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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ancient layout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cityscape</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cityscape subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pompey's_Pillar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pompey's_Pillar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pompey's Pillar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pompey's_Pillar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catacombs_of_Kom_El_Shoqafa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catacombs_of_Kom_El_Shoqafa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catacombs_of_Kom_El_Shoqafa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kom_El_Deka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kom_El_Deka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Kom El Deka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kom_El_Deka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temple_of_Taposiris_Magna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temple_of_Taposiris_Magna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Temple of Taposiris Magna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temple_of_Taposiris_Magna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citadel_of_Qaitbay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citadel_of_Qaitbay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Citadel of Qaitbay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citadel_of_Qaitbay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excavation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excavation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Excavation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excavation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Places of worship</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Places_of_worship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Places of worship subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Places_of_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colleges_and_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges_and_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Colleges and universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleges_and_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Airports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Port" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Port"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Port</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Port-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Highways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Highways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Trams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Metro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theaters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theaters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Theaters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theaters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Twin towns and sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexandria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 145 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-145" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">145 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandri%C3%AB" title="Alexandrië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alexandrië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%AB" title="እስክንድርያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እስክንድርያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandria" title="Aleksandria – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Aleksandria" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الإسكندرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإسكندرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleixandr%C3%ADa" title="Aleixandría – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Aleixandría" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A0%DC%9F%DC%A3%DC%A2%DC%95%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܐܠܟܣܢܕܪܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܠܟܣܢܕܪܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Աղեքսանտրիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Աղեքսանտրիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr%C3%ADa" title="Alexandría – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alexandría" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sg%C9%99nd%C9%99riyy%C9%99" title="İsgəndəriyyə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsgəndəriyyə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87" title="اسکندریه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اسکندریه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A9ksandria" title="Aléksandria – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Aléksandria" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="আলেকজান্দ্রিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলেকজান্দ্রিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Alexandria" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B8%D3%99" title="Искәндәриә – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Искәндәриә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Александрыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Александрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Александрыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Александрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Александрия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Александрия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91" title="ཡ་ལི་ཧྲན་ད – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡ་ལི་ཧྲན་ད" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandrija" title="Aleksandrija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Aleksandrija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandria" title="Aleksandria – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aleksandria" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_(kapital_sa_lalawigan_sa_Ehipto)" title="Alexandria (kapital sa lalawigan sa Ehipto) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Alexandria (kapital sa lalawigan sa Ehipto)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandrie" title="Alexandrie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alexandrie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Alexandria" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لإسكندرية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لإسكندرية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandria" title="Aleksandria – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aleksandria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Αλεξάνδρεια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλεξάνδρεια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandr%C3%ADa" title="Alejandría – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alejandría" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandrio" title="Aleksandrio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aleksandrio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandr%C3%ADa" title="Alejandría – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Alejandría" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87" title="اسکندریه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسکندریه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandrie" title="Alexandrie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alexandrie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksanderje" title="Aleksanderje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Aleksanderje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathair_Alastair" title="Cathair Alastair – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cathair Alastair" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr%C3%ADa" title="Alexandría – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alexandría" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9D%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="એલેક્ઝાન્ડ્રિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="એલેક્ઝાન્ડ્રિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Alexandria" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84" title="알렉산드리아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알렉산드리아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ալեքսանդրիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալեքսանդրիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="सिकन्दरिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिकन्दरिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandrija" title="Aleksandrija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aleksandrija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="আলেক্সান্ড্রিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="আলেক্সান্ড্রিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandria" title="Aleksandria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aleksandria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_ad_Egypto" title="Alexandria ad Egypto – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Alexandria ad Egypto" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Александрия – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Александрия" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Gibhithe" title="Alexandria, Gibhithe – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Alexandria, Gibhithe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr%C3%ADa" title="Alexandría – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alexandría" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandria_d%27Egitto" title="Alessandria d'Egitto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alessandria d'Egitto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="אלכסנדריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלכסנדריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C9%9Bk%C9%A9sandrii" title="Alɛkɩsandrii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Alɛkɩsandrii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಾಂಡ್ರಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಾಂಡ್ರಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ალექსანდრია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალექსანდრია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80)" title="Александрия (Мысыр) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Александрия (Мысыр)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandria" title="Aleksandria – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Aleksandria" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A6%D0%BB%D1%8C%D3%A7%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ӧльӧксандрия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ӧльӧксандрия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eskenderiye" title="Îskenderiye – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îskenderiye" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Александрия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Александрия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandrija" title="Aleksandrija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aleksandrija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandrija" title="Aleksandrija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aleksandrija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusciandria_d%27Egitto" title="Lusciandria d'Egitto – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lusciandria d'Egitto" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandri%C3%AB" title="Alexandrië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Alexandrië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandariya" title="Iskandariya – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Iskandariya" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_(Egyiptom)" title="Alexandria (Egyiptom) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alexandria (Egyiptom)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Александрија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Александрија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandria" title="Aleksandria – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Aleksandria" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="അലക്സാണ്ട്രിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അലക്സാണ്ട്രിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अलेक्झांड्रिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अलेक्झांड्रिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ალექსანდრია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალექსანდრია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="اسكندريه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسكندريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87" title="اسکندریه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اسکندریه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandariah" title="Iskandariah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Iskandariah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Alexandria" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Александриа – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Александриа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="အလက်ဇန္ဒရီးယားမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အလက်ဇန္ဒရီးယားမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandri%C3%AB" title="Alexandrië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alexandrië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="アレクサンドリア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレクサンドリア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandria_%27e_Naggitto" title="Alessandria 'e Naggitto – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Alessandria 'e Naggitto" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Искандри – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Искандри" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%C3%A0ndria" title="Alexàndria – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alexàndria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Александрий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Александрий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandariya" title="Iskandariya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Iskandariya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਸਿਕੰਦਰੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿਕੰਦਰੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81" title="اسکندریہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اسکندریہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87" title="اسکندریه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اسکندریه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A6%D0%BB%D1%8C%D3%A7%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ӧльӧксандрия – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Ӧльӧксандрия" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissandria_d%27Egit" title="Lissandria d'Egit – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lissandria d'Egit" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandria" title="Aleksandria – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aleksandria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Egipt" title="Alexandria, Egipt – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alexandria, Egipt" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliksanriya" title="Aliksanriya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Aliksanriya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Александрия – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Александрия" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Александрия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Александрия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lis%C3%A0ndria_(Egitu)" title="Lisàndria (Egitu) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Lisàndria (Egitu)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandria" title="Aleksandria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aleksandria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandria_d%27Eggittu" title="Alessandria d'Eggittu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Alessandria d'Eggittu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%AF%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اليگزينڊريا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اليگزينڊريا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandrija" title="Aleksandrija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aleksandrija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandryjo" title="Aleksandryjo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Aleksandryjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askandariya" title="Askandariya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Askandariya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95" title="ئەسکەندەریە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەسکەندەریە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Александрија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Александрија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandrija" title="Aleksandrija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aleksandrija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandria" title="Aleksandria – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aleksandria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alehandriya" title="Alehandriya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alehandriya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="அலெக்சாந்திரியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அலெக்சாந்திரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taskendrit" title="Taskendrit – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Taskendrit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="అలెగ్జాండ్రియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అలెగ్జాండ్రియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="อะเล็กซานเดรีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อะเล็กซานเดรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Искандария – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Искандария" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0skenderiye" title="İskenderiye – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İskenderiye" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alesandria" title="Alesandria – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Alesandria" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Александрія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Александрія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81" title="اسکندریہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسکندریہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%83%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ئىسكەندەرىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىسكەندەرىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%82esandria_d%27Ezito" title="Ałesandria d'Ezito – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ałesandria d'Ezito" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandrii" title="Aleksandrii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Aleksandrii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alegs%C3%A0ndiri" title="Alegsàndiri – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Alegsàndiri" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%AF" title="亚历山大港 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚历山大港" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אלעקסאנדריע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אלעקסאנדריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%AF" title="亞歷山大港 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞歷山大港" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0skenderiya" title="İskenderiya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İskenderiya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)" title="亚历山大 (埃及) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亚历山大 (埃及)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alikisendira" title="Alikisendira – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Alikisendira" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q87#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alexandria&params=31_11_51_N_29_53_33_E_region:EG_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°11′51″N</span> <span class="longitude">29°53′33″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.19750°N 29.89250°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.19750; 29.89250</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Egypt</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Alexandria (disambiguation)">Alexandria (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Metropolis in Egypt</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Alexandria</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:84%;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:1.25em;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الإسكندرية</span></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>)</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox" style="font-size:75%;font-weight:normal;"><tbody><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Arabic">Standard Arabic</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Iskandariyya</i></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Egyptian Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="arz-Latn">Eskenderiyya</i></span></td></tr></tbody></table> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:84%;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Αλεξάνδρεια</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a>)</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox" style="font-size:75%;font-weight:normal;"><tbody><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Αλεξάνδρεια</span></span>:</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Alexandria</i></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ρακώτις</span></span>:</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Rhakotis</i></span></td></tr></tbody></table> </li></ul> </div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></div></td></tr><tr 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Alexandria_Egypt_%28235108463%29.jpeg/129px-Alexandria_Egypt_%28235108463%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="129" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Alexandria_Egypt_%28235108463%29.jpeg/194px-Alexandria_Egypt_%28235108463%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Alexandria_Egypt_%28235108463%29.jpeg/258px-Alexandria_Egypt_%28235108463%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1661" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Qaitbay" title="Citadel of Qaitbay">Citadel of Qaitbay</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div style="height:104px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandria_library_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Alexandria_library_2.jpg/135px-Alexandria_library_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Alexandria_library_2.jpg/203px-Alexandria_library_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Alexandria_library_2.jpg/270px-Alexandria_library_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="337" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Alexandrina" title="Bibliotheca Alexandrina">Bibliotheca Alexandrina</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt,_Alexandria,_Abu_el-Abbas_el-Mursi_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Egypt%2C_Alexandria%2C_Abu_el-Abbas_el-Mursi_Mosque.jpg/131px-Egypt%2C_Alexandria%2C_Abu_el-Abbas_el-Mursi_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Egypt%2C_Alexandria%2C_Abu_el-Abbas_el-Mursi_Mosque.jpg/197px-Egypt%2C_Alexandria%2C_Abu_el-Abbas_el-Mursi_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Egypt%2C_Alexandria%2C_Abu_el-Abbas_el-Mursi_Mosque.jpg/262px-Egypt%2C_Alexandria%2C_Abu_el-Abbas_el-Mursi_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_al-Mursi_Mosque" title="Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi Mosque">Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi Mosque</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandria_Egypt_(235108285).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alexandria_Egypt_%28235108285%29.jpeg/133px-Alexandria_Egypt_%28235108285%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="133" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alexandria_Egypt_%28235108285%29.jpeg/200px-Alexandria_Egypt_%28235108285%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alexandria_Egypt_%28235108285%29.jpeg/266px-Alexandria_Egypt_%28235108285%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1345" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Montaza_Palace" title="Montaza Palace">Montaza Palace</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompey%27s_Pillar_with_Sphinx.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pompey%27s_Pillar_with_Sphinx.jpg/268px-Pompey%27s_Pillar_with_Sphinx.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pompey%27s_Pillar_with_Sphinx.jpg/402px-Pompey%27s_Pillar_with_Sphinx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pompey%27s_Pillar_with_Sphinx.jpg/536px-Pompey%27s_Pillar_with_Sphinx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_Pillar_(column)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompey's Pillar (column)">Pompey's Pillar</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Alexandria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Alexandria"><img alt="Flag of Alexandria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alexandria.svg/125px-Flag_of_Alexandria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alexandria.svg/188px-Flag_of_Alexandria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alexandria.svg/250px-Flag_of_Alexandria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="666" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_-_Alexandria,_Egypt.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Alexandria"><img alt="Official logo of Alexandria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Coat_of_Arms_-_Alexandria%2C_Egypt.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_-_Alexandria%2C_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Coat_of_Arms_-_Alexandria%2C_Egypt.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_-_Alexandria%2C_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Coat_of_Arms_-_Alexandria%2C_Egypt.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_-_Alexandria%2C_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="2294" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Emblem</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><i><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>'s Bride</i>, <i>Pearl of the Mediterranean</i>, <i>Alex</i></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexandria is located in Egypt"><img alt="Alexandria is located in Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="973" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:8.356%;left:43.454%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Alexandria"><img alt="Alexandria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Alexandria</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Egypt</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Egypt</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexandria is located in Africa"><img alt="Alexandria is located in Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:10.367%;left:65.208%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Alexandria"><img alt="Alexandria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Alexandria</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Alexandria (Africa)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Africa</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alexandria&params=31_11_51_N_29_53_33_E_region:EG_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°11′51″N</span> <span class="longitude">29°53′33″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.19750°N 29.89250°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.19750; 29.89250</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorates of Egypt">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Governorate" title="Alexandria Governorate">Alexandria</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">331 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governor</th><td class="infobox-data">Ahmed Khaled Hassan Said<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,661 km<sup>2</sup> (641 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 m (16 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2023)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,100,000<sup id="cite_ref-citypopulation_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">3,670/km<sup>2</sup> (9,500/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Alexandrian, Alexandrine (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">إسكندراني</span>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pound" title="Egyptian pound">EGP</a> 566 billion<br />(<a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a> 36 billion)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Egypt_Standard_Time" title="Egypt Standard Time">EGY</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">21xxx</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(+20) 3</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alexandria.gov.eg/">alexandria.gov.eg</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alexandria</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">AL</span>-ig-<span style="font-size:90%">ZA(H)N</span>-dree-ə</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الإسكندرية</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀλεξάνδρεια</span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: Ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ - Rakoti or ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ) is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt#Largest_cities" title="List of cities and towns in Egypt"> second largest</a> city in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_coastal_settlements_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="List of coastal settlements of the Mediterranean Sea">largest city on the Mediterranean coast</a>. It lies at the western edge of the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile River delta</a>. Founded in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 331 BC</span> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PollardReid2007_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PollardReid2007-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexandria grew rapidly and became a major centre of <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic civilisation">Hellenic civilisation</a>, eventually replacing <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Greater_Cairo" title="Greater Cairo">Greater Cairo</a>, as Egypt's capital. Called the "Bride of the Mediterranean" internationally,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexandria is a popular tourist destination and an important industrial centre due to its <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">pipelines</a> from <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a>. </p><p>The city extends about 40 km (25 mi) along the <a href="/wiki/Northern_coast_of_Egypt" title="Northern coast of Egypt">northern coast of Egypt</a> and is the largest city on the Mediterranean, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt#Largest_cities" title="List of cities and towns in Egypt"> second-largest in Egypt</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>), the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_the_Arab_world" title="List of largest cities in the Arab world">fourth-largest city</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Africa_by_population" title="List of cities in Africa by population">ninth-largest city in Africa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_agglomerations_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of urban agglomerations in Africa">ninth-largest urban area in Africa</a>. </p><p>The city was founded originally in the vicinity of an Egyptian settlement named <a href="/wiki/Rhacotis" title="Rhacotis">Rhacotis</a> (that became the Egyptian quarter of the city). Alexandria grew rapidly, becoming a major centre of Hellenic civilisation and replacing Memphis as Egypt's capital during the reign of the Ptolemaic pharaohs who succeeded Alexander. It retained this status for almost a millennium, through the period of <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Roman and Eastern Roman rule</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a> in 641 AD, when a new capital was founded at <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a> (later absorbed into <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>). </p><p>Alexandria was best known for the <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Lighthouse of Alexandria</a> (<i>Pharos</i>), one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Seven Wonders of the Ancient World">Seven Wonders of the Ancient World</a>; its <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Great Library</a>, the largest in the ancient world; and the <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Kom_El_Shoqafa" title="Catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa">Catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Wonders_of_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wonders of the Middle Ages">Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages</a>. Alexandria was the intellectual and cultural centre of the ancient Mediterranean for much of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic age">Hellenistic age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PollardReid2007_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PollardReid2007-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was at one time the largest city in the ancient world before being eventually overtaken by <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. </p><p>The city was a major centre of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and was the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Alexandria">Patriarchate of Alexandria</a>, which was one of the major centres of Christianity in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>. In the modern world, the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a> both lay claim to this ancient heritage. By 641, the city had already been largely plundered <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> and lost its significance before re-emerging in the modern era.