs1">Sharaf, Nihal (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402125518/http://www.arabtimesonline.com/RSS/tabid/69/smid/414/ArticleID/147658/Default.aspx">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Christians Enjoy Religious Freedom': Church-State ties excellent"</a>. <i>Arabia Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabtimesonline.com/RSS/tabid/69/smid/414/ArticleID/147658/Default.aspx">the original</a> on 2 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arabia+Times&rft.atitle=%27Christians+Enjoy+Religious+Freedom%27%3A+Church-State+ties+excellent&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Sharaf&rft.aufirst=Nihal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabtimesonline.com%2FRSS%2Ftabid%2F69%2Fsmid%2F414%2FArticleID%2F147658%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2019" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Jeffrey M. (2019). <i>Religion and Contemporary Politics: A Global Encyclopedia [2 volumes]</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440839337" title="Special:BookSources/9781440839337"><bdi>9781440839337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Contemporary+Politics%3A+A+Global+Encyclopedia+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781440839337&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeld2008" class="citation book cs1">Held, Colbert C. (2008). <i>Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics</i>. Routledge. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429962004" title="Special:BookSources/9780429962004"><bdi>9780429962004</bdi></a>. <q>Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+East+Patterns%3A+Places%2C+People%2C+and+Politics&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780429962004&rft.aulast=Held&rft.aufirst=Colbert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis 1994, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/lewis1.html">Ch.1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010401012040/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/lewis1.html">Archived</a> 1 April 2001 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Lewis, <i>Race and Color in Islam,</i> Harper and Yuow, 1970, quote on page 38. The brackets are displayed by Lewis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlobal_Education_Monitoring_Report_Team2015" class="citation report cs1">Global Education Monitoring Report Team (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000232576">Regional overview: Arab States</a> (Report). UNESCO. ED/EFA/MRT/2015/RO/02 REV 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Cinema and its image". <i>Contemporary Arab Affairs</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 225–245. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17550912.2014.918320">10.1080/17550912.2014.918320</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1755-0912">1755-0912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Arab+Affairs&rft.atitle=Cinema+and+its+image&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=225-245&rft.date=2014-04-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17550912.2014.918320&rft.issn=1755-0912&rft.aulast=Elgamal&rft.aufirst=Amal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmes2018" class="citation book cs1">Armes, Roy (8 March 2018). <i>Roots of the New Arab Film</i>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt22p7j4k">10.2307/j.ctt22p7j4k</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253031730" title="Special:BookSources/9780253031730"><bdi>9780253031730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+the+New+Arab+Film&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2018-03-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt22p7j4k&rft.isbn=9780253031730&rft.aulast=Armes&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armes,_Roy_page_26-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Armes,_Roy_page_26_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armes, Roy. <i>Arab Filmmakers of the Middle East: a Dictionary</i>, page 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafik2007" class="citation book cs1">Shafik, Viola (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MSPTF7wPv_QC"><i>Arab Cinema: History and Cultural Identity</i></a>. 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"Arab Cinema". <i>MERIP Reports</i> (52): 4–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3010963">10.2307/3010963</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-7265">0047-7265</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3010963">3010963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MERIP+Reports&rft.atitle=Arab+Cinema&rft.issue=52&rft.pages=4-12&rft.date=1976-11&rft.issn=0047-7265&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3010963%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3010963&rft.aulast=Hennebelle&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafik2007" class="citation book cs1">Shafik, Viola (2007). <i>Arab cinema : history and cultural identity</i> (New rev. ed.). Cairo, Egypt: The American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9774160653" title="Special:BookSources/978-9774160653"><bdi>978-9774160653</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+cinema+%3A+history+and+cultural+identity&rft.place=Cairo%2C+Egypt&rft.edition=New+rev.&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9774160653&rft.aulast=Shafik&rft.aufirst=Viola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsfour2000" class="citation journal cs1">Asfour, Nana (2000). 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"Introduction: Music and media in the Arab world and <i>Music and media in the Arab world</i> as music and media in the Arab world: A metadiscourse". In Frishkopf, Michael (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KANOAYzkhA8C"><i>Music and media in the Arab world</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_American_University_in_Cairo_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The American University in Cairo Press">The American University in Cairo Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-416-293-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-416-293-0"><bdi>978-977-416-293-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Music+and+media+in+the+Arab+world+and+Music+and+media+in+the+Arab+world+as+music+and+media+in+the+Arab+world%3A+A+metadiscourse&rft.btitle=Music+and+media+in+the+Arab+world&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-977-416-293-0&rft.aulast=Frishkopf&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKANOAYzkhA8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hourani" title="Albert Hourani">Hourani, Albert Habib</a> (1991). <i>A History of the Arab Peoples.</i> Cambridge, Mass.: Warner Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39565-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39565-7">978-0-674-39565-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKronholm1993" class="citation book cs1">Kronholm, Tryggve (1993). "Arab culture: Reality or fiction?". In Palva, Heikki; Vikør, Knut S. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aluD22J9SG8C"><i>The Middle East: Unity and diversity: Papers from the second Nordic conference on Middle Eastern studies</i></a>. Nordic proceedings in Asian studies. Vol. 5. <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-87062-24-0" title="Special:BookSources/87-87062-24-0"><bdi>87-87062-24-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arab+culture%3A+Reality+or+fiction%3F&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East%3A+Unity+and+diversity%3A+Papers+from+the+second+Nordic+conference+on+Middle+Eastern+studies&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.series=Nordic+proceedings+in+Asian+studies&rft.pub=Nordic+Institute+of+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=87-87062-24-0&rft.aulast=Kronholm&rft.aufirst=Tryggve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaluD22J9SG8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Reader, John (1997). <i>Africa: A Biography of the Continent.</i> New York: Vintage. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-40979-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-40979-3">978-0-679-40979-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRejwan1974" class="citation book cs1">Rejwan, Nissim (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AkQDAxVwaOEC"><i>Nasserist ideology: its exponents and critics</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: Halsted Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-71628-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-470-71628-2"><bdi>0-470-71628-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nasserist+ideology%3A+its+exponents+and+critics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Halsted+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-470-71628-2&rft.aulast=Rejwan&rft.aufirst=Nissim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAkQDAxVwaOEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinnawi2006" class="citation book cs1">Rinnawi, Khalil (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xJYLNUBgSeUC"><i>Instant nationalism: McArabism, al-Jazeera and transnational media in the Arab world</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Lanham,_Maryland" title="Lanham, Maryland">Lanham, Maryland</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America">University Press of America</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-3439-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-3439-7"><bdi>978-0-7618-3439-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Instant+nationalism%3A+McArabism%2C+al-Jazeera+and+transnational+media+in+the+Arab+world&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-3439-7&rft.aulast=Rinnawi&rft.aufirst=Khalil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxJYLNUBgSeUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivanIsmael1991" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Earl L.; Ismael, Jacqueline S., eds. (1991). "Preface". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YTkHGis-yYEC"><i>The contemporary study of the Arab world</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>: The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta_Press" title="University of Alberta Press">University of Alberta Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88864-211-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-88864-211-3"><bdi>0-88864-211-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=The+contemporary+study+of+the+Arab+world&rft.place=Edmonton%2C+Alberta&rft.pub=The+University+of+Alberta+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-88864-211-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYTkHGis-yYEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Saint-Prot" title="Charles Saint-Prot">Saint-Prot, Charles</a> (2003). <i>French Policy toward the Arab World</i>. Abu Dhabi: Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9948-00-336-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9948-00-336-6">978-9948-00-336-6</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Ajl, Max. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monthlyreview.org/2016/09/01/imperialism-and-class-in-the-arab-world/">Imperialism and Class in the Arab World</a></i> (September 2016), <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></li> <li>Ayalon, Amy (1987). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pc_wVEdT9QUC&q=Arabic+English+thirsty">Language and change in the Arab Middle East: the evolution of modern political discourse Studies in Middle Eastern history</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press_US" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press US">Oxford University Press US</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504140-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504140-8">978-0-19-504140-8</a>.</li> <li>Hourani, Albert (1983). <i>Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939</i>. Rev., with a new preface. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press. x, 406 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-27423-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-27423-0">0-521-27423-0</a> pbk.</li> <li>Tausch, Arno. <i>A Look at International Survey Data About Arab Opinion</i> (31 January 2014). "A look at recent (2013) international survey data about Arab opinion", Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol. 17, No. 3 (Fall 2013), 57–74. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=2388627">2388627</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTausch2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arno_Tausch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arno Tausch (page does not exist)">Tausch, Arno</a> (2015). <i>The political algebra of global value change: General models and implications for the Muslim world, with Almas Heshmati and Hichem Karoui</i> (1st ed.). Nova Science Publishers, New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62948-899-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62948-899-8"><bdi>978-1-62948-899-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+political+algebra+of+global+value+change%3A+General+models+and+implications+for+the+Muslim+world%2C+with+Almas+Heshmati+and+Hichem+Karoui.