Sustainability | Special Issue : Sustainable Waste Management and Recycling for Achieving a Circular Economy

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Sustainable Waste Management and Recycling for Achieving a Circular Economy </h1> <div class=" small-12 columns"> <span class="qlst"> <ul> <li><a href="#editors"> Special Issue Editors </a></li> <li><a href="#info"> Special Issue Information </a></li> <li><a href="#keywords">Keywords</a></li> <li><a href="#benefits">Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue</a></li> <li><a href="#published">Published Papers</a></li> </ul> </span> <p>A special issue of <a href="/journal/sustainability"><i>Sustainability</i></a> (ISSN 2071-1050). 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end-of-life vehicle recycling; plastic sorter using terahertz wave; urban mining; end-of life battery; recycling cooperative behavior; integrated waste management; international resource recycling; sdgs education; disaster waste treatment"> <div class="editor-div__content smaller-pictures"> <div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop331759' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> <div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/848319/thumb/Jeongsoo_Yu.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name"> Prof. Dr. Jeongsoo Yu </span></div></div> </div> <div id="profile-card-drop331759" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="profile-card__title "> <div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/848319/thumb/Jeongsoo_Yu.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name"> Prof. Dr. Jeongsoo Yu </span></div></div> </div> <div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/848319?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a> <a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Jeongsoo%20Yu" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Jeongsoo%20Yu&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Jeongsoo%20Yu" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a> </div> </div> <br class="show-for-small-only" /> <a class="inline-spacer toEncode emailCaptcha" href="" data-editor-id="331759">E-Mail</a> <a class="inline-spacer" href="https://researchmap.jp/read0065623?lang=en" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Website</a> <br/> <i>Guest Editor</i><br> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="editor-div__content smaller-pictures"> Department of International Politics and Economics, Graduate School of International Cultural Studies & Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan<br> <b>Interests:</b> waste plastic issues; end-of-life vehicle recycling; plastic sorter using terahertz wave; urban mining; end-of life battery; recycling cooperative behavior; integrated waste management; international resource recycling; SDGs education; disaster waste treatment<br> <a href="#" id="editor_contrib_331759" onclick="div_toggle(this.id); return false;">Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals</a> <div id="div_editor_contrib_331759" style="display: none"> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/socsci/special_issues/governance_environments"> <i>Social Sciences</i>: Global Governance and the Environments</a><br> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item editor-div" data-filter="kazuaki okubo integrated waste management using information science; environmental economics; plastic sorting using learning machine technology; recycling cooperative behavior; containers and packaging waste recycle"> <div class="editor-div__content smaller-pictures"> <div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop331760' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> <div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name"> Dr. Kazuaki Okubo </span> </div></div> </div> <div id="profile-card-drop331760" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="profile-card__title "> <div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name"> Dr. Kazuaki Okubo </span> </div></div> </div> <div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Kazuaki%20Okubo" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Kazuaki%20Okubo&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kazuaki%20Okubo" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a> </div> </div> <br class="show-for-small-only" /> <a class="inline-spacer toEncode emailCaptcha" href="" data-editor-id="331760">E-Mail</a> <a class="inline-spacer" href="https://researchmap.jp/read0152033" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Website</a> <br/> <i>Guest Editor</i><br> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="editor-div__content smaller-pictures"> Department of International Politics and Economics, Graduate School of International Cultural Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan<br> <b>Interests:</b> integrated waste management using information science; environmental economics; plastic sorting using learning machine technology; recycling cooperative behavior; containers and packaging waste recycle<br> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item editor-div" data-filter="xiaoyue liu recycling cooperative behavior; household solid waste management; recycling policy; recyclable resources collection; collection stations; recycling company; waste recycling; consumer behavior"> <div class="editor-div__content smaller-pictures"> <div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop331761' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> <div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name"> Dr. Xiaoyue Liu </span> </div></div> </div> <div id="profile-card-drop331761" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="profile-card__title "> <div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name"> Dr. Xiaoyue Liu </span> </div></div> </div> <div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Xiaoyue%20Liu" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Xiaoyue%20Liu&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Xiaoyue%20Liu" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a> </div> </div> <br class="show-for-small-only" /> <a class="inline-spacer toEncode emailCaptcha" href="" data-editor-id="331761">E-Mail</a> <a class="inline-spacer" href="https://researchmap.jp/0623liuxiaoyue" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Website</a> <br/> <i>Guest Editor</i><br> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="editor-div__content smaller-pictures"> Department of International Politics and Economics, Graduate School of International Cultural Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan<br> <b>Interests:</b> recycling cooperative behavior; household solid waste management; recycling policy; recyclable resources collection; collection stations; recycling company; waste recycling; consumer behavior<br> </div> </div> </div> <h2><a name="info"></a>Special Issue Information</h2> <div> <p>Dear Colleagues,</p> <p>Increasing attention is currently being directed towards issues related to circular economy. These issues, which are transboundary by nature, and thus require transboundary solutions, are becoming increasingly interwoven. In the absence of sustainability, circular economy, which encompasses waste management, resource recycling, and carbon neutrality, each of which addresses a single issue, is crucial. However, these issues inevitably complicate effective resource allocation and generate conflicts. For instance, rare-metal scarcity and ocean pollution can be attributed to improper waste management and a lack of recycling technology and environmental awareness. Ocean pollution and resource nationalism have led to regional conflicts, especially in the developing world. The necessity for policy coordination at the global and local levels is indisputable, hence the establishment of sustainable waste management and recycling. Today, the diversification of waste management and recycling issues, as is true with other global issues, has clarified the roles of stakeholders.</p> <p>This Special Issue considers waste management and resource recycling based on circular economy with a focus on the roles of policy, advanced technology, each actor, and the SDGs. This Special Issue calls for contributions from various cross-border academic fields, including case studies on global environmental issues, international efforts to address these issues, and policy proposals for achieving a circular economy and carbon neutrality. Specifically, this Special Issue aims to provide international organizations, governments, municipalities, private companies, citizens, and scholars with useful knowledge on how to solve circular economy issues.</p> <p>Prof. Dr. Jeongsoo Yu<br />Dr. Kazuaki Okubo<br />Dr. Xiaoyue Liu<br /><em>Guest Editors</em></p> <p><p><strong>Manuscript Submission Information</strong><p> <p>Manuscripts should be submitted online at <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/">www.mdpi.com</a> by <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/user/register/">registering</a> and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/user/login/">logging in to this website</a>. Once you are registered, <a href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload/?journal=sustainability">click here to go to the submission form</a>. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.</p> <p>Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability/instructions">Instructions for Authors</a> page. <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability/"><em>Sustainability</em></a> is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.</p> <p> Please visit the <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability/instructions">Instructions for Authors</a> page before submitting a manuscript. The <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/apc/">Article Processing Charge (APC)</a> for publication in this <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/openaccess/">open access</a> journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. 