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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early political career: 1806–1809</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_political_career:_1806–1809-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_at_War:_1809–1828" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_at_War:_1809–1828"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Secretary at War: 1809–1828</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretary_at_War:_1809–1828-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition:_1828–1830" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition:_1828–1830"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Opposition: 1828–1830</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition:_1828–1830-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_Secretary:_1830–1841" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_Secretary:_1830–1841"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Foreign Secretary: 1830–1841</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_Secretary:_1830–1841-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Foreign Secretary: 1830–1841 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_Secretary:_1830–1841-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crises_of_1830" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crises_of_1830"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Crises of 1830</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crises_of_1830-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France,_Spain,_and_Portugal,_1830s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France,_Spain,_and_Portugal,_1830s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>France, Spain, and Portugal, 1830s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France,_Spain,_and_Portugal,_1830s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balkans_and_Near_East:_defending_Turkey,_1830s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkans_and_Near_East:_defending_Turkey,_1830s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Balkans and Near East: defending Turkey, 1830s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkans_and_Near_East:_defending_Turkey,_1830s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China:_First_Opium_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China:_First_Opium_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>China: First Opium War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China:_First_Opium_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition:_1841–1846" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition:_1841–1846"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Opposition: 1841–1846</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition:_1841–1846-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_Secretary:_1846–1851" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_Secretary:_1846–1851"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Foreign Secretary: 1846–1851</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_Secretary:_1846–1851-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Foreign Secretary: 1846–1851 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_Secretary:_1846–1851-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France_and_Spain,_1845" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France_and_Spain,_1845"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>France and Spain, 1845</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France_and_Spain,_1845-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish_Famine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_Famine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Irish Famine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish_Famine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_for_revolutions_abroad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_for_revolutions_abroad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Support for revolutions abroad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_for_revolutions_abroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Italian independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungarian_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungarian_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Hungarian independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungarian_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_and_parliamentary_reaction_to_1848" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_and_parliamentary_reaction_to_1848"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Royal and parliamentary reaction to 1848</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_and_parliamentary_reaction_to_1848-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Don_Pacifico_affair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Don_Pacifico_affair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Don Pacifico affair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Don_Pacifico_affair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crossing_the_Queen_and_resigning,_1851" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crossing_the_Queen_and_resigning,_1851"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>Crossing the Queen and resigning, 1851</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crossing_the_Queen_and_resigning,_1851-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_Secretary:_1852–1855" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_Secretary:_1852–1855"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Home Secretary: 1852–1855</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Home_Secretary:_1852–1855-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Home Secretary: 1852–1855 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Home_Secretary:_1852–1855-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Social reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penal_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penal_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Penal reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penal_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crimean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crimean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Crimean War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crimean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister:_1855–1858" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister:_1855–1858"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Prime Minister: 1855–1858</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_Minister:_1855–1858-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prime Minister: 1855–1858 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister:_1855–1858-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ending_the_Crimean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ending_the_Crimean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Ending the Crimean War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ending_the_Crimean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrow_controversy_and_the_Second_Opium_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrow_controversy_and_the_Second_Opium_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Arrow controversy and the Second Opium War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrow_controversy_and_the_Second_Opium_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Resignation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition:_1858–1859" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition:_1858–1859"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Opposition: 1858–1859</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition:_1858–1859-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister:_1859–1865" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister:_1859–1865"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Prime Minister: 1859–1865</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_Minister:_1859–1865-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prime Minister: 1859–1865 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister:_1859–1865-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Gladstone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Gladstone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Relationship with Gladstone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Gladstone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Lord_Lyons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Lord_Lyons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Relationship with Lord Lyons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Lord_Lyons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>American Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.5</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_victory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_victory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.6</span> <span>Electoral victory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_victory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Places_named_after_Palmerston" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_named_after_Palmerston"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Places named after Palmerston</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_named_after_Palmerston-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Cultural references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palmerston's_First_Cabinet,_February_1855_–_February_1858" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palmerston's_First_Cabinet,_February_1855_–_February_1858"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Palmerston's First Cabinet, February 1855 – February 1858</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Palmerston's_First_Cabinet,_February_1855_–_February_1858-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Palmerston's First Cabinet, February 1855 – February 1858 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Palmerston's_First_Cabinet,_February_1855_–_February_1858-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palmerston's_Second_Cabinet,_June_1859_–_October_1865" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palmerston's_Second_Cabinet,_June_1859_–_October_1865"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Palmerston's Second Cabinet, June 1859 – October 1865</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Palmerston's_Second_Cabinet,_June_1859_–_October_1865-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Palmerston's Second Cabinet, June 1859 – October 1865 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Palmerston's_Second_Cabinet,_June_1859_–_October_1865-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Changes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>Changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.2</span> <span>Other sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Offices_and_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offices_and_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22.1</span> <span>Offices and titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offices_and_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="لورد بالمرستون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لورد بالمرستون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Palmerston" title="Lord Palmerston – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lord Palmerston" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB" title="Генры Джон Тэмпл – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Генры Джон Тэмпл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB" title="Гэнры Джон Тэмпл – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гэнры Джон Тэмпл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8A%D0%BB,_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Хенри Джон Темпъл, лорд Палмерстън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хенри Джон Темпъл, лорд Палмерстън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_John_Temple" title="Henry John Temple – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Henry John Temple" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Temple" title="Henry Temple – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Henry Temple" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Temple,_3ydd_Is-iarll_Palmerston" title="Henry Temple, 3ydd Is-iarll Palmerston – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Henry Temple, 3ydd Is-iarll Palmerston" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3._viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3. viscount Palmerston – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Henry John Temple, 3. viscount Palmerston" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Temple,_3._Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry Temple, 3. Viscount Palmerston – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Henry Temple, 3. Viscount Palmerston" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_kolmas_vikont_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, kolmas vikont Palmerston – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Henry John Temple, kolmas vikont Palmerston" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Υποκόμης Πάλμερστον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υποκόμης Πάλμερστον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Palmerston" title="Lord Palmerston – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lord Palmerston" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Palmerston" title="Lord Palmerston – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lord Palmerston" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_John_Temple_(Palmerstongo_III._bizkondea)" title="Henry John Temple (Palmerstongo III. bizkondea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Henry John Temple (Palmerstongo III. bizkondea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%84" title="هنری جان تمپل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنری جان تمپل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_John_Temple" title="Henry