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<li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Break_with_the_Liberals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Break_with_the_Liberals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Break with the Liberals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Break_with_the_Liberals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Unionist_Coalition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Unionist_Coalition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The Unionist Coalition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Unionist_Coalition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protectionism_vs_Free_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protectionism_vs_Free_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Protectionism vs Free trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protectionism_vs_Free_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fusion_with_the_Conservatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fusion_with_the_Conservatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Fusion with the Conservatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fusion_with_the_Conservatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaders_of_the_Liberal_Unionists_in_the_House_of_Commons,_1886–1912" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaders_of_the_Liberal_Unionists_in_the_House_of_Commons,_1886–1912"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Leaders of the Liberal Unionists in the House of Commons, 1886–1912</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaders_of_the_Liberal_Unionists_in_the_House_of_Commons,_1886–1912-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaders_of_the_Liberal_Unionists_in_the_House_of_Lords,_1886–1912" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaders_of_the_Liberal_Unionists_in_the_House_of_Lords,_1886–1912"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Leaders of the Liberal Unionists in the House of Lords, 1886–1912</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaders_of_the_Liberal_Unionists_in_the_House_of_Lords,_1886–1912-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_Liberal_Unionists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_Liberal_Unionists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prominent Liberal Unionists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_Liberal_Unionists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Electoral performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture_and_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture_and_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture and the media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture_and_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber%C3%A1ln%C4%9B_unionistick%C3%A1_strana" title="Liberálně unionistická strana – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Liberálně unionistická strana" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Blaid_Unoliaethol_Ryddfrydol" title="Y Blaid Unoliaethol Ryddfrydol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Blaid Unoliaethol Ryddfrydol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberale_Unionisten" title="Liberale Unionisten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liberale Unionisten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberala_Uniisma_Partio" title="Liberala Uniisma Partio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Liberala Uniisma Partio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_lib%C3%A9ral_unioniste" title="Parti libéral unioniste – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti libéral unioniste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Liberale_Unionista" title="Partito Liberale Unionista – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito Liberale Unionista" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A_(%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9)" title="自由統一党 (イギリス) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自由統一党 (イギリス)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_liberale_unionistpartiet" title="Det liberale unionistpartiet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det liberale unionistpartiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British political party</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Liberal Unionist" redirects here. For the Canadian party, see <a href="/wiki/Liberal-Unionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal-Unionist">Liberal-Unionist</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #2061A2; border-bottom:2px solid #2061A2; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Liberal Unionist Party</div> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Leaders</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1886<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1886</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1912<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1912</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Split from</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Merged into</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative and Unionist Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_unionism" class="mw-redirect" title="British unionism">British unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #2061A2;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political parties in the United Kingdom">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Liberal Unionist Party</b> was a British political party that was formed in 1886 by a faction that broke away from the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a>. Led by <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Lord Hartington</a> (later the Duke of Devonshire) and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a>, the party established a political alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">Irish Home Rule</a>. The two parties formed the ten-year-long coalition <a href="/wiki/Unionist_Government_1895%E2%80%931905" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionist Government 1895–1905">Unionist Government 1895–1905</a> but kept separate political funds and their own party organisations until a complete merger between the Liberal Unionist and the Conservative parties was agreed to in May 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cawood_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawood-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Unionist_Party&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Unionist_Party&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spencer_Compton_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire_by_Sir_Hubert_von_Herkomer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Spencer_Compton_Cavendish%2C_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire_by_Sir_Hubert_von_Herkomer.jpg/200px-Spencer_Compton_Cavendish%2C_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire_by_Sir_Hubert_von_Herkomer.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Spencer_Compton_Cavendish%2C_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire_by_Sir_Hubert_von_Herkomer.jpg/300px-Spencer_Compton_Cavendish%2C_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire_by_Sir_Hubert_von_Herkomer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Spencer_Compton_Cavendish%2C_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire_by_Sir_Hubert_von_Herkomer.jpg/400px-Spencer_Compton_Cavendish%2C_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire_by_Sir_Hubert_von_Herkomer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3064" /></a><figcaption>The Liberal Unionists' leader, the Duke of Devonshire (1897, <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">NPG</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>The Liberal Unionists owe their origins to the conversion of <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a> to the cause of Irish Home Rule (i.e. limited self-government for Ireland). The <a href="/wiki/1885_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1885 United Kingdom general election">1885 general election</a> had left <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a>'s Irish <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Ireland)" title="Nationalist Party (Ireland)">Nationalists</a> holding the balance of power, and had convinced Gladstone that the Irish wanted and deserved instatement of <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">Home Rule for Ireland</a> and so reform the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">85 years of union</a>. Some Liberals believed that Gladstone's <a href="/wiki/Irish_Government_Bill_1886" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Government Bill 1886">Home Rule bill</a> would lead to independence for Ireland and the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>, which they could not countenance. Seeing themselves as defenders of the Union, they called themselves "Liberal Unionists", although at this stage most of them did not think the split from their former colleagues would be permanent. Gladstone preferred to call them "dissentient Liberals" as if he believed they would eventually come back like the "<a href="/wiki/Adullamites" title="Adullamites">Adullamites</a>", Liberals who had opposed the extension of the franchise in 1866 but had mostly come back to the main party after the Conservatives had passed their own electoral reform bill in 1867. In the end it did not matter what the Liberal Unionists were called, the schism in the Liberal Party grew wider and deeper within a few years.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawood_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawood-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of Liberal Unionists, including Hartington, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-FitzMaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Lord Lansdowne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Joachim_Goschen,_1st_Viscount_Goschen" class="mw-redirect" title="George Joachim Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen">George Goschen</a>, were drawn from the <a href="/wiki/British_Whig_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Whig Party">Whig</a> faction of the party and had been expected to split from the Liberal Party anyway, for reasons connected with economic and social policy. Some of the Unionists held extensive landed estates in Ireland and feared these would be broken up or confiscated if Ireland had its own government, while Hartington had suffered a personal loss at the hands of Irish Nationalists in 1882 when <a href="/wiki/Lord_Frederick_Cavendish" title="Lord Frederick Cavendish">his brother</a> was killed during the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Park_Murders" title="Phoenix Park Murders">Phoenix Park Murders</a>. </p><p>The anti-Home Rule Liberals formed a Committee for the Preservation of the Union in early 1886, and were soon joined by a smaller radical faction led by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">John Bright</a>. Chamberlain had briefly taken office in the Gladstone government which had been formed in 1886 but resigned when he saw the details of Gladstone's Home Rule plans. As Chamberlain had previously been a standard bearer of radical liberalism against the Whigs, his adherence to the alliance against the Gladstonian Liberals came as a surprise. When the dissident Liberals eventually formed the Liberal Unionist Council, which was to become the Liberal Unionist party, Chamberlain organised the separate National Radical Union in Birmingham. This allowed Chamberlain and his immediate allies to distance themselves from the main body of Liberal Unionism (and their Conservative allies) and left open the possibility that they could work with the Liberal Party in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawood_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawood-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1889 the National Radical Union changed its name to the National Liberal Union and remained a separate organisation from the main Liberal Unionist Council. </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ensor" title="Robert Ensor">Robert Ensor</a> reports that after 1886, Gladstone's main Liberal Party was deserted by practically the entire Whig peerage and the great majority of the upper-class and upper-middle-class Liberals. <a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_club" title="Gentlemen's club">Gentlemen's clubs</a> that had a Liberal base were deeply split. Ensor notes that "London society, following the known views of the Queen, practically ostracized home rulers".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chamberlain used anti-Catholicism to build a base for the new party among "Orange" Nonconformist Protestant elements in Britain and Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">John Bright</a> popularised the catchy slogan, "<a href="/wiki/Rome_Rule" title="Rome Rule">Home rule means Rome rule</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Break_with_the_Liberals">Break with the Liberals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Unionist_Party&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Break with the Liberals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gladstone_debate_on_Irish_Home_Rule_8th_April_1886_ILN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gladstone_debate_on_Irish_Home_Rule_8th_April_1886_ILN.jpg/300px-Gladstone_debate_on_Irish_Home_Rule_8th_April_1886_ILN.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gladstone_debate_on_Irish_Home_Rule_8th_April_1886_ILN.jpg/450px-Gladstone_debate_on_Irish_Home_Rule_8th_April_1886_ILN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Gladstone_debate_on_Irish_Home_Rule_8th_April_1886_ILN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a> introduces the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Bill_1886" title="Government of Ireland Bill 1886">Home Rule Bill</a> in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> (1886).