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color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 4247 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/16/22/10054/pdf?version=1732005607" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="New Management Strategy Framework for Effectively Managing Microplastic in Circular System Form Plastic Product Manufacturing to Waste Treatment Facility" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/16/22/10054">New Management Strategy Framework for Effectively Managing Microplastic in Circular System Form Plastic Product Manufacturing to Waste Treatment Facility</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Namil Um</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Soo-Jin Cho</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Young-Sam Yoon</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(22), 10054; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su162210054">https://doi.org/10.3390/su162210054</a> - 18 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 456 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In recent years, concerns regarding the environmental impact of microplastics (MPs) have led to increased international attention on these pollutants. Although the initial focus was largely directed toward marine environments, land-based pollution sources, including MP release, have been recognized to directly affect marine <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/22/10054/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In recent years, concerns regarding the environmental impact of microplastics (MPs) have led to increased international attention on these pollutants. Although the initial focus was largely directed toward marine environments, land-based pollution sources, including MP release, have been recognized to directly affect marine ecosystems. Therefore, soil-, atmosphere-, groundwater-, and river-based research is ongoing. However, when considering sources of MP, it is necessary to examine the circular system of plastic in terms of raw materials, production, consumption, discharge, and disposal (recycling). Accordingly, the present study proposes a strategy to effectively manage MPs using this circular system. First, the factors influencing MPs in the circular system were identified, and MPs at the system’s final stage, i.e., at the waste treatment facility, were subsequently investigated. Using the concept of MP waste (MPW), strategies were then developed for effective MP management within the circular system. Applying the proposed theoretical strategy to the Korean waste management system revealed that the new policy framework improves the current MP management system. Overall, this study provides fundamental data for establishing new or improved MP management schemes from a waste sector perspective. <a href="/2071-1050/16/22/10054">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sustainability/special_issues/B73T9QE539 ">Sustainable Waste Management and Recycling for Achieving a Circular Economy</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/22/10054/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1523599"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1523599"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1523599" data-cycle-prev="#prev1523599" data-cycle-progressive="#images1523599" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1523599-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-10054/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-10054-g001-550.jpg?1732005732" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1523599" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1523599-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-10054/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-10054-g002-550.jpg?1732005733'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1523599-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-10054/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-10054-g003-550.jpg?1732005736'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1523599-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-10054/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-10054-g004-550.jpg?1732005738'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1523599-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-10054/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-10054-g005-550.jpg?1732005742'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1523599-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-10054/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-10054-g006-550.jpg?1732005744'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1523599-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-10054/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-10054-g001-550.jpg?1732005732" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Factors influencing MPs within the circular system range from plastic product manufacturing to waste treatment facilities. (MF-1: raw material (raw plastic), MF-2: plastic product, MF-3: waste generated during production, MF-4: discarded plastic product, and MF-5: sewage, rainwater, groundwater, and other waters containing plastic substances from human usage or economic activities, MF-6: recyclable waste, MF-7: leaked plastic materials from the circular system into the environment; CA-1: manufacturing plastic products, CA-2: using plastic products, and CA-3: disposing of waste).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/22/10054'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-10054/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-10054-g002-550.jpg?1732005733" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Schematic flow diagram for preparing samples for FT-IR analysis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/22/10054'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-10054/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-10054-g003-550.jpg?1732005736" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>FT−IR spectrum and image of MPs.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/22/10054'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-10054/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-10054-g004-550.jpg?1732005738" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Flows of MPW-1, MPW-2, and MPW-3 in each part of the circular system. The red rotted arrows indicate “landfilled”.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/22/10054'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-10054/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-10054-g005-550.jpg?1732005742" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Implementation of three separate steps for applying MPW-1 in the Korean waste management system.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/22/10054'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-10054/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-10054-g006-550.jpg?1732005744" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Illustration of the route for MPW-2 type waste separation and discharge to an MPW-dedicated landfill facility.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/22/10054'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1520505" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 452 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/16/22/9916/pdf?version=1731566364" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="An Economically Sustainable Glass Recycling Business Model in Puerto Rico: A Conceptual Solution for Regions Without Government Recycling Programs" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/16/22/9916">An Economically Sustainable Glass Recycling Business Model in Puerto Rico: A Conceptual Solution for Regions Without Government Recycling Programs</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>John-Michael Davis</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>José Bauza-Mora</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Douglas Cain</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Leah Harnisch-Weidauer</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Claire Matthews</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Priyankha Sunil</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(22), 9916; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su16229916">https://doi.org/10.3390/su16229916</a> - 14 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 529 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In Puerto Rico, less than 5% of glass waste is recycled annually compared to a US national average of 25%. In regions like Puerto Rico, where government glass recycling programs are absent, glass presents a challenging waste stream to profitably recycle due to <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/22/9916/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In Puerto Rico, less than 5% of glass waste is recycled annually compared to a US national average of 25%. In regions like Puerto Rico, where government glass recycling programs are absent, glass presents a challenging waste stream to profitably recycle due to high transportation costs and low market prices, with few scalable models identified in the literature. This study emerged from a multi-year shared action learning partnership between Worcester Polytechnic Institute’s Puerto Rico Project Center and the Corporación del Proyecto ENLACE, a community development NGO serving the Caño Martín Peña communities in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Based on online research and interviews with 16 key stakeholders, we describe an economically sustainable glass recycling business model designed for the Caño Martín Peña communities that offers broader applicability for similar contexts. The business model achieves three goals: (1) it offers a free and convenient glass-collection service for the Caño Martín Peña communities; (2) it generates local employment opportunities in a low-income region; and (3) it operates in an economically sustainable manner. The viability of the glass-recycling business model is premised on strategic partnerships with government agencies, recycling companies, glass-sand markets, and local businesses. <a href="/2071-1050/16/22/9916">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sustainability/special_issues/B73T9QE539 ">Sustainable Waste Management and Recycling for Achieving a Circular Economy</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/22/9916/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1520505-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-09916/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-09916-g001-550.jpg?1731566454" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1520505-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-09916/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-09916-g001-550.jpg?1731566454" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Model of glass recycling facility. The purple areas represent glass storage areas, the red area is the community glass drop off, the blue area is the pulverizer, and the green area is office space.