John Temple – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Henry John Temple" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3%C3%BA_B%C3%ADocunta_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3ú Bíocunta Palmerston – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Henry John Temple, 3ú Bíocunta Palmerston" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C3%EB%8C%80_%ED%8C%8C%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B4_%EC%9E%90%EC%9E%91_%ED%97%A8%EB%A6%AC_%EC%A1%B4_%ED%85%9C%ED%94%8C" title="제3대 파머스턴 자작 헨리 존 템플 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제3대 파머스턴 자작 헨리 존 템플" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%B4%D6%83%D5%AC_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Հենրի Ջոն Թեմփլ Պալմերսթոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հենրի Ջոն Թեմփլ Պալմերսթոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="वैकौण्ट पामर्स्टन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वैकौण्ट पामर्स्टन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_John_Temple" title="Henry John Temple – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Henry John Temple" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_Viscount_Palmerston_III" title="Henry John Temple, Viscount Palmerston III – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Henry John Temple, Viscount Palmerston III" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_v%C3%ADsigreifi_af_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, vísigreifi af Palmerston – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Henry John Temple, vísigreifi af Palmerston" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_III_visconte_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, III visconte Palmerston – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Henry John Temple, III visconte Palmerston" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C,_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="הנרי טמפל, הוויקונט השלישי מפלמרסטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנרי טמפל, הוויקונט השלישי מפלמרסטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3sa_Isyurl_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3sa Isyurl Palmerston – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Henry John Temple, 3sa Isyurl Palmerston" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henricus_Ioannes_Temple" title="Henricus Ioannes Temple – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Henricus Ioannes Temple" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_Palmerstons" title="Lords Palmerstons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lords Palmerstons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Temple" title="Henry Temple – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Henry Temple" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2" title="हेन्री जॉन टेंपल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हेन्री जॉन टेंपल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="هنرى بالمرستون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هنرى بالمرستون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_John_Temple" title="Henry John Temple – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Henry John Temple" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%83%97%E3%83%AB_(%E7%AC%AC3%E4%BB%A3%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E5%AD%90%E7%88%B5)" title="ヘンリー・ジョン・テンプル (第3代パーマストン子爵) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘンリー・ジョン・テンプル (第3代パーマストン子爵)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3._vicomte_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3. vicomte Palmerston – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Henry John Temple, 3. vicomte Palmerston" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_John_Temple" title="Henry John Temple – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Henry John Temple" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BC%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%BC_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%86" title="هنري جان ټمپل، دریم ویسکانټ پالمرسټون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هنري جان ټمپل، دریم ویسکانټ پالمرسټون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Temple" title="Henry Temple – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Henry Temple" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Temple,_3.%C2%BA_Visconde_Palmerston" title="Henry Temple, 3.º Visconde Palmerston – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Henry Temple, 3.º Visconde Palmerston" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Temple" title="Henry Temple – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Henry Temple" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB" title="Палмерстон, Генри Джон Темпл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Палмерстон, Генри Джон Темпл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3._vikont_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3. vikont Palmerston – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Henry John Temple, 3. vikont Palmerston" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Palmerston" title="Henry Palmerston – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Henry Palmerston" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Palmerston" title="Lord Palmerston – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lord Palmerston" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_3" title="เฮนรี จอห์น เทมเพิล ไวเคานต์พาเมอร์สตันที่ 3 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เฮนรี จอห์น เทมเพิล ไวเคานต์พาเมอร์สตันที่ 3" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D3%A3_%D2%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Ҳенрӣ Ҷон Темпел – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳенрӣ Ҷон Темпел" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_Lord_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, Lord Palmerston – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Henry John Temple, Lord Palmerston" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Генрі Джон Темпл Пальмерстон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Генрі Джон Темпл Пальмерстон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_T%E1%BB%AD_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Palmerston_th%E1%BB%A9_3" title="Henry John Temple, Tử tước Palmerston thứ 3 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Henry John Temple, Tử tước Palmerston thứ 3" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Lord Palmerston" and "The Viscount Palmerston" redirect here. For other holders of the title, see <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Palmerston" title="Viscount Palmerston">Viscount Palmerston</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-lead_rewrite" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may need to be rewritten</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit">improve the lead</a> and read the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead layout guide</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Viscount Palmerston</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of the Garter">KG</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath">GCB</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Henry_John_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston.jpg/220px-Henry_John_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Henry_John_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston.jpg/330px-Henry_John_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Henry_John_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston.jpg/440px-Henry_John_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2043" data-file-height="2630" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Palmerston in 1857</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />12 June 1859 – 18 October 1865</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Earl_of_Derby" class="mw-redirect" title="The Earl of Derby">The Earl of Derby</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Earl_Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="The Earl Russell">The Earl Russell</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />6 February 1855 – 19 February 1858</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Victoria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Earl_of_Aberdeen" class="mw-redirect" title="The Earl of Aberdeen">The Earl of Aberdeen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Earl of Derby </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Ministerial positions </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 December 1852 – 6 February 1855</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Earl of Aberdeen</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Horatio_Walpole" title="Spencer Horatio Walpole">Spencer Horatio Walpole</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Grey,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Grey, 2nd Baronet">Sir George Grey</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />6 July 1846 – 26 December 1851</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Lord John Russell</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Earl of Aberdeen</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">The 2nd Earl Granville</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />18 April 1835 – 2 September 1841</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Viscount_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="The Viscount Melbourne">The Viscount Melbourne</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Duke_of_Wellington" class="mw-redirect" title="The Duke of Wellington">The Duke of Wellington</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Earl of Aberdeen</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 November 1830 – 15 November 1834</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Earl_Grey" class="mw-redirect" title="The Earl Grey">The Earl Grey</a></li><li>The Viscount Melbourne</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Earl of Aberdeen</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The 2nd Earl Granville</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_at_War" title="Secretary at War">Secretary at War</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />November 1809 – May 1828</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Spencer Perceval</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Earl_of_Liverpool" class="mw-redirect" title="The Earl of Liverpool">The Earl of Liverpool</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">George Canning</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Viscount_Goderich" class="mw-redirect" title="The Viscount Goderich">The Viscount Goderich</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Granville">The 1st Earl Granville</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Hardinge" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Henry Hardinge">Sir Henry Hardinge</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Henry John Temple</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1784-10-20</span>)</span>20 October 1784<br /><a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, Middlesex, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">18 October 1865<span style="display:none">(1865-10-18)</span> (aged 80)<br /><a href="/wiki/Brocket_Hall" title="Brocket Hall">Brocket Hall</a>, Hertfordshire, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tory</a> (1806–1830)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a> (1830–1859)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> (from 1859)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Emily_Temple,_Viscountess_Palmerston" title="Emily Temple, Viscountess Palmerston">Emily Lamb</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="16 December 1839">1839</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Temple,_2nd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry Temple, 2nd Viscount Palmerston">Henry Temple</a> (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's College, Cambridge</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Henry_John_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_Signature.svg/128px-Henry_John_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Henry_John_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_Signature.svg/192px-Henry_John_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Henry_John_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_Signature.svg/256px-Henry_John_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="219" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nicknames</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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class="hlist"><ul><li>Harry<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Pam</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston</b>, (20 October 1784 – 18 October 1865), known as <b>Lord Palmerston</b>, was a British statesman and politician who was <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of the United Kingdom">prime minister of the United Kingdom</a> from 1855 to 1858 and from 1859 to 1865. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a>, Palmerston was the first Liberal Prime Minister, and he dominated <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign relations of the United Kingdom">British foreign policy</a> from 1830 to 1865, when Britain stood at the height of its imperial power. </p><p>He held office almost continuously from 1807 until his death in 1865. He began his parliamentary career as a <a href="/wiki/Tory_(British_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tory (British political party)">Tory</a>, defected to the <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a> in 1830, and became the first prime minister from the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> in 1859. He was highly popular with the British public. David Brown argues that "an important part of Palmerston's appeal lay in his dynamism and vigour".