&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers%2C+New+York&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-62948-899-8&rft.aulast=Tausch&rft.aufirst=Arno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+world" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arableagueonline.org/">Arab League Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infosamak.org/english/countries.cfm">INFOSAMAK – Arab world</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140207131308/http://www.arabland.com/dir/">ArabLand.com</a> — Directories of all Arab world countries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.araboo.com/">Araboo.com</a> — Arab world directory</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723010825/http://www.al-hakawati.net/english/states/index.asp">Arab countries information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140807034239/http://www.winarab.net/">WinArab</a> — Arab articles</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carboun.com/">Carboun</a> Information and resources relating to energy, environment, and sustainability in the Arab world</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Arab_world#Q143487" class="extiw" title="voy:Arab world">Arab world</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geographical_distribution_of_languages" title="Template:Geographical distribution of languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geographical_distribution_of_languages" title="Template talk:Geographical distribution of languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geographical_distribution_of_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geographical distribution of languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geographical_distribution_of_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geographical distribution of languages</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_geography" title="Language geography">Language geography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking world">Romance-speaking world</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberophone">Iberophone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Portuguese_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical distribution of Portuguese speakers">Portuguese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lusophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusophone">Lusophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Portuguese_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Portuguese is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanophone" title="Hispanophone">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Spanish_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Spanish is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_French_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of French speakers">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophonie" title="Francophonie">Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_French_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where French is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Italian_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Italian speakers">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Italian_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Italian is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romanian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Romanian_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Romanian is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking world">Germanic-speaking world</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">Anglophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where English is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_German_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of German speakers">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_German_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where German is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Dutch_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Dutch speakers">Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Afrikaans_or_Dutch_are_official_languages" title="List of countries and territories where Afrikaans or Dutch are official languages">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic-speaking world</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Macedonian_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Macedonian speakers">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Polish_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Polish speakers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Russian_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Russian speakers">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Russian_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Russian is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Ukrainian_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Ukrainian speakers">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic-speaking world</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Fro_Gymraeg" title="Y Fro Gymraeg">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where Arabic is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophone" title="Sinophone">Sinophone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Chinese_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Chinese is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Persosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Persian_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_world" title="Malay world">Malay world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Malay_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Malay is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic-speaking_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic-speaking world">Uralic-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperantujo" title="Esperantujo">Esperantujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Hindustani_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Hindustani is an official language">Hindustani list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Tamil_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Tamil is an official language">Tamil list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Swahili_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Swahili is an official language">Swahili list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographical_distribution_of_languages" title="Category:Geographical distribution of languages">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_nationalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_nationalism" title="Template:Arab nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_nationalism" title="Template talk:Arab nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_nationalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_International_Theory" title="Third International Theory">Third International Theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Great Syrian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">1941 Iraqi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1961 Syrian coup d'état">1961 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_identity" title="Arab identity">Arab identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_nationalists" title="Category:Arab nationalists">Personalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butrus_al-Bustani" title="Butrus al-Bustani">Butrus al-Bustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jassem_Alwan" title="Jassem Alwan">Jassem Alwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Arif" title="Abdul Rahman Arif">Abdul Rahman Arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Arif" title="Abdul Salam Arif">Abdul Salam Arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">Zaki al-Arsuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Atassi" title="Jamal al-Atassi">Jamal al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansur_al-Atrash" title="Mansur