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/22/9916'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1455314" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 1544 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/16/16/6933/pdf?version=1723541360" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Recycled Content for Metals with Refined Classification of Metal Scrap: Micro-Level Circularity Indicator in Accordance with Macro-Level System" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/16/16/6933">Recycled Content for Metals with Refined Classification of Metal Scrap: Micro-Level Circularity Indicator in Accordance with Macro-Level System</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Taichi Suzuki</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ichiro Daigo</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(16), 6933; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166933">https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166933</a> - 13 Aug 2024 </div> Viewed by 824 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Transitioning from a traditional linear economy to a circular economy occurs at the micro-level system, encompassing products and companies, which should be monitored. For metals, recycled content as an input-side indicator of recycling quantifies the ratio of metal scrap consumed during production and <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/16/6933/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Transitioning from a traditional linear economy to a circular economy occurs at the micro-level system, encompassing products and companies, which should be monitored. For metals, recycled content as an input-side indicator of recycling quantifies the ratio of metal scrap consumed during production and fabrication. However, conventional methodology struggles to evaluate recycled content uniquely due to the ambiguous classification of new scrap derived from industrial processes. Additionally, the input and output of new scrap between micro-level systems are often inadequately counted, causing inconsistencies in the recognition of secondary input between macro- and micro-level systems. This study introduces a refined classification for metal scrap, precisely distinguishing new scrap by its originating processes. Furthermore, we propose a novel perspective on new scrap, viewing it as a mixture of old scrap and primary raw materials, with only the portion of old scrap being considered secondary raw material. This stance navigates past the binary classification—whether new scrap should be classified as secondary—eliminating ambiguity and allowing for clear identification of secondary raw materials. The developed methodology ensures that all inputs of scrap are accounted for without leakage, and the recycled content of a specific metal is uniquely determined, maintaining consistency with macro-level systems. <a href="/2071-1050/16/16/6933">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sustainability/special_issues/B73T9QE539 ">Sustainable Waste Management and Recycling for Achieving a Circular Economy</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/16/6933/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1455314"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1455314"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1455314" data-cycle-prev="#prev1455314" data-cycle-progressive="#images1455314" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1455314-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06933/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06933-g001-550.jpg?1723541449" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1455314" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1455314-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06933/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06933-g002-550.jpg?1723541449'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1455314-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06933/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06933-g003-550.jpg?1723541452'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1455314-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06933/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06933-g004-550.jpg?1723541453'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1455314-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06933/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06933-g001-550.jpg?1723541449" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic image of classification of scrap indicated in the life cycle process flows of a specific metal and different metal.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/16/6933'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06933/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06933-g002-550.jpg?1723541449" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Schematic image of referring to the origin of new scrap input used in the present production and fabrication. Abbreviations are as follows: pro. for production, fab. for fabrication.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/16/6933'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06933/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06933-g003-550.jpg?1723541452" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Simplified production and fabrication processes of steel, aluminum alloys, and copper alloys. The color of processes shows the phase and status of the metal.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/16/6933'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06933/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06933-g004-550.jpg?1723541453" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Schematic image of input flows between micro-level systems and within the integrated system. (P) for primary raw materials, (β) for new scrap from the production and fabrication of different metal, (δ) for new scrap from the manufacturing of different metal, and (ε) for old scrap.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/16/6933'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1452820" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 5259 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/16/16/6818/pdf?version=1723180528" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Waste or Raw Material? Perlite Concrete as Part of a Sustainable Materials Management Process in the Construction Sector" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/16/16/6818">Waste or Raw Material? Perlite Concrete as Part of a Sustainable Materials Management Process in the Construction Sector</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Justyna Dzięcioł</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Olga Szlachetka</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(16), 6818; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166818">https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166818</a> - 9 Aug 2024 </div> Viewed by 1082 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Recent advancements in sustainable building practices include the integration of waste materials from various industries into construction materials. This approach is currently being evaluated, allowing us to view recycled material not as waste but as a valuable resource and raw material. Such an <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/16/6818/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Recent advancements in sustainable building practices include the integration of waste materials from various industries into construction materials. This approach is currently being evaluated, allowing us to view recycled material not as waste but as a valuable resource and raw material. Such an approach involves viewing this material as a separate resource with its own distinctive properties. This article investigates the use and environmental safety of perlite-based concrete. The research focuses on the properties of immobilizing potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soil and plants, and it examines the impact of adding activated carbon to different types of perlite concrete on these properties. Initial tests varied the content of perlite concrete (3%, 5%, and 10%) to better understand the immobilization process in soil, roots, and aboveground plant parts. The results after adding 10% activated carbon provide insights into the nature and direction of the immobilization process and in determining the optimal amount of perlite concrete to enhance this process. The soil analysis revealed that the application of PPC at a rate of 10% led to a notable elevation in soil zinc content, reaching 96.6 mg/kg—a considerable 304% increase. Similarly, the amendment of PBFC at a rate of 10% resulted in a significant enhancement in copper content, reaching 21.7 mg/kg—an 112% increase. This study also evaluates the environmental safety of using perlite concrete and activated carbon in construction projects, such as earthworks and road subbases, where the materials interact with the water–soil environment. The novelty of this research lies in its examination of the remediation potential and environmental safety of modified perlite aggregate, offering a fresh perspective on the impacts of these modifications on previously studied materials. By applying varying concentrations of the amendments, the research provides a deeper understanding of their effects, yielding significant findings that support the advancement of sustainable construction practices. <a href="/2071-1050/16/16/6818">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sustainability/special_issues/B73T9QE539 ">Sustainable Waste Management and Recycling for Achieving a Circular