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Temple succeeded to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Temple,_2nd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry Temple, 2nd Viscount Palmerston">his father</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Irish_peerage" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish peerage">Irish peerage</a> (which did not entitle him to a seat in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, leaving him eligible to sit in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>) as the 3rd <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Palmerston" title="Viscount Palmerston">Viscount Palmerston</a> in 1802. He became a Tory MP in 1807. From 1809 to 1828 he was <a href="/wiki/Secretary_at_War" title="Secretary at War">Secretary at War</a>, organising the finances of the army. He first attained <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_rank" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet rank">Cabinet rank</a> in 1827, when <a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">George Canning</a> became prime minister, but he resigned from office one year later. He was <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a> 1830–1834, 1835–1841 and 1846–1851. In this office, Palmerston responded effectively to a series of conflicts in Europe. </p><p>In 1852, the <a href="/wiki/4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Earl of Aberdeen">4th Earl of Aberdeen</a> formed <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_ministry" title="Aberdeen ministry">a coalition government</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Peelite" title="Peelite">Peelites</a> insisted that <a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord John Russell">Lord John Russell</a> be foreign secretary, forcing Palmerston to take the office of <a href="/wiki/Home_secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Home secretary">home secretary</a>. As home secretary Palmerston enacted various social reforms, although he opposed electoral reform. When Aberdeen's coalition fell in 1855 over its handling of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, Palmerston was the only man able to sustain a majority in Parliament, and he became prime minister. He had two periods in office, 1855–1858 and 1859–1865, before his death at the age of 80 years, a few months after victory in <a href="/wiki/1865_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1865 United Kingdom general election">a general election</a> in which he had obtained an increased majority. He remains the most recent British prime minister to die in office. </p><p>Palmerston masterfully controlled public opinion by stimulating <a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British nationalism</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> and most of the political leadership distrusted him, he received and sustained the favour of the press and the populace, from whom he received the affectionate sobriquet "Pam". Palmerston's alleged weaknesses included mishandling of personal relations, and continual disagreements with the Queen over the royal role in determining foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians rank Palmerston as one of the greatest foreign secretaries, due to his handling of great crises, his commitment to the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">balance of power</a> (which provided Britain with decisive agency in many conflicts), and his commitment to British interests. His policies in relation to India, China, Italy, Belgium and Spain had extensive long-lasting beneficial consequences for Britain. However, Palmerston's leadership during the <a href="/wiki/Opium_Wars" title="Opium Wars">Opium Wars</a> was questioned and denounced by other prominent statesmen such as <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Foxcroft2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foxcroft2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consequences of the conquest of India have been reconsidered by more recent scholarship weighing the burdens placed on India in colonial rule and British uncertainty on proper governance.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consequences of his policies towards <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, and the United States proved more ephemeral. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life:_1784–1806"><span id="Early_life:_1784.E2.80.931806"></span>Early life: 1784–1806</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life: 1784–1806"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palmerston_1802.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Palmerston_1802.jpg/220px-Palmerston_1802.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Palmerston_1802.jpg/330px-Palmerston_1802.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Palmerston_1802.jpg 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Temple (age 18) in 1802, by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heaphy" title="Thomas Heaphy">Thomas Heaphy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Henry John Temple was born in his family's <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a> house to the Irish branch of the Temple family on 20 October 1784. His family derived their title from the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Peerage of Ireland</a>, although he rarely visited <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. His father was <a href="/wiki/Henry_Temple,_2nd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry Temple, 2nd Viscount Palmerston">Henry Temple, 2nd Viscount Palmerston</a> (1739–1802), an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a> peer, and his mother was Mary (1752–1805), a daughter of Benjamin Mee, a London merchant.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1792 to 1794, he accompanied his family on a long Continental tour. While in Italy, Palmerston acquired an Italian tutor, who taught him to speak and write fluent Italian.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family owned a huge <a href="/wiki/Country_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Country estate">country estate</a> in the north of <a href="/wiki/County_Sligo" title="County Sligo">County Sligo</a> in the northwest of Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was educated at <a href="/wiki/Harrow_School" title="Harrow School">Harrow School</a> (1795–1800). <a href="/wiki/Admiral_(Royal_Navy)" title="Admiral (Royal Navy)">Admiral</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Clifford" title="Augustus Clifford">Augustus Clifford</a>, 1st <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">Bt.</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Fagging" title="Fagging">fag</a> to Palmerston, <a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Viscount Althorp</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Ponsonby,_4th_Earl_of_Bessborough" title="John Ponsonby, 4th Earl of Bessborough">Viscount Duncannon</a> and later remembered Palmerston as by far the most merciful of the three.<sup id="cite_ref-Ridley,_p._10_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridley,_p._10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temple was often engaged in school fights and fellow Old Harrovians remembered Temple as someone who stood up to bullies twice his size.<sup id="cite_ref-Ridley,_p._10_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridley,_p._10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry Temple's father took him to the House of Commons in 1799, where the young Palmerston shook hands with the prime minister, <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Temple was then at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> (1800–1803), where he learnt political economy from <a href="/wiki/Dugald_Stewart" title="Dugald Stewart">Dugald Stewart</a>, a friend of the Scottish philosophers <a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson">Adam Ferguson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temple later described his time at Edinburgh as producing "whatever useful knowledge and habits of mind I possess".<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Lord Minto</a> wrote to the young Palmerston's parents that Henry Temple was well-mannered and charming. Stewart wrote to a friend, saying of Temple: "In point of temper and conduct he is everything his friends could wish. Indeed, I cannot say that I have ever seen a more faultless character at this time of life, or one possessed of more amiable dispositions."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry Temple succeeded his father to the title of <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Palmerston" title="Viscount Palmerston">Viscount Palmerston</a> on 17 April 1802, before he had turned 18. He also inherited a vast <a href="/wiki/Estate_(land)" title="Estate (land)">country estate</a> in the north of <a href="/wiki/County_Sligo" title="County Sligo">County Sligo</a> in the west of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. He later built <a href="/wiki/Classiebawn_Castle" title="Classiebawn Castle">Classiebawn Castle</a> on this estate. Palmerston went to <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's College, Cambridge</a> (1803–1806).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a nobleman, he was entitled to take his <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge_and_Dublin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)">MA</a> without examinations, but Palmerston wished to obtain his degree through examinations. This was declined, although he was allowed to take the separate college examinations, where he obtained first-class honours.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After war was declared on France in 1803, Palmerston joined the <a href="/wiki/British_anti-invasion_preparations_of_1803%E2%80%931805" class="mw-redirect" title="British anti-invasion preparations of 1803–1805">Volunteers</a> mustered to oppose a <a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">French invasion</a>, being one of the three officers in the unit for St John's College. He was also appointed Lieutenant-Colonel Commander of the Romsey Volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career:_1806–1809"><span id="Early_political_career:_1806.E2.80.931809"></span>Early political career: 1806–1809</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early political career: 1806–1809"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 1806, Palmerston was defeated in the election for the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cambridge University (UK Parliament constituency)">University of Cambridge constituency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/1806_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1806 United Kingdom general election">November</a> he was elected for <a href="/wiki/Horsham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Horsham (UK Parliament constituency)">Horsham</a> but was unseated in January 1807, when the Whig majority in the Commons voted for a petition to unseat him.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the patronage of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham,_2nd_Earl_of_Chichester" title="Thomas Pelham, 2nd Earl of Chichester">Lord Chichester</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_1st_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 1st Earl of Malmesbury">Lord Malmesbury</a>, Palmerston was given the post of Junior Lord of the Admiralty in the ministry of the <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Duke of Portland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stood again for the Cambridge seat in <a href="/wiki/1807_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1807 United Kingdom general election">May</a>, but lost by three votes after he advised his supporters to vote for the other Tory candidate in the two-member constituency so as to ensure a Tory was elected.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Palmerston entered Parliament as Tory MP for the <a href="/wiki/Pocket_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket borough">pocket borough</a> of <a href="/wiki/Newport_(Isle_of_Wight)_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Newport (Isle of Wight) (UK Parliament constituency)">Newport</a> on the Isle of Wight in June 1807.<sup id="cite_ref-note_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 February 1808, he spoke in support of confidentiality in the working of diplomacy, and of the bombardment of Copenhagen and the capture and destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Navy" title="Royal Danish Navy">Royal Danish Navy</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1807)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1807)">Battle of Copenhagen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">Denmark</a> was neutral but <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> had recently agreed with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tilsit" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Tilsit">Treaty of Tilsit</a> to build a naval alliance against Britain, including using the Danish navy for invading Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pre-empting this, the British offered Denmark the choice of temporarily handing over its navy until the war's end or the destruction of their navy. The Danes refused to comply and so Copenhagen was bombarded. Palmerston justified the attack by peroration with reference to the ambitions of Napoleon to take control of the Danish fleet: </p> <blockquote><p>it is defensible on the ground that the enormous power of France enables her to coerce the weaker state to become an enemy of England... It is the law of self-preservation that England appeals for the justification of her proceedings. It is admitted by the honourable gentleman and his supporters, that if Denmark had evidenced any hostility towards this country, then we should have been justified in measures of retaliation... Denmark coerced into hostility stands in the same position as Denmark voluntarily hostile, when the law of self-preservation comes into play...Does anyone believe that Buonaparte will be restrained by any considerations of justice from acting towards Denmark as he has done towards other countries? ... England, according to that law of self-preservation which is a fundamental principle of the law of nations, is justified in securing, and therefore enforcing, from Denmark a neutrality which France would by compulsion have converted into an active hostility.