<sup id="cite_ref-FPAl_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FPAl-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the late 18th century, Alexandria became a major centre of the international <a href="/wiki/Shipping_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping industry">shipping industry</a> and one of the most important trading centres in the world, both because it profited from the easy overland connection between the Mediterranean and <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Seas</a> and the lucrative trade in <a href="/wiki/Gossypium_barbadense" title="Gossypium barbadense">Egyptian cotton</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="font-size: 88%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid blue; margin: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; clear: right; float: right; margin-right: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0.75em; background-color: var(--background-color-base); color:var( --color-base ); text-align: center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="10" title="D21 [r]" alt="r" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z1.png?4dc06" height="15" title="Z1" alt="Z1" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D36.png?9d512" height="11" title="D36 [a]" alt="a" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_A35.png?d2ec0" height="38" title="A35" alt="A35" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="10" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /><br /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O49.png?dd778" height="17" title="O49 [niwt]" alt="niwt" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: silver; color:black; border-bottom: 1px solid blue; padding: 0.5em"><i>r-ꜥ-qd(y)t</i> (Alexandria)<sup id="cite_ref-Wörterbuch_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wörterbuch-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Alexandria was located on the earlier Egyptian settlement, which was called <a href="/wiki/Rhacotis" title="Rhacotis">Rhacotis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ῥακῶτις</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Rhakôtis</i></span>), the Hellenised form of <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> <i>r-ꜥ-qd(y)t</i>. As one of many settlements founded by Alexander the Great, the city he founded on Rhacotis was called <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Alexándreia hḗ kat' Aígypton</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀλεξάνδρεια ἡ κατ' Αἴγυπτον</span></span>), which some sources translated as "Alexandria by Egypt", as the city was, at that time, in the periphery of Egypt proper (the area beside the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the Alexandrian and Greek populaces, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Hypsicles" title="Hypsicles">Hypsicles</a>, also referred to the city as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Alexándreia hḗ prós Aígypton</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀλεξάνδρεια ἡ πρός Αἴγυπτον</span></span>, "Alexandria near Egypt").<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the course of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman rule in Egypt</a>, the city's name was <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">Latinised</a> as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Alexandrēa ad Aegyptum</i></span>. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(641)" title="Siege of Alexandria (641)">capture of Alexandria</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashiduns</a> in AD 641, the name was <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabicised</a>: initial <i>Al-</i> was re-analysed into the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_definite_article" title="Arabic definite article">definite article</a>; <a href="/wiki/Metathesis_(linguistics)" title="Metathesis (linguistics)">metathesis</a> occurred on <i>x</i>, from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ks]</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sk]</span>; and the suffix <i>-eia</i> was assimilated into the feminine adjectival suffix <i>-iyya</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ـِيَّة</span></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Alexandria" title="History of Alexandria">History of Alexandria</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Alexandria" title="Timeline of Alexandria">Timeline of Alexandria</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_era">Ancient era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon dating</a> of seashell fragments and lead contamination show human activity at the location during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom (Egypt)">Old Kingdom</a> (27th–21st centuries BC) and again in the period 1000–800 BC, followed by the absence of activity after that.<sup id="cite_ref-VéronGoiran2006_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VéronGoiran2006-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From ancient sources it is known there existed a trading post at this location during the time of <a href="/wiki/Rameses_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Rameses the Great">Rameses the Great</a> for trade with <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, but it had long been lost by the time of Alexander's arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-PollardReid2007_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PollardReid2007-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small Egyptian fishing village named <a href="/wiki/Rhacotis" title="Rhacotis">Rhakotis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a>: <span title="Ancient Egyptian-language romanization"><i lang="egy-Latn">rꜥ-qdy.t</i></span>, 'That which is built up') existed since the 13th century BC in the vicinity and eventually grew into the Egyptian quarter of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-PollardReid2007_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PollardReid2007-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just east of Alexandria (where <a href="/wiki/Abu_Qir_Bay" title="Abu Qir Bay">Abu Qir Bay</a> is now), there were in ancient times marshland and several islands. As early as the 7th century BC, there existed important port cities of <a href="/wiki/Canopus,_Egypt" title="Canopus, Egypt">Canopus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heracleion" title="Heracleion">Heracleion</a>. The latter was recently rediscovered underwater. </p><p> Alexandria was founded by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> in April 331 BC as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀλεξάνδρεια</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Alexandreia</i></span>), as <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_Alexander_the_Great" title="List of cities founded by Alexander the Great">one of his many city foundations</a>. After he captured the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Egyptian Satrapy</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persians</a>, Alexander wanted to build a <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">large Greek city</a> on Egypt's coast that would bear his name. He chose the site of Alexandria, envisioning the building of a causeway to the nearby island of <a href="/wiki/Pharos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos">Pharos</a> that would generate two great natural harbours.<sup id="cite_ref-PollardReid2007_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PollardReid2007-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexandria was intended to supersede the older <a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Greek colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/Naucratis" title="Naucratis">Naucratis</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic</a> centre in Egypt and to be the link between Greece and the rich <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> valley. A few months after the foundation, Alexander left Egypt and never returned to the city during his life.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_of_Alexandria_c_30_BC_Otto_Puchstein_1890s_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Plan_of_Alexandria_c_30_BC_Otto_Puchstein_1890s_EN.svg/220px-Plan_of_Alexandria_c_30_BC_Otto_Puchstein_1890s_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Plan_of_Alexandria_c_30_BC_Otto_Puchstein_1890s_EN.svg/330px-Plan_of_Alexandria_c_30_BC_Otto_Puchstein_1890s_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Plan_of_Alexandria_c_30_BC_Otto_Puchstein_1890s_EN.svg/440px-Plan_of_Alexandria_c_30_BC_Otto_Puchstein_1890s_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>Plan of Alexandria (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 30 BC</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>After Alexander's departure, his <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleomenes_of_Naucratis" title="Cleomenes of Naucratis">Cleomenes</a> continued the expansion. The architect <a href="/wiki/Dinocrates_of_Rhodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinocrates of Rhodes">Dinocrates of Rhodes</a> designed the city, using a <a href="/wiki/Hippodamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippodamian">Hippodamian</a> <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid plan</a>. Following Alexander's death in 323 BC, his general <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy Lagides</a> took possession of Egypt and brought Alexander's body to Egypt with him.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ptolemy at first ruled from the old Egyptian capital of <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>. In 322/321 BC he had Cleomenes executed. Finally, in 305 BC, Ptolemy declared himself <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> as Ptolemy I Soter ("Savior") and moved his capital to Alexandria. </p><p>Although Cleomenes was mainly in charge of overseeing Alexandria's early development, the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Heptastadion" title="Heptastadion">Heptastadion</a></i></span> and the mainland quarters seem to have been primarily <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a> work. Inheriting the trade of ruined <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> and becoming the centre of the new commerce between Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian</a> and Indian East, the city grew in less than a generation to be larger than <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>. In one century, Alexandria had become the largest city in the world and, for some centuries more, was second only to Rome. It became Egypt's main Greek city, with <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek people</a> from diverse backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, a Greek version of the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>, was produced there. The early Ptolemies kept it in order and fostered the development of its museum into the leading Hellenistic centre of learning (<a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a>, which faced destruction during <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(47_BC)" title="Siege of Alexandria (47 BC)">siege of Alexandria</a> in 47 BC), but were careful to maintain the distinction of its population's three largest ethnicities: Greek, <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptian</a> and Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-Culture_and_Power_in_[[Ptolemaic_Egypt]]_p._42-43_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Culture_and_Power_in_[[Ptolemaic_Egypt]]_p._42-43-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, the city grid encompassed an area of 10 km<sup>2</sup> (3.9 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the total population during the Roman <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">principate</a> was around 500,000–600,000, which would wax and wane in the course of the next four centuries under Roman rule.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo of Alexandria">Philo of Alexandria</a>, in the year 38 AD, disturbances erupted between Jews and Greek citizens of Alexandria during a visit paid by King <a href="/wiki/Agrippa_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrippa I">Agrippa I</a> to Alexandria, principally over the respect paid by the Herodian nation to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a>, which quickly escalated to open affronts and violence between the two ethnic groups and the desecration of Alexandrian synagogues. This event has been called the <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_riots_(38)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian riots (38)">Alexandrian pogroms</a>. The violence was quelled after <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> intervened and had the Roman governor, Flaccus, removed from the city.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PhareAlexandrie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/PhareAlexandrie.jpg/220px-PhareAlexandrie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/PhareAlexandrie.jpg/330px-PhareAlexandrie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/PhareAlexandrie.jpg/440px-PhareAlexandrie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Lighthouse of Alexandria</a> on coins minted in Alexandria in the second century (1: reverse of a coin of <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a>, and 2: reverse of a coin of <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a>)</figcaption></figure><p>In 115 AD, large parts of Alexandria were destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora revolt</a>, which gave <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> and his architect, <a href="/wiki/Decriannus" title="Decriannus">Decriannus</a>, an opportunity to rebuild it. In 215 AD, the emperor <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> visited the city and, because of some insulting <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satires</a> that the inhabitants had directed at him, abruptly commanded his troops to put to death all youths capable of bearing arms. On 21 July 365 AD, Alexandria was devastated by a <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> (<a href="/wiki/365_Crete_earthquake" title="365 Crete earthquake">365 Crete earthquake</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Ammianus_Marcellinus,_26.10.15-19_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ammianus_Marcellinus,_26.10.15-19-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an event annually commemorated years later as a "day of horror".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_era">Islamic era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Islamic era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 619, Alexandria <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid conquest of Egypt">fell</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Persians</a>. The city was mostly uninjured by the conquest and a new palace called <i>Tarawus</i> was erected in the eastern part of the city, later known as Qasr Faris, "fort of the Persians".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> recovered it in 629, in 641 the Arabs under the general <a href="/wiki/%27Amr_ibn_al-%27As" class="mw-redirect" title="'Amr ibn al-'As">'Amr ibn al-'As</a> invaded it during the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a>, after a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(641)" title="Siege of Alexandria (641)">siege</a> that lasted 14 months. The first Arab governor of Egypt recorded to have visited Alexandria was <a href="/wiki/Utba_ibn_Abi_Sufyan" title="Utba ibn Abi Sufyan">Utba ibn Abi Sufyan</a>, who strengthened the Arab presence and built a governor's palace in the city in 664–665.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In reference to Alexandria, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> speaks of a number of <a href="/wiki/Muslim_saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim saints">Muslim saints</a> that resided in the city. One such saint was Imam Borhan Oddin El Aaraj, who was said to perform miracles. Another notable figure was Yaqut al-'Arshi, a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_al-Mursi" title="Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi">Abu Abbas El Mursi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Battuta also writes about Abu 'Abdallah al-Murshidi, a saint that lived in the Minyat of Ibn Murshed. Although al-Murshidi lived in seclusion, Ibn Battuta writes that he was regularly visited by crowds, high state officials, and even by the Sultan of Egypt at the time, <a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir_Muhammad" title="Al-Nasir Muhammad">al-Nasir Muhammad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Battuta also visited the Pharos lighthouse on two occasions: in 1326 he found it to be partly in ruins and in 1349 it had deteriorated to the point that it was no longer possible to enter.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandrie_et_phare.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Alexandrie_et_phare.jpg/220px-Alexandrie_et_phare.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Alexandrie_et_phare.jpg/330px-Alexandrie_et_phare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Alexandrie_et_phare.jpg/440px-Alexandrie_et_phare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Alexandria in the late 18th century, by <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Mayer" title="Luigi Mayer">Luigi Mayer</a></figcaption></figure><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a> provided amenities for European merchants to stay in the port cities of Alexandria and <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a>, so <a href="/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">hotels</a> were built and placed at the merchants' disposal so that they could live according to the pattern they were accustomed to in their country. Alexandria lost much of its importance in international trade after <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> navigators discovered a new sea route to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in the late 15th century. This reduced the amount of goods that needed to be transported through the Alexandrian port, as well as the Mamluks' political power.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ridaniya" title="Battle of Ridaniya">Battle of Ridaniya</a> in 1517, the city was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a> and remained under <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Ottoman rule</a> until 1798. Alexandria lost much of its former importance to the Egyptian port city of <a href="/wiki/Rosetta" title="Rosetta">Rosetta</a> during the 9th to 18th centuries, and it only regained its former prominence with the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Mahmoudiyah_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmoudiyah Canal">Mahmoudiyah Canal</a> in 1820.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Cassas,_Alexandrie,_nomm%C3%A9e_par_les_Arabes,_Eskanderyeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Cassas%2C_Alexandrie%2C_nomm%C3%A9e_par_les_Arabes%2C_Eskanderyeh.jpg/220px-Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Cassas%2C_Alexandrie%2C_nomm%C3%A9e_par_les_Arabes%2C_Eskanderyeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Cassas%2C_Alexandrie%2C_nomm%C3%A9e_par_les_Arabes%2C_Eskanderyeh.jpg/330px-Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Cassas%2C_Alexandrie%2C_nomm%C3%A9e_par_les_Arabes%2C_Eskanderyeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Cassas%2C_Alexandrie%2C_nomm%C3%A9e_par_les_Arabes%2C_Eskanderyeh.jpg/440px-Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Cassas%2C_Alexandrie%2C_nomm%C3%A9e_par_les_Arabes%2C_Eskanderyeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2662" data-file-height="1855" /></a><figcaption>Map of the city in the 1780s, by <a href="/wiki/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Cassas" title="Louis-François Cassas">Louis-François Cassas</a></figcaption></figure><p> Alexandria figured prominently in the military operations of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/French_Campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French Campaign in Egypt and Syria">expedition to Egypt</a> in 1798. French troops stormed the city on 2 July 1798, and it remained in their hands until the arrival of a British expedition in 1801. The British won a considerable victory over the French at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandria_(1801)" title="Battle of Alexandria (1801)">Battle of Alexandria</a> on 21 March 1801, following which they <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(1801)" title="Siege of Alexandria (1801)">besieged the city</a>, which fell to them on 2 September 1801. <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a>, the Ottoman governor of Egypt, began rebuilding and redevelopment around 1810 and, by 1850, Alexandria had returned to something akin to its former glory.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egypt turned to Europe in their effort to modernise the country. Greeks, followed by other Europeans and others, began moving to the city. In the early 20th century, the city became a home for novelists and poets.<sup id="cite_ref-FPAl_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FPAl-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombardamento_Alessandria_1882.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bombardamento_Alessandria_1882.jpg/220px-Bombardamento_Alessandria_1882.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bombardamento_Alessandria_1882.jpg/330px-Bombardamento_Alessandria_1882.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bombardamento_Alessandria_1882.jpg/440px-Bombardamento_Alessandria_1882.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1023" /></a><figcaption>Bombardment of Alexandria by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">British naval forces</a> (1882)</figcaption></figure><p>In July 1882, the city came under <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Alexandria" title="Bombardment of Alexandria">bombardment</a> from British naval forces and was occupied.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1954, the city was a target of an Israeli bombing campaign that later became known as the <a href="/wiki/Lavon_Affair" title="Lavon Affair">Lavon Affair</a>. On 26 October 1954, Alexandria's Mansheya Square was the site of a failed assassination attempt on <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Europeans began leaving Alexandria following the 1956 <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> that led to an outburst of <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a>. The nationalisation of property by Nasser, which reached its highest point in 1961, drove out nearly all the rest.<sup id="cite_ref-FPAl_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FPAl-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B7_(Mariout_lake).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B7_%28Mariout_lake%29.jpg/220px-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B7_%28Mariout_lake%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B7_%28Mariout_lake%29.jpg/330px-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B7_%28Mariout_lake%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B7_%28Mariout_lake%29.jpg/440px-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B7_%28Mariout_lake%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Mariout" title="Lake Mariout">Lake Mariout</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Alexandria is located in the country of Egypt, on the southern coast of the Mediterranean. It is in the Far West <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile delta</a> area.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a densely populated city; its core areas belie its large administrative area. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Region </th> <th colspan="2">(Population) </th> <th rowspan="2">Area<br />km<sup>2</sup> </th> <th rowspan="2">Density<br />per km<sup>2</sup><br />(2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th>1996 </th> <th>2020 proj* </th></tr> <tr> <td>Alexandria, 14 kisms (contiguous)</td> <td>2,199,000</td> <td>4,439,000</td> <td>203.57</td> <td>21,805 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Notes: <small>2020 CAPMAS projection based on 2017 revised census figures, may differ significantly from 2017 census preliminary tabulations. The 14 kisms were reported simply as <i>Alexandria city</i> by CAPMAS in 2006 but given explosive growth definitions, likely informal, may have changed or may be set to change. Same area with 12 kisms existed in 1996. Kisms are considered 'fully urbanised'</small><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alexandria has a <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">hot steppe climate</a> (Köppen climate classification: <i>BSh</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-WMOCLINO_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMOCLINO-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> virtually <a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">hot desert climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>: <i>BWh</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-WMOCliRef_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMOCliRef-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the rest of <a href="/wiki/Northern_coast_of_Egypt" title="Northern coast of Egypt">Egypt's northern coast</a>, the prevailing north wind, blowing across the Mediterranean, gives the city a less severe climate than the desert hinterland.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rafah,_Egypt#Climate" title="Rafah, Egypt">Rafah</a> and Alexandria<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are the wettest places in Egypt; the other wettest places are <a href="/wiki/Rosetta#Climate" title="Rosetta">Rosetta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltim#Climate" title="Baltim">Baltim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kafr_el-Dawwar#Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kafr el-Dawwar">Kafr el-Dawwar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mersa_Matruh#Climate" title="Mersa Matruh">Mersa Matruh</a>. The city's climate is influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, moderating its temperatures, causing variable rainy winters and moderately hot and slightly prolonged summers that, at times, can be very humid; January and February are the coolest months, with daily maximum temperatures typically ranging from 12 to 18 °C (54 to 64 °F) and minimum temperatures that could reach 5 °C (41 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>). </p><p>Alexandria experiences <a href="/wiki/Severe_weather" title="Severe weather">violent storms</a>, rain and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Ice_pellets" title="Ice pellets">sleet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a> during the cooler months; these events, combined with a poor drainage system, have been responsible for occasional flooding in the city in the past though they rarely occur anymore.