Economy</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/16/6818/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1452820"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1452820"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1452820" data-cycle-prev="#prev1452820" data-cycle-progressive="#images1452820" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1452820-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06818/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06818-ag-550.jpg?1724081034" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1452820" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1452820-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06818/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06818-g001-550.jpg?1723180640'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1452820-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06818/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06818-g002-550.jpg?1723180642'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1452820-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06818/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06818-g003-550.jpg?1723180643'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1452820-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06818/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06818-g004-550.jpg?1723180645'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1452820-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06818/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06818-g005-550.jpg?1723180646'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1452820-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06818/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06818-g006-550.jpg?1723180646'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1452820-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06818/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06818-g007-550.jpg?1723180647'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1452820-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06818/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06818-g008-550.jpg?1723180648'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1452820-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06818/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06818-g009-550.jpg?1723180649'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1452820-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06818/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06818-g010-550.jpg?1723180650'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1452820-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06818/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06818-g011-550.jpg?1723180651'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1452820-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06818/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06818-ag-550.jpg?1724081034" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/16/6818'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06818/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06818-g001-550.jpg?1723180640" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Overview photos of the two types of base perlite concrete materials used in the study: (PPC) with the addition of CEM I 52.5R cement and (PBFC) with the addition of CEM III 42.5R cement.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/16/6818'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06818/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06818-g002-550.jpg?1723180642" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Maps of the distributions of elements in the samples using the EDS technique and detailed chemical compositions of the main components of the perlite concrete blocks.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/16/6818'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06818/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06818-g003-550.jpg?1723180643" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Overview photo of the activated carbon used in the study and SEM image of its structure at approximately 200 μm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/16/6818'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06818/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06818-g004-550.jpg?1723180645" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Elemental distribution map for activated carbon, made using the EDS technique, and detailed chemical composition.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/16/6818'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06818/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06818-g005-550.jpg?1723180646" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Amount of resulting biomass of <span class="html-italic">Festuca rubra</span> L. grown on soil mixed with different concentrations of perlite concrete rubble (PPC and PBFC) and activated carbon. Significance test results are denoted by letters (one-way ANOVA and subsequently Tukey’s test).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/16/6818'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06818/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06818-g006-550.jpg?1723180646" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Zinc and copper contents in aboveground parts of <span class="html-italic">Festuca rubra</span> L. grown in soil mixed with different concentrations of perlite concrete rubble (PPC and PBFC). Significance test results are denoted by letters (one-way ANOVA and subsequently Tukey’s test).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/16/6818'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06818/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06818-g007-550.jpg?1723180647" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Zinc and copper contents of the roots of <span class="html-italic">Festuca rubra</span> L. grown in soil mixed with different concentrations of perlite concrete rubble (PPC and PBFC). Significance test results are denoted by letters (one-way ANOVA and subsequently Tukey’s test).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/16/6818'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06818/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06818-g008-550.jpg?1723180648" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Zinc and copper contents of <span class="html-italic">Festuca rubra</span> L. soil mixed with different concentrations of perlite concrete rubble (PPC and PBFC). Significance test results are denoted by letters (one-way ANOVA and subsequently Tukey’s test).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/16/6818'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06818/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06818-g009-550.jpg?1723180649" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Zinc and copper contents in aboveground parts of <span class="html-italic">Festuca rubra</span> L. grown in soil mixed with perlite concrete rubble (PPC and PBFC) and activated carbon (AC). Significance test results are denoted by letters (one-way ANOVA and subsequently Tukey’s test).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/16/6818'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06818/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06818-g010-550.jpg?1723180650" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Zinc and copper contents in roots of <span class="html-italic">Festuca rubra</span> L. grown in soil mixed with perlite concrete rubble (PPC and PBFC) and activated carbon (AC). Significance test results are denoted by letters (one-way ANOVA and subsequently Tukey’s test).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/16/6818'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06818/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06818-g011-550.jpg?1723180651" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Zinc and copper contents in <span class="html-italic">Festuca rubra</span> L. soil mixed with different concentrations of perlite concrete rubble (PPC and PBFC) and activated carbon (AC). Significance test results are denoted by letters (one-way ANOVA and subsequently Tukey’s test).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/16/6818'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1442138" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 4973 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/16/15/6349/pdf?version=1721975654" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Possibilities to Recycle Thermal Power Plant By-Products in Refractory Castables" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/16/15/6349">Possibilities to Recycle Thermal Power Plant By-Products in Refractory Castables</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jelena Škamat</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Renata Boris</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jurgita Malaiškienė</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Valentin Antonovič</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rimvydas Stonys</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andrius Kudžma</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(15), 6349; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156349">https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156349</a> - 24 Jul 2024 </div> Viewed by 732 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The current research focuses on the analysis of fly ash cenospheres (FACs), a waste generated in coal-fired power plants, and the possibilities of using them in refractory castables. Cenospheres are micro-scale (~50–400 µm) spherical structures derived from fly ash, predominantly composed of silica <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/15/6349/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The current research focuses on the analysis of fly ash cenospheres (FACs), a waste generated in coal-fired power plants, and the possibilities of using them in refractory castables. Cenospheres are micro-scale (~50–400 µm) spherical structures derived from fly ash, predominantly composed of silica and alumina oxides (86.7%). Their distinctive morphology and characteristics make them highly advantageous for a diverse array of applications, notably as lightweight fillers and nondegradable pore-forming agents. Furthermore, cenospheres have the potential to contribute significantly to the performance of refractory castables when incorporated into compositions with calcium aluminate cement (CAC). FAC XRD analysis revealed that FACs mainly consist of mullite along with cristobalite, which forms at higher temperatures. Furthermore, the study examined the impact of FACs on the properties of medium cement castable (MCC), especially durability, when 3%, 5%, and 7% of fine fireclay were replaced by FACs; 5% of FACs were found to reduce the density of refractory castables and decrease the cold crushing strength by approximately 6%, but it increased the resistance to thermal shock by approximately 75% and 43%, depending on the thermal treatment temperature, 950 °C and 1100 °C, respectively, and improved resistance to alkali corrosion. A higher FAC content (7%) does not have any positive effect on the MCC properties tested. <a href="/2071-1050/16/15/6349">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sustainability/special_issues/B73T9QE539 ">Sustainable Waste Management and Recycling for Achieving a Circular