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In a letter to a friend on 24 December 1807, he described the late Whig MP <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> as possessing "the palm of political prophecy".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would become a metaphor for his own career in divining the course of imperial foreign policy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_at_War:_1809–1828"><span id="Secretary_at_War:_1809.E2.80.931828"></span>Secretary at War: 1809–1828</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Secretary at War: 1809–1828"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BritishEmpire1815.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BritishEmpire1815.png/220px-BritishEmpire1815.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BritishEmpire1815.png/330px-BritishEmpire1815.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BritishEmpire1815.png/440px-BritishEmpire1815.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> in 1815</figcaption></figure> <p>Palmerston's speech was so successful that <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Spencer Perceval</a>, who formed his government in 1809, asked him to become <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>, then a less important office than it was to become later. But Palmerston preferred the non-cabinet office of <a href="/wiki/Secretary_at_War" title="Secretary at War">Secretary at War</a>, charged exclusively with the financial business of the army. He served in that post for almost 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 April 1818, a retired officer on half-pay, Lieutenant David Davies, who had a grievance about his application from the <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a> for a pension and was also mentally ill, shot Palmerston as he walked up the stairs of the War Office. The bullet only grazed his back and the wound was slight. After learning of Davies' illness, Palmerston paid for his legal defence at the trial, and Davies was sent to <a href="/wiki/Bethlem_Royal_Hospital" title="Bethlem Royal Hospital">Bethlem Royal Hospital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the suicide of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Lord Castlereagh</a> in 1822, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Banks_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Lord Liverpool</a>, who was Prime Minister had to hold together the Tory Cabinet which began to split along political lines. The more liberal wing of the Tory government made some ground, with <a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">George Canning</a> becoming <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Huskisson" title="William Huskisson">William Huskisson</a> advocating and applying the doctrines of free trade, and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a> emerging as an open question. Although Palmerston was not in the Cabinet, he cordially supported the measures of Canning and his friends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911646_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911646-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon the retirement of Lord Liverpool in April 1827, Canning was called to be prime minister. The more conservative Tories, including Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a>, withdrew their support, and an alliance was formed between the liberal members of the late ministry and the Whigs. The post of Chancellor of the Exchequer was offered to Palmerston, who accepted it, but this appointment was frustrated by some intrigue between King <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">John Charles Herries</a>. Lord Palmerston remained Secretary at War, though he gained a seat in the cabinet for the first time. The <a href="/wiki/Canningite_government,_1827%E2%80%931828" title="Canningite government, 1827–1828">Canning administration</a> ended after only four months on the death of the Prime Minister, and was followed by the ministry of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_John_Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick John Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Lord Goderich</a>, which barely survived the year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911646_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911646-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Canningite" title="Canningite">Canningites</a> remained influential, and the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a> hastened to include Palmerston, Huskisson, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grant,_1st_Baron_Glenelg" title="Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg">Charles Grant</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">William Lamb</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/John_William_Ward,_1st_Earl_of_Dudley" class="mw-redirect" title="John William Ward, 1st Earl of Dudley">Earl of Dudley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wellington%E2%80%93Peel_ministry" title="Wellington–Peel ministry">the government</a> he subsequently formed. However, a dispute between Wellington and Huskisson over the issue of parliamentary representation for Manchester and Birmingham led to the resignation of Huskisson and his allies, including Palmerston. In the spring of 1828, after more than twenty years continuously in office, Palmerston found himself in opposition. </p><p>On 26 February 1828, Palmerston delivered a speech in favour of Catholic emancipation. He felt that it was unseemly to relieve the "imaginary grievances" of the Dissenters from the established church while at the same time "real afflictions pressed upon the Catholics" of Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palmerston also supported parliamentary reform.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his biographers has stated that: "Like many Pittites, now labelled tories, he was a good whig at heart."<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Relief_Act_1829" title="Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829">Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829</a> finally passed Parliament in 1829 when Palmerston was in the opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Great Reform Act</a> passed Parliament in 1832. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition:_1828–1830"><span id="Opposition:_1828.E2.80.931830"></span>Opposition: 1828–1830</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Opposition: 1828–1830"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viscount_Palmerston_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Viscount_Palmerston_statue.jpg/170px-Viscount_Palmerston_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Viscount_Palmerston_statue.jpg/255px-Viscount_Palmerston_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Viscount_Palmerston_statue.jpg/340px-Viscount_Palmerston_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="1749" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Lord_Palmerston,_Parliament_Square" title="Statue of Lord Palmerston, Parliament Square">Statue of Lord Palmerston, Parliament Square</a>, London, by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Woolner" title="Thomas Woolner">Thomas Woolner</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Following his move to opposition Palmerston appears to have focused closely on foreign policy. He had already urged Wellington into active interference in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a>, and he had made several visits to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, where he foresaw with great accuracy the impending overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbons</a>. On 1 June 1829 he made his first great speech on foreign affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911646_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911646-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Lord Palmerston was no orator; his language was unstudied, and his delivery somewhat embarrassed; but generally he found the words to say the right thing at the right time, and to address the House of Commons in the language best adapted to the capacity and the temper of his audience.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>"Lord Palmerston", <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i> 13th Edition</cite></div></blockquote> <p>in September 1830, Wellington tried to induce Palmerston to re-enter the cabinet, but he refused to do so without <a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">Lord Lansdowne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Lord Grey</a>, two notable Whigs. This can be said to be the point in 1830, when his party allegiance changed.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1830 he accepted an offer from Lord Grey to join his <a href="/wiki/Whig_government,_1830%E2%80%931834" title="Whig government, 1830–1834">new government</a> as Foreign Secretary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_Secretary:_1830–1841"><span id="Foreign_Secretary:_1830.E2.80.931841"></span>Foreign Secretary: 1830–1841</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Foreign Secretary: 1830–1841"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Palmerston entered the office of Foreign Secretary with great energy and continued to exert his influence there for twenty years; he held it from 1830 to 1834 (his apprentice years<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), 1835 to 1841, and 1846 to 1851. Basically, Palmerston was responsible for the whole of British foreign policy from the time of the French and Belgian Revolutions of 1830 until December 1851. His abrasive style would earn him the nickname "Lord Pumice Stone", and his manner of dealing with foreign governments who crossed him, especially in his later years,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the original "<a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">gunboat diplomacy</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crises_of_1830">Crises of 1830</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Crises of 1830"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1830" title="Revolutions of 1830">Revolutions of 1830</a> gave a jolt to the settled European system that had been created in 1814–1815. The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> was rent in half by the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a> was the scene of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">civil war</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Minority_of_Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority of Isabella II of Spain">Spanish</a> were about <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_1830" title="Pragmatic Sanction of 1830">to place</a> an <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">infant princess</a> on the throne. <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Poland</a> was in arms against the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, while the northern powers (Russia, <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>) formed a closer alliance that seemed to threaten the peace and liberties of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911646_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911646-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polish exiles called on Britain to intervene against Russia during the <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a> of 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Palmerston's overall policy was to safeguard British interests, maintain peace, keep the balance of power, and retain the status quo in Europe. He had no grievance against Russia and while he privately sympathised with the Polish cause, in his role as foreign minister he rejected Polish demands. With serious trouble simultaneously taking place in Belgium and Italy, and lesser issues in Greece and Portugal, he sought to de-escalate European tensions rather than aggravate them, favouring a policy of universal non-interventionism.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He therefore focused chiefly on achieving a peaceful settlement of the crisis in Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southampton-Palmerston-Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Southampton-Palmerston-Statue.jpg/170px-Southampton-Palmerston-Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Southampton-Palmerston-Statue.jpg/255px-Southampton-Palmerston-Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Southampton-Palmerston-Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Palmerston in <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William I of the Netherlands</a> appealed to the great powers that had placed him on the throne after the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> to maintain his rights. The <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1830" title="London Conference of 1830">London Conference of 1830</a> was called to address this question. The British solution involved the independence of Belgium, which Palmerston believed would greatly contribute to the security of Britain, but any solution was not straightforward. On the one hand, the reactionary powers were anxious to defend William I; on the other, many Belgian revolutionaries, like <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Brouck%C3%A8re" title="Charles de Brouckère">Charles de Brouckère</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rogier" title="Charles Rogier">Charles Rogier</a>, supported the reunion of the Belgian provinces to France, whereas Britain favoured Dutch, not French influence, on an independent state.