</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1886_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1886 United Kingdom general election">1886 election</a> left the Conservatives as the largest party in the House of Commons, but without an overall majority. The leading Liberal Unionists were invited to join the Conservative <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a>'s government. Salisbury said he was even willing to let Hartington become Prime Minister of a coalition ministry but the latter declined. In part, Hartington was worried this would split the Liberal Unionists and lose them votes from pro-Unionist Liberal supporters. The Liberal Unionists, despite providing the necessary margin for Salisbury's majority, continued to sit on the opposition benches throughout the life of the parliament, and Hartington and Chamberlain uneasily shared the opposition Front Bench with their former colleagues <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Vernon_Harcourt_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Vernon Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawood_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawood-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1886, when <a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">Lord Randolph Churchill</a> suddenly resigned as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>, Salisbury offered the position to Goschen, by far the most conservative of the leading Liberal Unionists. After consulting Hartington, Goschen agreed to join the Conservative government and remained Chancellor for the next six years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Unionist_Coalition">The Unionist Coalition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Unionist_Party&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Unionist Coalition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the Whiggish wing of the Liberal Unionists cooperated informally with the Conservative Government (and supplied it with a cabinet minister), the party's Radical Unionist wing held a series of meetings with their former Liberal colleagues. Led by Chamberlain and Sir <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Trevelyan,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet">George Trevelyan</a>, the Round Table Conference was an attempt to see if reunion of the Liberal Party was possible. Despite some progress (and Chamberlain's statement that they were united on ninety-nine out of a hundred issues), the problem of Home Rule for Ireland could not be resolved. Neither Hartington nor Gladstone took a direct part in these meetings, and there seemed to be no other Liberal statesman who could reunite the party. Within a few months the talks were over, though some Liberal Unionists, including Trevelyan, later rejoined the Liberal Party soon after. </p><p>The failed talks of 1887 forced the Liberal Unionists to continue to develop their links with the Conservatives. In Parliament, they supported the Salisbury administration, though they sat on the opposition benches alongside the Liberals. Hostile feelings between the former political colleagues hardened with the return of Gladstone as Prime Minister, following the <a href="/wiki/1892_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1892 United Kingdom general election">1892 general election</a>. Forming a minority government (with Irish Nationalist parliamentary support), the Liberals introduced the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Government_Bill_1893" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Government Bill 1893">second Home Rule bill</a>. Leading the opposition to the Bill were Hartington (now the Duke of Devonshire) and Chamberlain. The Bill was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> by a massive majority of Conservative and Liberal Unionist peers. </p><p>By now all chance of a reunion between the Liberals and Liberal Unionists had disappeared, and it was no great surprise when leading Liberal Unionists joined Salisbury's <a href="/wiki/Unionist_government,_1895%E2%80%931905" title="Unionist government, 1895–1905">new administration</a> in 1895 following the <a href="/wiki/1895_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1895 United Kingdom general election">heavy electoral defeat</a> inflicted on the Liberal Party. The resulting government was generally referred to as "Unionist", and the distinction between Conservatives and Liberal Unionists began to dissolve, though the latter were still able to field around 100 candidates for all the subsequent general elections until the <a href="/wiki/December_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="December 1910 United Kingdom general election">December 1910 general election</a> when that total dropped to 75.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferris,_Wesley_2011_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferris,_Wesley_2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though a few Liberal Unionists like Goschen formally joined the Conservatives (by becoming member of the exclusively Tory <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club" title="Carlton Club">Carlton Club</a>), the party still continued to maintain a separate identity and to raise their own funds. Their strength in the House of Commons fell from 78 seats in 1886 to 47 in 1892 but recovered to 71 and then 68 in the general elections of 1895 and <a href="/wiki/1900_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1900 United Kingdom general election">1900</a>. The Liberal Unionists managed to stay strong in the south-west of England, the West Midlands (the centre of Chamberlain's power base), and especially in Scotland, where the Liberal Unionists were initially the more dominant group in their alliance with the Scottish Conservatives against the Liberals.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawood_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawood-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protectionism_vs_Free_trade">Protectionism vs Free trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Unionist_Party&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Protectionism vs Free trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_(%27Joe%27)_Chamberlain_by_John_Singer_Sargent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Joseph_%28%27Joe%27%29_Chamberlain_by_John_Singer_Sargent.jpg/200px-Joseph_%28%27Joe%27%29_Chamberlain_by_John_Singer_Sargent.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Joseph_%28%27Joe%27%29_Chamberlain_by_John_Singer_Sargent.jpg/300px-Joseph_%28%27Joe%27%29_Chamberlain_by_John_Singer_Sargent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Joseph_%28%27Joe%27%29_Chamberlain_by_John_Singer_Sargent.jpg/400px-Joseph_%28%27Joe%27%29_Chamberlain_by_John_Singer_Sargent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="2101" /></a><figcaption>Joseph Chamberlain, head of the "tariff" faction of the party (1896).</figcaption></figure> <p>From the start, there was tension within the Liberal Unionists between the moderate Whigs, such as Devonshire, and the more radical Chamberlainites. While both factions opposed Home Rule, there was little else that united them, and a separate Liberal Unionist identity was hard to define in the politics of the late 1890s. Weak local party associations were encouraged to amalgamate with their Conservative allies, though Devonshire's wish to merge fully was rejected by Chamberlain.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite these tensions, the Liberal Unionists more or less managed to stay together until 1903, when in a surprise move, Chamberlain dramatically launched <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">tariff reform</a> with a speech in his Birmingham political homeland. This departure from <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a> (i.e. no tariff barriers) caused immediate problems within the Unionist alliance, but especially with the Devonshire section of the Liberal Unionists. Rejecting tariff reform, Devonshire and other supporters of Free Trade left the Liberal Unionist Association in May 1904 in protest. Chamberlain took over the party's leadership, but this did not stop a large number of disgruntled Liberal Unionists, including a few MPs, migrating back to the Liberal Party. As for Devonshire and his allies, they put their political efforts into the Unionist <a href="/wiki/Free_Trade_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Trade League">Free Trade League</a> (also called the Free Food League) which included a sizeable minority of Conservative <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a> (MPs) including, for a few months, Conservative MP <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> before he too defected to the Liberals in 1904. Most of them eventually left the party while Devonshire ended his political career estranged from both main parties and appears to have sat in the House of Lords as a <a href="/wiki/Crossbencher" title="Crossbencher">crossbencher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawood_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawood-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">1906 general election</a>, the Liberal Unionists (both Free Traders and Tariff Reformers) shared the same fate as their Conservative allies, with a big reduction in their parliamentary strength. They now numbered only 23 MPs (or 25 according to other calculations)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in a combined Unionist alliance of just 157 in the new House of Commons – though in Birmingham the Liberal Unionist and Conservative candidates won all the seats available. </p><p>With a few exceptions, the remaining Liberal Unionists were now firm supporters of tariffs, as were now the majority of the Conservative MPs. Indeed, for a short period in early 1906, Chamberlain was the de facto leader of the Unionist alliance in the House of Commons, as the Conservative party leader, and former Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a> had lost his seat in the election (though he soon managed to return to parliament after a conveniently-arranged by-election).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was possible that at this stage Chamberlain could have become leader of all the surviving Unionists (at least all those in favour of tariff reform) and force Balfour to resign. However, even protectionist Tories were reluctant to choose Chamberlain as their leader, not having forgotten how, as a Liberal, in the 1880s, he had been one of their sternest critics. Also, in an age when religious identification still mattered, Chamberlain was not a member of the established <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> but belonged to the minority <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarians</a>. </p><p>Chamberlain could, perhaps, have led the Unionists despite these drawbacks, but in July 1906 he suffered a stroke, which left him physically crippled. He remained semi-politically active and continued as the official leader of the Liberal Unionists, but his son <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a> and Lansdowne effectively acted on his behalf in both the party and the Tariff Reform League. </p><p>Devonshire died in 1908 but, despite the loss of the party's two most famous standard bearers, the Liberal Unionists were still able to increase their parliamentary representation in the two <a href="/wiki/1910_United_Kingdom_general_election_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="1910 United Kingdom general election (disambiguation)">1910 general elections</a> to 43 and then 49 MPs. <sup id="cite_ref-Ferris,_Wesley_2011_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferris,_Wesley_2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fusion_with_the_Conservatives">Fusion with the Conservatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Unionist_Party&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fusion with the Conservatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The issue of tariff reform had now become overshadowed by the revived threat of Home Rule for Ireland, as the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Act_1911" title="Parliament Act 1911">Parliament Act 1911</a> effectively stripped the House of Lords of its ability to veto it, while leaving it with delaying powers. This encouraged a movement to merge the two parties formally at the constituency and national organizational levels, a process speeded up by the election in 1911 of <a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a> as the new Conservative Party leader. An effective merger had already happened to some extent in Ireland, with the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Unionist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Unionist Party">Irish Unionist Party</a> and the separately organized Ulster Unionist Council in 1905, later formally to become the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a>. Outside Scotland and the English city of <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, many local Liberal Unionists and Conservatives had already formed joint constituency associations in the previous decade.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawood_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawood-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1912 the formal merger of the Conservatives and Liberal Unionists was finally accomplished to form the Conservative and Unionist Party,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> now usually called the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>. Although by 1912 the political distinctions between the two parties had long ceased to have any real meaning, they had been a residual factor in Austen Chamberlain's failure to become the Unionist leader in the House of Commons in 1911. When <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a> resigned, Austen Chamberlain and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Long,_1st_Viscount_Long" title="Walter Long, 1st Viscount Long">Walter Hume Long</a> both declared themselves as candidates for the leadership of the Unionist Party in the Commons. However, as Austen Chamberlain was still officially at least a Liberal Unionist, his candidature was opposed by many Conservatives, because they already had the Liberal Unionist Lord Lansdowne leading them in the House of Lords. In the end, <a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a> was elected unopposed by Unionist Members, and Austen Chamberlain would have to wait ten years for his chance to lead the united party. </p><p>Following the merger,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the party remained officially distinct in Scotland as the <a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Scotland)" title="Unionist Party (Scotland)">Unionist Party</a>, though its MPs sat with the Conservatives and were part of the Conservative Party in all but name only; the Scottish party finally officially merged with its English counterpart in 1965. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Unionist_Party&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The political impact of the Liberal Unionist breakaway marked the end of the long nineteenth century domination by the Liberal Party of the British political scene. From 1830 to 1886 the Liberals (the name the Whigs, <a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radicals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peelites" class="mw-redirect" title="Peelites">Peelites</a> accepted as their political label after 1859) had been managed to become almost the party of permanent government with just a couple of Conservative interludes.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1886, it was the Conservatives who enjoyed this position and they received a huge boost with their electoral and political alliance with a party of disaffected Liberals. </p><p>Though not numerous, the Liberal Unionists boasted having the vast bulk of the old Whig aristocracy within their ranks, as represented by the stolid "old money" Duke of Devonshire. Another example is <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Leveson-Gower_(Sutherland_MP)" title="Frederick Leveson-Gower (Sutherland MP)">Frederick Leveson-Gower</a>. The Duke of Devonshire's political partner, the Radical Joseph Chamberlain, was from a very different "new money" background, a businessman and a <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a>. Though he had joined the Liberal Unionists late on, he was more determined to maintain their separate status in the alliance with the Conservatives, perhaps hoping and wishing that he would be able to refashion the combination under his own leadership at a later date. Chamberlain's stroke in 1906 robbed him of this chance, though he remained involved in political life until 1914. </p><p>Though the Liberal Unionist party disappeared as a separate organisation in 1912,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Chamberlain legacy helped keep the industrial powerhouse of Birmingham from returning to the Liberal Party and would only be changed in 1945 in the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> electoral landslide of that year. It also remained a profound influence on Chamberlain's sons <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a>, who, when he was elected leader of the Conservative Party and thus became Prime Minister in 1937, told an audience how proud he was of his Liberal Unionist roots. This isn't surprising. Neither Neville or Austen actually stood for Parliament as 'Conservative' candidates. Their local political association in Birmingham preferred to call themselves Unionist rather than Conservative during this time and campaigned as such. The Unionist label privately suited Neville Chamberlain as well. He confided to his own family how he always regarded the Conservative party label as 'odious' and thought of it a barrier to people joining what he thought could be a non-socialist but a reforming party during the 1930s which Chamberlain hoped would be called National to include the parties of the <a href="/wiki/UK_National_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="UK National Government">National Government</a> coalition in the 1930s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leaders_of_the_Liberal_Unionists_in_the_House_of_Commons,_1886–1912"><span id="Leaders_of_the_Liberal_Unionists_in_the_House_of_Commons.2C_1886.E2.80.931912"></span>Leaders of the Liberal Unionists in the House of Commons, 1886–1912</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Unionist_Party&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Leaders of the Liberal Unionists in the House of Commons, 1886–1912"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Spencer Cavendish styled by courtesy Lord Hartington</a> 1886–1891 (succeeded to his father's titles in 1891 and became the party leader in the Lords)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a> 1891–1912</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leaders_of_the_Liberal_Unionists_in_the_House_of_Lords,_1886–1912"><span id="Leaders_of_the_Liberal_Unionists_in_the_House_of_Lords.2C_1886.E2.80.931912"></span>Leaders of the Liberal Unionists in the House of Lords, 1886–1912</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Unionist_Party&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Leaders of the Liberal Unionists in the House of Lords, 1886–1912"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby</a> 1886–1891</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire</a> 1891–1903</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne</a> 1903–1912</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_Liberal_Unionists">Prominent Liberal Unionists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Unionist_Party&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prominent Liberal Unionists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hopkinson" title="Alfred Hopkinson">Alfred Hopkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Amery" title="Leo Amery">Leo Amery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Jonathan_Backhouse,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Jonathan Backhouse, 1st Baronet">Jonathan Backhouse</a> (created a <a href="/wiki/Backhouse_baronets" title="Backhouse baronets">baronet</a> in 1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Campbell,_8th_Duke_of_Argyll" title="George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll">George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Russell,_9th_Duke_of_Bedford" title="Francis Russell, 9th Duke of Bedford">Francis Russell, 9th Duke of Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">John Bright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester_Parkinson-Fortescue,_1st_Baron_Carlingford" title="Chichester Parkinson-Fortescue, 1st Baron Carlingford">Chichester Parkinson-Fortescue, 1st Baron Carlingford</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Collings" title="Jesse Collings">Jesse Collings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Darwin" title="Leonard Darwin">Leonard Darwin</a>, son of biologist and naturalist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>. MP for <a href="/wiki/Lichfield_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Lichfield (UK Parliament constituency)">Lichfield</a> 1892–1895.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>, author; candidate for <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Edinburgh Central (UK Parliament constituency)">Edinburgh Central</a> in 1900 and <a href="/wiki/Hawick_Burghs_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Hawick Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)">Hawick Burghs</a> in 1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._V._Dicey" title="A. V. Dicey">A. V. Dicey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millicent_Fawcett" title="Millicent Fawcett">Millicent Fawcett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Goschen,_1st_Viscount_Goschen" title="George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen">George Goschen</a> (created <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Goschen" title="Viscount Goschen">Viscount Goschen</a> in 1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Grosvenor,_1st_Baron_Stalbridge" title="Richard Grosvenor, 1st Baron Stalbridge">Lord Richard Grosvenor</a> (created <a href="/wiki/Baron_Stalbridge" title="Baron Stalbridge">Lord Stalbridge</a> in 1886)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_James,_1st_Baron_James_of_Hereford" title="Henry James, 1st Baron James of Hereford">Henry James</a> (created <a href="/wiki/Baron_James_of_Hereford" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron James of Hereford">Lord James of Hereford</a> in 1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Hartpole_Lecky" title="William Edward Hartpole Lecky">W. E. H. Lecky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupton_family#Francis_Martineau_Lupton" title="Lupton family">Francis Martineau Lupton</a>, great great grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Catherine, Princess of Wales">Catherine, Princess of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Baring,_1st_Earl_of_Northbrook" title="Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook">Thomas Baring, 1st Baron Northbrook</a> (created <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Northbrook" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl of Northbrook">Earl of Northbrook</a> in 1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundell_Palmer,_1st_Earl_of_Selborne" title="Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne">Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Palmer,_2nd_Earl_of_Selborne" title="William Palmer, 2nd Earl of Selborne">William Palmer, 2nd Earl of Selborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a>, polar explorer; candidate for <a href="/wiki/Dundee_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Dundee (UK Parliament constituency)">Dundee</a> in 1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley">Henry Morton Stanley</a>, journalist and explorer; MP for <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Lambeth North (UK Parliament constituency)">Lambeth North</a> 1895 – 1900.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowe,_1st_Viscount_Sherbrooke" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Lowe, 1st Viscount Sherbrooke">Robert Lowe, 1st Viscount Sherbrooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick">Henry Sidgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Trevelyan,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet">George Trevelyan</a> (rejoined the Liberal Party in 1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin">William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Grosvenor,_1st_Duke_of_Westminster" title="Hugh Grosvenor, 1st Duke of Westminster">Hugh Grosvenor, 1st Duke of Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevil_Story_Maskelyne" title="Nevil Story Maskelyne">Nevil Story Maskelyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Leveson-Gower_(Sutherland_MP)" title="Frederick Leveson-Gower (Sutherland MP)">Frederick Leveson-Gower</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_performance">Electoral performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Unionist_Party&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Electoral performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Electoral performance<sup id="cite_ref-Ferris,_Wesley_2011_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferris,_Wesley_2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Leader </th> <th>Candidates </th> <th>Votes (#) </th> <th>Votes (%) </th> <th>Seats Won </th> <th>Government </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1886_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1886 United Kingdom general election">1886</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">The Marquess of Hartington</a> </td> <td>160 </td> <td>416,391 </td> <td>14.0% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">77 / 670</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008080; width: 11%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Conservative–Liberal Unionist </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1892_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1892 United Kingdom general election">1892</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire</a> </td> <td>137 </td> <td>468,729 </td> <td>10.2% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">48 / 670</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008080; width: 7%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Liberal minority </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1895_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1895 United Kingdom general election">1895</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire</a> </td> <td>111 </td> <td>358,672 </td> <td>9.3% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">71 / 670</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008080; width: 11%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Conservative–Liberal Unionist </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1900_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1900 United Kingdom general election">1900</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire</a> </td> <td>101 </td> <td>300,685 </td> <td>8.5% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">67 / 670</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008080; width: 10%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Conservative–Liberal Unionist </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">1906</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a> </td> <td>100 </td> <td>410,161 </td> <td>7.3% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">27 / 670</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008080; width: 4%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Liberal </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/January_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="January 1910 United Kingdom general election">Jan 1910</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a> </td> <td>101 </td> <td>492,473 </td> <td>7.4% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">43 / 670</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008080; width: 6%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Liberal minority </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/December_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="December 1910 United Kingdom general election">Dec 1910</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a> </td> <td>75 </td> <td>298,606 </td> <td>5.7% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">49 / 670</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008080; width: 7%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Liberal minority </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Unionist_Party&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iain Sharpe<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argues that for many years historians largely ignored the party or mentioned it as introducing a new <a href="/wiki/Class_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Class division">class division</a> to British party politics.