Economy</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/15/6349/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1442138"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1442138"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1442138" data-cycle-prev="#prev1442138" data-cycle-progressive="#images1442138" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1442138-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06349/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06349-g001-550.jpg?1721975735" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1442138" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1442138-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06349/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06349-g002-550.jpg?1721975736'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1442138-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06349/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06349-g003-550.jpg?1721975741'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1442138-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06349/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06349-g004-550.jpg?1721975742'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1442138-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06349/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06349-g005-550.jpg?1721975746'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1442138-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06349/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06349-g006-550.jpg?1721975747'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1442138-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06349/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06349-g007-550.jpg?1721975749'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1442138-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06349/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06349-g008-550.jpg?1721975750'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1442138-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06349/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06349-g009-550.jpg?1721975754'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1442138-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06349/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06349-g010-550.jpg?1721975757'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1442138-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06349/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06349-g011-550.jpg?1721975759'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1442138-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06349/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06349-g001-550.jpg?1721975735" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>FAC particles’ size (<b>a</b>) (red curve—cumulative value, black curve—differential distribution) and SEM images of FAC external morphology (<b>b</b>) and porous structure of the FAC shell (<b>c</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/15/6349'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06349/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06349-g002-550.jpg?1721975736" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>X-ray diffraction patterns of raw FACs and FACs after heat treatment at 950 °C and 1100 °C: M—mullite, Cr—cristobalite, A—anorthite.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/15/6349'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06349/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06349-g003-550.jpg?1721975741" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>SEM micrographs of MCC containing 5 and 7 wt.% FACs and fired at 950 °C and 1100 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/15/6349'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06349/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06349-g004-550.jpg?1721975742" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>XRD patterns of MCC after drying (110) and firing (950, 1100): M—mullite; Cr—cristobalite; Q—quartz; C—corundum; K—calcium monoaluminate CaO·Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (CA); H—gehlenite; A—anorthite.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/15/6349'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06349/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06349-g005-550.jpg?1721975746" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The impact of FAC content and treatment temperature on the density (<b>a</b>), UPV (<b>b</b>), shrinkage (<b>c</b>), and CCS (<b>d</b>) of MCC.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/15/6349'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06349/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06349-g006-550.jpg?1721975747" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>The impact of FACs on the TSR of MCC.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/15/6349'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06349/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06349-g007-550.jpg?1721975749" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>UPV changes after thermal shock cycles in the samples fired at 950 °C (<b>a</b>) and 1100 °C (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/15/6349'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06349/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06349-g008-550.jpg?1721975750" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Images of FAC0 (<b>a</b>), FAC5 (<b>b</b>), and FAC7 (<b>c</b>) samples fired at 1100 °C after 9 TSR cycles.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/15/6349'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06349/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06349-g009-550.jpg?1721975754" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Microstructure of studied composites fired at 950 °C and 1100 °C after TSR cycles: (<b>a</b>) crack initiation at the sharp corner of the FA aggregate; (<b>b</b>) crack reflection from the FAC particle or its stopping and formation of fragmentary structure; (<b>c</b>) crack propagation stopping when falling inside the FAC; (<b>d</b>) interface between CAC matrix and FAC after exposure for TSR cycles; (<b>e</b>) fracture of FAC particle (in sample fired at 1100 °C) without signs of plastic deformation; (<b>f</b>) the same, but with the signs of plastic deformation; FA—fireclay aggregate; CAC—cement matrix; FAC—cenosphere. (marks in yellow—crack propagation).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/15/6349'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06349/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06349-g010-550.jpg?1721975757" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Images of the samples after 3, 6, and 9 cycles of alkali attack: (<b>a</b>) reference sample, (<b>b</b>) sample with 3% FACs, (<b>c</b>) sample with 5% FACs, (<b>d</b>) sample with 7% FACs.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/15/6349'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-06349/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-06349-g011-550.jpg?1721975759" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Images of cut samples after 15 cycles of alkali attack: FAC0, FAC3, FAC5, and FAC7 from left to right.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/15/6349'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1406664" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 1988 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/16/11/4707/pdf?version=1718093723" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Circular Economy Approach: Recycling Toner Waste in Cement-Based Construction Materials" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/16/11/4707">Circular Economy Approach: Recycling Toner Waste in Cement-Based Construction Materials</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rocio Peralta Ring</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gisela Cordoba</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Natalia Delbianco</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Carla Priano</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Viviana Rahhal</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(11), 4707; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114707">https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114707</a> - 31 May 2024 </div> Viewed by 862 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Based on a waste generated survey by companies in the area of the city of Bahia Blanca (Argentina), the possibility of incorporating part of them in a Portland cement matrix was examined. Among the waste is toner (TW), which is obtained from cartridges <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/11/4707/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Based on a waste generated survey by companies in the area of the city of Bahia Blanca (Argentina), the possibility of incorporating part of them in a Portland cement matrix was examined. Among the waste is toner (TW), which is obtained from cartridges used in photocopiers, laser printers, and faxes. This paper aims to analyze the physical and mechanical properties of cement pastes and mortars using toner as a Portland cement replacement compared to a reference sample without toner. The mixes were made with 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 wt.% replacement of cement by toner, and it was measured the flow, normal consistency, setting time, calorimetry, and Frattini test in pastes and mechanical strengths in mortars employing standardized tests. Also, an analysis of the leachate in the curing water was carried out after 56 days to look for contaminating materials. The replacement of up to 5% cement with toner did not produce substantial alterations in the final setting time or mechanical properties. No heavy metals were found in the leachate, so TW can be immobilized in a cementitious matrix as it does not cause leaching above the established limits. Therefore, TW from a local industry can be used in construction materials and could contribute to a reduction of up to 14% of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions with a cement replacement of 15% in cement-based materials. <a href="/2071-1050/16/11/4707">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sustainability/special_issues/B73T9QE539 ">Sustainable Waste Management and Recycling for Achieving a Circular Economy</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/11/4707/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1406664"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1406664"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1406664" data-cycle-prev="#prev1406664" data-cycle-progressive="#images1406664" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1406664-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04707/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04707-g001-550.jpg?1718093789" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1406664" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1406664-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04707/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04707-g002-550.jpg?1718093789'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1406664-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04707/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04707-g003-550.jpg?1718093790'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1406664-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04707/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04707-g004-550.jpg?1718093791'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1406664-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04707/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04707-g005-550.jpg?1718093792'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1406664-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04707/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04707-g006-550.jpg?1718093793'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1406664-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04707/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04707-g001-550.jpg?1718093789" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Images of TW (<b>up</b>) and OPC (<b>down</b>) with SEM.