al-Atrash">Mansur al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Atrash" title="Sultan al-Atrash">Sultan al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Aziz" title="Tariq Aziz">Tariq Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella" title="Ahmed Ben Bella">Ahmed Ben Bella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Darwaza" title="Izzat Darwaza">Izzat Darwaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal I of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">Rashid Ali al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Habash" title="George Habash">George Habash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati%27_al-Husri" title="Sati' al-Husri">Sati' al-Husri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_King_of_Hejaz" title="Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz">Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">Amin al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Kawakibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi">Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most%C3%A9fa_Merarda" title="Mostéfa Merarda">Mostéfa Merarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Pachachi" title="Adnan Pachachi">Adnan Pachachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameen_Rihani" title="Ameen Rihani">Ameen Rihani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Rimawi" title="Abdullah Rimawi">Abdullah Rimawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdeen_Sabahi" title="Hamdeen Sabahi">Hamdeen Sabahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Zureiq" title="Constantin Zureiq">Constantin Zureiq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_nationalist_parties" title="List of Arab nationalist parties">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_(guerrilla_organization)" title="Al-Awda (guerrilla organization)">Al-Awda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fatat" title="Al-Fatat">Al-Fatat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mourabitoun" title="Al-Mourabitoun">Al-Mourabitoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath" title="Arab Ba'ath">Arab Ba'ath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Arab Ba'ath Movement">Arab Ba'ath Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Arab Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Islamic_Republic" title="Arab Islamic Republic">Arab Islamic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Nationalist_Movement" title="Arab Nationalist Movement">Arab Nationalist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Action_Party" title="Arab Socialist Action Party">Arab Socialist Action Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Egypt)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)">Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Iraq)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)">Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Libya)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Libya)">Arab Socialist Union (Libya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)">Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula_People%27s_Union" title="Arabian Peninsula People's Union">Arabian Peninsula People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Men_of_the_Naqshbandi_Order" title="Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order">Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Arab_Republics" title="Federation of Arab Republics">Federation of Arab Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Military_Council_for_Iraqi_Revolutionaries" title="General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries">General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(Mandatory_Palestine)" title="Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)">Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Legion" title="Islamic Legion">Islamic Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement" title="Lebanese National Movement">Lebanese National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">National Liberation Front (Algeria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejectionist_Front" title="Rejectionist Front">Rejectionist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Command_for_Jihad_and_Liberation" title="Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation">Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Political_Command" title="Unified Political Command">Unified Political Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_Republics_(1972)" title="Union of Arab Republics (1972)">Union of Arab Republics (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_States" title="United Arab States">United Arab States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Arab_Awakening" title="The Arab Awakening">The Arab Awakening</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_for_One_Destiny" title="The Battle for One Destiny">The Battle for One Destiny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Way_of_Resurrection" title="On the Way of Resurrection">On the Way of Resurrection</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_nationalist_symbols" title="Category:Arab nationalist symbols">Symbolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Arab_Republic" title="Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic">Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_of_Saladin" title="Eagle of Saladin">Eagle of Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_Federation" title="Flag of the Arab Federation">Flag of the Arab Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_Revolt" title="Flag of the Arab Revolt">Flag of the Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawk_of_Quraish" title="Hawk of Quraish">Hawk of Quraish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arab_colors" title="Pan-Arab colors">Pan-Arab colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_nationalism" title="Algerian nationalism">Algerian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mauritania" title="Greater Mauritania">Greater Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Greater Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Greater Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Yemen" title="Greater Yemen">Greater Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_nationalism" title="Jordanian nationalism">Jordanian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationalism" title="Lebanese nationalism">Lebanese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_nationalism" title="Libyan nationalism">Libyan nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationalism" title="Sahrawi nationalism">Sahrawi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_nationalism" title="Tunisian nationalism">Tunisian nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_nationalism" title="Category:Arab nationalism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q143487#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q143487#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q143487#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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