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars since 1970 have dropped this class conflict approach. They see the Liberal Unionists as motivated primarily by ideology not class. For example, <a href="/wiki/W._C._Lubenow" class="mw-redirect" title="W. C. Lubenow">W. C. Lubenow</a> finds no correlation between Liberal MPs' class background and their position on home rule.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jonathan Parry and T. A. Jenkins have separately argued that Gladstone's domineering leadership, his intense religiosity and his pandering to public opinion alienated the more secular and rationalist outlook of many Liberals.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ian Cawood portrays the Liberal Unionists as a distinct and vital political force, at least until 1895 when they entered coalition with the Conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawood_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawood-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture_and_the_media">In popular culture and the media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Unionist_Party&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In popular culture and the media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest" title="The Importance of Being Earnest">The Importance of Being Earnest</a></i> there is an exchange between Jack Worthing and Lady Bracknell about his suitability as a match for her daughter Gwendolen. </p> <dl><dd>LADY BRACKNELL : [Sternly]... What are your politics?</dd></dl> <dl><dd>JACK: Well, I am afraid I really have none. I am a Liberal Unionist.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>LADY BRACKNELL: Oh, they count as Tories. They dine with us. Or come in the evening, at any rate.</dd></dl> <p>The play was first performed at the Queen's Theatre London on 14 February 1895 and ran for 83 performances. Jack Worthing's declaration that he was in essence apolitical but – if pressed – would say Liberal Unionist was a joke that would have appealed to the audiences that saw the play in that period. As a party that depended on an electoral pact with the Tories to maintain their MPs in parliament, the Liberal Unionists had to at least appear to be also 'Liberal' in matters not connected with Home Rule including some measures of promoting reform. To someone like Jack, the Liberal Unionists' attempts to be two things at the same time but in different places would have appealed with his double identity ('Well, my name is Ernest in town and Jack in the country', he says in act 1). </p><p>Since 1895 the then topical 'Liberal Unionist' reference has caused some problems with later productions of the play. Usually the line is retained – despite its reference to a long dead political issue (and also party) but it was altered or omitted in at least two film versions of the play. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest_(1952_film)" title="The Importance of Being Earnest (1952 film)">1952 film version</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Asquith" title="Anthony Asquith">Anthony Asquith</a> (the son of a former British Liberal Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>) Jack answers that he is a 'Liberal' rather than 'Liberal Unionist'. Lady Bracknell's answer remains the same. In 1952 this comment was applicable to the then Liberal Party's precarious political position, whose few remaining MPs were largely in constituencies where the Conservative Party refused to stand for fear of splitting an established Liberal vote and letting in the Labour Party. Since then, many adaptations of the play have kept this brief mention of the obscure political party. However, in the <a href="/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest_(2002_film)" title="The Importance of Being Earnest (2002 film)">2002 film version</a> which starred <a href="/wiki/Judi_Dench" title="Judi Dench">Judi Dench</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colin_Firth" title="Colin Firth">Colin Firth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Everett" title="Rupert Everett">Rupert Everett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reese_Witherspoon" title="Reese Witherspoon">Reese Witherspoon</a> – the lines were dropped yet episodes and characters in an earlier version of the play that Wilde had been encouraged to drop before the play's first performance were re-incorporated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Unionist_Party&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">Liberalism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Scotland)" title="Unionist Party (Scotland)">Scottish Unionist Party</a> (1912–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Unionist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Unionist Party">Irish Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_issue_in_British_politics" title="Irish issue in British politics">Irish issue in British politics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Unionist_Party&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlaxill2016" class="citation book cs1">Blaxill, Luke (2016). "Opposition to Irish Home Rule". In Huzzey, Richard; Childs, Mike (eds.). <i>Campaigning for Change: Lessons from History</i>. London. p. 106. <q>Having two parties and two sets of leaders allowed the Unionists to appeal to a broader group of voters and remain anchored in the political centre.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Opposition+to+Irish+Home+Rule&rft.btitle=Campaigning+for+Change%3A+Lessons+from+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=106&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Blaxill&rft.aufirst=Luke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+Unionist+Party" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wesley Ferris, "The Liberal Unionist Party, 1886–1912"" (PhD dissertation, McMaster University, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawood-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cawood_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawood_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawood_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawood_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawood_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawood_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawood_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawood_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Cawood, <i>The Liberal Unionist Party: A History</i> (2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.C.K. Ensor, <i>England 1870–1914</i> (1936) p 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._W._Bebbington2014" class="citation book cs1">D. W. Bebbington (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KUNpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93"><i>The Nonconformist Conscience</i></a>. Routledge. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317796558" title="Special:BookSources/9781317796558"><bdi>9781317796558</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201102538/https://books.google.com/books?id=KUNpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nonconformist+Conscience&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317796558&rft.au=D.+W.+Bebbington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKUNpAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+Unionist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTravis_L._Crosby2011" class="citation book cs1">Travis L. Crosby (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HAKPcVqFqQsC&pg=PA74"><i>Joseph Chamberlain: A Most Radical Imperialist</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. pp. 74–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848857537" title="Special:BookSources/9781848857537"><bdi>9781848857537</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201101544/https://books.google.com/books?id=HAKPcVqFqQsC&pg=PA74">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Chamberlain%3A+A+Most+Radical+Imperialist&rft.pages=74-76&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781848857537&rft.au=Travis+L.+Crosby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHAKPcVqFqQsC%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+Unionist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugh_Cunningham2014" class="citation book cs1">Hugh Cunningham (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KyIiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA134"><i>The Challenge of Democracy: Britain 1832–1918</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 134–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317883289" title="Special:BookSources/9781317883289"><bdi>9781317883289</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201101525/https://books.google.com/books?id=KyIiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA134">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Challenge+of+Democracy%3A+Britain+1832%E2%80%931918&rft.pages=134-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317883289&rft.au=Hugh+Cunningham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKyIiBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+Unionist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferris,_Wesley_2011-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ferris,_Wesley_2011_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferris,_Wesley_2011_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferris,_Wesley_2011_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferris, Wesley (2011). "The Candidates of the Liberal Unionist Party, 1886–1912". Parliamentary History. 30# 2: 142–157. doi:10.1111/j.1750-0206.2011.00246.x.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John D. Fair, "From Liberal to Conservative: The Flight of the Liberal Unionists after 1886." <i>Victorian Studies</i> (1986): 291–314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Louis Garvin and Julian Amery, <i>The Life of Joseph Chamberlain</i> (Vol. 6. 1969).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLord_Lexden2012" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Cooke,_Baron_Lexden" title="Alistair Cooke, Baron Lexden">Lord Lexden</a> (1 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alistairlexden.org.uk/sites/www.alistairlexden.org.uk/files/lord-lexden-100th-anniversary-cp.pdf">"All in the name: Lord Lexden takes a look through the history books to report on the 100th anniversary of the renaming of the Conservative Party"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_(magazine)" title="The House (magazine)">The House</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Dod%27s_Parliamentary_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Dod's Parliamentary Communications">Dod's Parliamentary Communications</a>. pp. 46–48. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160919044732/https://www.alistairlexden.org.uk/sites/www.alistairlexden.org.uk/files/lord-lexden-100th-anniversary-cp.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-09-19 – via alistairlexden.org.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+House&rft.atitle=All+in+the+name%3A+Lord+Lexden+takes+a+look+through+the+history+books+to+report+on+the+100th+anniversary+of+the+renaming+of+the+Conservative+Party&rft.pages=46-48&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft.au=Lord+Lexden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alistairlexden.org.uk%2Fsites%2Fwww.alistairlexden.org.uk%2Ffiles%2Flord-lexden-100th-anniversary-cp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+Unionist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The united organisation was initially called the National Unionist Association of Conservative and Liberal Unionist Organisations. This was modified in 1917 to the National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Conservatives had a majority of seats in the House of Commons in 1841–1846 and 1874–1880 as a united party.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Birmingham separate Liberal Unionist and Conservative associations persisted until 1919 when they were merged to form the Birmingham Unionist Association. The prime mover behind this was <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchison2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hutchison, Iain (7 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F158%2F1%2F012004">"Lord Kelvin and Liberal Unionism"</a>. <i>Journal of Physics: Conference Series</i>. <b>158</b>: 012004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F158%2F1%2F012004">10.1088/1742-6596/158/1/012004</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physics%3A+Conference+Series&rft.atitle=Lord+Kelvin+and+Liberal+Unionism&rft.volume=158&rft.pages=012004&rft.date=2007-12-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F158%2F1%2F012004&rft.aulast=Hutchison&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%252F1742-6596%252F158%252F1%252F012004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+Unionist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iain Sharpe, "Review of: The Liberal Unionist Party: A History" <i>Reviews in History</i> (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/printpdf/review/1336">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161118163910/http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/printpdf/review/1336">Archived</a> 2016-11-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Ensor, <i>England 1870–1914</i> (1936) p 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. C. Lubenow, "Irish Home Rule and the great separation in the Liberal Party in 1886: the dimensions of parliamentary liberalism." <i>Victorian Studies</i> 26.2 (1983): 161–180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. P. Parry, <i>The Rise and Fall of Liberal Government in Victorian Britain</i> (1993); T. A. Jenkins, <i>Gladstone, Whiggery, and the Liberal Party, 1874–1886</i> (1988).