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British policy which emerged was a close alliance with <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">France</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-E_Halevy,_1961_p._73_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E_Halevy,_1961_p._73-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but one subject to the balance of power on the Continent, and in particular the preservation of Belgian independence. If the reactionary powers supported William I by force, they would encounter the resistance of France and Britain united in arms. If France sought to annex Belgium, it would forfeit the British alliance and find herself opposed by the whole of Europe. In the end the British policy prevailed.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the continent had been close to war, peace was maintained on London's terms and Prince <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_I_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Léopold I of Belgium">Leopold of Saxe-Coburg</a>, the widower of a British princess, was placed upon the throne of Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911646_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911646-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fishman says that the London Conference was "an extraordinarily successful conference" because it "provided the institutional framework through which the leading powers of the time safeguarded the peace of Europe."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thereafter, despite a Dutch invasion and French counter-invasion in 1831, France and Britain framed and signed a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Eighteen_Articles" title="Treaty of the Eighteen Articles">treaty settlement</a> between Belgium and the Netherlands, inducing the three reactionary powers to accede to it as well;<sup id="cite_ref-E_Halevy,_1961_p._73_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E_Halevy,_1961_p._73-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in Palmerston's second period of office, as his authority grew, he was able to finally settle relations between Belgium and Holland with <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">a treaty</a> in 1838-9 - now asserting his (and British) independence by leaning rather more towards the Netherlands and the reactionary powers, and against the Belgium/French axis.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France,_Spain,_and_Portugal,_1830s"><span id="France.2C_Spain.2C_and_Portugal.2C_1830s"></span>France, Spain, and Portugal, 1830s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: France, Spain, and Portugal, 1830s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1833 and 1834, the youthful Queens <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">Isabella II of Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II of Portugal</a> were the representatives and the hope of the constitutional parties of their countries. Their positions were under some pressure from their absolutist kinsmen, Dom <a href="/wiki/Miguel_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel of Portugal">Miguel of Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos,_Count_of_Molina" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Carlos, Count of Molina">Don Carlos</a> of Spain, who were the closest males in the lines of succession. Palmerston conceived and executed the plan of a <a href="/wiki/1834_Quadruple_Alliance" title="1834 Quadruple Alliance">Quadruple Alliance</a> of the constitutional states (Britain, France, Spain & Portugal) to serve as a counterpoise to the reactionary alliance. A treaty for the pacification of the Peninsula was signed in London on 22 April 1834 and, although the struggle was somewhat prolonged in Spain, it accomplished its objective.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911646_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911646-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France had been a reluctant party to the treaty, and never executed its role in it with much zeal. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Philippe of France">Louis Philippe</a> was accused of secretly favouring the <a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlists</a> – the supporters of Don Carlos – and he rejected direct interference in Spain. It is probable that the hesitation of the French court on this question was one of the causes of the enduring personal hostility Palmerston showed towards the French king thereafter, though that sentiment may well have arisen earlier. Although Palmerston wrote in June 1834 that Paris was "the pivot of my foreign policy", the differences between the two countries grew into a constant but sterile rivalry that brought benefit to neither.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911646_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911646-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balkans_and_Near_East:_defending_Turkey,_1830s"><span id="Balkans_and_Near_East:_defending_Turkey.2C_1830s"></span>Balkans and Near East: defending Turkey, 1830s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Balkans and Near East: defending Turkey, 1830s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Palmerston was greatly interested by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_question" title="Eastern question">Eastern question</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> he had energetically supported the Greek cause and backed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1832)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1832)">Treaty of Constantinople</a> that gave Greece its independence. However, from 1830 the defence of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> became one of the cardinal objects of his policy. He believed in the regeneration of Turkey, as he wrote to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bulwer,_1st_Baron_Dalling_and_Bulwer" title="Henry Bulwer, 1st Baron Dalling and Bulwer">Henry Bulwer</a> (Lord Dalling): <i>"All that we hear about the decay of the Turkish Empire, and its being a dead body or a sapless trunk, and so forth, is pure unadulterated nonsense."</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His two great aims were to prevent Russia establishing itself on the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a> and to prevent France doing likewise on the Nile. He regarded the maintenance of the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a> as the chief barrier against both these developments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_young.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_young.jpg/220px-3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_young.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_young.jpg/330px-3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_young.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_young.jpg/440px-3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_young.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Palmerston (age 50), c. 1830s–1840s</figcaption></figure> <p>Palmerston had long maintained a suspicious and hostile attitude towards Russia, whose autocratic government offended his liberal principles and whose ever-growing size challenged the strength of the British Empire. He was angered by the 1833 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_H%C3%BCnk%C3%A2r_%C4%B0skelesi" title="Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi">Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi</a>, a mutual assistance pact between Russia and the Ottomans, but was annoyed and hostile towards <a href="/wiki/David_Urquhart" title="David Urquhart">David Urquhart</a>, the creator of the <a href="/wiki/Mission_of_the_Vixen" title="Mission of the Vixen">Vixen affair</a>, running the Russian blockade of <a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a> in the mid-1830s.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For his part, David Urquhart considered Palmerston a "mercenary of Russia" and founded the "Free Press" magazine in London, where he constantly promoted these views. The permanent author of this magazine was <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, who stated "from the time of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> until the Crimean War, there was a secret agreement between the London and St. Petersburg offices, and that Palmerston was a corrupt tool of the Tsar's policy"<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his popular reputation he was hesitant in 1831 about aiding the Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1831%E2%80%9333)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–33)">under threat</a> from <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wali_(administrative_title)" title="Wali (administrative title)">wali</a> of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, after Russian successes, in 1833 and 1835 he made proposals to afford material aid, which were overruled by the cabinet. Palmerston held that "if we can procure for it ten years of peace under the joint protection of the five Powers, and if those years are profitably employed in reorganizing the internal system of the empire, there is no reason whatever why it should not become again a respectable Power" and challenged the metaphor that an old country, such as Turkey should be in such disrepair as would be warranted by the comparison: "Half the wrong conclusions at which mankind arrive are reached by the abuse of metaphors, and by mistaking general resemblance or imaginary similarity for real identity."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when the power of Muhammad Ali appeared to threaten the existence of the Ottoman dynasty, particularly given the death of Sultan Mahmud II on 1 July 1839, he succeeded in bringing the great powers together to sign a collective note on 27 July pledging them to maintain the independence and integrity of the Turkish Empire in order to preserve the security and peace of Europe. However, by 1840 Muhammad Ali had occupied <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Syria</a> and won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nezib" title="Battle of Nezib">Battle of Nezib</a> against the Turkish forces. <a href="/wiki/John_Ponsonby,_1st_Viscount_Ponsonby" title="John Ponsonby, 1st Viscount Ponsonby">Lord Ponsonby</a>, the British ambassador at Constantinople, vehemently urged the British government to intervene.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Privately, Palmerston explained his views on Muhammad Ali to <a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Granville">Lord Granville</a> thus: "Coercion of Mehemet Ali by England if war broke out might appear partial and unjust; but we are partial; and the great interests of Europe require that we should be so....No ideas therefore of fairness towards Mehemet ought to stand in the way of such great and paramount interests."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having closer ties to the wali than most, France refused to be a party to coercive measures against him despite having signed the note in the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Palmerston, irritated at France's Egyptian policy, signed the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_London_(1840)" title="Convention of London (1840)">London Convention</a> of 15 July 1840 in London with <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> – without the knowledge of the French government. This measure was taken with great hesitation, and strong opposition on the part of several members of the cabinet. Palmerston forced the measure through in part by declaring in a letter to the prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Melbourne">Lord Melbourne</a>, that he would resign from the ministry if his policy were not adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The London Convention granted Muhammad Ali hereditary rule in Egypt in return for withdrawal from Syria and Lebanon, but was rejected by the pasha. The European powers intervened with force, and the <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Beirut_(1840)" title="Bombardment of Beirut (1840)">bombardment of Beirut</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Acre_(1840)" title="Battle of Acre (1840)">fall of Acre</a>, and the total collapse of Muhammad Ali's power followed in rapid succession. Palmerston's policy was triumphant, and the author of it had won a reputation as one of the most powerful statesmen of the age.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1838, Palmerston appointed a British consul in Jerusalem, without the conventional consultation of the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trade" title="Board of Trade">Board of Trade</a>, and gave instruction to assist with the construction of an Anglican church in the city, under the prompting influences of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury">Lord Shaftesbury</a>, a prominent <a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China:_First_Opium_War">China: First Opium War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: China: First Opium War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_opium_at_Humen" title="Destruction of opium at Humen">Destruction of opium at Humen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canton_from_the_Heights.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Canton_from_the_Heights.jpg/350px-Canton_from_the_Heights.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Canton_from_the_Heights.jpg/525px-Canton_from_the_Heights.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Canton_from_the_Heights.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>British bombardment of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a> from the surrounding heights, May 1841</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">China</a> restricted outside trade under the <a href="/wiki/Canton_System" title="Canton System">Canton System</a> to only one port and refused all official diplomatic relations except to tributary countries. In 1833–1835, as London ended the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>'s monopoly on trade with China, both Tory and Whig governments sought to maintain peace and good trade relations. However <a href="/wiki/William_Napier,_9th_Lord_Napier" title="William Napier, 9th Lord Napier">Lord Napier</a> wanted to provoke a revolution in China that would open trade. The Foreign Office, led by Palmerston, stood opposed and sought peace.