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/11/4707'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04707/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04707-g002-550.jpg?1718093789" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>XRD pattern of TW.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/11/4707'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04707/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04707-g003-550.jpg?1718093790" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Frattini test of pastes with different TW replacements.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/11/4707'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04707/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04707-g004-550.jpg?1718093791" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Mini-slump test of pastes with different TW replacements.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/11/4707'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04707/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04707-g005-550.jpg?1718093792" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Calorimetry of pastes with different TW replacements.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/11/4707'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04707/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04707-g006-550.jpg?1718093793" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Mortars with different TW replacements (<b>left</b>) and compressive strength values (<b>right</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/11/4707'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1405681" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 3221 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/16/11/4665/pdf?version=1717161666" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Application of Flotation for Removing Barium(II) Ions Using Ionized Acyclic Polyethers in the Context of Sustainable Waste Management" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/16/11/4665">Application of Flotation for Removing Barium(II) Ions Using Ionized Acyclic Polyethers in the Context of Sustainable Waste Management</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Agnieszka Sobianowska-Turek</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Katarzyna Grudniewska</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Agnieszka Fornalczyk</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Joanna Willner</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wojciech Bialik</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Weronika Urbańska</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Anna Janda</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(11), 4665; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114665">https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114665</a> - 30 May 2024 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/16/11/4665#metrics">Cited by 1</a> | Viewed by 856 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Energy transition is one of the basic actions taken to counteract and prevent climate change. The basic assumption of energy-related changes is its sustainable use according to the closed-loop model, as well as moving away from fossil fuels, in particular from coal, the <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/11/4665/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Energy transition is one of the basic actions taken to counteract and prevent climate change. The basic assumption of energy-related changes is its sustainable use according to the closed-loop model, as well as moving away from fossil fuels, in particular from coal, the combustion of which contributes to excessive harmful carbon dioxide emissions. One of the most popular solutions towards green energy is nuclear energy. Its use allows for a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions harmful to the environment and climate, but it also involves the generation of radioactive waste that requires appropriate processing. This paper presents the results of the flotation removal of barium(II) ions from a dilute aqueous solution using ionized acyclic polyethers. The basic factors determining the efficiency and kinetics of the process were defined. It has been shown that as the acidity of the attached polyether molecules increases: the flotation rate constant <b>1</b> (0.1667 min<sup>−1</sup>) < <b>3</b> (0.2468 min<sup>−1</sup>) < <b>2</b> (0.3616 min<sup>−1</sup>) and the separation degree Ba<sup>2+</sup>: <b>1</b> (86.8%) < <b>3</b> (99.3%) < <b>2</b> (99.4%). The presented results of ion flotation tests may facilitate the collective or selective separation of radioactive isotopes, i.e., Cs-137, Sr-90, Ba-133 and Co-60, from radioactive wastewater in the future. The results of the experimental work described in the article can also be used to develop individual processes for separating mixtures of radioactive isotopes (radioactive wastewater) into individual components (isotopes) and subjecting them to subsequent transformation processes. The obtained results allow us to claim that the tested organic compounds can be used in the future in the selective treatment of hazardous wastewater, which will translate into a reduction in unit costs of industrial processes. The selective recovery of individual pollutants is the basis for the next step in waste management, i.e., designing a cheap method of waste disposal, which also directly affects the economics of the process and its use in industrial conditions. <a href="/2071-1050/16/11/4665">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sustainability/special_issues/B73T9QE539 ">Sustainable Waste Management and Recycling for Achieving a Circular Economy</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/11/4665/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1405681"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1405681"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1405681" data-cycle-prev="#prev1405681" data-cycle-progressive="#images1405681" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1405681-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04665/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04665-g001-550.jpg?1717161830" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1405681" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1405681-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04665/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04665-g002-550.jpg?1717161831'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1405681-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04665/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04665-g003-550.jpg?1717161832'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1405681-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04665/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04665-g004-550.jpg?1717161833'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1405681-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04665/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04665-g005-550.jpg?1717161834'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1405681-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04665/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04665-g006-550.jpg?1717161835'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1405681-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04665/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04665-g007-550.jpg?1717161835'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1405681-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04665/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04665-g008-550.jpg?1717161836'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1405681-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04665/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04665-g009-550.jpg?1717161837'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1405681-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04665/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04665-g001-550.jpg?1717161830" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Energy sources used in the European Union in 1991–2021 [<a href="#B12-sustainability-16-04665" class="html-bibr">12</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/11/4665'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04665/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04665-g002-550.jpg?1717161831" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Mechanism of ion flotation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/11/4665'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04665/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04665-g003-550.jpg?1717161832" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Scheme of ion flotation apparatus. 1—gas flow regulator, 2—aqueous scrubber, 3—flotation column, 4—injection capable valve (for collector), 5—sintered glass sparger, 6—foam receiver.