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Unionist_Party&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Liberal_Unionist_Party" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionist Party</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Bebbington, D. W. <i>The Nonconformist Conscience: Chapel and Politics, 1870–1914</i> (George Allen & Unwin, 1982).</li> <li>Bentley, Michael. <i>The Climax of British Politics: British Liberalism in Theory and Practice 1868–1918</i> (Edward Arnold, 1987).</li> <li>Bernstein, George L. <i>Liberalism and Liberal Politics in Edwardian England</i> (Allen & Unwin, 1986).</li> <li>Blewett, Neal. <i>The Peers, the Parties and the People: the general elections of 1910</i> (U of Toronto Press, 1972).</li> <li>Cawood, Ian. <i>The Liberal Unionist Party: A History</i> (I.B. Tauris. 2012)., 362, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/printpdf/review/1336">online review and historiography by Iain Sharpe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161118163910/http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/printpdf/review/1336">Archived</a> 2016-11-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; the only full-scale history of the party in print; see Ferris (2008) below</li> <li>Cawood, Ian. "The 1892 General Election and the Eclipse of the Liberal Unionists." <i>Parliamentary History</i> 29.3 (2010): 331–57.</li> <li>Cawood, Ian. "The Unionist 'Compact' in West Midland Politics 1891–1895." <i>Midland History</i> 30 (2005): 92–111.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig,_F.W.S.1974" class="citation book cs1">Craig, F.W.S., ed. (1974). <i>British Parliamentary Election Results 1885–1918</i>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Parliamentary+Election+Results+1885%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+Unionist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Davis, Peter. "The Liberal Unionist Party and the Irish Policy of Lord Salisbury's Government, 1886–1892" <i>Historical Journal</i> 18#1 (1975), p. 85–104.</li> <li>Fair, John D. "From Liberal to Conservative: The Flight of the Liberal Unionists after 1886." <i>Victorian Studies</i> (1986): 291–314. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3826953">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170402043653/http://www.jstor.org/stable/3826953">Archived</a> 2017-04-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Fair, John D. "Party Voting Behaviour in the British House of Commons, 1886–1918,' <i>Parliamentary History</i> 5#1 (1986), pp. 65–82.</li> <li>Ferris, Wesley. "The Liberal Unionist Party, 1886–1912" (PhD dissertation, McMaster University, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://macsphere.mcmaster.ca/bitstream/11375/16545/1/Ferris%20Wesley%20.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218063737/https://macsphere.mcmaster.ca/bitstream/11375/16545/1/Ferris%20Wesley%20.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-02-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Detailed bibliography pp 397–418. full text online</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="pp_142–157" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ferris, Wesley (2011). "The Candidates of the Liberal Unionist Party, 1886–1912". <i>Parliamentary History</i>. 30# 2 (2): 142–157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1750-0206.2011.00246.x">10.1111/j.1750-0206.2011.00246.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+History&rft.atitle=The+Candidates+of+the+Liberal+Unionist+Party%2C+1886%E2%80%931912&rft.volume=30%23+2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=142-157&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1750-0206.2011.00246.x&rft.aulast=Ferris&rft.aufirst=Wesley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+Unionist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>France, John. "Salisbury and the Unionist Alliance" in Robert Blake and Hugh Cecil, eds., <i>Salisbury: The Man and his Policies</i> (Macmillan, 1987), pp. 219–251.</li> <li>Fraser, Peter. "The Liberal Unionist Alliance: Chamberlain, Hartington, and the Conservatives, 1886–1904." <i>English Historical Review</i> 77#302 (1962): 53–78. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/560866">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170402042216/http://www.jstor.org/stable/560866">Archived</a> 2017-04-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Goodman, Gordon L. "Liberal Unionism: the revolt of the Whigs." <i>Victorian Studies</i> 3.2 (1959): 173–189. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3825003">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170402043707/http://www.jstor.org/stable/3825003">Archived</a> 2017-04-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Holland, Bernard Henry. <i>The Life of Spencer Compton, eighth duke of Devonshire.</i> (2 vols 1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifespencercompt01holl">online vol 1</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofspencercom02holl">online vol 2</a></li> <li>Jackson, Patrick. <i>The Last of the Whigs: A Political Biography of Lord Hartington, later Eighth Duke of Devonshire (1833–1908)</i> (Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1994).</li> <li>Jenkins, T. A. "The funding of the Liberal Unionist party and the honours system." <i>English Historical Review</i> 105.417 (1990): 920–93 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/574619">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170402022320/http://www.jstor.org/stable/574619">Archived</a> 2017-04-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Jenkins, T. A. "Hartington, Chamberlain and the Unionist Alliance, 1886–1895" <i>Parliamentary History</i> 11#1 (1992) pp. 108–138.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="pages_482–507" class="citation journal cs1">Lloyd-Jones, N. (August 2015). "Liberal Unionism and Political Representation in Wales, c.1886–1893". <i>Historical Research</i>. <b>88</b> (241): 482–507. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2281.12092">10.1111/1468-2281.12092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Research&rft.atitle=Liberal+Unionism+and+Political+Representation+in+Wales%2C+c.1886%E2%80%931893&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=241&rft.pages=482-507&rft.date=2015-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-2281.12092&rft.aulast=Lloyd-Jones&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+Unionist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McCaffrey, John F. "The Origins of Liberal Unionism in the West of Scotland" <i>Scottish Historical Review</i> Vol. 50 (1971) pp. 47–71.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh1994" class="citation book cs1">Marsh, Peter T. (1994). <i>Joseph Chamberlain: Entrepreneur in Politics</i>. Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Chamberlain%3A+Entrepreneur+in+Politics&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Peter+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+Unionist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry1996" class="citation book cs1">Parry, J. (1996). <i>The Rise and Fall of Liberal Government in Victorian Britain</i> (2nd ed.). Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Liberal+Government+in+Victorian+Britain&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+Unionist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Parry, Jonathan. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32331">Cavendish, Spencer Compton, marquess of Hartington and eighth duke of Devonshire (1833–1908)</a>", <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 5 Jan 2014].</li> <li>Rempel, Richard A. <i>Unionists Divided; Arthur Balfour, Joseph Chamberlain and the Unionist Free Traders</i> (Archon Books, 1972).</li> <li>Searle, G. R. <i>Country Before Party: Coalition and the Idea of "National Government" in modern Britain, 1885–1987</i> (1995).</li> <li>Searle, G. R. <i>A New England?: Peace and War 1886–1918</i> (2004) survey of the era.</li> <li>Sharpe, Iain. "Review of: The Liberal Unionist Party: A History" <i>Reviews in History</i> (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/printpdf/review/1336">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161118163910/http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/printpdf/review/1336">Archived</a> 2016-11-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; historiography</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Unionist_Party&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22972">http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22972</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.historyandpolicy.org/policy-papers/papers/liberal-conservative-coalitions-a-farce-and-a-fraud">http://www.historyandpolicy.org/policy-papers/papers/liberal-conservative-coalitions-a-farce-and-a-fraud</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-2281.12092/abstract">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-2281.12092/abstract</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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Liberal Party (UK)">Leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700;;width:1%">Leaders in the House of Commons (1859–1916)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a> (1859–65)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a> (1865–75)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Hartington</a> (1875–80)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a> (1880–94)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a> (1894–96)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a> (1896–98)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a> (1899–1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a> (1908–16)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700;;width:1%">Leaders in the House of Lords (1859–1916)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a> (1859–65)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a> (1865–68)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a> (1868–91)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a> (1891–94)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a> (1894–96)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a> (1896–1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_5th_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer">Spencer</a> (1902–05)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a> (1905–08)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crewe-Milnes,_1st_Marquess_of_Crewe" title="Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe">Crewe</a> (1908–23)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700;;width:1%">Overall Leaders (1916–88)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a> (1916–26)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(British_politician)" title="Donald Maclean (British politician)">Maclean</a> <small>(interim)</small> (1918–20)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a> (1926–31)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Samuel</a> (1931–35)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Sinclair,_1st_Viscount_Thurso" title="Archibald Sinclair, 1st Viscount Thurso">Sinclair</a> (1935–45)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clement_Davies" title="Clement Davies">Davies</a> (1945–56)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jo_Grimond" title="Jo Grimond">Grimond</a> (1956–67)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Thorpe" title="Jeremy Thorpe">Thorpe</a> (1967–76)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jo_Grimond" title="Jo Grimond">Grimond</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Steel" title="David Steel">Steel</a> (1976–88)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700;;width:1%">Deputy Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Samuel</a> (1929–31)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Sinclair,_1st_Viscount_Thurso" title="Archibald Sinclair, 1st Viscount Thurso">Sinclair</a> (1931–35)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Percy_Harris,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Percy Harris, 1st Baronet">Harris</a> (1940–45)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>vacant</i> (1945–49)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Megan_Lloyd_George" title="Megan Lloyd George">M Lloyd George</a> (1949–51)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>vacant</i> (1951–62)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Wade,_Baron_Wade" title="Donald Wade, Baron Wade">Wade</a> (1962–64)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>vacant</i> (1964–76)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Pardoe" title="John Pardoe">Pardoe</a> (1976-79)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>vacant</i> (1979-85)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Beith" title="Alan Beith">Beith</a> (1985–88)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700;;width:1%">Leaders in the Lords (1916–88)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crewe-Milnes,_1st_Marquess_of_Crewe" title="Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe">Crewe</a> (1908–23)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Grey</a> (1923–24)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lygon,_7th_Earl_Beauchamp" title="William Lygon, 7th Earl Beauchamp">Beauchamp</a> (1924–31)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Isaacs,_1st_Marquess_of_Reading" title="Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading">Reading</a> (1931–36)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crewe-Milnes,_1st_Marquess_of_Crewe" title="Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe">Crewe</a> (1936–44)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Samuel</a> (1944–55)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rea,_2nd_Baron_Rea" title="Philip