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese government refused to change, and interdicted the British smugglers bringing in <a href="/wiki/History_of_opium_in_China" title="History of opium in China">opium</a> from India, which was banned in China. Britain responded with military force in the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a>, 1839–1842, which ended in a decisive British victory. Under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Nanjing">Treaty of Nanjing</a>, China paid an indemnity and opened five <a href="/wiki/Treaty_ports" title="Treaty ports">treaty ports</a> to world trade. In those ports there would be extraterritorial rights for British citizens. Palmerston thus achieved his main goals of diplomatic equality and opening China to trade. However his angry critics focused on the immorality of the opium trade.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Palmerston's biographer, <a href="/wiki/Jasper_Ridley" title="Jasper Ridley">Jasper Ridley</a>, outlines the government's position: </p> <dl><dd>Conflict between China and Britain was inevitable. On the one side was a corrupt, decadent and caste-ridden despotism, with no desire or ability to wage war, which relied on custom much more than force for the enforcement of extreme privilege and discrimination, and which was blinded by a deep-rooted superiority complex into believing that they could assert their supremacy over Europeans without possessing military power. On the other side was the most economically advanced nation in the world, a nation of pushing, bustling traders, of self-help, free trade, and the pugnacious qualities of <a href="/wiki/John_Bull" title="John Bull">John Bull</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>An entirely opposite British viewpoint was promoted by humanitarians and reformers such as the <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartists</a> and religious <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">nonconformists</a> led by young <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a>. They argued that Palmerston was only interested in the huge profits it would bring Britain, and was totally oblivious to the horrible moral evils of opium which the Chinese government was valiantly trying to stamp out.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, he manipulated information and public opinion to enhance his control of his department, including controlling communications within the office and to other officials. He leaked secrets to the press, published selected documents, and released letters to give himself more control and more publicity, all the while stirring up British nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He feuded with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Barnes_(journalist)" title="Thomas Barnes (journalist)">Thomas Barnes</a>, which did not play along with his propaganda ploys.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage">Marriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emily_Lamb_by_William_Owen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Emily_Lamb_by_William_Owen.jpg/220px-Emily_Lamb_by_William_Owen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Emily_Lamb_by_William_Owen.jpg/330px-Emily_Lamb_by_William_Owen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Emily_Lamb_by_William_Owen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Emily_Lamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Emily Lamb">Emily Lamb</a>, then Countess Cowper, by <a href="/wiki/William_Owen_(painter)" title="William Owen (painter)">William Owen</a>, ca. 1810</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1839, Palmerston married his mistress of many years, the noted Whig hostess <a href="/wiki/Emily_Lamb,_Countess_Cowper" class="mw-redirect" title="Emily Lamb, Countess Cowper">Emily Lamb</a>, widow of Peter Leopold Louis Francis Nassau Clavering-Cowper, 5th Earl Cowper (1778–1837) and sister of <a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne</a>, prime minister (1834 and 1835–1841). They had no legitimate children, although at least one of Lord Cowper's putative children, Lady Emily Cowper, the wife of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury">Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury</a>, was widely believed to have been fathered by Palmerston.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palmerston resided at <a href="/wiki/Brocket_Hall" title="Brocket Hall">Brocket Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>, his wife's inheritance. His London <a href="/wiki/Townhouse_(Great_Britain)" title="Townhouse (Great Britain)">townhouse</a> was <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_House" title="Cambridge House">Cambridge House</a> on <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly" title="Piccadilly">Piccadilly</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mayfair" title="Mayfair">Mayfair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emily's son-in-law, |Lord Shaftesbury wrote: "His attentions to Lady Palmerston, when they both of them were well stricken in years, were those of a perpetual courtship. The sentiment was reciprocal; and I have frequently seen them go out on a morning to plant some trees, almost believing that they would live to eat the fruit, or sit together under the shade.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Young Queen Victoria found it unseemly that people in their 50s could marry, but the Cowper-Palmerston marriage according to biographer <a href="/wiki/Gillian_Gill" title="Gillian Gill">Gillian Gill</a>: </p> <dl><dd>was an inspired political alliance as well as a stab at personal happiness. Harry and Emily were supremely well-matched. As the husband of a beautiful, charming, intelligent, rich woman whose friends were the best people in society, Palmerston at last had the money, the social setting, and the personal security he needed to get to the very top of British politics. Lady Palmerston made her husband happy, as he did her, and she was a political power in her own right. In the last and most successful decades of Palmerston's life, she was his best advisor and most trusted <a href="/wiki/Amanuensis" title="Amanuensis">amanuensis</a>. Theirs was one of the great marriages of the century.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition:_1841–1846"><span id="Opposition:_1841.E2.80.931846"></span>Opposition: 1841–1846</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Opposition: 1841–1846"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within a few months <a href="/wiki/Second_Melbourne_ministry" title="Second Melbourne ministry">Melbourne's administration</a> came to an end (1841) and Palmerston remained out of office for five years. The crisis was past, but the change which took place by the substitution of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">François Guizot</a> for <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a> in France, and of <a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Lord Aberdeen</a> for Palmerston in Britain kept the peace. Palmerston believed that peace with France was not to be relied on, and indeed that war between the two countries was sooner or later inevitable. Aberdeen and Guizot inaugurated a different policy: by mutual confidence and friendly offices, they entirely succeeded in restoring the most cordial understanding between the two governments, and the irritation which Palmerston had inflamed gradually subsided. During the administration of Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a>, Palmerston led a retired life, but he attacked with characteristic bitterness the <a href="/wiki/Webster-Ashburton_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Webster-Ashburton Treaty">Webster-Ashburton Treaty</a> of 1842 with the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It resolved several Canadian boundary disputes with the United States, particularly the border between <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> and the State of <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> and between <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Canada</a> and the State of <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lake_of_the_Woods" title="Lake of the Woods">Lake of the Woods</a>. Much as he criticised it, the treaty successfully closed the border questions with which Palmerston had long been concerned.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Palmerston's reputation as an interventionist and his unpopularity with the Queen were such that <a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord John Russell">Lord John Russell</a>'s attempt in December 1845 to form a ministry failed because <a href="/wiki/Henry_Grey,_3rd_Earl_Grey" title="Henry Grey, 3rd Earl Grey">Lord Grey</a> refused to join a government in which Palmerston would direct foreign affairs. A few months later, however, the <a href="/wiki/First_Russell_ministry" title="First Russell ministry">Whigs came to power</a> and returned Palmerston to the Foreign Office (July 1846).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russell replied to critics that Palmerston's policies had "a <i>tendency</i> to produce war" but that he had advanced British interests without a major conflict, if not entirely peaceably.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_Secretary:_1846–1851"><span id="Foreign_Secretary:_1846.E2.80.931851"></span>Foreign Secretary: 1846–1851</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Foreign Secretary: 1846–1851"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Palmerston's years as foreign secretary, 1846–1851, involve dealing with violent upheavals all over Europe – he has been dubbed "the gunpowder minister" by biographer David Brown.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France_and_Spain,_1845"><span id="France_and_Spain.2C_1845"></span>France and Spain, 1845</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: France and Spain, 1845"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Affair_of_the_Spanish_Marriages" title="Affair of the Spanish Marriages">Affair of the Spanish Marriages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_by_John_Partridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Henry_John_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_by_John_Partridge.jpg/220px-Henry_John_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_by_John_Partridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Henry_John_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_by_John_Partridge.jpg/330px-Henry_John_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_by_John_Partridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Henry_John_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_by_John_Partridge.jpg/440px-Henry_John_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_by_John_Partridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3076" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Lord_Palmerston" title="Portrait of Lord Palmerston">Portrait of Lord Palmerston</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Partridge_(artist)" title="John Partridge (artist)">John Partridge</a>, c. 1845</figcaption></figure> <p>The French government regarded the appointment of Palmerston as a certain sign of renewed hostilities. They availed themselves of a dispatch in which he had put forward the name of a Coburg prince as a candidate for the hand of the young queen of Spain as a justification for a departure from the engagements entered into between Guizot and Lord Aberdeen. However little the conduct of the French government in this transaction of the Spanish marriages can be vindicated, it is certain that it originated in the belief that in Palmerston France had a restless and subtle enemy. The efforts of the British minister to defeat the French marriages of the Spanish princesses, by an appeal to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht_(1713)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht (1713)">Treaty of Utrecht</a> and the other powers of Europe, were wholly unsuccessful; France won the game, though with no small loss of honourable reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647_49-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>` </p><p>Historian David Brown rejects the traditional interpretation to the effect that Aberdeen had forged an entente cordiale with France in the early 1840s whereupon the belligerent Palmerston after 1846 destroyed that friendly relationship. Brown argues that as foreign secretary from 1846 to 1851 and subsequently as prime minister, Palmerston sought to maintain the balance of power in Europe, sometimes even aligning with France to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish_Famine">Irish Famine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Irish Famine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As an <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Anglo-Irish absentee landlord</a>, Palmerston evicted 2,000 of his <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> tenants for non-payment of rent during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Irish_Famine" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Irish Famine">Great Irish Famine</a> that ravaged Ireland in the late 1840s.