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/11/4665'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04665/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04665-g004-550.jpg?1717161833" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Influence of pH on the barium(II) ions flotation process by ionizable acyclic polyethers <b><span class="underline">1</span></b>, <b><span class="underline">2</span></b>, <b><span class="underline">3</span></b>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/11/4665'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04665/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04665-g005-550.jpg?1717161834" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Influence of pH on the rate constant of barium(II) ions flotation process by ionizable acyclic polyethers <b><span class="underline">1</span></b>, <b><span class="underline">2</span></b>, <b><span class="underline">3</span></b>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/11/4665'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04665/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04665-g006-550.jpg?1717161835" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Curve flotation barium ions (II) at pH = 9 by ionizable acyclic polyethers <b><span class="underline">1</span></b>, <b><span class="underline">2</span></b>, <b><span class="underline">3</span></b>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/11/4665'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04665/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04665-g007-550.jpg?1717161835" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Curve flotation barium ions (II) at different concentrations of collector <b><span class="underline">2</span></b>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/11/4665'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04665/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04665-g008-550.jpg?1717161836" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Curves flotation barium ions (II) at different concentrations of collector <b><span class="underline">3</span></b>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/11/4665'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04665/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04665-g009-550.jpg?1717161837" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>The dependence of attached end-groups with separation Ba<sup>2+</sup> degree using acyclic polyethers, <b><span class="underline">1</span></b>, <b><span class="underline">2</span></b>, <b><span class="underline">3</span></b> after 10 min from the start of the flotation process. [Ba<sup>2+</sup>] = 1.0 × 10<sup>−5</sup> M [<b><span class="underline">1</span></b>, <b><span class="underline">2</span></b>, <b><span class="underline">3</span></b>] = 5.0 × 10<sup>−5</sup> M, [Triton X-100] = 2.0 × 10<sup>−5</sup> M, pH = 9.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/11/4665'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1390181" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1390181" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1390181" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1390181" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2071-1050/16/10/3921/s1?version=1715245501"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 6249 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 32 pages, 7379 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/16/10/3921/pdf?version=1715230072" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="How Indonesia’s Cities Are Grappling with Plastic Waste: An Integrated Approach towards Sustainable Plastic Waste Management" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/16/10/3921">How Indonesia’s Cities Are Grappling with Plastic Waste: An Integrated Approach towards Sustainable Plastic Waste Management</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yunisa Zahrah</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jeongsoo Yu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiaoyue Liu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(10), 3921; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su16103921">https://doi.org/10.3390/su16103921</a> - 8 May 2024 </div> Viewed by 3345 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In Indonesia, plastic constitutes the second largest component of municipal solid waste; however, 58% remains uncollected. Most plastic recycling depends on informal sectors, accounting for only 10% of the total, leaving the remainder to potentially harm the environment. This paper analyzes how cities <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/10/3921/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In Indonesia, plastic constitutes the second largest component of municipal solid waste; however, 58% remains uncollected. Most plastic recycling depends on informal sectors, accounting for only 10% of the total, leaving the remainder to potentially harm the environment. This paper analyzes how cities in Indonesia have tackled their plastic waste problems from the perspective of the integrated sustainable waste management framework. This study focuses on plastic waste management (PWM) in three cities: Bandung, Yogyakarta, and Magelang. Data were collected from 41 semi-structured interviews, a plastic waste composition data analysis, and site visits. The research outcomes include a comprehensive analysis of stakeholder roles, plastic waste flow, plastic waste composition data, and various challenges in PWM. This study identifies three main stakeholders in collecting plastic wastes: the Department of Environment as the main local government body, community-based waste banks, and private waste management companies. Most recyclable plastic waste is recovered through waste banks and private collection services. In 2022, the predominant types of plastic waste in Bandung, Yogyakarta, and Magelang City were soft plastics, thick plastics, and hard plastics, respectively. The challenges for the PWM stem from various aspects in political, legal, and institutional; environmental; financial and technical; and socio-cultural spheres. Positive trends towards an integrated system are observed, although full integration has not yet been achieved. The research recommends a multi-stakeholder cooperative approach involving municipal authorities, waste banks, and private collectors, responsive to local conditions and emphasizing sustainability aspects throughout waste management stages for a sustainable resource recycling in developing countries. <a href="/2071-1050/16/10/3921">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sustainability/special_issues/B73T9QE539 ">Sustainable Waste Management and Recycling for Achieving a Circular Economy</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/10/3921/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1390181"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1390181"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1390181" data-cycle-prev="#prev1390181" data-cycle-progressive="#images1390181" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1390181-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-03921/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-03921-g001-550.jpg?1715245543" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1390181" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1390181-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-03921/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-03921-g002-550.jpg?1715245544'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1390181-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-03921/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-03921-g003-550.jpg?1715245545'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1390181-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-03921/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-03921-g004-550.jpg?1715245547'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1390181-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-03921/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-03921-g005-550.jpg?1715245549'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1390181-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-03921/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-03921-g006-550.jpg?1715245554'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1390181-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-03921/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-03921-g007-550.jpg?1715245556'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1390181-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-03921/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-03921-g008-550.jpg?1715245557'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1390181-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-03921/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-03921-g009-550.jpg?1715245559'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1390181-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-03921/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-03921-g010-550.jpg?1715245561'><p>Figure 10</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1390181-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-03921/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-03921-g001-550.jpg?1715245543" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The red map marker indicates the case study locations on Java Island, Indonesia [<a href="#B114-sustainability-16-03921" class="html-bibr">114</a>,<a href="#B115-sustainability-16-03921" class="html-bibr">115</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/10/3921'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-03921/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-03921-g002-550.jpg?1715245544" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Structure of interview respondent categories.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/10/3921'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-03921/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-03921-g003-550.jpg?1715245545" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Waste data collection process.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/10/3921'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-03921/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-03921-g004-550.jpg?1715245547" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The ISWM model [<a href="#B15-sustainability-16-03921" class="html-bibr">15</a>,<a href="#B16-sustainability-16-03921" class="html-bibr">16</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/10/3921'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-03921/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-03921-g005-550.jpg?1715245549" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Plastic waste flow in the case studies (B: Bandung City, M: Magelang City).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/10/3921'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-03921/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-03921-g006-550.jpg?1715245554" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Plastic waste composition in the case studies: (<b>a</b>) in Bandung City; (<b>b</b>) in Yogyakarta City; (<b>c</b>) in Magelang City.