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> July and August are the hottest and driest months of the year, with an average daily maximum temperature of 30 °C (86 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>). The average annual rainfall is around 211 mm (8.3 in) but has been as high as 417 mm (16.4 in)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Port_Said#Climate" title="Port Said">Port Said</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr,_Egypt#Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qusayr, Egypt">Kosseir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltim#Climate" title="Baltim">Baltim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damietta#Climate" title="Damietta">Damietta</a> and Alexandria have the least temperature variation in Egypt. </p><p>The highest recorded temperature was 45 °C (113 °F) on 30 May 1961, and the coldest recorded temperature was 0 °C (32 °F) on 31 January 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-Voodoo_Skies_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voodoo_Skies-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Alexandria (<a href="/wiki/El_Nouzha_Airport" title="El Nouzha Airport">El Nouzha Airport</a>) 1991–2020, extremes 1957–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6<br />(85.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0<br />(91.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0<br />(104.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.8<br />(105.4) </td> <td style="background: #CE0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.0<br />(113.0) </td> <td style="background: #DD0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.9<br />(111.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.7<br />(105.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF0B00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.8<br />(103.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0<br />(102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.3<br />(100.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.7<br />(96.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0<br />(87.8) </td> <td style="background: #CE0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">45.0<br />(113.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4<br />(65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9<br />(80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1<br />(84.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5<br />(86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0<br />(87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2<br />(86.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8<br />(82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25.2<br />(77.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4<br />(61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2<br />(72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2<br />(77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1<br />(80.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8<br />(82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4<br />(79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6<br />(67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.9<br />(69.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5<br />(49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8<br />(53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3<br />(57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5<br />(72.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1<br />(59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">16.8<br />(62.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(34.2) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(34.2) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(36.1) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(38.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5<br />(47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6<br />(52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7<br />(51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(34.2) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1.2<br />(34.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.4<br />(2.42) </td> <td style="background: #C5FFC5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2<br />(1.39) </td> <td style="background: #EBFFEB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br />(0.50) </td> <td style="background: #FAFFFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6<br />(0.10) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(0.04) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(0.03) </td> <td style="background: #F2FFF2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3<br />(0.33) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.8<br />(1.45) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.7<br />(2.07) </td> <td style="background: #E4FFE4; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">211.6<br />(8.33) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2 </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2 </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0000FA; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">67.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br />(46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br />(46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1<br />(48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3<br />(52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br />(60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.7<br />(56.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">192.0 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">210.3 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">247.0 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">273.9 </td> <td style="background: #F2F214; color:#000000;" class="notheme">316.8 </td> <td style="background: #FDFD2F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">353.2 </td> <td style="background: #FCFC2D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">362.2 </td> <td style="background: #F8F824; color:#000000;" class="notheme">345.3 </td> <td style="background: #F0F00F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">296.7 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA01; color:#000000;" class="notheme">281.7 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">224.1 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">195.7 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,298.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a> (humidity, dew point, sun 1961–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-WMOCLINO_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMOCLINO-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WMOCliRef_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMOCliRef-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Meteo Climat (records)<sup id="cite_ref-MetCli_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetCli-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <caption>Alexandria mean sea temperature<sup id="cite_ref-Weather2Travel_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weather2Travel-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Jan </th> <th>Feb </th> <th>Mar </th> <th>Apr </th> <th>May </th> <th>Jun </th> <th>Jul </th> <th>Aug </th> <th>Sep </th> <th>Oct </th> <th>Nov </th> <th>Dec </th></tr> <tr> <td>18 °C (64 °F) </td> <td>17 °C (63 °F) </td> <td>17 °C (63 °F) </td> <td>18 °C (64 °F) </td> <td>20 °C (68 °F) </td> <td>23 °C (73 °F) </td> <td>25 °C (77 °F) </td> <td>26 °C (79 °F) </td> <td>26 °C (79 °F) </td> <td>25 °C (77 °F) </td> <td>22 °C (72 °F) </td> <td>20 °C (68 °F) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2019 paper published in <a href="/wiki/PLOS_One" title="PLOS One">PLOS One</a> estimated that under <a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway#4.5" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5</a>, a "moderate" scenario of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> where global warming reaches ~2.5–3 °C (4.5–5.4 °F) by 2100, the climate of Alexandria in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza City</a>. The annual temperature would increase by 2.8 °C (5.0 °F), and the temperature of the warmest and the coldest month by 2.9 °C (5.2 °F) and 3.1 °C (5.6 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Climate_Action_Tracker" title="Climate Action Tracker">Climate Action Tracker</a>, the current warming trajectory appears consistent with 2.7 °C (4.9 °F), which closely matches RCP 4.5.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to its location on a Nile river delta, Alexandria is one of the most vulnerable cities to <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> in the entire world. According to some estimates, hundreds of thousands of people in its low-lying areas may already have to be relocated before 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2022 <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a> estimates that by 2050, Alexandria and 11 other major African cities (<a href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a>) would collectively sustain cumulative damages of US$65 billion for the "moderate" climate change scenario <a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">RCP 4.5</a> and US$86.5 billion for the high-emission scenario RCP 8.5, while RCP 8.5 combined with the hypothetical impact from <a href="/wiki/Marine_ice_sheet_instability" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine ice sheet instability">marine ice sheet instability</a> at high levels of warming would involve up to US$137.5 billion in damages. Additional accounting for the "low-probability, high-damage events" may increase aggregate risks to US$187 billion for the "moderate" RCP4.5, US$206 billion for RCP8.5 and US$397 billion under the high-end ice sheet instability scenario. In every single estimate, Alexandria alone bears around half of these costs.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since sea level rise would continue for about 10,000 years under every scenario of climate change, future costs of sea level rise would only increase, especially without adaptation measures.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_layout">Ancient layout</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ancient layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macedonian_Army_Alexander.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Macedonian_Army_Alexander.jpg/220px-Macedonian_Army_Alexander.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Macedonian_Army_Alexander.jpg/330px-Macedonian_Army_Alexander.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Macedonian_Army_Alexander.jpg/440px-Macedonian_Army_Alexander.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1555" data-file-height="1059" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a> Army, shown on the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sarcophagus" title="Alexander Sarcophagus">Alexander Sarcophagus</a></figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Alexandria" title="Special:EditPage/Alexandria">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Greek Alexandria was divided into three regions: </p> <dl><dt>Rhakotis</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhacotis" title="Rhacotis">Rhakotis</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> <span title="Coptic-language romanization"><i lang="cop-Latn">Rakotə</i></span>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles"><span title="In the introductory sentence, the Coptic name is given as 'Rakodī', with ref. There's no explanation of the discrepancy. A different dialect? (August 2021)">contradictory</span></a></i>]</sup> "Alexandria") was the old city that was absorbed into Alexandria. It was occupied chiefly by Egyptians.</dd> <dd></dd> <dt>Brucheum</dt> <dd>Brucheum was the Royal or Greek quarter and formed the most magnificent portion of the city. In <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome" title="Outline of ancient Rome">Roman times</a>, Brucheum was enlarged by the addition of an official quarter, making four regions in all. The city was laid out as a grid of parallel streets, each of which had an attendant subterranean canal.</dd> <dt></dt> <dt>Jewish quarter</dt> <dd>The Jewish quarter was the northeast portion of the city.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canopic_Street_Alexandria_1784_by_LF_Cassa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Canopic_Street_Alexandria_1784_by_LF_Cassa.png/220px-Canopic_Street_Alexandria_1784_by_LF_Cassa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Canopic_Street_Alexandria_1784_by_LF_Cassa.png/330px-Canopic_Street_Alexandria_1784_by_LF_Cassa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Canopic_Street_Alexandria_1784_by_LF_Cassa.png/440px-Canopic_Street_Alexandria_1784_by_LF_Cassa.png 2x" data-file-width="2687" data-file-height="1562" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">Engraving</a> by L. F. Cassas of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canopic_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canopic Street (page does not exist)">Canopic Street</a> in Alexandria, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, made in 1784</figcaption></figure><p> Two main streets, lined with <a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">colonnades</a> and said to have been each about 60 m (200 ft) wide, intersected in the centre of the city, close to the point where the Sema (or Soma) of Alexander (his <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">Mausoleum</a>) rose. This point is very near the present <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebi_Daniel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nebi Daniel (page does not exist)">Nebi Daniel</a>; the line of the great East–West "Canopic" street is also present in modern-day Alexandria, having only slightly diverged from the line of the modern Boulevard de Rosette (now Sharae Fouad). Traces of its pavement and canal have been found near the Rosetta Gate, but remnants of streets and canals were exposed in 1899 by German excavators outside the east fortifications, which lie well within the area of the ancient city.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S03_06_01_018_image_2380.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/S03_06_01_018_image_2380.jpg/220px-S03_06_01_018_image_2380.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/S03_06_01_018_image_2380.jpg/330px-S03_06_01_018_image_2380.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/S03_06_01_018_image_2380.jpg/440px-S03_06_01_018_image_2380.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1104" /></a><figcaption>One of the pair of <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra%27s_Needles" title="Cleopatra's Needles">Cleopatra's Needles</a> in Alexandria, which were relocated to London and New York in the late 19th century</figcaption></figure><p>Alexandria consisted originally of little more than the island of Pharos, which was joined to the mainland by a 1,260 m-long (4,130 ft) <a href="/wiki/Mole_(architecture)" title="Mole (architecture)">mole</a> and called the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Heptastadion</i></span> ("seven stadia"—a <i><a href="/wiki/Stadium" title="Stadium">stadium</a></i> was a Greek <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_length" title="Unit of length">unit of length</a> measuring approximately 180 m or 590 ft). The end of this abutted on the land at the head of the present Grand Square, where the "Moon Gate" rose. All that now lies between that point and the modern "Ras al-Tin" quarter is built on the silt which gradually widened and obliterated this mole. The Ras al-Tin quarter represents all that is left of the island of Pharos, the site of the actual lighthouse having been weathered away by the sea. On the east of the mole was the Great Harbour, now an open bay; on the west lay the port of Eunostos, with its inner basin Kibotos, now vastly enlarged to form the modern harbour. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>'s time (latter half of the 1st century BC), the principal buildings were as follows, enumerated as they were to be seen from a ship entering the Great Harbour. </p> <ol><li>The <a href="/wiki/Palace" title="Palace">Royal Palaces</a>, filling the northeast angle of the town and occupying the promontory of Lochias, which shut in the Great Harbour on the east. Lochias (the modern Pharillon) has almost entirely disappeared into the sea, together with the palaces, the "Private Port", and the island of Antirrhodus. There has been a land <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a> here, as throughout the northeast coast of Africa.</li> <li>The Great Theater, on the modern Hospital Hill near the Ramleh station. This was used by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> as a fortress, where he withstood a siege from the city mob after he took Egypt after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pharsalus" title="Battle of Pharsalus">battle of Pharsalus</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Caesar retreated from a mob?? (July 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Greek_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek temple">Temple</a> of the Sea God, close to the theater</li> <li>The Timonium built by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Marc Antony</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Emporium (Exchange)</li> <li>The Apostases (Magazines)</li> <li>The Navalia (Docks), lying west of the Timonium, along the seafront as far as the mole</li> <li>Behind the Emporium rose the <a href="/wiki/Caesareum_of_Alexandria" title="Caesareum of Alexandria">Great Caesareum</a>, by which stood the two great <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">obelisks</a> which became known as "<a href="/wiki/Cleopatra%27s_Needle" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra's Needle">Cleopatra's Needles</a>" and were transported to New York City and London. This temple became, in time, the Patriarchal Church, though some ancient remains of the temple have been discovered. The actual Caesareum, the parts not eroded by the waves, lies under the houses lining the new seawall.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)" title="Gymnasium (ancient Greece)">Gymnasium</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palaestra" title="Palaestra">Palaestra</a> are both inland, near the Boulevard de Rosette in the eastern half of the town; sites unknown.</li> <li>The Temple of <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a>; site unknown.</li> <li>The Mausolea of Alexander (Soma) and the Ptolemies in one ring-fence, near the point of intersection of the two main streets.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Musaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Musaeum">Musaeum</a> with its famous <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library</a> and theater in the same region; site unknown.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Serapeum_of_Alexandria" title="Serapeum of Alexandria">Serapeum of Alexandria</a>, the most famous of all Alexandrian temples. Strabo tells that this stood in the west of the city; and recent discoveries go far as to place it near "Pompey's Pillar", which was an independent monument erected to commemorate <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>'s siege of the city.</li></ol> <p>The names of a few other public buildings on the mainland are known, but there is little information as to their actual position. None, however, are as famous as the building that stood on the eastern point of Pharos island. There, <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">The Great Lighthouse</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Wonders_of_the_World" title="Wonders of the World">Seven Wonders of the World</a>, reputed to be 138 m (453 ft) high, was situated. The first Ptolemy began the project, and the second Ptolemy (<a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a>) completed it, at a total cost of 800 <a href="/wiki/Talent_(measurement)" title="Talent (measurement)">talents</a>. It took 12 years to complete and served as a <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototype</a> for all later <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouses</a> in the world. The light was produced by a furnace at the top and the tower was built mostly with solid blocks of limestone. The Pharos lighthouse was destroyed by an earthquake in the 14th century, making it the second longest surviving ancient wonder, after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid of Giza</a>. A temple of <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a> also stood on Pharos at the head of the mole. </p><p>In the 1st century, the population of Alexandria contained over 180,000 adult male citizens,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to a census dated from 32 AD, in addition to a large number of freedmen, women, children and slaves. Estimates of the total population range from 216,000<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 500,000,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it one of the largest cities ever built before the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> and the largest pre-industrial city that was not an imperial capital.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cityscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the constant presence of war in Alexandria in ancient times, very little of the ancient city has survived into the present day. Much of the royal and civic quarters sank beneath the harbour and the rest has been built over in modern times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pompey's_Pillar"><span id="Pompey.27s_Pillar"></span>Pompey's Pillar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pompey's Pillar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alex_Sawary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Alex_Sawary.jpg/220px-Alex_Sawary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Alex_Sawary.jpg/330px-Alex_Sawary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Alex_Sawary.jpg/440px-Alex_Sawary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Roman <a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_Pillar_(column)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompey's Pillar (column)">Pompey's Pillar</a></figcaption></figure><p>"<a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_Pillar_(column)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompey's Pillar (column)">Pompey's Pillar</a>", a <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumphal_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman triumphal column">Roman triumphal column</a>, is one of the best-known <a href="/wiki/Ancient_monument" title="Ancient monument">ancient monuments</a> still standing in Alexandria today. It is located on Alexandria's ancient <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">acropolis</a>—a modest hill located adjacent to the city's Arab <a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">cemetery</a>—and was originally part of a temple colonnade. Including its <a href="/wiki/Pedestal" title="Pedestal">pedestal</a>, it is 30 m (99 ft) high; the shaft is of polished red granite, 2.7 m (8.9 ft) in diameter at the base, tapering to 2.4 m (7.9 ft) at the top. The shaft is 88 ft (27 m) high and made out of a single piece of granite. Its volume is 132 m<sup>3</sup> (4,662 cu ft) and weight approximately 396 tons.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pompey's Pillar may have been erected using the same methods that were used to erect the ancient <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">obelisks</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">The Romans</a> had cranes but they were not strong enough to lift something this heavy. Roger Hopkins and Mark Lehrner conducted several <a href="/wiki/Obelisks#Obelisk_erecting_experiments" class="mw-redirect" title="Obelisks">obelisk erecting experiments</a> including a successful attempt to erect a 25-ton obelisk in 1999. This followed two experiments to erect smaller obelisks and two failed attempts to erect a 25-ton obelisk.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Pompey's Pillar" is a <a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">misnomer</a>, as it has nothing to do with <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>, having been erected in 293 for <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, possibly in memory of the rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Domitius_Domitianus" title="Domitius Domitianus">Domitius Domitianus</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The structure was plundered and demolished in the 4th century when a bishop decreed that Paganism must be eradicated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Beneath the acropolis itself are the subterranean remains of the Serapeum, where the mysteries of the god <a href="/wiki/Serapis" title="Serapis">Serapis</a> were enacted and whose carved wall niches are believed to have provided overflow storage space for the ancient Library. In more recent years, many ancient artifacts have been discovered from the surrounding sea, mostly pieces of old pottery.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catacombs_of_Kom_El_Shoqafa">Catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:113KOM_EL_SHOQAFA_CATACOMBS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/113KOM_EL_SHOQAFA_CATACOMBS.jpg/220px-113KOM_EL_SHOQAFA_CATACOMBS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/113KOM_EL_SHOQAFA_CATACOMBS.jpg/330px-113KOM_EL_SHOQAFA_CATACOMBS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/113KOM_EL_SHOQAFA_CATACOMBS.jpg/440px-113KOM_EL_SHOQAFA_CATACOMBS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1935" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Kom_El_Shoqafa" title="Catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa">Catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa</a></figcaption></figure><p>Alexandria's <a href="/wiki/Catacombs" title="Catacombs">catacombs</a>, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Kom_el_Shoqafa" class="mw-redirect" title="Catacombs of Kom el Shoqafa">Kom El Shoqafa</a></i>, are a short distance southwest of the pillar, consist of a multi-level labyrinth, reached via a large <a href="/wiki/Stairway" class="mw-redirect" title="Stairway">spiral staircase</a> and featuring dozens of chambers adorned with sculpted pillars, statues, and other <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic</a> Romano-Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Religious_symbolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious symbolism">religious symbols</a>, burial niches, and <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagi</a>, as well as a large Roman-style banquet room, where memorial meals were conducted by relatives of the deceased. The catacombs were long forgotten by the citizens until they were discovered by accident in 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kom_El_Deka">Kom El Deka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kom El Deka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlexandriaAmphitheatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/AlexandriaAmphitheatre.jpg/220px-AlexandriaAmphitheatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/AlexandriaAmphitheatre.jpg/330px-AlexandriaAmphitheatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/AlexandriaAmphitheatre.jpg/440px-AlexandriaAmphitheatre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5944" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Roman Theater</figcaption></figure> <p>The most extensive ancient excavation currently being conducted in Alexandria is known as <a href="/wiki/Kom_El_Deka" title="Kom El Deka">Kom El Deka</a>. It has revealed the ancient city's well-preserved theater, and the remains of its <a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Roman-era baths</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temple_of_Taposiris_Magna">Temple of Taposiris Magna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Temple of Taposiris Magna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abusir_(Lake_Mariout)" title="Abusir (Lake Mariout)">Abusir (Lake Mariout)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magna_temple1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Magna_temple1.JPG/220px-Magna_temple1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Magna_temple1.JPG/330px-Magna_temple1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Magna_temple1.JPG/440px-Magna_temple1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Side view of The Temple of <a href="/wiki/Taposiris_Magna" title="Taposiris Magna">Taposiris Magna</a></figcaption></figure><p>The temple was built in the Ptolemy era and dedicated to Osiris, which finished the construction of Alexandria. It is located in Abusir, the western suburb of Alexandria in Borg el Arab city. Only the outer wall and the pylons remain from the temple. There is evidence to prove that sacred animals were worshiped there. Archaeologists found an animal necropolis near the temple. Remains of a Christian church show that the temple was used as a church in later centuries. Also found in the same area are remains of public baths built by the emperor Justinian, a seawall, quays and a bridge. Near the beach side of the area, there are the remains of a tower built by Ptolemy II Philadelphus. The tower was an exact scale replica of the destroyed Alexandrine <a href="/wiki/Pharos_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos Lighthouse">Pharos Lighthouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citadel_of_Qaitbay">Citadel of Qaitbay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citadel of Qaitbay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citadel_of_Qaitbay,_Alexandria,_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Citadel_of_Qaitbay%2C_Alexandria%2C_Egypt.jpg/220px-Citadel_of_Qaitbay%2C_Alexandria%2C_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Citadel_of_Qaitbay%2C_Alexandria%2C_Egypt.jpg/330px-Citadel_of_Qaitbay%2C_Alexandria%2C_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Citadel_of_Qaitbay%2C_Alexandria%2C_Egypt.jpg/440px-Citadel_of_Qaitbay%2C_Alexandria%2C_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Citadel of Qaitbay</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Qaitbay" title="Citadel of Qaitbay">Citadel of Qaitbay</a> is a defensive fortress located on the Mediterranean sea coast. It was established in 1477 AD (882 <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a>) by the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">mamluk</a> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Qaitbay" title="Qaitbay">Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'it Bay</a>. The Citadel is located on the eastern side of the northern tip of Pharos Island at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Harbour_(Alexandria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Harbour (Alexandria)">Eastern Harbour</a>. It was erected on the exact site of the famous <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Lighthouse of Alexandria</a>, which was one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Seven Wonders of the Ancient World">Seven Wonders of the Ancient World</a>. It was built on an area of 17,550 <a href="/wiki/Square_metre" title="Square metre">square metres</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Excavation">Excavation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Excavation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Alexandria" title="Special:EditPage/Alexandria">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Persistent efforts have been made to explore the antiquities of Alexandria. Encouragement and help have been given by the local <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeological</a> Society and by many individuals. Excavations were performed in the city by Greeks seeking the tomb of Alexander the Great without success.