Rea, 2nd Baron Rea">Rea</a> (1955–67)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Byers" title="Frank Byers">Byers</a> (1967–84)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Seear,_Baroness_Seear" title="Nancy Seear, Baroness Seear">Seear</a> (1984–88)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Liberal_Party" title="President of the Liberal Party">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a> (1877–80)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Collings" title="Jesse Collings">Collings</a> (1880–81)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fell_Pease" title="Henry Fell Pease">Fell Pease</a> (1881–82)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Kitson,_1st_Baron_Airedale" title="James Kitson, 1st Baron Airedale">Kitson</a> (1883–90)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Foster,_1st_Baron_Ilkeston" title="Walter Foster, 1st Baron Ilkeston">Foster</a> (1886–90)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Spence_Watson" title="Robert Spence Watson">Spence Watson</a> (1890–1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Birrell" title="Augustine Birrell">Birrell</a> (1902–06)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Dyke_Acland,_13th_Baronet" title="Sir Arthur Dyke Acland, 13th Baronet">Dyke Acland</a> (1906–07)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Angus_(British_politician)" title="William Angus (British politician)">Angus</a> (1908–11)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Brunner,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Brunner, 1st Baronet">J Brunner</a> (1911–18)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Lunn_(British_politician)" title="George Lunn (British politician)">Lunn</a> (1918–20)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._M._Robertson" title="J. M. Robertson">Robertson</a> (1920–23)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(British_politician)" title="Donald Maclean (British politician)">Maclean</a> (1923–26)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._A._Spender" title="J. A. Spender">Spender</a> (1926–27)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hobhouse" title="Charles Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a> (1927–30)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Brampton" title="Arthur Brampton">Brampton</a> (1930–33)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Meston,_1st_Baron_Meston" title="James Meston, 1st Baron Meston">Meston</a> (1936–43)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Violet_Bonham_Carter" title="Violet Bonham Carter">Bonham Carter</a> (1945–47)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Foot" title="Isaac Foot">Foot</a> (1947–48)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Dodds" title="Elliott Dodds">Dodds</a> (1948–49)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_McFadyean" title="Andrew McFadyean">McFadyean</a> (1949–50)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Fothergill" title="Philip Fothergill">Fothergill</a> (1950–52)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Walker_(British_politician)" title="Ronald Walker (British politician)">Walker</a> (1952–53)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Robson" title="Lawrence Robson">L Robson</a> (1953–54)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Graham_White_(politician)" title="Graham White (politician)">White</a> (1954–55)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rea,_2nd_Baron_Rea" title="Philip Rea, 2nd Baron Rea">Rea</a> (1955–56)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Behrens" title="Leonard Behrens">Behrens</a> (1956–57)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Micklem_(theologian)" title="Nathaniel Micklem (theologian)">Micklem</a> (1957–58)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Comyns_Carr" title="Arthur Comyns Carr">Comyns Carr</a> (1958–59)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Glanville_(junior)" title="Harold Glanville (junior)">Glanville</a> (1959–60)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Murray_(Scottish_politician)" title="Andrew Murray (Scottish politician)">Murray</a> (1960–61)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Malindine" title="Edwin Malindine">Malindine</a> (1961–62)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Brunner" title="Felix Brunner">F Brunner</a> (1962–63)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Rees-Williams,_1st_Baron_Ogmore" title="David Rees-Williams, 1st Baron Ogmore">Rees-Williams</a> (1963–64)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fulford" title="Roger Fulford">Fulford</a> (1964–65)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Seear,_Baroness_Seear" title="Nancy Seear, Baroness Seear">Seear</a> (1965–66)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Eden,_7th_Baron_Henley" title="Michael Eden, 7th Baron Henley">Henley and Northington</a> (1966–67)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Wade,_Baron_Wade" title="Donald Wade, Baron Wade">Wade</a> (1967–68)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Beaumont" title="Tim Beaumont">Beaumont</a> (1968–69)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inga-Stina_Robson,_Baroness_Robson_of_Kiddington" title="Inga-Stina Robson, Baroness Robson of Kiddington">S Robson</a> (1969–70)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Terrell" title="Stephen Terrell">Terrell</a> (1971–72)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Jones_(British_politician)" title="Trevor Jones (British politician)">Jones</a> (1972–73)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhys_Lloyd,_Baron_Lloyd_of_Kilgerran" title="Rhys Lloyd, Baron Lloyd of Kilgerran">Lloyd</a> (1973–74)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holt_(politician)" title="Arthur Holt (politician)">Holt</a> (1974–75)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Wingfield" title="Margaret Wingfield">Wingfield</a> (1975–76)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Basil_Goldstone" title="Basil Goldstone">Goldstone</a> (1976–77)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gruffydd_Evans,_Baron_Evans_of_Claughton" title="Gruffydd Evans, Baron Evans of Claughton">Evans</a> (1977–78)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steed" title="Michael Steed">Steed</a> (1978–79)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Rose" title="Joyce Rose">Rose</a> (1979-80)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holme,_Baron_Holme_of_Cheltenham" title="Richard Holme, Baron Holme of Cheltenham">Holme</a> (1980–81)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viv_Bingham" title="Viv Bingham">Bingham</a> (1981–82)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Griffiths_(Liberal_politician)" title="John Griffiths (Liberal politician)">Griffiths</a> (1982–83)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Tordoff,_Baron_Tordoff" title="Geoffrey Tordoff, Baron Tordoff">Tordoff</a> (1983–84)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Watson,_Baron_Watson_of_Richmond" title="Alan Watson, Baron Watson of Richmond">Watson</a> (1984–85)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Penhaligon" title="David Penhaligon">Penhaligon</a> (1985–86)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Des_Wilson" title="Des Wilson">Wilson</a> (1986–87)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Slade" title="Adrian Slade">Slade</a> (1987–88)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700;"><div id="Leadership_elections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership elections</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Liberal_Party_leadership_election" title="1967 Liberal Party leadership election">1967 (Thorpe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Liberal_Party_leadership_election" title="1976 Liberal Party leadership election">1976 (Steel)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700;"><div id="Governments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governments</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700;;width:1%">Single party Liberal governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Gladstone_ministry" title="First Gladstone ministry">First Gladstone ministry</a> (1868–74)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Gladstone_ministry" title="Second Gladstone ministry">Second Gladstone ministry</a> (1880–85)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Third_Gladstone_ministry" title="Third Gladstone ministry">Third Gladstone ministry</a> (1886)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_government,_1892%E2%80%931895#Fourth_Gladstone_ministry" title="Liberal government, 1892–1895">Fourth Gladstone ministry</a> (1892–94)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rosebery_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosebery ministry">Rosebery ministry</a> (1894–95)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Campbell-Bannerman_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Campbell-Bannerman ministry">Campbell-Bannerman ministry</a> (1905–08)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Asquith_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="First Asquith ministry">First Asquith ministry</a> (1908–15)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700;;width:1%">Liberal-led coalitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asquith_coalition_ministry" title="Asquith coalition ministry">Asquith coalition ministry</a> (1915–16)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_George_ministry" title="Lloyd George ministry">Lloyd George ministry</a> (1916–22)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700;;width:1%">Coalitions with Liberal ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Government_(1931)" title="National Government (1931)"> First National Government</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Government_(1931%E2%80%931935)" title="National Government (1931–1935)">Second National Government</a> (1931-1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Churchill_war_ministry" title="Churchill war ministry">Churchill war ministry</a> (1940–45)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700;"><div id="Structure" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Structure</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700;;width:1%">Parliamentarians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Liberal_Party_(UK)_MPs" title="List of Liberal Party (UK) MPs">Members of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Liberal_Party_(UK)_Peers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Liberal Party (UK) Peers (page does not exist)">Members of the House of Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Whip_of_the_Liberal_Democrats" title="Chief Whip of the Liberal Democrats">Chief Whip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700;;width:1%">Frontbench</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_Frontbench_Team,_1945%E2%80%931956" title="Liberal Party Frontbench Team, 1945–1956">Liberal Party Frontbench Team, 1945–1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_Frontbench_Team,_1956%E2%80%931967" title="Liberal Party Frontbench Team, 1956–1967">Liberal Party Frontbench Team, 1956–1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_Frontbench_Team,_1967%E2%80%931976" title="Liberal Party Frontbench Team, 1967–1976">Liberal Party Frontbench Team, 1967–1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_Frontbench_Team,_1976%E2%80%931988" title="Liberal Party Frontbench Team, 1976–1988">Liberal Party Frontbench Team, 1976–1988</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700;;width:1%">State parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Federation" title="National Liberal Federation">National Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_Organisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party Organisation (page does not exist)">Liberal Party Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberal_Party" title="Scottish Liberal Party">Scottish Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Liberal_Party" title="Welsh Liberal Party">Welsh Liberal Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700;;width:1%">Conference</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Assembly" title="Liberal Assembly">Liberal Assembly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Specified_Associated_Organisation" title="Specified Associated Organisation">SAOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Young_Liberals" title="National League of Young Liberals">National League of Young Liberals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Liberal_Students" title="Union of Liberal Students">Union of Liberal Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Liberal_Federation" title="Women's Liberal Federation">Women's Liberal Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700;"><div id="Related_organisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related organisations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%27s" title="Brooks's">Brooks's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Club" title="National Liberal Club">National Liberal Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Club" title="Reform Club">Reform Club</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK)" title="Social Democratic Party (UK)">Social Democratic Party</a> (1981-1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDP%E2%80%93Liberal_Alliance" title="SDP–Liberal Alliance">SDP–Liberal Alliance</a> (1981–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Liberal_Party" title="Ulster Liberal Party">Ulster Liberal Party</a> (1956–1987)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> (1988-present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700;"><div id="History_and_related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History and related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Imperialists" title="Liberal Imperialists">Liberal Imperialists</a></li> <li>Coalition Government: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Coupon" title="Coalition Coupon">Coalition Coupon</a> <i>in Government</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1918)" title="Independent Liberal Party (UK, 1918)">Independent