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/10/3921'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-03921/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-03921-g007-550.jpg?1715245556" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Percentage increase by plastic waste types in the case studies.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/10/3921'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-03921/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-03921-g008-550.jpg?1715245557" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Most rejected plastic waste in the case studies [<a href="#B136-sustainability-16-03921" class="html-bibr">136</a>,<a href="#B137-sustainability-16-03921" class="html-bibr">137</a>,<a href="#B138-sustainability-16-03921" class="html-bibr">138</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/10/3921'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-03921/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-03921-g009-550.jpg?1715245559" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>A TPS3R facility in Magelang City: (<b>a</b>) waste workers manually sort plastic waste from mixed MSW; (<b>b</b>) the situation of the TPS3R sorting area.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/10/3921'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-03921/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-03921-g010-550.jpg?1715245561" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Recommendation of plastic waste flow in the case studies.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/10/3921'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1369649" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 9151 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/16/7/2987/pdf?version=1712141272" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Waste Management of Red Mud and Fly Ash to Utilize in Road Subgrade Material" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/16/7/2987">Waste Management of Red Mud and Fly Ash to Utilize in Road Subgrade Material</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ali Sinan Soğancı</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yavuz Yenginar</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>İlyas Özkan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yusuf Güzel</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Adnan Özdemir</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(7), 2987; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072987">https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072987</a> - 3 Apr 2024 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/16/7/2987#metrics">Cited by 1</a> | Viewed by 1813 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Red mud (RM) is a waste material obtained during the production of aluminum from bauxite minerals. RM causes environmental pollution due to its high alkaline properties. Therefore, RM materials are stored in waste reservoirs. As production continues, the number of required waste reservoirs <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/7/2987/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Red mud (RM) is a waste material obtained during the production of aluminum from bauxite minerals. RM causes environmental pollution due to its high alkaline properties. Therefore, RM materials are stored in waste reservoirs. As production continues, the number of required waste reservoirs increases day by day. This study aims to utilize RM waste material in construction structures to contribute to the economy. The research investigates the potential use of RM waste material as road fill material. RM was improved using another waste material of fly ash (FA) since RM has low strength. Atterberg limit tests, compaction tests, unconfined compression tests, CBR tests, and SEM analyses were conducted on stabilized RM samples. In the physical properties of stabilized RM, Atterberg limits and optimum moisture content increase and density decreases since FA content increases. In the mechanical properties of stabilized RM, unconfined compressive strength, initial and secant modulus of elasticity, and California bearing ratio increase and maximum peak strain decreases since FA content and curing period increase. SEM images prove the increase in mechanical properties due to the cementation products (CSH and CAH gels) formed in the microstructure of stabilized RM. The results showed that RM waste stabilized with FA can be used as road subgrade material. <a href="/2071-1050/16/7/2987">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sustainability/special_issues/B73T9QE539 ">Sustainable Waste Management and Recycling for Achieving a Circular Economy</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/7/2987/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1369649"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1369649"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1369649" data-cycle-prev="#prev1369649" data-cycle-progressive="#images1369649" 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src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-02987/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-02987-g012-550.jpg?1712141377'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1369649-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-02987/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-02987-g013-550.jpg?1712141381'><p>Figure 13</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1369649-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-02987/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-02987-g001-550.jpg?1712141362" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Grain size distribution of red mud.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/7/2987'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-02987/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-02987-g002-550.jpg?1712141364" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of RM: (<b>a</b>) MF = 1000, (<b>b</b>) MF = 10,000, and (<b>c</b>) MF = 50,000.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/7/2987'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-02987/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-02987-g003-550.jpg?1712141368" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>SEM image of FA: (<b>a</b>) MF = 1000, (<b>b</b>) MF = 10,000, and (<b>c</b>) MF = 50,000.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/7/2987'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-02987/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-02987-g004-550.jpg?1712141369" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The images of red mud: (<b>a</b>) plastic state and (<b>b</b>) powder form.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/7/2987'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-02987/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-02987-g005-550.jpg?1712141370" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Atterberg limits of stabilized red mud.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/7/2987'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-02987/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-02987-g006-550.jpg?1712141371" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Compaction characteristics of stabilized red mud.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/7/2987'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-02987/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-02987-g007-550.jpg?1712141371" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Bulk density of stabilized red mud.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/7/2987'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-02987/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-02987-g008-550.jpg?1712141373" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Stress–strain curves of red mud specimens stabilized with fly ash: (<b>a</b>) without curing and (<b>b</b>) after 56 days of curing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/7/2987'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-02987/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-02987-g009-550.jpg?1712141373" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>The values of UCS of stabilized specimens.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/7/2987'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-02987/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-02987-g010-550.jpg?1712141375" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Initial tangent modulus and (<b>b</b>) secant modulus of red mud specimen stabilized with fly ash.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/7/2987'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-02987/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-02987-g011-550.jpg?1712141376" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Load-penetration curves of red mud specimens obtained from CBR tests.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/7/2987'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-02987/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-02987-g012-550.jpg?1712141377" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>The load–displacement graph of RM+25% FA with 28 days curing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/7/2987'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-02987/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-02987-g013-550.jpg?1712141381" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of RM+25%FA at 56 days of curing: (<b>a</b>) MF = 1000, (<b>b</b>) MF = 10,000, (<b>c</b>) MF = 25,000, and (<b>d</b>) MF = 50,000.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/7/2987'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="row footer"> <div class="listing-select-options"> <div class="columns small-12"> <div class="select generic-item"> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element export-expanded"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_more</i> </a> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_less</i> </a> </div> <div class="listing-export-options export-element"> <div class="export-element" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <input type="checkbox" class="selector selectUnselectAll bb-checkbox" id="selectUnselectAll" data-select-all="article-listing"> <div 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Sustainability | Special Issue : Sustainable Waste Management and Recycling for Achieving a Circular Economy