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The past and present directors of the museum have been enabled from time to time to carry out systematic excavations whenever opportunity is offered; <a href="/wiki/David_George_Hogarth" title="David George Hogarth">D. G. Hogarth</a> made tentative researches on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Exploration_Society" title="Egypt Exploration Society">Egypt Exploration Fund</a> and the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies in 1895; and a German expedition worked for two years (1898–1899). But two difficulties face the would-be excavator in Alexandria: lack of space for excavation and the underwater location of some areas of interest. </p><p>Since the great and growing modern city stands immediately over the ancient one, it is almost impossible to find any considerable space in which to dig, except at enormous cost. <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VII">Cleopatra VII</a>'s royal quarters were inundated by earthquakes and tsunami, leading to gradual <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a> in the 4th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This underwater section, containing many of the most interesting sections of the Hellenistic city, including the palace quarter, was explored in 1992 and is still being extensively investigated by the French underwater archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Franck_Goddio" title="Franck Goddio">Franck Goddio</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Institut_Europ%C3%A9en_d%27Arch%C3%A9ologie_Sous-Marine" title="Institut Européen d'Archéologie Sous-Marine">team</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It raised a noted head of <a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Caesarion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are being opened up to tourists, to some controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spaces that are most open are the low grounds to northeast and southwest, where it is practically impossible to get below the Roman <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a>. </p><p>The most important results were those achieved by Dr. G. Botti, late director of the museum, in the neighbourhood of "Pompey's Pillar", where there is a good deal of open ground. Here, substructures of a large building or group of buildings have been exposed, which are perhaps part of the Serapeum. Nearby, immense <a href="/wiki/Catacombs" title="Catacombs">catacombs</a> and <i>columbaria</i> have been opened which may have been appendages of the temple. These contain one very remarkable vault with curious painted reliefs, now artificially lit and open to visitors. </p><p>The objects found in these researches are in the museum, the most notable being a great basalt bull, probably once an object of cult in the Serapeum. Other catacombs and tombs have been opened in <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Kom_El_Shoqafa" title="Catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa">Kom El Shoqafa</a> (Roman) and Ras El Tin (painted). </p><p>The German excavation team found remains of a Ptolemaic colonnade and streets in the north-east of the city, but little else. Hogarth explored part of an immense brick structure under the mound of <a href="/wiki/Kom_El_Deka" title="Kom El Deka">Kom El Deka</a>, which may have been part of the Paneum, the Mausolea, or a Roman fortress. </p><p>The making of the new foreshore led to the dredging up of remains of the Patriarchal Church; and the foundations of modern buildings are seldom laid without some objects of antiquity being discovered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Places_of_worship">Places of worship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Places of worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Alexandria" title="Special:EditPage/Alexandria">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Alexandria" title="List of mosques in Alexandria">List of mosques in Alexandria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mezquita_abu_el_abbas-alejandria-2007.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mezquita_abu_el_abbas-alejandria-2007.JPG/220px-Mezquita_abu_el_abbas-alejandria-2007.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mezquita_abu_el_abbas-alejandria-2007.JPG/330px-Mezquita_abu_el_abbas-alejandria-2007.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mezquita_abu_el_abbas-alejandria-2007.JPG/440px-Mezquita_abu_el_abbas-alejandria-2007.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3025" data-file-height="2113" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_al-Mursi_Mosque" title="Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi Mosque">Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi Mosque</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The most famous mosque in Alexandria is <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_al-Mursi_Mosque" title="Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi Mosque">Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bahary" title="Bahary">Bahary</a>. Other notable mosques in the city include <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a> mosque in Somouha, <a href="/wiki/Bilal_ibn_Ribah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilal ibn Ribah">Bilal</a> mosque, al-Gamaa al-Bahari in Mandara, Hatem mosque in Somouha, Hoda el-Islam mosque in Sidi Bishr, al-Mowasah mosque in Hadara, Sharq al-Madina mosque in Miami, al-Shohadaa mosque in Mostafa Kamel, Al Qa'ed Ibrahim Mosque,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yehia mosque in Zizinia, Sidi Gaber mosque in Sidi Gaber, Sidi B esher mosque, Rokay el-Islam mosque in Elessway, Elsadaka Mosque in Sidibesher Qebly, Elshatbi mosque and Sultan mosque. </p><p>Alexandria is the base of the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movements</a> in Egypt. <a href="/wiki/Al-Nour_Party" title="Al-Nour Party">Al-Nour Party</a>, which is based in the city and overwhelmingly won most of the Salafi votes in the <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Egyptian_parliamentary_election" title="2011–12 Egyptian parliamentary election">2011–12 parliamentary election</a>, supports the president <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Abdel Fattah el-Sisi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FPAl_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FPAl-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlexMarkCathedralInside2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/AlexMarkCathedralInside2.jpg/220px-AlexMarkCathedralInside2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/AlexMarkCathedralInside2.jpg/330px-AlexMarkCathedralInside2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/AlexMarkCathedralInside2.jpg/440px-AlexMarkCathedralInside2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mark%27s_Coptic_Orthodox_Cathedral_(Alexandria)" title="Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral (Alexandria)">Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StCatherineChurchAlexandria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/StCatherineChurchAlexandria.jpg/220px-StCatherineChurchAlexandria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/StCatherineChurchAlexandria.jpg/330px-StCatherineChurchAlexandria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/StCatherineChurchAlexandria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Catherine%27s_Cathedral,_Alexandria" title="St. Catherine's Cathedral, Alexandria">Saint Catherine's Latin Catholic Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Alexandria was once considered the third-most important see in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. Until 430, the Patriarch of Alexandria was second only to the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">bishop of Rome</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Alexandria" title="Church of Alexandria">Church of Alexandria</a> had jurisdiction over most of the continent of Africa. After the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> in AD 451, the Alexandrian Church split between the <a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysites</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkites</a>. The Miaphysites went on to constitute what is known today as the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a>. The Melkites went on to constitute what is known today as the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a>. In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> missionaries converted some of the adherents of the Orthodox churches to their respective faiths. </p><p>Today the Patriarchal seat of the Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church is <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mark%27s_Coptic_Orthodox_Cathedral_(Alexandria)" title="Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral (Alexandria)">Saint Mark Cathedral</a> (though in practice the Patriarch has long resided in Cairo). The most important Coptic Orthodox churches in Alexandria include <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Pope Cyril I</a> Church in Cleopatra, <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a>'s Church in Sporting, <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Saint Mark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_I_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Peter I of Alexandria">Pope Peter I</a> Church in Sidi Bishr, <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Saint Mary</a> Church in Assafra, Saint Mary Church in Gianaclis, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Menas" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Menas">Saint Mina</a> Church in Fleming, Saint Mina Church in Mandara and <a href="/wiki/St._Takla_Haymanot%27s_Church_(Alexandria)" title="St. Takla Haymanot's Church (Alexandria)">Saint Takla Haymanot's Church</a> in Ibrahimeya. </p><p>The most important <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> churches in Alexandria are <a href="/wiki/Holy_Unmercenaries" title="Holy Unmercenaries">Agioi Anárgyroi</a> Church, Church of the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">Saint Anthony</a> Church, Archangels <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a> Church, Taxiarchon Church, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Alexandria" title="Catherine of Alexandria">Saint Catherine</a> Church, Cathedral of the <a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Theotokos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormition of the Theotokos">Dormition</a> in Mansheya, Church of the Dormition, <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Prophet Elijah</a> Church, <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> Church, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Saint Joseph</a> Church in Fleming, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Saint Joseph of Arimathea</a> Church, <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Saint Mark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nectarios_of_Aegina" title="Nectarios of Aegina">Saint Nektarios</a> Chapel in Ramleh, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a> Church, <a href="/wiki/Paraskevi_of_Rome" title="Paraskevi of Rome">Saint Paraskevi</a> Church, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sava" title="Saint Sava">Saint Sava</a> Cathedral in Ramleh, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Amasea" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore of Amasea">Saint Theodore</a> Chapel and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian</a> church of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky" title="Alexander Nevsky">Saint Alexander Nevsky</a> in Alexandria, which serves the Russian speaking community in the city. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Alexandria_in_Egypt-Heliopolis-Port_Said" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Vicariate of Alexandria in Egypt-Heliopolis-Port Said">Apostolic Vicariate of Alexandria in Egypt-Heliopolis-Port Said</a> has jurisdiction over all <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Catholics</a> in Egypt. Member churches include Saint Catherine Church in Mansheya and Church of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> in Cleopatra. The city is also the nominal see of the <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite Greek Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch">titular Patriarchate of Alexandria</a> (generally vested in its leading Patriarch of Antioch) and the actual cathedral see of its <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarchal_territory_of_Egypt,_Sudan_and_South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patriarchal territory of Egypt, Sudan and South Sudan (page does not exist)">Patriarchal territory of Egypt, Sudan and South Sudan</a>, which uses the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a>, and the nominal see of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Alexandria" title="Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Alexandria">Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Alexandria</a> (for all Egypt and Sudan, whose actual cathedral is in Cairo), a suffragan of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Patriarch_of_Cilicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Catholic Patriarch of Cilicia">Armenian Catholic Patriarch of Cilicia</a>, using the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a>. </p><p>The Saint Mark Church in <a href="/wiki/Shatby" title="Shatby">Shatby</a>, founded as part of <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Saint_Marc,_Alexandria" title="Collège Saint Marc, Alexandria">Collège Saint Marc</a>, is multi-denominational and holds liturgies according to Latin Catholic, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic Catholic</a> and Coptic Orthodox rites. </p><p>In antiquity Alexandria was a major centre of the cosmopolitan religious movement called <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (today mainly remembered as a Christian heresy). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eliyahu-Hanavi-Synagogue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Eliyahu-Hanavi-Synagogue.jpg/220px-Eliyahu-Hanavi-Synagogue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Eliyahu-Hanavi-Synagogue.jpg/330px-Eliyahu-Hanavi-Synagogue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Eliyahu-Hanavi-Synagogue.jpg/440px-Eliyahu-Hanavi-Synagogue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Hanavi_Synagogue" title="Eliyahu Hanavi Synagogue">Eliyahu Hanavi Synagogue</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Alexandria's Jewish community declined rapidly following the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>, after which negative reactions towards <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> among Egyptians led to Jewish residents in the city, and elsewhere in Egypt, being perceived as Zionist collaborators. Most Jewish residents of Egypt moved to the newly settled <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and other countries in the 1950s and 1960s. The community once numbered 50,000 but is now estimated at below 50.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> in Alexandria is the <a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Hanavi_Synagogue_(Alexandria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliyahu Hanavi Synagogue (Alexandria)">Eliyahu Hanavi Synagogue</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Colleges and universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Marc_Alexandria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Saint-Marc_Alexandria.jpg/220px-Saint-Marc_Alexandria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Saint-Marc_Alexandria.jpg/330px-Saint-Marc_Alexandria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Saint-Marc_Alexandria.jpg/440px-Saint-Marc_Alexandria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Saint_Marc,_Alexandria" title="Collège Saint Marc, Alexandria">Collège Saint Marc</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Alexandria has a number of higher education institutions. <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_University" title="Alexandria University">Alexandria University</a> is a public university that follows the Egyptian system of higher education. Many of its faculties are internationally renowned, most notably its <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria_Faculty_of_Medicine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandria Faculty of Medicine (page does not exist)">Faculty of Medicine</a> & <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Engineering,_Alexandria_University" title="Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University">Faculty of Engineering</a>. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Egypt-Japan_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology">Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Borg_El_Arab" title="New Borg El Arab">New Borg El Arab</a> city is a research university set up in collaboration between the Japanese and Egyptian governments in 2010. The <a href="/wiki/Arab_Academy_for_Science,_Technology_%26_Maritime_Transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport">Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport</a> is a semi-private educational institution that offers courses for high school, undergraduate level, and postgraduate students. It is considered the most reputable university in Egypt after the AUC <a href="/wiki/American_University_in_Cairo" title="American University in Cairo">American University in Cairo</a> because of its worldwide recognition from board of engineers at UK & ABET in US. <a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Université Senghor</a> is a private French university that focuses on the teaching of humanities, politics and international relations, which mainly recruits students from the African continent. Other institutions of higher education in Alexandria include <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Higher_Institute_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Alexandria Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology">Alexandria Institute of Technology (AIT)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharos_University_in_Alexandria" title="Pharos University in Alexandria">Pharos University in Alexandria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2023, The Greek <a href="/wiki/University_of_Patras" title="University of Patras">University of Patras</a> announced that it is opening a branch in Alexandria, in a first-of-its-kind move by a Greek higher education institution. The Greek university of Patras branch will operate two departments, one Greek-speaking and one English-speaking in the subjects of Greek culture, Greek language and Greek philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools">Schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lycee_Francais_d%27Alexandrie_2001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lycee_Francais_d%27Alexandrie_2001.JPG/220px-Lycee_Francais_d%27Alexandrie_2001.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lycee_Francais_d%27Alexandrie_2001.JPG/330px-Lycee_Francais_d%27Alexandrie_2001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lycee_Francais_d%27Alexandrie_2001.JPG/440px-Lycee_Francais_d%27Alexandrie_2001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Fran%C3%A7ais_d%27Alexandrie" title="Lycée Français d'Alexandrie">Lycée Français d'Alexandrie</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Alexandria has a long history of foreign educational institutions. The first foreign schools date to the early 19th century, when French missionaries began establishing French charitable schools to educate the Egyptians. Today, the most important French schools in Alexandria run by <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> missionaries include Collège de la Mère de Dieu, Collège Notre Dame de Sion, <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Saint_Marc,_Alexandria" title="Collège Saint Marc, Alexandria">Collège Saint Marc</a>, Écoles des Soeurs Franciscaines (four different schools), École Girard, École Saint Gabriel, École Saint-Vincent de Paul, École Saint Joseph, École Sainte Catherine, and Institution Sainte Jeanne-Antide. As a reaction to the establishment of French religious institutions, a secular (laic) mission established Lycée el-Horreya, which initially followed a French system of education, but is currently run by the Egyptian government. The only school in Alexandria that completely follows the French educational system is Lycée Français d'Alexandrie (École Champollion). It is usually frequented by the children of French expatriates and diplomats in Alexandria. The Italian school is the Istituto "Don Bosco". </p><p>English-language schools in Alexandria are the most popular; those in the city include: Riada American School, Riada Language School, Forsan American School, Forsan International School, Alexandria Language School, Future Language School, Future International Schools (Future IGCSE, Future American School and Future German school), Alexandria American School, <a href="/wiki/British_School_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="British School of Alexandria">British School of Alexandria</a>, Egyptian American School, Pioneers Language School, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_English_Language_School" title="Egyptian English Language School">Egyptian English Language School</a>, Princesses Girls' School, Sidi Gaber Language School, Zahran Language School, Taymour English School, Sacred Heart Girls' School, <a href="/wiki/Schutz_American_School,_Alexandria" title="Schutz American School, Alexandria">Schutz American School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_College,_Alexandria" title="Victoria College, Alexandria">Victoria College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manar_English_Girls_School" title="Manar English Girls School">El Manar Language School for Girls</a> (previously called Scottish School for Girls), Kawmeya Language School, El Nasr Boys' School (previously called British Boys' School), and <a href="/wiki/El_Nasr_Girls%27_College" title="El Nasr Girls' College">El Nasr Girls' College</a> (previously called English Girls' College). There are only two German schools in Alexandria which are <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Schule_der_Borrom%C3%A4erinnen_Alexandria" title="Deutsche Schule der Borromäerinnen Alexandria">Deutsche Schule der Borromärinnen</a> (DSB of Saint Charles Borromé) and Neue Deutsche Schule Alexandria, which is run by Frau Sally Hammam. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Montessori_education" title="Montessori education">Montessori</a> educational system was first introduced in Alexandria in 2009 at Alexandria Montessori. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women">Women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around the 1890s, twice the percentage of women in Alexandria knew how to read compared to the same percentage in Cairo. As a result, specialist women's publications like <i>al-Fatāh</i> by Hind Nawal, the country's first women's journal, appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-Kendallp340_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kendallp340-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Airports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borg_El_Arab_International_Airport..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Borg_El_Arab_International_Airport..jpg/280px-Borg_El_Arab_International_Airport..jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Borg_El_Arab_International_Airport..jpg/420px-Borg_El_Arab_International_Airport..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Borg_El_Arab_International_Airport..jpg/560px-Borg_El_Arab_International_Airport..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1414" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Borg_El_Arab_International_Airport" title="Borg El Arab International Airport">Borg El Arab International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The city's principal airport is currently <a href="/wiki/Borg_El_Arab_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Borg El Arab Airport">Borg El Arab Airport</a>, which is located about 25 km (16 mi) away from the city centre. </p><p>From late 2011, <a href="/wiki/El_Nouzha_Airport" title="El Nouzha Airport">El Nouzha Airport</a> (Alexandria International Airport) was to be closed to commercial operations for two years as it underwent expansion, with all airlines operating out of <a href="/wiki/Borg_El_Arab_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Borg El Arab Airport">Borg El Arab Airport</a> from then onwards, where a brand new terminal was completed there in February 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the government announced that Alexandria International Airport will shut down permanently and will no longer reopen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Port">Port</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Port"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Port" title="Alexandria Port">Alexandria Port</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandria_harbour_(February_2007).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Alexandria_harbour_%28February_2007%29.jpg/220px-Alexandria_harbour_%28February_2007%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Alexandria_harbour_%28February_2007%29.jpg/330px-Alexandria_harbour_%28February_2007%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Alexandria_harbour_%28February_2007%29.jpg/440px-Alexandria_harbour_%28February_2007%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2967" data-file-height="1888" /></a><figcaption>Alexandria port</figcaption></figure> <p>Alexandria has four ports; namely the Western Port also known as <i>Alexandria Port</i>, which is the main port of the country that handles about 60% of the country's exports and imports,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Dekhela Port west of the Western Port, the Eastern Port which is a yachting harbour, and Abu Qir Port at the northern east of the governorate. It is a commercial port for general cargo and phosphates.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highways">Highways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Highways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>International Coastal Road (<a href="/wiki/Mersa_Matruh" title="Mersa Matruh">Mersa Matruh</a> – Alexandria – <a href="/wiki/Port_Said" title="Port Said">Port Said</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo%E2%80%93Alexandria_desert_road" title="Cairo–Alexandria desert road">Cairo–Alexandria desert road</a> (Alexandria – Cairo – 220 km (137 mi), 6–8 lanes)</li> <li>Cairo-Alexandria Agriculture Road (Alexandria – <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>)</li> <li>Mehwar El Ta'meer – (Alexandria – <a href="/wiki/Borg_El_Arab" title="Borg El Arab">Borg El Arab</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Misr_Train_Station,_Alexandria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Misr_Train_Station%2C_Alexandria.jpg/220px-Misr_Train_Station%2C_Alexandria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Misr_Train_Station%2C_Alexandria.jpg/330px-Misr_Train_Station%2C_Alexandria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Misr_Train_Station%2C_Alexandria.jpg/440px-Misr_Train_Station%2C_Alexandria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Misr Railway Station</figcaption></figure> <p>Alexandria's intracity <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a> system extends from Misr Station (Alexandria's primary intercity <a href="/wiki/Railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway station">railway station</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Abu_Qir" title="Abu Qir">Abu Qir</a>, parallel to the <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Tram" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria Tram">tram line</a>. The commuter line's <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotives</a> operate on <a href="/wiki/Diesel_locomotive" title="Diesel locomotive">diesel</a>, as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_system#Overhead_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway electrification system">overhead-electric</a> tram.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Alexandria plays host to two intercity railway stations: the aforementioned <a href="/wiki/Misr_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Misr Station">Misr Station</a> (in the older Manshia district in the western part of the city) and <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Gaber_railway_station" title="Sidi Gaber railway station">Sidi Gaber railway station</a> (in the district of Sidi Gaber in the centre of the eastern expansion in which most Alexandrines reside), both of which also serve the commuter rail line. Intercity passenger service is operated by <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_National_Railways" title="Egyptian National Railways">Egyptian National Railways</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trams">Trams</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Trams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Alexandria" title="Trams in Alexandria">Trams in Alexandria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlexYellowTram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/AlexYellowTram.jpg/220px-AlexYellowTram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/AlexYellowTram.jpg/330px-AlexYellowTram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/AlexYellowTram.jpg/440px-AlexYellowTram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>An Alexandria tram</figcaption></figure> <p>An extensive tramway network was built in 1860 and is the oldest in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The network begins at the <a href="/wiki/Mahatet_El_Raml" title="Mahatet El Raml">El Raml district</a> in the west and ends in the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(neighborhood)" title="Victoria (neighborhood)">Victoria district</a> in the east. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metro">Metro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Metro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Metro" title="Alexandria Metro">Alexandria Metro</a> was due to begin in 2020 at a cost of $1.05 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries">Libraries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bibliotheca_Alexandrina_plaza_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bibliotheca_Alexandrina_plaza_003.jpg/220px-Bibliotheca_Alexandrina_plaza_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bibliotheca_Alexandrina_plaza_003.jpg/330px-Bibliotheca_Alexandrina_plaza_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bibliotheca_Alexandrina_plaza_003.jpg/440px-Bibliotheca_Alexandrina_plaza_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Alexandrina" title="Bibliotheca Alexandrina">Bibliotheca Alexandrina</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Royal <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a>, in Alexandria, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, was once the largest library in the world. It is generally thought to have been founded at the beginning of the 3rd century BC, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II of Egypt</a>. It was likely created after his father had built what would become the first part of the library complex, the temple of the <a href="/wiki/Muse" class="mw-redirect" title="Muse">Muses</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Musaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Musaeum">Museion</a>, Greek <i>Μουσείον</i> (from which the <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> word <i><a href="/wiki/Museum#Etymology" title="Museum">museum</a></i> is derived). </p><p>It has been reasonably established that the library, or parts of the collection, were destroyed by fire on a number of occasions (library fires were common and replacement of handwritten manuscripts was very difficult, expensive, and time-consuming). To this day, the details of the destruction (or destructions) remain a lively source of controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Alexandrina" title="Bibliotheca Alexandrina">Bibliotheca Alexandrina</a> was inaugurated in 2002, near the site of the old Library.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:432px;max-width:432px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GD-EG-Alex-Mus%C3%A9eNat040.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/GD-EG-Alex-Mus%C3%A9eNat040.JPG/140px-GD-EG-Alex-Mus%C3%A9eNat040.JPG" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/GD-EG-Alex-Mus%C3%A9eNat040.JPG/210px-GD-EG-Alex-Mus%C3%A9eNat040.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/GD-EG-Alex-Mus%C3%A9eNat040.JPG/280px-GD-EG-Alex-Mus%C3%A9eNat040.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_National_Museum" title="Alexandria National Museum">The Alexandria National Museum</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_archer10_(Dennis)_-_Egypt-14A-048.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29_-_Egypt-14A-048.jpg/140px-Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29_-_Egypt-14A-048.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29_-_Egypt-14A-048.jpg/210px-Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29_-_Egypt-14A-048.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29_-_Egypt-14A-048.jpg/280px-Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29_-_Egypt-14A-048.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Roman_Museum" title="Graeco-Roman Museum">Graeco-Roman Museum</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AlexRoyalJewelleryMusLeft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/AlexRoyalJewelleryMusLeft.jpg/140px-AlexRoyalJewelleryMusLeft.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/AlexRoyalJewelleryMusLeft.jpg/210px-AlexRoyalJewelleryMusLeft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/AlexRoyalJewelleryMusLeft.jpg/280px-AlexRoyalJewelleryMusLeft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Jewelry_Museum" title="Royal Jewelry Museum">Royal Jewelry Museum</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_National_Museum" title="Alexandria National Museum">Alexandria National Museum</a> was inaugurated 31 December 2003. It is located in a restored Italian style palace in Tariq El Horreya Street (formerly Rue Fouad), near the centre of the city. It contains about 1,800 artifacts that narrate the story of Alexandria and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. Most of these pieces came from other Egyptian museums.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The museum is housed in the old Al-Saad Bassili Pasha Palace, who was one of the wealthiest wood merchants in Alexandria. Construction on the site was first undertaken in 1926.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Roman_Museum" title="Graeco-Roman Museum">Graeco-Roman Museum</a> was the city's main archeological museum, focused on artifacts from its Greco-Roman period. It was opened in 1892 and was closed in 2005 for extensive renovations and expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The museum re-opened to the public in October 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other museums in the city include the <a href="/wiki/Cavafy_Museum" title="Cavafy Museum">Cavafy Museum</a>, the Museum of Fine Arts, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Jewelry_Museum" title="Royal Jewelry Museum">Royal Jewelry Museum</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theaters">Theaters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Theaters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Opera_House" title="Alexandria Opera House">Alexandria Opera House</a> hosts performances of classical music, Arabic music, ballet, and opera. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AD_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AD_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/220px-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AD_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AD_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/330px-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AD_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AD_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/440px-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AD_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3071" data-file-height="2605" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sayed_Darwish" title="Sayed Darwish">Sayed Darwish</a> Theater</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GD-EG-Alex-Stade002.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/GD-EG-Alex-Stade002.JPG/220px-GD-EG-Alex-Stade002.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/GD-EG-Alex-Stade002.JPG/330px-GD-EG-Alex-Stade002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/GD-EG-Alex-Stade002.JPG/440px-GD-EG-Alex-Stade002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Stadium" title="Alexandria Stadium">Alexandria Stadium</a></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Alexandria" title="Special:EditPage/Alexandria">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The main sport that interests Alexandrians is football, as is the case in the rest of Egypt and Africa. <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Stadium" title="Alexandria Stadium">Alexandria Stadium</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Multi-purpose_stadium" title="Multi-purpose stadium">multi-purpose stadium</a> in Alexandria, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. It is currently used mostly for football matches and was used for the <a href="/wiki/2006_Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="2006 Africa Cup of Nations">2006 African Cup of Nations</a>. The stadium is the oldest stadium in Egypt, being built in 1929. The stadium holds 20,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexandria was one of three cities that participated in hosting the <a href="/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="Africa Cup of Nations">African Cup of Nations</a> in January 2006, which <a href="/wiki/Egypt_national_football_team" title="Egypt national football team">Egypt</a> won. Sea sports such as <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">surfing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_water_craft" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal water craft">jet-skiing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">water polo</a> are practiced on a lower scale. The Skateboarding culture in Egypt started in this city. The city is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Sporting_Club" title="Alexandria Sporting Club">Alexandria Sporting Club</a>, which is especially known for its basketball team, which traditionally provides the <a href="/wiki/Egypt_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt national basketball team">country's national team</a> with key players. The city hosted the <a href="/wiki/AfroBasket" title="AfroBasket">AfroBasket</a>, the continent's most prestigious basketball tournament, on four occasions (1970, 1975, 1983, 2003). </p><p>Alexandria has four <a href="/wiki/Stadium" title="Stadium">stadiums</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Stadium" title="Alexandria Stadium">Alexandria Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borg_El_Arab_Stadium" title="Borg El Arab Stadium">Borg El Arab Stadium</a></li> <li>El Krom Stadium</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harras_El_Hodoud_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Harras El Hodoud Stadium">Harras El Hodoud Stadium</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Other less popular sports like tennis and <a href="/wiki/Squash_(sport)" title="Squash (sport)">squash</a> are usually played in private <a href="/wiki/Social_club" title="Social club">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sports_club" title="Sports club">sports clubs</a>, like: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>Alexandria Sporting Club – in "<a href="/wiki/Sporting,_Alexandria,_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporting, Alexandria, Egypt">Sporting</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smouha_Sporting_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Smouha Sporting Club">Smouha Sporting Club</a> – in "<a href="/wiki/Smouha" title="Smouha">Smouha</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Ittihad_Alexandria_Club" title="Al Ittihad Alexandria Club">Al Ittihad Alexandria Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Club_(Egypt)" title="Olympic Club (Egypt)">Olympic Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haras_El_Hodoud_SC" title="Haras El Hodoud SC">Haras El Hodoud SC</a> Club</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koroum" class="mw-redirect" title="Koroum">Koroum</a> Club</li> <li>Lagoon Resort Courts</li> <li>Alexandria Country club</li></ul> </div> <p>Alexandria is also known as the yearly starting point of <a href="/wiki/Cross_Egypt_Challenge" title="Cross Egypt Challenge">Cross Egypt Challenge</a> and a huge celebration is conducted the night before the rally starts after all the international participants arrive to the city. <a href="/wiki/Cross_Egypt_Challenge" title="Cross Egypt Challenge">Cross Egypt Challenge</a> is an international cross-country motorcycle and scooter rally conducted throughout the most difficult tracks and roads of Egypt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_and_sister_cities">Twin towns and sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Twin towns and sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandria_-_20080720b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Alexandria_-_20080720b.jpg/220px-Alexandria_-_20080720b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Alexandria_-_20080720b.jpg/330px-Alexandria_-_20080720b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Alexandria_-_20080720b.jpg/440px-Alexandria_-_20080720b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3880" data-file-height="2580" /></a><figcaption>The Italian consulate in Saad Zaghloul Square</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Egypt" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Egypt">List of twin towns and sister cities in Egypt</a></div> <p>Alexandria is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, Kazakhstan<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, United States<sup id="cite_ref-baltimore_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baltimore-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, Slovakia<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a>, Italy<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, United States<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a>, Romania<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, South Africa<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a>, South Korea<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazanlak" title="Kazanlak">Kazanlak</a>, Bulgaria<sup id="cite_ref-kazanlak_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazanlak-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limassol" title="Limassol">Limassol</a>, Cyprus<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a>, Serbia<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, Ukraine<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a>, Cyprus<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Louis" title="Port Louis">Port Louis</a>, Mauritius<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, Greece<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/32px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/48px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/64px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Egypt" title="Portal:Egypt">Egypt portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Radio" title="Alexandria Radio">Alexandria Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baucalis" title="Baucalis">Baucalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">History of the Jews in Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism_in_Egypt" title="Cultural tourism in Egypt">Cultural tourism in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt" title="List of cities and towns in Egypt">List of cities and towns in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_Alexander_the_Great" title="List of cities founded by Alexander the Great">List of cities founded by Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Of_Alexandria" title="Of Alexandria">Of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_on_the_Indus" title="Alexandria on the Indus">Alexandria on the Indus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Kings" title="Alexandrian Kings">Alexandrian Kings</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Standard romanisation: <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-’Iskandariyya</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[al.ʔiskanˈdarijja]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian</a> romanisation: <span title="Egyptian Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="arz-Latn">Eskenderiyya</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="arz-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[eskendeˈɾejjæ]</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koinē</a> romanisation: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Alexándreia</i></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Attic Greek language">Attic Greek</a>:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="grc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[aleksándreːa]</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="grc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[alekˈsandria]</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haag2004_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haag2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-citypopulation-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-citypopulation_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/">"Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps"</a>. <i>citypopulation.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=Major+Agglomerations+of+the+World+-+Population+Statistics+and+Maps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcitypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fworld%2Fagglomerations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alexandria.gov.eg/Alex/english/gov.html">"Alexandria Governor"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alexandria+Governor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexandria.gov.eg%2FAlex%2Fenglish%2Fgov.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mped.gov.eg/Governorate?lang=en">"GDP BY GOVERNORATE"</a>, <i>mped.gov.eg</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=mped.gov.eg&rft.atitle=GDP+BY+GOVERNORATE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmped.gov.eg%2FGovernorate%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/alexandria?showCookiePolicy=true">"Alexandria"</a>. Collins Dictionary. n.d. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611050208/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/alexandria?showCookiePolicy=true">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alexandria&rft.pub=Collins+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Falexandria%3FshowCookiePolicy%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabacademy.com/travel-egypt-alexandria/">"Travel in Egypt: Alexandria"</a>. <i>Arab Academy</i>. 10 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725031045/https://www.arabacademy.com/travel-egypt-alexandria/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+Academy&rft.atitle=Travel+in+Egypt%3A+Alexandria&rft.date=2016-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabacademy.com%2Ftravel-egypt-alexandria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFideler1993" class="citation book cs1">Fideler, David (1 January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sboJPPCBpuQC&q=alexandria+arabic+name&pg=PA33"><i>Alexandria 2</i></a>. Red Wheel/Weiser. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-933999-97-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-933999-97-8"><bdi>978-0-933999-97-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418013452/https://books.google.com/books?id=sboJPPCBpuQC&q=alexandria+arabic+name&pg=PA33">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexandria+2&rft.pub=Red+Wheel%2FWeiser&rft.date=1993-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-933999-97-8&rft.aulast=Fideler&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsboJPPCBpuQC%26q%3Dalexandria%2Barabic%2Bname%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haag2004-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haag2004_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Haag2004" class="citation book cs1">Michael Haag (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3OhK6S_qIZoC"><i>Alexandria: City of Memory</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10415-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10415-8"><bdi>978-0-300-10415-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418005603/https://books.google.com/books?id=3OhK6S_qIZoC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexandria%3A+City+of+Memory&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10415-8&rft.au=Michael+Haag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3OhK6S_qIZoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowden2019" class="citation journal cs1">Fowden, Garth (26 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/289972">"Alexandria between Antiquity and Islam"</a>. <i>Millennium Jahrbuch</i>. Apollo-University of Cambridge Repository. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17863%2FCAM.37202">10.17863/CAM.37202</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208112635/https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/289972">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Millennium+Jahrbuch&rft.atitle=Alexandria+between+Antiquity+and+Islam&rft.date=2019-02-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17863%2FCAM.37202&rft.aulast=Fowden&rft.aufirst=Garth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repository.cam.ac.uk%2Fhandle%2F1810%2F289972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PollardReid2007-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PollardReid2007_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PollardReid2007_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PollardReid2007_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PollardReid2007_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PollardReid2007_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustin_PollardHoward_Reid2007" class="citation book cs1">Justin Pollard; Howard Reid (30 October 2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallofalexan0000poll"><i>The Rise and Fall of Alexandria: Birthplace of the Modern World</i></a></span>. Viking. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallofalexan0000poll/page/2">2</a>-7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311251-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311251-8"><bdi>978-0-14-311251-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Alexandria%3A+Birthplace+of+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=2-7&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2007-10-30&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311251-8&rft.au=Justin+Pollard&rft.au=Howard+Reid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frisefallofalexan0000poll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thearabweekly.com/egypts-bride-mediterranean-year-round-destination-tourists">"Egypt's 'bride of the Mediterranean' is a year-round destination for tourists | Marwa al-A'sar"</a>. <i>AW</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118122359/https://thearabweekly.com/egypts-bride-mediterranean-year-round-destination-tourists">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AW&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+%27bride+of+the+Mediterranean%27+is+a+year-round+destination+for+tourists+%7C+Marwa+al-A%27sar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthearabweekly.com%2Fegypts-bride-mediterranean-year-round-destination-tourists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FPAl-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FPAl_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FPAl_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FPAl_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FPAl_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/12/23/lighthouse-dims-egypt-alexandria-salafists-mubarak-sisi-longform/">"The Lighthouse Dims"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i>. 23 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170309071911/https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/12/23/lighthouse-dims-egypt-alexandria-salafists-mubarak-sisi-longform/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Lighthouse+Dims&rft.date=2014-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2014%2F12%2F23%2Flighthouse-dims-egypt-alexandria-salafists-mubarak-sisi-longform%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wörterbuch-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wörterbuch_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erman" title="Adolf Erman">Erman, Adolf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Grapow" title="Hermann Grapow">Hermann Grapow</a>, eds. 1926–1953. <i>Wörterbuch der aegyptischen Sprache im Auftrage der deutschen Akademien</i>. 6 vols. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs'schen Buchhandlungen. (Reprinted Berlin: Akademie-Verlag GmbH, 1971).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Baines, "Possible implications of the Egyptian word for Alexandria", <i>Journal of Roman Archaeology</i>, Vol. 16 (2003), pp. 61–63. (Appendix to Judith McKenzie, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-archaeology/article/glimpsing-alexandria-from-archaeological-evidence/A95F62A34EE0CD1B091CAE0BFF0A757E">Glimpsing Alexandria from archaeological evidence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180611233239/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-archaeology/article/glimpsing-alexandria-from-archaeological-evidence/A95F62A34EE0CD1B091CAE0BFF0A757E">Archived</a> 11 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>".)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChugg2024" class="citation book cs1">Chugg, Andrew M. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0QXsEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT20"><i>The Pharos Lighthouse In Alexandria: Second Sun and Seventh Wonder of Antiquity</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-04-000272-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-04-000272-8"><bdi>978-1-04-000272-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pharos+Lighthouse+In+Alexandria%3A+Second+Sun+and+Seventh+Wonder+of+Antiquity&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-04-000272-8&rft.aulast=Chugg&rft.aufirst=Andrew+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0QXsEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1995" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Getzel M. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6p4lDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA409"><i>The Hellenistic Settlements in Europe, the Islands, and Asia Minor</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 409. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08329-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08329-5"><bdi>978-0-520-08329-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hellenistic+Settlements+in+Europe%2C+the+Islands%2C+and+Asia+Minor&rft.pages=409&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08329-5&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Getzel+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6p4lDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VéronGoiran2006-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VéronGoiran2006_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVéronGoiranMorhangeMarriner2006" class="citation journal cs1">Véron, A.; Goiran, J. P.; Morhange, C.; Marriner, N.; Empereur, J. Y. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02116119/file/ark%20_67375_WNG-VLGZ1B8Q-W.pdf">"Pollutant lead reveals the pre-Hellenistic occupation and ancient growth of Alexandria, Egypt"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>33</b> (6). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006GeoRL..33.6409V">2006GeoRL..33.6409V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006GL025824">10.1029/2006GL025824</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-8276">0094-8276</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131190587">131190587</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718101056/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02116119/file/ark%20_67375_WNG-VLGZ1B8Q-W.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Pollutant+lead+reveals+the+pre-Hellenistic+occupation+and+ancient+growth+of+Alexandria%2C+Egypt&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2006GL025824&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131190587%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0094-8276&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006GeoRL..33.6409V&rft.aulast=V%C3%A9ron&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Goiran%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=Morhange%2C+C.&rft.au=Marriner%2C+N.&rft.au=Empereur%2C+J.+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-02116119%2Ffile%2Fark%2520_67375_WNG-VLGZ1B8Q-W.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Connor, Lauren (2009) "The Remains of Alexander the Great: The God, The King, The Symbol", <i>Constructing the Past</i>: Vol. 10: Iss. 1, Article 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErskine1995" class="citation journal cs1">Erskine, Andrew (April 1995). "Greece & Rome, 2nd Ser". <i>Culture and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt: The Museum and Library of Alexandria</i>. <b>42</b> (1): 38–48 [42]. <q>One effect of the newly created Hellenistic kingdoms was the imposition of Greek cities occupied by Greeks on an alien landscape. In Egypt, there was a native Egyptian population with its own culture, history, and traditions. The Greeks who came to Egypt, to the court or to live in Alexandria, were separated from their original cultures. Alexandria was the main Greek city of Egypt and within it, there was an extraordinary mix of Greeks from many cities and backgrounds.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Culture+and+Power+in+Ptolemaic+Egypt%3A+The+Museum+and+Library+of+Alexandria&rft.atitle=Greece+%26+Rome%2C+2nd+Ser.&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38-48+42&rft.date=1995-04&rft.aulast=Erskine&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Culture_and_Power_in_[[Ptolemaic_Egypt]]_p._42-43-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Culture_and_Power_in_[[Ptolemaic_Egypt]]_p._42-43_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErskine1995" class="citation journal cs1">Erskine, Andrew (April 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/0250d217-8139-4aca-8a8e-8a701b81b9a2">"Culture and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt: the Museum and Library of Alexandria"</a>. <i>Greece & Rome</i>. <b>42</b> (1): 38–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017383500025213">10.1017/S0017383500025213</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2F0250d217-8139-4aca-8a8e-8a701b81b9a2">20.500.11820/0250d217-8139-4aca-8a8e-8a701b81b9a2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162578339">162578339</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220510035202/https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/culture-and-power-in-ptolemaic-egypt-the-museum-and-library-of-al">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2021</span>. <q>The Ptolemaic emphasis on Greek culture establishes the Greeks of Egypt with an identity for themselves. [...] But the emphasis on Greek culture does even more than this – these are Greeks ruling in a foreign land. The more Greeks can indulge in their own culture, the more they can exclude non-Greeks, in other words Egyptians, the subjects whose land has been taken over. The assertion of Greek culture serves to enforce Egyptian subjection. So the presence in Alexandria of two institutions devoted to the preservation and study of Greek culture acts as a powerful symbol of Egyptian exclusion and subjection. Texts from other cultures could be kept in the library, but only once they had been translated, that is to say Hellenized.