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He financed the emigration of starving Irish tenants across the Atlantic to North America<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did <a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">Petty-Fitzmaurice</a> (Lord Lansdowne) to equal notoriety. Palmerston asserted that "... any great improvement in the social system of Ireland must be founded upon an extensive change in the present state of agrarian occupation [through] a long continued and systematic ejectment of Small holders and of Squatting <a href="/wiki/Cotter_(farmer)" title="Cotter (farmer)">Cottiers</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_for_revolutions_abroad">Support for revolutions abroad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Support for revolutions abroad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> spread like a conflagration through Europe, and shook every throne on the Continent except those of Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire, Spain, and Belgium. Palmerston sympathised openly with the revolutionary party abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647_49-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, he was a strong advocate of national <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>, and stood firmly on the side of constitutional liberties on the Continent. Despite this, he was bitterly opposed to <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish independence</a>, and deeply hostile to the <a href="/wiki/Young_Ireland" title="Young Ireland">Young Ireland</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_independence">Italian independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Italian independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No state was regarded by him with more aversion than <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>. Yet, his opposition to Austria was chiefly based upon its occupation of northeastern Italy and |its Italian policy. Palmerston maintained that the existence of Austria as a great power north of the Alps was an essential element in the system of Europe. Antipathies and sympathies had a large share in the political views of Palmerston, and his sympathies had ever been passionately awakened by the cause of <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian independence</a>. He supported the Sicilians against King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies</a>, and even allowed arms to be sent them from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Arsenal" title="Royal Arsenal">Royal Arsenal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woolwich" title="Woolwich">Woolwich</a>. Although he had endeavoured to restrain King <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia" title="Charles Albert of Sardinia">Charles Albert of Sardinia</a> from his rash attack on the superior forces of Austria, he obtained for him a reduction of the penalty of defeat. Austria, weakened by the revolution, sent an envoy to London to request the mediation of Britain, based on a large cession of Italian territory. Palmerston rejected the terms he might have obtained for Piedmont.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647_49-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a couple of years this wave of revolution was replaced by a wave of reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungarian_independence">Hungarian independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hungarian independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526-1867)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526-1867)">Hungary</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">1848 war for independence</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>, ruled by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg dynasty</a>, was defeated by the joint army of Austrian and Russian forces. <a href="/wiki/Prince_Felix_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg">Prince Schwarzenberg</a> assumed the government of the empire with dictatorial power. In spite of what Palmerston termed his judicious bottle-holding, the movement he had encouraged and applauded, but to which he could give no material aid, was everywhere subdued. The British government, or at least Palmerston as its representative, was regarded with suspicion and resentment by every power in Europe, except the <a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">French republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even that was shortly afterwards to be alienated by Palmerston's attack on Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647_49-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Lajos Kossuth</a>, the Hungarian democrat and leader of its constitutionalists, landed in England in 1851 to wide applause, Palmerston proposed to receive him at Broadlands, a design which was only prevented by a peremptory vote of the cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_and_parliamentary_reaction_to_1848">Royal and parliamentary reaction to 1848</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Royal and parliamentary reaction to 1848"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This state of things was regarded with the utmost annoyance by the British court and by most of the British ministers. On many occasions, Palmerston had taken important steps without their knowledge, which they disapproved. Over the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a> he asserted and exercised an arbitrary dominion, which the feeble efforts of the premier could not control. The Queen and the <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Prince Consort</a> did not conceal their indignation at the fact that they were held responsible for Palmerston's actions by the other courts of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647_49-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a> attacked Palmerston's foreign policy, the foreign minister responded to a five-hour speech by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chisholm_Anstey" title="Thomas Chisholm Anstey">Thomas Chisholm Anstey</a> with a five-hour speech of his own, the first of two great speeches in which he laid out a comprehensive defence of his foreign policy and of liberal interventionism more generally. Arguing for domestic political effect, Palmerston declaimed: </p> <dl><dd>I hold that the real policy of England... is to be the champion of justice and right, pursuing that course with moderation and prudence, not becoming the <a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote_(character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Quixote (character)">Quixote</a> of the world, but giving the weight of her moral sanction and support wherever she thinks that justice is, and whenever she thinks that wrong has been done.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>(...)</dd> <dd>Therefore I say that it is a narrow policy to suppose that this country or that is to be marked out as the eternal ally or the perpetual enemy of England. We have no eternal allies, and we have no perpetual enemies. Our interests are eternal and perpetual, and those interests it is our duty to follow.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Russell and the Queen both hoped that the other would take the initiative and dismiss Palmerston; the Queen was dissuaded by her husband Prince Albert, who took the limits of constitutional power very seriously, and Russell by Palmerston's prestige with the people and his competence in an otherwise remarkably inept Cabinet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Don_Pacifico_affair">Don Pacifico affair</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Don Pacifico affair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Don_Pacifico_affair" title="Don Pacifico affair">Don Pacifico affair</a></div> <p>In 1847, the home of <a href="/wiki/Don_Pacifico" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Pacifico">Don Pacifico</a>, a Gibraltarian merchant living in Athens, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a>, was attacked by an <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> mob, which included the sons of a Greek government minister. The Greek police did not intervene in the attack, despite being present.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because Don Pacifico was a British subject, the British government expressed concern. In January 1850, Palmerston took advantage of Don Pacifico's claims on the Greek government, and blockaded the port of <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a> in the Kingdom of Greece. As Greece was under the joint protection of three powers, Russia and France protested against its coercion by the British fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a memorable debate on 17 June, Palmerston's policy was condemned by a vote of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. The House of Commons was moved by <a href="/wiki/John_Arthur_Roebuck" title="John Arthur Roebuck">John Arthur Roebuck</a> to reverse the rebuke, which it did on 29 June by a majority of 46, after having heard from Palmerston on 25 June. This was the most eloquent and powerful speech he ever delivered, wherein he sought to vindicate not only his claims on the Greek government for Don Pacifico, but his entire administration of foreign affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911648_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911648-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Don_Pacifico_Speech" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Don Pacifico Speech">Don Pacifico Speech</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>It was in this speech, which lasted for five hours, that Palmerston made the well-known declaration that a British subject ought everywhere to be protected by the strong arm of the British government against injustice and wrong;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911648_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911648-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> comparing the reach of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> to that of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, in which a <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizen</a> could walk the earth unmolested by any foreign power. This was the famous <i><a href="/wiki/Civis_romanus_sum" class="mw-redirect" title="Civis romanus sum">civis romanus sum</a></i> ("I am a citizen of Rome") speech. After this speech, Palmerston's popularity had never been greater.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crossing_the_Queen_and_resigning,_1851"><span id="Crossing_the_Queen_and_resigning.2C_1851"></span>Crossing the Queen and resigning, 1851</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Crossing the Queen and resigning, 1851"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notwithstanding his parliamentary triumph in the Don Pacifico affair, many of his own colleagues and supporters criticised the spirit in which the foreign relations of the Crown were carried on. The Queen addressed a minute to the Prime Minister in which she recorded her dissatisfaction at the manner in which Palmerston evaded the obligation to submit his measures for the royal sanction as failing in sincerity to the Crown. This minute was communicated to Palmerston, who accepted its criticisms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911648_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911648-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 December 1851, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Louis Napoleon</a> – who had been elected President of France in 1848 – carried out a <i><a href="/wiki/1851_French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1851 French coup d'état">coup d'état</a></i> by dissolving the National Assembly and arresting the leading republicans. Palmerston privately congratulated Napoleon on his triumph, noting that Britain's constitution was rooted in history but that France had had five revolutions since 1789, with the <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1848" title="French Constitution of 1848">French Constitution of 1848</a> being a "day-before-yesterday tomfoolery which the scatterbrain heads of <a href="/wiki/Armand_Marrast" title="Armand Marrast">Marrast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a> invented for the torment and perplexity of the French nation".<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Cabinet decided that Britain must be neutral, and so Palmerston requested his officials to be diplomatic. Palmerston's widespread support among the press, educated public opinion, and ordinary Britons caused apprehension and distrust among other politicians and angered the Court. Prince Albert complained Palmerston had sent a dispatch without showing the sovereign. Protesting innocence, Palmerston resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palmerston was weakened because Parliament, where he had great support, was not in session. Palmerston continued to have wide approval among the newspapers, elite opinion, and the middle class voters. His popularity led to distrust among rivals and especially at the Royal Court. His fall demonstrates the lack of power of public opinion in a pre-democratic era. However, Palmerston kept his public support and the growing influence of public opinion steadily increased his political strength in the 1850s and 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Home_Secretary:_1852–1855"><span id="Home_Secretary:_1852.E2.80.931855"></span>Home Secretary: 1852–1855</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Home Secretary: 1852–1855"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After a brief period of <a href="/wiki/Who%3F_Who%3F_ministry" title="Who? Who? ministry">Conservative minority government</a>, the <a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton_Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" class="mw-redirect" title="George Hamilton Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Earl of Aberdeen</a> became Prime Minister (in office 19 December 1852 – 30 January 1855) in a <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_ministry" title="Aberdeen ministry">coalition government</a> of Whigs and <a href="/wiki/Peelites" class="mw-redirect" title="Peelites">Peelites</a> (with <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a> taking the role of Foreign Secretary and Leader of the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a>). It was regarded as impossible for them to form a government without Palmerston, so he was made <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> (28 December 1852). Many people considered this a curious appointment because Palmerston's expertise was so obviously in foreign affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A story recounts that after a great wave of strikes swept <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a>, the Queen summoned Palmerston to discuss the situation. When she enquired after the latest news, Palmerston allegedly replied: "There is no definite news, Madam, but it