Liberal Party (UK, 1918)</a> <i>in Opposition</i></li></ul></li> <li>National Government: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Liberals_(UK,_1931)" title="Independent Liberals (UK, 1931)">Independent Liberals (UK, 1931)</a> <i>in Opposition</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Liberal_Party_and_Liberal_Democrats_(UK)_general_election_manifestos" title="List of Liberal Party and Liberal Democrats (UK) general election manifestos">General election manifestos</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Britain%27s_Industrial_Future" title="Britain's Industrial Future">Britain's Industrial Future ("The Yellow Book")</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glee_Club_(UK_politics)" title="Glee Club (UK politics)">Glee Club</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Land_(song)" title="The Land (song)">The Land</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lib%E2%80%93Lab_pact" title="Lib–Lab pact">Lib–Lab pact</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberator_(magazine)" title="Liberator (magazine)">Liberator</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_more_heave" title="One more heave">One more heave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peelite" title="Peelite">Peelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Action" title="Radical Action">Radical Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reform_Group" title="Radical Reform Group">Radical Reform Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rockingham_Whigs" title="Rockingham Whigs">Rockingham Whigs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700;"><div id="Breakaway_parties" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Breakaway parties</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liberal Unionist Party</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Spencer Cavendish</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1922)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1922)">National Liberal Party (UK, 1922)</a> <small>(David Lloyd George)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1931)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)">National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)</a> <small>("Simonites")</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK,_1989)" title="Liberal Party (UK, 1989)">Liberal Party (UK, 1989)</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Michael_Meadowcroft" title="Michael Meadowcroft">Michael Meadowcroft</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservative_and_Unionist_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Template:Conservative Party (UK)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Template talk:Conservative Party (UK)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative Party (UK)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservative_and_Unionist_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)"><span style="color:white;">Conservative and Unionist Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Archive" title="Conservative Party Archive">Conservative Party Archive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="History of the Conservative Party (UK)">History of the Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism">History of conservatism in Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Electoral history of the Conservative Party (UK)">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamworth_Manifesto" title="Tamworth Manifesto">Tamworth Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club" title="Carlton Club">Carlton Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primrose_League" title="Primrose League">Primrose League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_Reform_League" title="Tariff Reform League">Tariff Reform League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Free_Food_League" title="Unionist Free Food League">Unionist Free Food League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Coupon" title="Coalition Coupon">Coalition Coupon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club_meeting" title="Carlton Club meeting">Carlton Club meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_(UK)_general_election_manifestos" title="List of Conservative Party (UK) general election manifestos">General election manifestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party" title="Fourth Party">Fourth Party</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liberal Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Conservative_Party" title="Irish Conservative Party">Irish Conservative Party </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Unionist_Alliance" title="Irish Unionist Alliance">Irish Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Scotland)" title="Unionist Party (Scotland)">Scottish Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(UK,_1917)" title="National Party (UK, 1917)">National Party (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1931)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)">National Liberal Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Leadership" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords"><span style="color:white;">House of Lords</span></a><br />(1828–1922)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cairns,_1st_Earl_Cairns" title="Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns">Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Beaconsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Devonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom"><span style="color:white;">House of Commons</span></a><br />(1834–1922)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Bentinck" title="Lord George Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><small><i>vacant</i> (1848–1849)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">R. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smith_(1825%E2%80%931891)" title="William Henry Smith (1825–1891)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)"><span style="color:white;">Leaders (1922–)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">W. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Duncan Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Chairman of the Conservative Party"><span style="color:white;">Chairmen (1911–)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Steel-Maitland" title="Arthur Steel-Maitland">Steel-Maitland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Younger,_1st_Viscount_Younger_of_Leckie" title="George Younger, 1st Viscount Younger of Leckie">Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jackson_(cricketer)" title="Stanley Jackson (cricketer)">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._C._Davidson" title="J. C. C. Davidson">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baird,_1st_Viscount_Stonehaven" title="John Baird, 1st Viscount Stonehaven">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hacking,_1st_Baron_Hacking" title="Douglas Hacking, 1st Baron Hacking">Hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dugdale,_1st_Baron_Crathorne" title="Thomas Dugdale, 1st Baron Crathorne">Dugdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Assheton,_1st_Baron_Clitheroe" title="Ralph Assheton, 1st Baron Clitheroe">Assheton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Marquis,_1st_Earl_of_Woolton" title="Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton">Woolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Poole,_1st_Baron_Poole" title="Oliver Poole, 1st Baron Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Hailsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Poole,_1st_Baron_Poole" title="Oliver Poole, 1st Baron Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hare,_1st_Viscount_Blakenham" title="John Hare, 1st Viscount Blakenham">Blakenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_du_Cann" title="Edward du Cann">du Cann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Barber" title="Anthony Barber">Barber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thomas,_Baron_Thomas_of_Gwydir" title="Peter Thomas, Baron Thomas of Gwydir">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Thorneycroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Parkinson" title="Cecil Parkinson">Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gummer" title="John Gummer">Gummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Tebbit" title="Norman Tebbit">Tebbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brooke,_Baron_Brooke_of_Sutton_Mandeville" title="Peter Brooke, Baron Brooke of Sutton Mandeville">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Baker,_Baron_Baker_of_Dorking" title="Kenneth Baker, Baron Baker of Dorking">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Patten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Fowler,_Baron_Fowler" title="Norman Fowler, Baron Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hanley" title="Jeremy Hanley">Hanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mawhinney" title="Brian Mawhinney">Mawhinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Parkinson" title="Cecil Parkinson">Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ancram" title="Michael Ancram">Ancram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(British_politician)" title="David Davis (British politician)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Fox" title="Liam Fox">Fox</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Saatchi,_Baron_Saatchi" title="Maurice Saatchi, Baron Saatchi">Saatchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Maude" title="Francis Maude">Maude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Spelman" title="Caroline Spelman">Spelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Pickles" title="Eric Pickles">Pickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayeeda_Warsi,_Baroness_Warsi" title="Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi">Warsi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Feldman,_Baron_Feldman_of_Elstree" title="Andrew Feldman, Baron Feldman of Elstree">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Shapps" title="Grant Shapps">Shapps</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Feldman,_Baron_Feldman_of_Elstree" title="Andrew Feldman, Baron Feldman of Elstree">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Feldman,_Baron_Feldman_of_Elstree" title="Andrew Feldman, Baron Feldman of Elstree">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_McLoughlin" title="Patrick McLoughlin">McLoughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandon_Lewis" title="Brandon Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cleverly" title="James Cleverly">Cleverly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Milling" title="Amanda Milling">Milling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Dowden" title="Oliver Dowden">Dowden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stephenson" title="Andrew Stephenson">Stephenson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Berry" title="Jake Berry">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadhim_Zahawi" title="Nadhim Zahawi">Zahawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Hands" title="Greg Hands">Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holden_(British_politician)" title="Richard Holden (British politician)">Holden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fuller_(Conservative_politician)" title="Richard Fuller (Conservative politician)">Fuller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maudling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lilley" title="Peter Lilley">Lilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ancram" title="Michael Ancram">Ancram</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Leadership_elections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership elections</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1965_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1965 Conservative Party leadership election">1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1975 Conservative Party leadership election">1975</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1989 Conservative Party leadership election">1989</a> <ul><li>Thatcher re-elected</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1990 Conservative Party leadership election">1990</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1995 Conservative Party leadership election">1995</a> <ul><li>Major re-elected</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1997 Conservative Party leadership election">1997</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2001 Conservative Party leadership election">2001</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Duncan Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2003 Conservative Party leadership election">2003</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2005 Conservative Party leadership election">2005</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2016 Conservative Party leadership election">2016</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2019 Conservative Party leadership election">2019</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">July–September 2022</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="October 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">October 2022</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2024 Conservative Party leadership election">2024</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Party_structure" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Party structure</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Professional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Board" title="Conservative Party Board">Conservative Party Board</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Campaign_Headquarters" title="Conservative Campaign Headquarters">Conservative Campaign Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Treasurer of the Conservative Party">Treasurer of the Conservative Party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Research_Department" title="Conservative Research Department">Conservative Research Department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Voluntary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Convention" title="National