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>[...] A reading of Alexandrian poetry might easily give the impression that Egyptians did not exist at all; indeed Egypt itself is hardly mentioned except for the Nile and the Nile flood, [...] This omission of the Egypt and Egyptians from poetry masks a fundamental insecurity. It is no coincidence that one of the few poetic references to Egyptians presents them as muggers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greece+%26+Rome&rft.atitle=Culture+and+Power+in+Ptolemaic+Egypt%3A+the+Museum+and+Library+of+Alexandria&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38-48&rft.date=1995-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11820%2F0250d217-8139-4aca-8a8e-8a701b81b9a2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162578339%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017383500025213&rft.aulast=Erskine&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.ed.ac.uk%2Fen%2Fpublications%2F0250d217-8139-4aca-8a8e-8a701b81b9a2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanson and Ortman, A systematic method for estimating the populations of Greek and Roman settlements November 2017, Journal of Roman Archaeology 30(1):301-324</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelia1988" class="citation journal cs1">Delia, Diana (1988). "The Population of Roman Alexandria". <i><a href="/wiki/Transactions_of_the_American_Philological_Association" title="Transactions of the American Philological Association">Transactions of the American Philological Association</a></i>. <b>118</b>: 275–292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F284172">10.2307/284172</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/284172">284172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=The+Population+of+Roman+Alexandria&rft.volume=118&rft.pages=275-292&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F284172&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F284172%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Delia&rft.aufirst=Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philo of Alexandria, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Philo/in_Flaccum*.html">Against Flaccus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220510035154/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Philo/in_Flaccum%2A.html">Archived</a> 10 May 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ammianus_Marcellinus,_26.10.15-19-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ammianus_Marcellinus,_26.10.15-19_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/ammianus_26_book26.htm#C10">"Res Gestae", 26.10.15–19</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080317083507/http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/ammianus_26_book26.htm#C10">Archived</a> 17 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stiros, Stathis C.: "The AD 365 Crete earthquake and possible seismic clustering during the fourth to sixth centuries AD in the Eastern Mediterranean: a review of historical and archaeological data", <i>Journal of Structural Geology</i>, Vol. 23 (2001), pp. 545–562 (549 & 557)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1902" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Alfred J. (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/arabconquestofeg029678mbp"><i>The Arab Conquest Of Egypt</i></a>. Osmania University, Digital Library Of India. Oxford At The Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Conquest+Of+Egypt&rft.pub=Oxford+At+The+Clarendon+Press.&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Alfred+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farabconquestofeg029678mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. Kennedy">Kennedy, Hugh</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y3FtXpB_tqMC&pg=PA62">"Egypt as a Province in the Islamic Caliphate, 641–868"</a>. In Petry, Carl F. (ed.). <i>Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume One: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–85 [69]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47137-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47137-0"><bdi>0-521-47137-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418011516/https://books.google.com/books?id=y3FtXpB_tqMC&pg=PA62">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Egypt+as+a+Province+in+the+Islamic+Caliphate%2C+641%E2%80%93868&rft.btitle=Cambridge+History+of+Egypt%2C+Volume+One%3A+Islamic+Egypt%2C+640%E2%80%931517&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=62-85+69&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-521-47137-0&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy3FtXpB_tqMC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruning2018" class="citation book cs1">Bruning, Jelle (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cGdjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50"><i>The Rise of a Capital: Al-Fusṭāṭ and Its Hinterland, 18-132/639-750</i></a>. Leiden and Boston: Brill. pp. 50–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-36635-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-36635-0"><bdi>978-90-04-36635-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200204111251/https://books.google.com/books?id=cGdjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+a+Capital%3A+Al-Fus%E1%B9%AD%C4%81%E1%B9%AD+and+Its+Hinterland%2C+18-132%2F639-750&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pages=50-52&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-90-04-36635-0&rft.aulast=Bruning&rft.aufirst=Jelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcGdjDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Batuta2009" class="citation book cs1">Ibn Batuta (2009). <i>The travels of Ibn Battuta in the Near East, Asia and Africa 1304–1377</i>. Translated by Lee, Samuel. New York: Cosimo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781605206219" title="Special:BookSources/9781605206219"><bdi>9781605206219</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/502998972">502998972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+travels+of+Ibn+Battuta+in+the+Near+East%2C+Asia+and+Africa+1304%E2%80%931377&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cosimo&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F502998972&rft.isbn=9781605206219&rft.au=Ibn+Batuta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor2004" class="citation book cs1">McGregor, Richard J. A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rxTfHzlVrX0C&pg=PA33"><i>Sanctity and Mysticism in Medieval Egypt: The Wafāʼ Sufi Order and the Legacy of Ibn al-ʿArabī</i></a>. State University of New York Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6011-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6011-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-6011-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanctity+and+Mysticism+in+Medieval+Egypt%3A+The+Waf%C4%81%CA%BC+Sufi+Order+and+the+Legacy+of+Ibn+al-%CA%BFArab%C4%AB&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-6011-5&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrxTfHzlVrX0C%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaytonPrice2013" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, Peter A.; Price, Martin (21 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IQSBAAAAQBAJ&q=Ibn+battuta+pharos&pg=PA155"><i>The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136748103" title="Special:BookSources/9781136748103"><bdi>9781136748103</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302191906/https://books.google.com/books?id=IQSBAAAAQBAJ&q=Ibn+battuta+pharos&pg=PA155">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seven+Wonders+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-08-21&rft.isbn=9781136748103&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&rft.au=Price%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIQSBAAAAQBAJ%26q%3DIbn%2Bbattuta%2Bpharos%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/content/alexandria">"Silk Roads Programme: Alexandria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silk+Roads+Programme%3A+Alexandria&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fsilkroad%2Fcontent%2Falexandria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Modern"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524173744/http://library.thinkquest.org/C0111760/modern.htm">"The History of Alexandria"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.thinkquest.org/C0111760/modern.htm">the original</a> on 24 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Alexandria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.thinkquest.org%2FC0111760%2Fmodern.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.aucegypt.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15795coll9">"Bombardment of Alexandria"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113130102/http://digitalcollections.aucegypt.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15795coll9">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=maps+of+the+world&rft.atitle=It+is+in+the+Nile+delta+area&rft.aulast=Anika&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mappedplanet.com%2Fkarten%2Fklima%2Fjuli_temp-eu.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/egypt/admin/02__al_iskandariyah/">"AL-ISKANDARIYAH"</a>. <i>citypopulation.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122114015/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/egypt/admin/02__al_iskandariyah/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=AL-ISKANDARIYAH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fegypt%2Fadmin%2F02__al_iskandariyah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMOCLINO-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WMOCLINO_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WMOCLINO_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231001052433/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Egypt/CSV/AlexandriaNouzha_62318.csv">"Alexandria Nouzha Normals 1991–2020"</a>. <i>World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)</i>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Egypt/CSV/AlexandriaNouzha_62318.csv">the original</a> on 1 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climatological+Standard+Normals+%281991%E2%80%932020%29&rft.atitle=Alexandria+Nouzha+Normals+1991%E2%80%932020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F1.1%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-1-WMO-Normals-9120%2FEgypt%2FCSV%2FAlexandriaNouzha_62318.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMOCliRef-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WMOCliRef_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WMOCliRef_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231001052733/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-I/UB/62318.TXT">"Alexandria/Nouzha"</a>. <i>World Meteorological Organization Climatological Reference Normals (1961–1990)</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climatological+Reference+Normals+%281961%E2%80%931990%29&rft.atitle=Alexandria%2FNouzha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2Fdata%2Fnormals%2FWMO%2F1961-1990%2FRA-I%2FUB%2F62318.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/14376/Alexandria/60049/Climate">"Alexandria"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100529202420/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/14376/Alexandria/60049/Climate">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexandria&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F14376%2FAlexandria%2F60049%2FClimate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climate-charts.com/Countries/Egypt.html">"Egypt Climate Index"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+Climate+Index&rft.pub=Climate+Charts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.climate-charts.com%2FCountries%2FEgypt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/10/deadly-flash-floods-hit-egypt-alexandria-151026085943090.html%7CDeadly">"Deadly flash floods hit Egypt's Alexandria"</a>. <i>aljazeera.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012234715/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/10/deadly-flash-floods-hit-egypt-alexandria-151026085943090.html%7CDeadly">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Deadly+flash+floods+hit+Egypt%27s+Alexandria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F10%2Fdeadly-flash-floods-hit-egypt-alexandria-151026085943090.html%257CDeadly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tutiempo.net/clima/Alexandria_Nouzha/623180.htm">"Clima en Alexandria / Nouzha – Históricos el tiempo"</a>. Tutiempo.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615164309/http://www.tutiempo.net/clima/Alexandria_Nouzha/623180.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clima+en+Alexandria+%2F+Nouzha+%E2%80%93+Hist%C3%B3ricos+el+tiempo&rft.pub=Tutiempo.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tutiempo.net%2Fclima%2FAlexandria_Nouzha%2F623180.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Voodoo_Skies-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Voodoo_Skies_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voodooskies.com/weather/egypt/alexandria/monthly/temperature">"Alexandria, Egypt"</a>. Voodoo Skies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905151724/http://voodooskies.com/weather/egypt/alexandria/monthly/temperature">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alexandria%2C+Egypt&rft.pub=Voodoo+Skies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoodooskies.com%2Fweather%2Fegypt%2Falexandria%2Fmonthly%2Ftemperature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kawa-news.com/en/a-wave-of-snow-covers-alexandria-in-egypt/">"A wave of snow covers Alexandria, in Egypt"</a>. <i>KAWA</i>. 21 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211222150212/https://kawa-news.com/en/a-wave-of-snow-covers-alexandria-in-egypt/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KAWA&rft.atitle=A+wave+of+snow+covers+Alexandria%2C+in+Egypt&rft.date=2021-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkawa-news.com%2Fen%2Fa-wave-of-snow-covers-alexandria-in-egypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gulftoday.ae/news/2021/12/20/rare-snowfall-turns-egypt-alexandria-into-moscow">"VIDEO: Rare snowfall turns Egypt's Alexandria into Moscow"</a>. <i>www.gulftoday.ae</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211222150210/https://www.gulftoday.ae/news/2021/12/20/rare-snowfall-turns-egypt-alexandria-into-moscow">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gulftoday.ae&rft.atitle=VIDEO%3A+Rare+snowfall+turns+Egypt%27s+Alexandria+into+Moscow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gulftoday.ae%2Fnews%2F2021%2F12%2F20%2Frare-snowfall-turns-egypt-alexandria-into-moscow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egyptindependent.com/in-rare-sight-snow-falls-across-alexandria/">"Photos: In rare sight, snow falls across Alexandria"</a>. <i>Egypt Independent</i>. 20 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211222150211/https://egyptindependent.com/in-rare-sight-snow-falls-across-alexandria/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Egypt+Independent&rft.atitle=Photos%3A+In+rare+sight%2C+snow+falls+across+Alexandria&rft.date=2021-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fegyptindependent.com%2Fin-rare-sight-snow-falls-across-alexandria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egyptianstreets.com/2021/12/20/in-photos-rare-snowfall-in-egypts-alexandria-marks-end-of-2021/">"In Photos: Rare 'Snowfall' in Egypt's Alexandria Marks End of 2021 | Egyptian Streets"</a>. 20 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211222151712/https://egyptianstreets.com/2021/12/20/in-photos-rare-snowfall-in-egypts-alexandria-marks-end-of-2021/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Photos%3A+Rare+%27Snowfall%27+in+Egypt%27s+Alexandria+Marks+End+of+2021+%7C+Egyptian+Streets&rft.date=2021-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fegyptianstreets.com%2F2021%2F12%2F20%2Fin-photos-rare-snowfall-in-egypts-alexandria-marks-end-of-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MetCli-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MetCli_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-2119.php">"Station Alexandrie"</a> (in French). Meteo Climat<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Zakieldeen 2022: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf">Chapter 9: Africa</a>. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/">Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability</a> [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke,V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 2043–2121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf"><i>Technical Summary. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colossal+head+of+Caesarion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.franckgoddio.org%2Ffileadmin%2Fpics%2F3_5_finds%2Fdocuments%2FFranck_Goddio_Caesarion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/940333.stm">"New underwater tourist attraction in Egypt"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 24 September 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070318091331/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/940333.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=New+underwater+tourist+attraction+in+Egypt&rft.date=2000-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F940333.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/50/1209/464526/AlAhram-Weekly/Focus/Islamic-gems-of-Alexandria.aspx">"Islamic gems of Alexandria"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+gems+of+Alexandria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNewsContent%2F50%2F1209%2F464526%2FAlAhram-Weekly%2FFocus%2FIslamic-gems-of-Alexandria.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copticchurch.net/patrology/schoolofalex/I-Intro/chapter4.html">"The School of Alexandria"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+School+of+Alexandria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.copticchurch.net%2Fpatrology%2Fschoolofalex%2FI-Intro%2Fchapter4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jta.org/news/article/2010/12/20/2742246/egypt-plans-to-restore-alexandrias-historic-synagogue">Egypt to restore Alexandria's historic synagogue</a>, (20 December 2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101224165555/http://www.jta.org/news/article/2010/12/20/2742246/egypt-plans-to-restore-alexandrias-historic-synagogue">Archived</a> 24 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edarabia.com/universities/alexandria/">"25 Best Universities in Alexandria - Top Ratings (2023 Fees)"</a>. <i>edarabia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=edarabia.com&rft.atitle=25+Best+Universities+in+Alexandria+-+Top+Ratings+%282023+Fees%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edarabia.com%2Funiversities%2Falexandria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKokkinidis2023" class="citation web cs1">Kokkinidis, Tasos (22 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greekreporter.com/2023/09/22/greek-university-opens-branch-alexandria-egypt/">"Greek University Opens Branch in Alexandria, Egypt"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greek+University+Opens+Branch+in+Alexandria%2C+Egypt&rft.date=2023-09-22&rft.aulast=Kokkinidis&rft.aufirst=Tasos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreekreporter.com%2F2023%2F09%2F22%2Fgreek-university-opens-branch-alexandria-egypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kendallp340-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kendallp340_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kendall, Elisabeth. "Between Politics and Literature: Journals in Alexandria and Istanbul at the End of the Nineteenth Century" (Chapter 15). In: Fawaz, Leila Tarazi and C. A. Bayly (editors) and Robert Ilbert (collaboration). <i>Modernity and Culture: From the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean</i>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231114273" title="Special:BookSources/0231114273">0231114273</a>, 9780231114271. Start: p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TOp7a8GtqQoC&pg=PA330">330</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128164409/https://books.google.com/books?id=TOp7a8GtqQoC&pg=PA330">Archived</a> 28 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. CITED: p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TOp7a8GtqQoC&pg=PA340">340</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226033248/https://books.google.com/books?id=TOp7a8GtqQoC&pg=PA340">Archived</a> 26 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090904072239/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2009/954/sk1.htm">"A new gateway for Alexandria"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahram_Weekly" title="Al-Ahram Weekly">Al-Ahram Weekly</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2009/954/sk1.htm">the original</a> on 4 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Ahram+Weekly&rft.atitle=A+new+gateway+for+Alexandria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweekly.ahram.org.eg%2F2009%2F954%2Fsk1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTawy2017" class="citation news cs1">Tawy, Ayat Al (17 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/268987/Business/Economy/Alexandrias-yearold-tramway-to-be-upgraded-in-%E2%82%AC-ml.aspx">"Alexandria's 150-year-old tramway to be upgraded in €360 mln European project"</a>. <i>Ahram Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ahram+Online&rft.atitle=Alexandria%27s+150-year-old+tramway+to+be+upgraded+in+%E2%82%AC360+mln+European+project&rft.date=2017-05-17&rft.aulast=Tawy&rft.aufirst=Ayat+Al&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNewsContent%2F3%2F12%2F268987%2FBusiness%2FEconomy%2FAlexandrias-yearold-tramway-to-be-upgraded-in-%25E2%2582%25AC-ml.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meconstructionnews.com/37864/egypts-1bn-alexandria-metro-to-start-construction-in-q1-2020">"Egypt's $1bn Alexandria Metro to start construction in Q1 2020"</a>. <i>Middle East Construction News</i>. 10 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191111231544/https://meconstructionnews.com/37864/egypts-1bn-alexandria-metro-to-start-construction-in-q1-2020">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Construction+News&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+%241bn+Alexandria+Metro+to+start+construction+in+Q1+2020&rft.date=2019-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeconstructionnews.com%2F37864%2Fegypts-1bn-alexandria-metro-to-start-construction-in-q1-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaven2004" class="citation book cs1">Raven, James (2004). <i>Lost Libraries: The Destruction of Great Book Collections Since Antiquity</i>. Springer. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0230524257" title="Special:BookSources/0230524257"><bdi>0230524257</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Libraries%3A+The+Destruction+of+Great+Book+Collections+Since+Antiquity&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0230524257&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Long, Tony (16 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2009/10/dayintech-1016bibliotheca/">"Oct. 16, 2002: Second Great Library Opens in Alexandria"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725025956/https://www.wired.com/2009/10/dayintech-1016bibliotheca/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Oct.+16%2C+2002%3A+Second+Great+Library+Opens+in+Alexandria&rft.date=2009-10-16&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2009%2F10%2Fdayintech-1016bibliotheca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarie2022" class="citation web cs1">Marie, Mustafa (28 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/117224/Development-works-in-Alexandria’s-Greco-Roman-Museum-almost-complete">"Development works in Alexandria's Greco-Roman Museum almost complete"</a>. <i>EgyptToday</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EgyptToday&rft.atitle=Development+works+in+Alexandria%27s+Greco-Roman+Museum+almost+complete&rft.date=2022-06-28&rft.aulast=Marie&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.egypttoday.com%2FArticle%2F4%2F117224%2FDevelopment-works-in-Alexandria%E2%80%99s-Greco-Roman-Museum-almost-complete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKampouris2019" class="citation web cs1">Kampouris, Nick (4 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greekreporter.com/2019/03/04/alexandrias-graeco-roman-museum-set-to-reopen-after-years-of-renovation/">"Alexandria's "Graeco-Roman Museum" Set to Reopen After Years of Renovation"</a>. <i>Greek Reporter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greek+Reporter&rft.atitle=Alexandria%27s+%22Graeco-Roman+Museum%22+Set+to+Reopen+After+Years+of+Renovation&rft.date=2019-03-04&rft.aulast=Kampouris&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreekreporter.com%2F2019%2F03%2F04%2Falexandrias-graeco-roman-museum-set-to-reopen-after-years-of-renovation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/127683/After-18-years-of-restoration-Alexandria-s-Graeco-Roman-Museum">"Egypt Today: "After 18 years of restoration, Alexandria's Graeco-Roman Museum is finally re-opened."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 14 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+Today%3A+%22After+18+years+of+restoration%2C+Alexandria%27s+Graeco-Roman+Museum+is+finally+re-opened.%22&rft.date=2023-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.egypttoday.com%2FArticle%2F4%2F127683%2FAfter-18-years-of-restoration-Alexandria-s-Graeco-Roman-Museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHong2017" class="citation book cs1">Hong, Fan (5 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s35KDwAAQBAJ&dq=Alexandria+stadium+1929&pg=PT34"><i>Sport in the Middle East: Power, Politics, Ideology and Religion</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351547956" title="Special:BookSources/9781351547956"><bdi>9781351547956</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sport+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Power%2C+Politics%2C+Ideology+and+Religion&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-07-05&rft.isbn=9781351547956&rft.aulast=Hong&rft.aufirst=Fan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds35KDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DAlexandria%2Bstadium%2B1929%26pg%3DPT34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baltimore-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-baltimore_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://baltimoresistercities.org/">"Baltimore Sister Cities"</a>. <i>baltimoresistercities.org</i>. Baltimore Sister Cities, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026013649/https://baltimoresistercities.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=baltimoresistercities.org&rft.atitle=Baltimore+Sister+Cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbaltimoresistercities.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns/">"Partner (twin) towns of Bratislava"</a>. <i>bratislava-city.sk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022113151/https://bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bratislava-city.sk&rft.atitle=Partner+%28twin%29+towns+of+Bratislava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbratislava-city.sk%2Fbratislava-twin-towns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cataniaup.it/curiosita/catania-amica-del-mondo-ecco-tutti-i-gemellaggi-della-citta-etnea/">"Catania Amica Del Mondo, Ecco Tutti I Gemellaggi Della Città Etnea"</a>. <i>cataniaup.it</i> (in Italian). Catania Up. 15 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022203300/http://www.cataniaup.it/curiosita/catania-amica-del-mondo-ecco-tutti-i-gemellaggi-della-citta-etnea/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cataniaup.it&rft.atitle=Catania+Amica+Del+Mondo%2C+Ecco+Tutti+I+Gemellaggi+Della+Citt%C3%A0+Etnea&rft.date=2019-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cataniaup.it%2Fcuriosita%2Fcatania-amica-del-mondo-ecco-tutti-i-gemellaggi-della-citta-etnea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city.cleveland.oh.us/CityofCleveland/Home/Government/MayorsOffice/Office_of_Government_Affairs/SisterCities">"Cleveland's Sister Cities"</a>. <i>city.cleveland.oh.us</i>. City of Cleveland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150615142633/http://www.city.cleveland.oh.us/CityofCleveland/Home/Government/MayorsOffice/Office_of_Government_Affairs/SisterCities">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=city.cleveland.oh.us&rft.atitle=Cleveland%27s+Sister+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.city.cleveland.oh.us%2FCityofCleveland%2FHome%2FGovernment%2FMayorsOffice%2FOffice_of_Government_Affairs%2FSisterCities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primaria-constanta.ro/oras/orase-infratite">"Orașe înfrățite"</a>. <i>primaria-constanta.ro</i> (in Romanian). Constanța. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021160339/http://primaria-constanta.ro/oras/orase-infratite">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=primaria-constanta.ro&rft.atitle=Ora%C8%99e+%C3%AEnfr%C4%83%C8%9Bite&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.primaria-constanta.ro%2Foras%2Forase-infratite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190911215331/http://www.durban.gov.za/City_Services/IGR/sistercities/Pages/default.aspx">"Sister Cities"</a>. <i>durban.gov.za</i>. eThekwini Municipality. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.durban.gov.za/City_Services/IGR/sistercities/Pages/default.aspx">the original</a> on 11 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=durban.gov.za&rft.atitle=Sister+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.durban.gov.za%2FCity_Services%2FIGR%2Fsistercities%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.incheon.go.kr/en/EN020101">"Sister Cities & Affiliated Cities"</a>. <i>incheon.go.kr</i>. Incheon Metropolitan City. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809193346/https://www.incheon.go.kr/en/EN020101">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=incheon.go.kr&rft.atitle=Sister+Cities+%26+Affiliated+Cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.incheon.go.kr%2Fen%2FEN020101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kazanlak-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kazanlak_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kazanlak.bg/cat-551.html">"Побратимени градове"</a>. <i>kazanlak.bg</i> (in Bulgarian). Kazanlak. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024133157/https://www.kazanlak.bg/cat-551.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kazanlak.bg&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kazanlak.bg%2Fcat-551.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.limassolmunicipal.com.cy/en/didimopoiimenes-poleis">"Twinned Cities"</a>. <i>limassolmunicipal.com.cy</i>. Limassol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023043640/https://www.limassolmunicipal.com.cy/en/didimopoiimenes-poleis">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=limassolmunicipal.com.cy&rft.atitle=Twinned+Cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.limassolmunicipal.com.cy%2Fen%2Fdidimopoiimenes-poleis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.021.rs/story/Novi-Sad/Vesti/285419/Gradovi-pobratimi-Potpisan-sporazum-o-saradnji-izmedju-Novog-Sada-i-Aleksandrije.html">"Gradovi pobratimi: Potpisan sporazum o saradnji između Novog Sada i Aleksandrije"</a>. <i>021.rs</i> (in Serbian). 21 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=021.rs&rft.atitle=Gradovi+pobratimi%3A+Potpisan+sporazum+o+saradnji+izme%C4%91u+Novog+Sada+i+Aleksandrije&rft.date=2021-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.021.rs%2Fstory%2FNovi-Sad%2FVesti%2F285419%2FGradovi-pobratimi-Potpisan-sporazum-o-saradnji-izmedju-Novog-Sada-i-Aleksandrije.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401021102/https://omr.gov.ua/ua/international/goroda-pobratimi/">"Міста-побратими"</a>. <i>omr.gov.ua</i> (in Ukrainian). Odesa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omr.gov.ua/ua/international/goroda-pobratimi/">the original</a> on 1 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=omr.gov.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fomr.gov.ua%2Fua%2Finternational%2Fgoroda-pobratimi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alexandria.gov.eg/Alex/english/DispNews.aspx?ID=1126">"Governor of Alexandria Meets Mayor of Paphos to Reinforce Cooperation Agreement Between the Two Sides and to Discuss Repercussions of Corona Virus Via Video Conference"</a>. <i>alexandria.gov.eg</i>. Alexandria. 13 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024001111/http://www.alexandria.gov.eg/Alex/english/DispNews.aspx?ID=1126">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alexandria.gov.eg&rft.atitle=Governor+of+Alexandria+Meets+Mayor+of+Paphos+to+Reinforce+Cooperation+Agreement+Between+the+Two+Sides+and+to+Discuss+Repercussions+of+Corona+Virus+Via+Video+Conference&rft.date=2020-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexandria.gov.eg%2FAlex%2Fenglish%2FDispNews.aspx%3FID%3D1126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mccpl.mu/ct_int.html">"International links"</a>. <i>mccpl.mu</i>. City Council of Port Louis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521190429/http://www.mccpl.mu/ct_int.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mccpl.mu&rft.atitle=International+links&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mccpl.mu%2Fct_int.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.spb.ru/helper/new_stat/inter/">"Международные и межрегиональные связи"</a>. <i>gov.spb.ru</i> (in Russian). Federal city of Saint Petersburg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180105013852/http://gov.spb.ru/helper/new_stat/inter/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.spb.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.spb.ru%2Fhelper%2Fnew_stat%2Finter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wsb.sh.gov.cn/node550/index.html">"市级友好城市"</a>. <i>sh.gov.cn</i> (in Chinese). Shanghai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919163609/http://wsb.sh.gov.cn/node550/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sh.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E5%B8%82%E7%BA%A7%E5%8F%8B%E5%A5%BD%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwsb.sh.gov.cn%2Fnode550%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thessaloniki.gr/i-want-to-know-whats-going-on-in-the-city/twin-towns/?lang=en">"Twin Towns"</a>. <i>thessaloniki.gr</i>. Thessaloniki. 25 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211002132751/https://thessaloniki.gr/i-want-to-know-whats-going-on-in-the-city/twin-towns/?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thessaloniki.gr&rft.atitle=Twin+Towns&rft.date=2018-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthessaloniki.gr%2Fi-want-to-know-whats-going-on-in-the-city%2Ftwin-towns%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1) El-Shahed, Ahmed. "The History and Architecture of Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi Mosque in Alexandria." Journal of Islamic Architecture, vol. 5, no. 2, 2018, pp. 87–102. </p><p>2) Hassan, Mahmoud. "The Legacy of Ali ibn Abi Talib Mosque: A Historical Analysis." International Journal of Architectural Research, vol. 12, no. 3, 2019, pp. 321–336. </p><p>3) Abdallah, Fatma. "The Cultural Significance of Bilal Mosque in Alexandria: A Study in Religious Architecture." Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 27, no. 4, 2020, pp. 45–60. </p><p>4) Ali, Mustafa. "Intellectual Centers of Islamic Learning in Medieval Alexandria." Alexandria Studies Journal, vol. 8, no. 1, 2015, pp. 123–140. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A. Bernand, <i>Alexandrie la Grande</i> (1966)</li> <li>A. Bernard, E. Bernand, J. Yoyotte, F. Goddio, et al., <i>Alexandria, the submerged royal quarters</i>, Periplus Publishing Ltd., London 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902699-00-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-902699-00-9">1-902699-00-9</a></li> <li>A. J. Butler, <i>The Arab Conquest of Egypt</i> (2nd. ed., 1978)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanaAtkinsonHogarth1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cana, Frank Richardson; Atkinson, Charles Francis; <a href="/wiki/David_George_Hogarth" title="David George Hogarth">Hogarth, David George</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Alexandria (Egypt)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Alexandria_(Egypt)">"Alexandria (Egypt)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). pp. 568–572.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexandria+%28Egypt%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=568-572&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Cana&rft.aufirst=Frank+Richardson&rft.au=Atkinson%2C+Charles+Francis&rft.au=Hogarth%2C+David+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>P.-A. Claudel, <i>Alexandrie. Histoire d'un mythe</i> (2011)</li> <li>A. De Cosson, <i>Mareotis</i> (1935)</li> <li>J.-Y. Empereur, <i>Alexandria Rediscovered</i> (1998)</li> <li>E. M. Forster, <i>Alexandria A History and a Guide</i> (1922) (reprint ed. M. Allott, 2004)</li> <li>P. M. Fraser, <i>Ptolemaic Alexandria</i> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franck_Goddio" title="Franck Goddio">Franck Goddio</a>, David Fabre (eds), <i>Egypt's Sunken Treasures</i>, Prestel Vlg München, 2008 (2nd edition), Exhibition Catalogue, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-3970-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-3970-2">978-3-7913-3970-2</a></li> <li>M. Haag, <i>Alexandria: City of Memory</i> (2004) [20th-century social and literary history]</li> <li>M. Haag, <i>Vintage Alexandria: Photographs of the City 1860–1960</i> (2008)</li> <li>M. Haag, <i>Alexandria Illustrated</i></li> <li>R. Ilbert, I. Yannakakis, <i>Alexandrie 1860–1960</i> (1992)</li> <li>R. Ilbert, <i>Alexandrie entre deux mondes</i> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_McKenzie_(archaeologist)" title="Judith McKenzie (archaeologist)">Judith McKenzie</a> et al., <i>The Architecture of Alexandria and Egypt, 300 B.C.–A.D. 700.</i> (Pelican History of Art, Yale University Press, 2007)</li> <li>Philip Mansel, <i>Levant: Splendour and Catastrophe on the Mediterranean</i>, London, John Murray, 11 November 2010, hardback, 480 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6707-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6707-0">978-0-7195-6707-0</a>, New Haven, Yale University Press, 24 May 2011, hardback, 470 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17264-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17264-5">978-0-300-17264-5</a></li> <li>Don Nardo, <i>A Travel Guide to Ancient Alexandria</i>, Lucent Books. (2003)</li> <li>D. Robinson, A. Wilson (eds), <i>Alexandria and the North-Western Delta</i>, Oxford 2010, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Centre_for_Maritime_Archaeology" title="Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology">Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905905-14-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905905-14-0">978-1-905905-14-0</a></li> <li>V. W. Von Hagen, <i>The Roads that Led to Rome</i> (1967)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alexandria.gov.eg/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q87#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/27565020">Alexandria</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acor.digitalrelab.com/index.php?s=filter=place_name:Alexandria%20(Egypt)">Photos of Alexandria</a> at the <a href="/wiki/American_Center_of_Research" title="American Center of Research">American Center of Research</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sebennytos" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebennytos">Sebennytos</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Egypt" title="List of historical capitals of Egypt">Capital of Egypt</a> </b><br />331 BC – AD 641 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a 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towns in Egypt">Cities and towns in Egypt</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Governorate" title="Cairo Governorate">Cairo Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Giza_Governorate" title="Giza Governorate">Giza Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/6th_of_October_(city)" title="6th of October (city)">6th of October City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Zayed_City" title="Sheikh Zayed City">Sheikh Zayed City</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Hawamdeya" title="El Hawamdeya">El Hawamdeya</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Badrashein" class="mw-redirect" title="El Badrashein">El Badrashein</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Saff" title="El Saff">El Saff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atfih" title="Atfih">Atfih</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Ayyat" title="El Ayyat">El Ayyat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bawiti" title="Bawiti">Bawiti</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manshiyat_al_Qanater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manshiyat al Qanater (page does not exist)">Manshiyat al Qanater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awsim" class="mw-redirect" title="Awsim">Awsim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerdasa" title="Kerdasa">Kerdasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_El_Numrus" title="Abu El Numrus">Abu El Numrus</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qalyubia_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Qalyubia Governorate">Qalyubia Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Benha" title="Benha">Benha</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Qalyub" title="Qalyub">Qalyub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shubra_El_Kheima" title="Shubra El Kheima">Shubra El Kheima</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Qanater_El_Khayreya" title="El Qanater El Khayreya">El Qanater El Khayreya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khanka,_Egypt" title="Khanka, Egypt">Khanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Shukr" title="Kafr Shukr">Kafr Shukr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toukh" title="Toukh">Toukh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qaha" title="Qaha">Qaha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obour_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Obour City">Obour City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khusus" title="Khusus">Khusus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shibin_El_Qanater" title="Shibin El Qanater">Shibin El Qanater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saryaqos" title="Saryaqos">Saryaqos</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Kulzom" title="El Kulzom">El Kulzom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Governorate" title="Alexandria Governorate">Alexandria Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexandria</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Borg_El_Arab" title="Borg El Arab">Borg El Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Borg_El_Arab" title="New Borg El Arab">New Borg El Arab</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beheira_Governorate" title="Beheira Governorate">Beheira Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Damanhur" title="Damanhur">Damanhur</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kafr_El_Dawwar" title="Kafr El Dawwar">Kafr El Dawwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosetta" title="Rosetta">Rosetta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edku" title="Edku">Edku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_El_Matamir" title="Abu El Matamir">Abu El Matamir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hummus" title="Abu Hummus">Abu Hummus</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Delengat" title="El Delengat">El Delengat</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Mahmoudiyah" title="El Mahmoudiyah">El Mahmoudiyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Rahmaniya" title="El Rahmaniya">El Rahmaniya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itay_El_Barud" title="Itay El Barud">Itay El Barud</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hosh_Issa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hosh Issa (page does not exist)">Hosh Issa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shubra_Khit" title="Shubra Khit">Shubra Khit</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koum_Hamada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koum Hamada (page does not exist)">Koum Hamada</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Badr,_Beheira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Badr, Beheira (page does not exist)">Badr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wadi_El_Natrun" title="Wadi El Natrun">Wadi El Natrun</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Nubariya" title="New Nubariya">New Nubariya</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Matrouh_Governorate" title="Matrouh Governorate">Matrouh Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Mersa_Matruh" title="Mersa Matruh">Mersa Matruh</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/El_Hamam" title="El Hamam">El Hamam</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Alamein" title="El Alamein">El Alamein</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Dabaa" title="El Dabaa">El Dabaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Negaila" class="mw-redirect" title="El Negaila">El Negaila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Barrani" title="Sidi Barrani">Sidi Barrani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sallum" title="Sallum">Sallum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siwa_Oasis" title="Siwa Oasis">Siwa Oasis</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Damietta_Governorate" title="Damietta Governorate">Damietta Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/New_Damietta" title="New Damietta">New Damietta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ras_El_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras El Bar">Ras El Bar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faraskur" title="Faraskur">Faraskur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Saad" title="Kafr Saad">Kafr Saad</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Zarqa" title="El Zarqa">El Zarqa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assarw" title="Assarw">Assarw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrawda" title="Arrawda">Arrawda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kafr_El_Battikh" title="Kafr El Battikh">Kafr El Battikh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezbet_El_Borg" title="Ezbet El Borg">Ezbet El Borg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mit_Abu_Ghaleb" title="Mit Abu Ghaleb">Mit Abu Ghaleb</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dakahlia_Governorate" title="Dakahlia Governorate">Dakahlia Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Mansoura" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansoura">Mansoura</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Talkha" title="Talkha">Talkha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mit_Ghamr" title="Mit Ghamr">Mit Ghamr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dekernes" title="Dekernes">Dekernes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aga,_Egypt" title="Aga, Egypt">Aga</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minyat_An-Nasr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minyat An-Nasr (page does not exist)">Minyat An-Nasr</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Senbellawein" title="El Senbellawein">El Senbellawein</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Kurdi" title="El Kurdi">El Kurdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bani_Ebaid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bani Ebaid">Bani Ebaid</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Manzala" title="El Manzala">El Manzala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temay_El_Amdeed" title="Temay El Amdeed">Temay El Amdeed</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Gammalia" class="mw-redirect" title="El Gammalia">El Gammalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sherbin" title="Sherbin">Sherbin</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Matareya,_Dakahlia" title="El Matareya, Dakahlia">El Matareya, Dakahlia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belqas" title="Belqas">Belqas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mit_Salsil" title="Mit Salsil">Mit Salsil</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamasa,_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gamasa, Egypt (page does not exist)">Gamasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahallat_Damana" title="Mahallat Damana">Mahallat Damana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabaruh" title="Nabaruh">Nabaruh</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kafr_El_Sheikh_Governorate" title="Kafr El Sheikh Governorate">Kafr El Sheikh Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Kafr_El_Sheikh" title="Kafr El Sheikh">Kafr El Sheikh</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Desouk" title="Desouk">Desouk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuwwah" title="Fuwwah">Fuwwah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metoubes" title="Metoubes">Metoubes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltim" title="Baltim">Baltim</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Hamool" title="El Hamool">El Hamool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biyala" title="Biyala">Biyala</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Reyad" title="El Reyad">El Reyad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Salem" title="Sidi Salem">Sidi Salem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qallin" title="Qallin">Qallin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidi_Ghazi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidi Ghazi (page does not exist)">Sidi Ghazi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borg_El_Burulus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borg El Burulus (page does not exist)">Borg El Burulus</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gharbia_Governorate" title="Gharbia Governorate">Gharbia Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Tanta" title="Tanta">Tanta</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/El_Mahalla_El_Kubra" title="El Mahalla El Kubra">El Mahalla El Kubra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Az-Zayyat" title="Kafr Az-Zayyat">Kafr Az-Zayyat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zefta" title="Zefta">Zefta</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Santa" title="El Santa">El Santa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qutur,_Egypt" title="Qutur, Egypt">Qutur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basyoun" title="Basyoun">Basyoun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebennytos" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebennytos">Sebennytos</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monufia_Governorate" title="Monufia Governorate">Monufia Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Shibin_El_Kom" title="Shibin El Kom">Shibin El Kom</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sadat_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadat (city)">Sadat (city)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menouf" title="Menouf">Menouf</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirs_Al-Layyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirs Al-Layyan (page does not exist)">Sirs Al-Layyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashmoun" title="Ashmoun">Ashmoun</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Bagour" title="El Bagour">El Bagour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quesna" title="Quesna">Quesna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birket_El_Sab" title="Birket El Sab">Birket El Sab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tala,_Egypt" title="Tala, Egypt">Tala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shuhada,_Egypt" title="Shuhada, Egypt">Shuhada</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sharqia_Governorate" title="Sharqia Governorate">Sharqia Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Zagazig" title="Zagazig">Zagazig</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/10th_of_Ramadan_(city)" title="10th of Ramadan (city)">10th of Ramadan (city)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minya_El_Qamh" class="mw-redirect" title="Minya El Qamh">Minya El Qamh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilbeis" title="Bilbeis">Bilbeis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mashtool_El_Souk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mashtool El Souk (page does not exist)">Mashtool El Souk</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Qinayat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Qinayat (page does not exist)">Al-Qinayat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hammad" title="Abu Hammad">Abu Hammad</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Qurein" title="El Qurein">El Qurein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hihya" title="Hihya">Hihya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Kebir,_Egypt" title="Abu Kebir, Egypt">Abu Kebir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faqous" title="Faqous">Faqous</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Salheya_El_Gedida" title="El Salheya El Gedida">El Salheya El Gedida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Ibrahimiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Ibrahimiya (page does not exist)">El Ibrahimiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diyarb_Negm" title="Diyarb Negm">Diyarb Negm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Saqr" title="Kafr Saqr">Kafr Saqr</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Awlad_Saqr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Awlad Saqr (page does not exist)">Awlad Saqr</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Husseiniya" title="El Husseiniya">El Husseiniya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanis" title="Tanis">Tanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minshat_Abu_Omar" title="Minshat Abu Omar">Minshat Abu Omar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qantir" title="Qantir">Qantir</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Port_Said_Governorate" title="Port Said Governorate">Port Said Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Port_Said" title="Port Said">Port Said</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Fuad" title="Port Fuad">Port Fuad</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ismailia_Governorate" title="Ismailia Governorate">Ismailia Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Ismailia" title="Ismailia">Ismailia</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Fayed,_Egypt" title="Fayed, Egypt">Fayed</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Qantara" class="mw-redirect" title="El Qantara">El Qantara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tell_El_Kebir" title="Tell El Kebir">Tell El Kebir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Suwir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Suwir">Abu Suwir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kassassin" title="Kassassin">Kassassin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suez_Governorate" title="Suez Governorate">Suez Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Sinai_Governorate" title="North Sinai Governorate">North Sinai Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Arish" title="Arish">Arish</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Zuweid" title="Sheikh Zuweid">Sheikh Zuweid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafah,_Egypt" title="Rafah, Egypt">Rafah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bir_al-Abd" title="Bir al-Abd">Bir al-Abd</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Hasana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Hasana (page does not exist)">El Hasana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nekhel" title="Nekhel">Nekhel</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Sinai_Governorate" title="South Sinai Governorate">South Sinai Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/El_Tor,_Egypt" title="El Tor, Egypt">El Tor</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sharm_El_Sheikh" title="Sharm El Sheikh">Sharm El Sheikh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dahab" title="Dahab">Dahab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuweiba" title="Nuweiba">Nuweiba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taba,_Egypt" title="Taba, Egypt">Taba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine,_Egypt" title="Saint Catherine, Egypt">Saint Catherine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abou_Redis" title="Abou Redis">Abou Redis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Zenima" title="Abu Zenima">Abu Zenima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ras_Sedr" title="Ras Sedr">Ras Sedr</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beni_Suef_Governorate" title="Beni Suef Governorate">Beni Suef Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Beni_Suef" title="Beni Suef">Beni Suef</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/New_Beni_Suef" title="New Beni Suef">New Beni Suef</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Wasta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Wasta (page does not exist)">Al Wasta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasser,_Egypt" title="Nasser, Egypt">Nasser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heracleopolis_Magna" title="Heracleopolis Magna">Heracleopolis Magna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biba,_Egypt" title="Biba, Egypt">Biba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumusta" title="Sumusta">Sumusta</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Fashn" title="El Fashn">El Fashn</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Faiyum_Governorate" title="Faiyum Governorate">Faiyum Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum">Faiyum</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/New_Faiyum" title="New Faiyum">New Faiyum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamiya,_Egypt" title="Tamiya, Egypt">Tamiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinnuris" title="Sinnuris">Sinnuris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itsa" title="Itsa">Itsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibsheway" title="Ibsheway">Ibsheway</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yousef_El_Seddik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yousef El Seddik (page does not exist)">Yousef El Seddik</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minya_Governorate" title="Minya Governorate">Minya Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Minya,_Egypt" title="Minya, Egypt">Minya</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/New_Minya" title="New Minya">New Minya</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Idwa" title="El Idwa">El Idwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maghagha" title="Maghagha">Maghagha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beni_Mazar" title="Beni Mazar">Beni Mazar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matai,_Egypt" title="Matai, Egypt">Matai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samalut" title="Samalut">Samalut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mallawi" title="Mallawi">Mallawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dir_Mawas" title="Dir Mawas">Dir Mawas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aba_al-Waqf" title="Aba al-Waqf">Aba al-Waqf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dir_Mawas" title="Dir Mawas">Dir Mawas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalga" title="Dalga">Dalga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus" title="Oxyrhynchus">Bahnasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idmo" title="Idmo">Idmo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuna_el-Gebel" title="Tuna el-Gebel">Tuna el-Gebel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Madinah_Al_Fikriyyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Madinah Al Fikriyyah (page does not exist)">Al Madinah Al Fikriyyah</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asyut_Governorate" title="Asyut Governorate">Asyut Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Asyut" title="Asyut">Asyut</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/New_Asyut" title="New Asyut">New Asyut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dairut" title="Dairut">Dairut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dayrut_al-Sharif" title="Dayrut al-Sharif">Dayrut al-Sharif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manfalut" title="Manfalut">Manfalut</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Quseyya" title="El Quseyya">El Quseyya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abnub" title="Abnub">Abnub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Tig" title="Abu Tig">Abu Tig</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Ghanayem" title="El Ghanayem">El Ghanayem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sahel_Selim" title="Sahel Selim">Sahel Selim</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Badari" class="mw-redirect" title="El Badari">El Badari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidfa" title="Sidfa">Sidfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manqabad" title="Manqabad">Manqabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musha,_Egypt" title="Musha, Egypt">Musha</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Valley_Governorate" title="New Valley Governorate">New Valley Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/El_Kharga" class="mw-redirect" title="El Kharga">El Kharga</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Baris,_Egypt" title="Baris, Egypt">Baris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mut,_Egypt" title="Mut, Egypt">Mut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farafra,_Egypt" title="Farafra, Egypt">Farafra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balat,_Egypt" title="Balat, Egypt">Balat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Minqar" title="Abu Minqar">Abu Minqar</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Governorate" title="Red Sea Governorate">Red