Conservative Convention">National Conservative Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Parliamentary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1922_Committee" title="1922 Committee">1922 Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Whip_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Chief Whip of the Conservative Party">Conservative Chief Whip's Office</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Conference</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Conference_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party Conference (UK)">Conservative Party Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Subnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Conservatives" title="Northern Ireland Conservatives">Northern Ireland Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Conservatives" title="Scottish Conservatives">Scottish Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Conservatives" title="Welsh Conservatives">Welsh Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Conservatives" title="Gibraltar Conservatives">Gibraltar Conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Directly elected city mayoral authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Conservatives" title="London Conservatives">London Conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Local</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Association" title="Conservative Association">Conservative Associations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Review_(2016)" title="Conservative Party Review (2016)">Conservative Party Review (2016)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Associated_organisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Associated organisations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">List</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_organisations_associated_with_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="List of organisations associated with the Conservative Party (UK)">Organisations associated with the Conservative Party</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Sectional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Women%27s_Organisation" title="Conservative Women's Organisation">Conservative Women's Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Conservatives_(UK)" title="Young Conservatives (UK)">Young Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_Abroad" title="Conservatives Abroad">Conservatives Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT%2B_Conservatives" title="LGBT+ Conservatives">LGBT+ Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Conservative_Clubs" title="Association of Conservative Clubs">Association of Conservative Clubs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Factional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_group" title="2020 group">2020 group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activate_(organisation)" title="Activate (organisation)">Activate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Bridge" title="The Atlantic Bridge">The Atlantic Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Collar Conservativism">Blue Collar Conservativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_Group" title="Common Sense Group">Common Sense Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Animal_Welfare_Foundation" title="Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation">Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Christian_Fellowship" title="Conservative Christian Fellowship">Conservative Christian Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Co-operative_Movement" title="Conservative Co-operative Movement">Conservative Co-operative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Countryside_Forum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Countryside Forum (page does not exist)">Conservative Countryside Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Disability_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Disability Group (page does not exist)">Conservative Disability Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_European_Forum" title="Conservative European Forum">Conservative European Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Friends of America">Conservative Friends of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_the_Chinese" title="Conservative Friends of the Chinese">Conservative Friends of the Chinese</a></li> <li>Conservative Friends of Gibraltar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_India" title="Conservative Friends of India">Conservative Friends of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Israel" title="Conservative Friends of Israel">Conservative Friends of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Palestine" title="Conservative Friends of Palestine">Conservative Friends of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Turkey" title="Conservative Friends of Turkey">Conservative Friends of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_History_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative History Group (page does not exist)">Conservative History Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Humanist_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Humanist Association (page does not exist)">Conservative Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Mainstream" title="Conservative Mainstream">Conservative Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Health&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Health (page does not exist)">Conservative Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Muslim_Forum" title="Conservative Muslim Forum">Conservative Muslim Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Education_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Education Society (page does not exist)">Conservative Education Society</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_National_Property_Advisory_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative National Property Advisory Committee (page does not exist)">Conservative National Property Advisory Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Rural_Affairs_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Rural Affairs Group (page does not exist)">Conservative Rural Affairs Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Science_%26_Technology_Forum" title="Conservative Science & Technology Forum">Conservative Science & Technology Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_at_Work" title="Conservatives at Work">Conservative Trade Unionists</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Transport_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Transport Group (page does not exist)">Conservative Transport Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Way_Forward" title="Conservative Way Forward">Conservative Way Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Women_National_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Women National Committee (page does not exist)">Conservative Women National Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Workers_%26_Trade_Unionists" title="Conservative Workers & Trade Unionists">Conservative Workers & Trade Unionists</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatives_4_Cities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatives 4 Cities (page does not exist)">Conservatives 4 Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatives_Against_Fox_Hunting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatives Against Fox Hunting (page does not exist)">Conservatives Against Fox Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_at_Work" title="Conservatives at Work">Conservatives at Work</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatives_for_International_Travel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatives for International Travel (page does not exist)">Conservatives for International Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Group" title="Cornerstone Group">Cornerstone Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID_Recovery_Group" title="COVID Recovery Group">COVID Recovery Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Foundation_(think_tank)" title="European Foundation (think tank)">European Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_Start_(politics)" title="Fresh Start (politics)">Fresh Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Thatcher Foundation">Margaret Thatcher Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Monday_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Monday Club">Monday Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/92_Group" title="92 Group">92 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Campaign_(UK)" title="No Campaign (UK)">No Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Turning_Back_(political_group)" title="No Turning Back (political group)">No Turning Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Research_Group" title="Northern Research Group">Northern Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Conservatives_(caucus)" title="One Nation Conservatives (caucus)">One Nation Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Conservatism" title="Popular Conservatism">Popular Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewing_One_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renewing One Nation (page does not exist)">Renewing One Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selsdon_Group" title="Selsdon Group">Selsdon Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tory_Green_Initiative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tory Green Initiative (page does not exist)">Tory Green Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_Reform_Group" title="Tory Reform Group">Tory Reform Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Britons%27_Foundation" title="Young Britons' Foundation">Young Britons' Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Families_(Conservative_Party)" title="Five Families (Conservative Party)">Five Families</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_MPs_(UK)" title="List of Conservative Party MPs (UK)">List of MPs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Conservative_MPs_(2005%E2%80%932010)" title="List of United Kingdom Conservative MPs (2005–2010)">2005–2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Conservative_MPs_(2010%E2%80%932015)" title="List of United Kingdom Conservative MPs (2010–2015)">2010–2015</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_MPs_in_London" title="List of Conservative Party MPs in London">London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Think_tanks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Think tanks</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_Group" title="Bow Group">Bow Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Blue_(organisation)" title="Bright Blue (organisation)">Bright Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_Group_(United_Kingdom)" title="Bruges Group (United Kingdom)">Bruges Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Policy_Studies" title="Centre for Policy Studies">Centre for Policy Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Social_Justice" title="Centre for Social Justice">Centre for Social Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Foundation_(think_tank)" title="European Foundation (think tank)">European Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onward_(think_tank)" title="Onward (think tank)">Onward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Exchange" title="Policy Exchange">Policy Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Conservative_Lawyers" title="Society of Conservative Lawyers">Society of Conservative Lawyers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Party_alliances" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Party alliances</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>List of current alliances<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Democrat_Union" title="European Democrat Union">European Democrat Union</a>)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_Group_and_Democratic_Alliance" title="European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance">European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>List of former alliances<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative%E2%80%93DUP_agreement" title="Conservative–DUP agreement">Conservative–DUP agreement</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">European People's Party Group</a>)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives" title="European Conservatives">European Conservative Group</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">European Conservatives and Reformists Group</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democrats" title="European Democrats">European Democrats</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_European_Reform" title="Movement for European Reform">Movement for European Reform</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_an_Open_Europe" title="Alliance for an Open Europe">Alliance for an Open Europe</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Conservatives_and_Unionists" title="Ulster Conservatives and Unionists">Ulster Conservatives and Unionists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000, inset -1px -1px 0 #000;"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7841348-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2004022691">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007352269305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/166284297">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Unionist_Party&oldid=1256246552">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Unionist_Party&oldid=1256246552</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Category:Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionist Party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conservative_liberal_parties" title="Category:Conservative liberal parties">Conservative liberal parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Defunct political parties in the 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