Sea Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Hurghada" title="Hurghada">Hurghada</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Ras_Ghareb" title="Ras Ghareb">Ras Ghareb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safaga" title="Safaga">Safaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Qoseir" title="El Qoseir">El Qoseir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marsa_Alam" title="Marsa Alam">Marsa Alam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shalateen" title="Shalateen">Shalateen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halayeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Halayeb">Halayeb</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sohag_Governorate" title="Sohag Governorate">Sohag Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Sohag" title="Sohag">Sohag</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/New_Sohag" title="New Sohag">New Sohag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akhmim" title="Akhmim">Akhmim</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Akhmim" title="New Akhmim">New Akhmim</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Balyana" title="El Balyana">El Balyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Maragha" title="El Maragha">El Maragha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_Hermiou" title="Ptolemais Hermiou">Ptolemais Hermiou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dar_El_Salam" title="Dar El Salam">Dar El Salam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girga" title="Girga">Girga</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Juhayna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Juhayna (page does not exist)">West Juhayna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saqultah" title="Saqultah">Saqultah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tima,_Egypt" title="Tima, Egypt">Tima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahta" title="Tahta">Tahta</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qena_Governorate" title="Qena Governorate">Qena Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Qena" title="Qena">Qena</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/New_Qena" title="New Qena">New Qena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Tesht" title="Abu Tesht">Abu Tesht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi" title="Nag Hammadi">Nag Hammadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dishna,_Egypt" title="Dishna, Egypt">Dishna</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Waqf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Waqf (page does not exist)">El Waqf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qift" title="Qift">Qift</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naqada" title="Naqada">Naqada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qus" title="Qus">Qus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farshut" title="Farshut">Farshut</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaarani,_Qus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaarani, Qus (page does not exist)">Shaarani</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luxor_Governorate" title="Luxor Governorate">Luxor Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a></b>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Luxor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Luxor (page does not exist)">New Luxor</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Thebes" title="New Thebes">New Thebes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zainiya" title="Zainiya">Zainiya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayadiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayadiya (page does not exist)">Bayadiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurna" title="Kurna">Kurna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armant" class="mw-redirect" title="Armant">Armant</a>, <a href="/wiki/El-Tod" title="El-Tod">El-Tod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esna" title="Esna">Esna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medamud" title="Medamud">Medamud</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aswan_Governorate" title="Aswan Governorate">Aswan Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/New_Aswan" title="New Aswan">New Aswan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daraw" title="Daraw">Daraw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kom_Ombo" title="Kom Ombo">Kom Ombo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasr_Al-Nuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasr Al-Nuba (page does not exist)">Nasr Al-Nuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalabsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalabsha">Kalabsha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edfu" title="Edfu">Edfu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radisia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radisia (page does not exist)">Radisia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Busylia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Busylia (page does not exist)">Busylia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebaiya" title="Sebaiya">Sebaiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Simbel_(village)" title="Abu Simbel (village)">Abu Simbel</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capital cities are in bold font.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_&amp;_Neighborhoods_in_Alexandria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neighborhoods_in_Alexandria" title="Template:Neighborhoods in Alexandria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neighborhoods_in_Alexandria" title="Template talk:Neighborhoods in Alexandria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neighborhoods_in_Alexandria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neighborhoods in Alexandria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_&amp;_Neighborhoods_in_Alexandria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Districts & Neighborhoods in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexandria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Montaza" title="Montaza">First Montaza district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Bishr" title="Sidi Bishr">Sidi Bishr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami,_Alexandria" title="Miami, Alexandria">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Soyof" title="El Soyof">El Soyof</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second Montaza district</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asafra" title="Asafra">Asafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Maamora,_Alexandria" title="El Maamora, Alexandria">El Maamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Mandara" title="El Mandara">El Mandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qir" title="Abu Qir">Abu Qir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern district</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakos,_Alexandria" title="Bakos, Alexandria">Bakos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolkly" title="Bolkly">Bolkly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_(neighborhood)" title="Cleopatra (neighborhood)">Cleopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Saraya_(neighborhood)" title="El Saraya (neighborhood)">El Saraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shods" title="Shods">Shods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleming_(neighborhood)" title="Fleming (neighborhood)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianaclis" title="Gianaclis">Gianaclis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glim" title="Glim">Glim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Abdu" title="Kafr Abdu">Kafr Abdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louran_(neighborhood)" title="Louran (neighborhood)">Louran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshdy" title="Roshdy">Roshdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_Pasha" title="Saba Pasha">Saba Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safar_(neighborhood)" title="Safar (neighborhood)">Safar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Stefano_(neighborhood)" title="San Stefano (neighborhood)">San Stefano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smouha" title="Smouha">Smouha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zizinia" title="Zizinia">Zizinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Gaber" title="Sidi Gaber">Sidi Gaber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporting_(neighborhood)" title="Sporting (neighborhood)">Sporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_(neighborhood)" title="Stanley (neighborhood)">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharwat" title="Tharwat">Tharwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(neighborhood)" title="Victoria (neighborhood)">Victoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Alexandria)" title="Central District (Alexandria)">Central district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Chezar" title="Camp Chezar">Camp Chezar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azarita" title="Azarita">Azarita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Atareen" title="El Atareen">El Atareen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatet_El_Raml" title="Mahatet El Raml">Mahatet El Raml</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moharam_Bek" title="Moharam Bek">Moharam Bek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatby" title="Shatby">Shatby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Hadrah" title="Al Hadrah">Al Hadrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Ibrahimiyya_(neighborhood)" title="El Ibrahimiyya (neighborhood)">El Ibrahimiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kom_El_Deka" title="Kom El Deka">Kom El Deka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/El_Gomrok" title="El Gomrok">El Gomrok district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anfoushi" title="Anfoushi">Anfoushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahary" title="Bahary">Bahary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Labban" title="El Labban">El Labban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Manshiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="El Manshiyya">El Manshiyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western district</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Qabary" title="El Qabary">El Qabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmoz" title="Karmoz">Karmoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardeyan" title="Wardeyan">Wardeyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agami" title="Agami">El Agami district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Max,_Alexandria" title="El Max, Alexandria">El Max</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekhela" title="Dekhela">Dekhela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amreya" title="Amreya">First Amreya district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margham,_Alexandria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margham, Alexandria (page does not exist)">Margham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second Amreya district</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=King_Mariout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="King Mariout (page does not exist)">King Mariout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governorates_capitals_of_Egypt" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governorates_capital_of_Egypt" title="Template:Governorates capital of Egypt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governorates_capital_of_Egypt" title="Template talk:Governorates capital of Egypt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governorates_capital_of_Egypt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governorates capital of Egypt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governorates_capitals_of_Egypt" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorates of Egypt"> Governorates capitals of Egypt</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governorate <small><span class="nobold">(capital)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Governorate" title="Alexandria Governorate">Alexandria</a> <small>(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexandria</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aswan_Governorate" title="Aswan Governorate">Aswan</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asyut_Governorate" title="Asyut Governorate">Asyut</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Asyut" title="Asyut">Asyut</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beheira_Governorate" title="Beheira Governorate">Beheira</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Damanhur" title="Damanhur">Damanhur</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Suef_Governorate" title="Beni Suef Governorate">Beni Suef</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Beni_Suef" title="Beni Suef">Beni Suef</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Governorate" title="Cairo Governorate">Cairo</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakahlia_Governorate" title="Dakahlia Governorate">Dakahlia</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Mansoura,_Egypt" title="Mansoura, Egypt">Mansoura</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damietta_Governorate" title="Damietta Governorate">Damietta</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiyum_Governorate" title="Faiyum Governorate">Faiyum</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum">Faiyum</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gharbia_Governorate" title="Gharbia Governorate">Gharbia</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Tanta" title="Tanta">Tanta</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giza_Governorate" title="Giza Governorate">Giza</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismailia_Governorate" title="Ismailia Governorate">Ismailia</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ismailia" title="Ismailia">Ismailia</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_El_Sheikh_Governorate" title="Kafr El Sheikh Governorate">Kafr El Sheikh</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Kafr_El_Sheikh" title="Kafr El Sheikh">Kafr El Sheikh</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxor_Governorate" title="Luxor Governorate">Luxor</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrouh_Governorate" title="Matrouh Governorate">Matrouh</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Mersa_Matrouh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mersa Matrouh">Mersa Matrouh</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minya_Governorate" title="Minya Governorate">Minya</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Minya,_Egypt" title="Minya, Egypt">Minya</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monufia_Governorate" title="Monufia Governorate">Monufia</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Shibin_El_Kom" title="Shibin El Kom">Shibin El Kom</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Valley_Governorate" title="New Valley Governorate">New Valley</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Kharga_Oasis" title="Kharga Oasis">Kharga</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sinai_Governorate" title="North Sinai Governorate">North Sinai</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Arish" title="Arish">Arish</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Said_Governorate" title="Port Said Governorate">Port Said</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Port_Said" title="Port Said">Port Said</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalyubia_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Qalyubia Governorate">Qalyubia</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Benha" title="Benha">Benha</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qena_Governorate" title="Qena Governorate">Qena</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Qena" title="Qena">Qena</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Governorate" title="Red Sea Governorate">Red Sea</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Hurghada" title="Hurghada">Hurghada</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharqia_Governorate" title="Sharqia Governorate">Sharqia</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Zagazig" title="Zagazig">Zagazig</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohag_Governorate" title="Sohag Governorate">Sohag</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Sohag" title="Sohag">Sohag</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sinai_Governorate" title="South Sinai Governorate">South Sinai</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/El_Tor,_Egypt" title="El Tor, Egypt">El Tor</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Governorate" title="Suez Governorate">Suez</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Egyptian_cities_by_population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Egyptian_cities_by_population" title="Template:Egyptian cities by population"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Egyptian_cities_by_population" title="Template talk:Egyptian cities by population"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Egyptian_cities_by_population" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Egyptian cities by population"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Egyptian_cities_by_population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt" title="List of cities and towns in Egypt">Egyptian cities</a> by population</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000 and more</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helwan" title="Helwan">Helwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shubra_El_Kheima" title="Shubra El Kheima">Shubra El Kheima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">300,000–999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asyut" title="Asyut">Asyut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilbeis" title="Bilbeis">Bilbeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum">Faiyum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbaba" title="Imbaba">Imbaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismailia" title="Ismailia">Ismailia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Mahalla_El_Kubra" title="El Mahalla El Kubra">El Mahalla El Kubra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kom_Ombo" title="Kom Ombo">Kom Ombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansoura" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansoura">Mansoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Said" title="Port Said">Port Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanta" title="Tanta">Tanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagazig" title="Zagazig">Zagazig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000–299,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6th_of_October_(city)" title="6th of October (city)">6th of October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arish" title="Arish">Arish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benha" title="Benha">Benha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Suef" title="Beni Suef">Beni Suef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damanhur" title="Damanhur">Damanhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desouk" title="Desouk">Desouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edfu" title="Edfu">Edfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurghada" title="Hurghada">Hurghada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_El_Dawwar" title="Kafr El Dawwar">Kafr El Dawwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_El_Sheikh" title="Kafr El Sheikh">Kafr El Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallawi" title="Mallawi">Mallawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minya,_Egypt" title="Minya, Egypt">Minya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Borg_El_Arab" title="New Borg El Arab">New Borg El Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Cairo" title="New Cairo">New Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obour_(city)" title="Obour (city)">Obour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qena" title="Qena">Qena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibin_El_Kom" title="Shibin El Kom">Shibin El Kom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohag" title="Sohag">Sohag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><99,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt" title="Abydos, Egypt">Abydos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Sokhna" title="Ain Sokhna">Ain Sokhna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhmim" title="Akhmim">Akhmim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahab" title="Dahab">Dahab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakhla_Oasis" title="Dakhla Oasis">Dakhla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendera" title="Dendera">Dendera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekernes" title="Dekernes">Dekernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Alamein" title="El Alamein">El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Gouna" title="El Gouna">El Gouna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esna" title="Esna">Esna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Fuad" title="Port Fuad">Port Fuad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamrah_Dom" title="Hamrah Dom">Hamrah Dom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hala%27ib" class="mw-redirect" title="Hala'ib">Hala'ib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharga">Kharga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsa_Alam" title="Marsa Alam">Marsa Alam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsa_Matruh" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsa Matruh">Marsa Matruh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi" title="Nag Hammadi">Nag Hammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nubariya" title="New Nubariya">New Nubariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuweiba" title="Nuweiba">Nuweiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta" title="Rosetta">Rosetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadat_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadat (city)">Sadat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safaga" title="Safaga">Safaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine,_Egypt" title="Saint Catherine, Egypt">Saint Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwa_Oasis" title="Siwa Oasis">Siwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharm_El_Sheikh" title="Sharm El Sheikh">Sharm El Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taba,_Egypt" title="Taba, Egypt">Taba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talkha" title="Talkha">Talkha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Book_Capitals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Book_Capital" title="Template:World Book Capital"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Book_Capital" title="Template talk:World Book Capital"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Book_Capital" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Book Capital"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Book_Capitals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Book_Capital" title="World Book Capital">World Book Capitals</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexandria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt" title="Port Harcourt">Port Harcourt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea"><img alt="Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Conakry" title="Conakry">Conakry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_UNESCO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/80px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/120px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/160px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hellenistic/Macedonian_colonies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hellenistic_colonies" title="Template:Hellenistic colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hellenistic_colonies" title="Template talk:Hellenistic colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hellenistic_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hellenistic colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hellenistic/Macedonian_colonies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Hellenistic/<a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_Hermiou" title="Ptolemais Hermiou">Ptolemais Hermiou</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_III_empire_map-es.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alexander_III_empire_map-es.svg/70px-Alexander_III_empire_map-es.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alexander_III_empire_map-es.svg/105px-Alexander_III_empire_map-es.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alexander_III_empire_map-es.svg/140px-Alexander_III_empire_map-es.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="673" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun" title="İskenderun">Alexandretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apamea,_Syria" title="Apamea, Syria">Apamea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Arachosia" title="Alexandria Arachosia">Alexandria Arachosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ariana" title="Alexandria Ariana">Alexandria Ariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Eschate" title="Alexandria Eschate">Alexandria Eschate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_in_the_Caucasus" title="Alexandria in the Caucasus">Alexandria in the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_on_the_Indus" title="Alexandria on the Indus">Alexandria on the Indus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Prophthasia" title="Alexandria Prophthasia">Alexandria Prophthasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Attalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Laodicea Paralos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Laodicea in Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ala%C5%9Fehir" title="Alaşehir">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia" title="Seleucia">Seleucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Pieria" title="Seleucia Pieria">Seleucia Pieria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serraepolis" title="Serraepolis">Serraepolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigonia_(Paeonia)" title="Antigonia (Paeonia)">Antigonia (Paeonia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandropolis_Maedica" title="Alexandropolis Maedica">Alexandropolis Maedica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Alexandria</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Alexandria" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Alexandria">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D9%B1%D9%84%D9%92%D8%A5%D9%90%D8%B3%D9%92%D9%83%D9%8E%D9%86%D9%92%D8%AF%D9%8E%D8%B1%D9%90%D9%8A%D9%8E%D9%91%D8%A9%D9%8F" class="extiw" title="c:ٱلْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةُ">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Alexandria" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Alexandria">News</a></b> from Wikinews</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alexandria" class="extiw" title="q:Alexandria">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Alexandria" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Alexandria">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Alexandria" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Alexandria">Textbooks</a></b> from Wikibooks</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Alexandria" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Alexandria">Resources</a></b> from Wikiversity</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Alexandria" class="extiw" title="voy:Alexandria">Travel guides</a></b> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q87" class="extiw" title="d:Q87">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q87#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q87#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q87#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012111630X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/129002681">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1208911/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpjcrF7WTjXVwkDJjrTHC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4001138-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80067694">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865912m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865912m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628179">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Alexandrie (Egypt)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134011&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451106">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550310105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/519fb127-912a-43ab-b5f7-68ba2ce7253d">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/727070">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/069889481">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044594">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&oldid=1258569252">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandria&oldid=1258569252</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alexandria" title="Category:Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Governorate_capitals_in_Egypt" title="Category:Governorate capitals in Egypt">Governorate capitals in Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_archaeological_sites_in_Egypt" title="Category:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Egypt">Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Alexandria_Governorate" title="Category:Populated places in Alexandria Governorate">Populated places in Alexandria Governorate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_coastal_places_in_Egypt" title="Category:Populated coastal places in Egypt">Populated coastal places in Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metropolitan_areas_of_Egypt" title="Category:Metropolitan areas of Egypt">Metropolitan areas of Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_towns_and_cities_in_Egypt" title="Category:Roman towns and cities in Egypt">Roman towns and cities in Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mediterranean_port_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt" title="Category:Mediterranean port cities and towns in Egypt">Mediterranean port cities and towns in Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_along_the_Silk_Road" title="Category:Populated places along the Silk Road">Populated places along the Silk Road</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Egypt" title="Category:Cities in Egypt">Cities in 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