seems certain that the Turks have crossed the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Ridley,_p._414_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridley,_p._414-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_reform">Social reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Social reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Palmerston passed the Factory Act 1853, which removed loopholes in previous <a href="/wiki/Factory_Acts" title="Factory Acts">Factory Acts</a> and outlawed all labour by young persons between 6pm and 6am. He attempted to pass a Bill that confirmed the rights of workers to combine, but the House of Lords rejected it. He introduced the <a href="/wiki/Truck_Acts" title="Truck Acts">Truck Act</a> which stopped the practice of employers paying workmen in goods instead of money, or forcing them to purchase goods from shops owned by the employers. In August 1853, Palmerston introduced the Smoke Abatement Act in order to combat the increasing smoke from coal fires, a problem greatly aggravated by the Industrial Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Ridley,_p._407_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridley,_p._407-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also oversaw the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Vaccination_Act_1853" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaccination Act 1853">Vaccination Act 1853</a> into law, which was introduced as a private member's bill, and which Palmerston persuaded the government to support. The Act made vaccination of children compulsory for the first<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> time. Palmerston outlawed the burying of the dead in churches. The right to bury the dead in churches was held by wealthy families whose ancestors had purchased the right in the past. Palmerston opposed this practice on public-health grounds and ensured that all bodies were buried in a churchyard or public cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-Ridley,_p._407_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridley,_p._407-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penal_reform">Penal reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Penal reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Palmerston reduced the period in which prisoners could be held in <a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">solitary confinement</a> from eighteen months to nine months.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also ended <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">transportation</a> to <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> for prisoners by passing the <a href="/wiki/Penal_Servitude_Act" title="Penal Servitude Act">Penal Servitude Act</a> 1853, which also reduced the maximum sentences for most offences.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palmerston passed the Reformatory Schools Act 1854 which gave the <a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_home_secretary" title="Powers of the home secretary">Home Secretary powers</a> to send juvenile prisoners to a reformatory school instead of to prison. He was forced to accept an amendment which ensured that the prisoner had to have spent at least three months in jail first.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When in October 1854 Palmerston visited <a href="/wiki/Parkhurst_(HM_Prison)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkhurst (HM Prison)">Parkhurst</a> gaol and conversed with three boy inmates, he was impressed by their behaviour and ordered that they be sent to a reformatory school. He found the ventilation in the cells unsatisfactory and ordered improvement.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Palmerston strongly opposed <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Lord John Russell</a>'s plans for giving the vote to sections of the urban working-classes. When the Cabinet agreed in December 1853 to introduce a bill during the next session of Parliament in the form which Russell wanted, Palmerston resigned. However, Aberdeen told him that no definite decision on reform had been taken and persuaded Palmerston to return to the Cabinet. The electoral Reform Bill did not pass Parliament that year.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crimean_War">Crimean War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Crimean War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Palmerston's exile from his traditional realm of the Foreign Office meant he did not have full control over British policy during the events precipitating the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> of 1853–1856. One of his biographers, <a href="/wiki/Jasper_Ridley" title="Jasper Ridley">Jasper Ridley</a>, argues that had he been in control of foreign policy at this time, war in the Crimea would have been avoided.<sup id="cite_ref-Ridley,_p._414_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridley,_p._414-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palmerston argued in Cabinet, after Russian troops concentrated on the Ottoman border in February 1853, that the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> should join the French fleet in the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> as a warning to Russia. He was overruled, however. </p><p>In May 1853, the Russians threatened to invade the principalities of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> unless the Ottoman sultan acceded to their demands. Palmerston argued for immediate decisive action - that the Royal Navy should be sent to the Dardanelles to assist the Turkish navy and that Britain should inform Russia of London's intention to go to war if the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> invaded the principalities. However, Aberdeen objected to all of Palmerston's proposals. After prolonged arguments, a reluctant Aberdeen agreed to send a fleet to the Dardanelles but objected to Palmerston's other proposals. The Russian Emperor, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a>, was annoyed by Britain's actions but they did not deter him. When the British fleet arrived at the Dardanelles the weather was rough, so the fleet took refuge in the outer waters of the straits (June 1853).<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russians saw this as a violation of the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits Convention">Straits Convention</a> of 1841; they invaded the two principalities in July 1853. Palmerston interpreted this as the result of British weakness and thought that if the Russians had been told that if they invaded the principalities the British and French fleets would enter the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, they would have been deterred.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Cabinet, Palmerston argued for a vigorous prosecution of the war against Russia by Britain, but Aberdeen objected, as he wanted peace. British public opinion supported the Turks, and with Aberdeen becoming steadily unpopular, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Dudley_Stuart" title="Lord Dudley Stuart">Lord Dudley Stuart</a> in February 1854 noted, "Wherever I go, I have heard but one opinion on the subject, and that one opinion has been pronounced in a single word, or in a single name – Palmerston."<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_General_Cathcart_death_at_Inkerman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/British_General_Cathcart_death_at_Inkerman.jpg/350px-British_General_Cathcart_death_at_Inkerman.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/British_General_Cathcart_death_at_Inkerman.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inkerman" title="Battle of Inkerman">Battle of Inkerman</a>, November 1854</figcaption></figure> <p>On 28 March 1854, Britain and France declared war on Russia for refusing to withdraw from the principalities. The war progressed slowly, with no Anglo-French gains in the Baltic and slow coalition gains in Crimea at the long <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%E2%80%931855)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)">Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)</a>. Dissatisfaction with the conduct of the war grew amongst the public in Britain and in other countries, aggravated by reports of fiascos and failures, especially the mismanagement of the heroic <a href="/wiki/Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade" title="Charge of the Light Brigade">Charge of the Light Brigade</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balaclava" title="Battle of Balaclava">Battle of Balaclava</a> (25 October 1854). The health and living conditions of the British soldiers became notorious and the press, with correspondents in the field, made the most of the situation. Tories demanded an accounting of all soldiers, cavalry and sailors sent to the Crimea and accurate figures as to the number of casualties. When Parliament passed a bill to investigate by a vote of 305 to 148, Aberdeen said he had lost a vote of no confidence and resigned as prime minister on 30 January 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Queen Victoria deeply distrusted Palmerston and first asked <a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Lord Derby</a> to accept the premiership. Derby offered Palmerston the office of <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a>, which he accepted under the condition that <a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Lord Clarendon</a> remain as Foreign Secretary. Clarendon refused, and so Palmerston rejected Derby's offer; Derby subsequently gave up trying to form a government. The Queen sent for <a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-FitzMaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">Lord Lansdowne</a> but (aged 74) he was too old to accept: so she asked Russell; but none of his former colleagues except Palmerston wanted to serve under him. Having exhausted the possible alternatives, the Queen invited Palmerston to <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a> on 4 February 1855 to form a government.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister:_1855–1858"><span id="Prime_Minister:_1855.E2.80.931858"></span>Prime Minister: 1855–1858<span class="anchor" id="First_premiership"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Prime Minister: 1855–1858"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/First_Palmerston_ministry" title="First Palmerston ministry">First Palmerston ministry</a></div> <p>Aged 70 years, 109 days, Palmerston became the oldest person in British political history to be appointed Prime Minister for the first time. As of 2024 no Prime Minister entering <a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a> for the first time since Palmerston has surpassed his record. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ending_the_Crimean_War">Ending the Crimean War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ending the Crimean War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Palmerston_1855.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lord_Palmerston_1855.jpg/180px-Lord_Palmerston_1855.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lord_Palmerston_1855.jpg/270px-Lord_Palmerston_1855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lord_Palmerston_1855.jpg/360px-Lord_Palmerston_1855.jpg 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Lord Palmerston, c. 1855 by Francis Cruikshank</figcaption></figure> <p>Palmerston took a hard line on the war; he wanted to expand the fighting, especially in the Baltic where <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> could be threatened by superior British naval power. His goal was to permanently reduce the Russian threat to Europe. If <a href="/wiki/Sweden-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden-Norway">Sweden</a> and Prussia were willing to join, Russia would stand alone. However, France, which had sent far more soldiers to the war than Britain, and had suffered far more casualties, wanted the war to end, as did Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1855 the old Tsar died and was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a>, who wished to make peace. However, Palmerston found the peace terms too soft on Russia and so persuaded <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> to break off the peace negotiations until <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a> could be captured, putting the allies in a stronger negotiating position. In September Sevastopol finally surrendered and the allies had full control of the Black Sea theatre. Russia came to terms. On 27 February 1856 an armistice was signed and after a month's negotiations an agreement was signed at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Paris_(1856)" title="Congress of Paris (1856)">Congress of Paris</a>. Palmerston's demand for a demilitarised Black Sea was secured, although his wish for the Crimea to be returned to the Ottomans was not. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1856)" title="Treaty of Paris (1856)">peace treaty</a> was signed on 30 March 1856. In April 1856 Palmerston was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a> by Victoria.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Palmerston-engraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lord_Palmerston-engraving.jpg/220px-Lord_Palmerston-engraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lord_Palmerston-engraving.jpg/330px-Lord_Palmerston-engraving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lord_Palmerston-engraving.jpg/440px-Lord_Palmerston-engraving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5401" data-file-height="7885" /></a><figcaption>Original engraving by D.J. Pound, from a photograph by Mayall, the Right Honourable Viscount Palmerston, G.C.B. K.G., Prime Minister. From the "Supplement to the Illustrated News of the World" ca 1855–58.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrow_controversy_and_the_Second_Opium_War">Arrow controversy and the Second Opium War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Arrow controversy and the Second Opium War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 1856, the Chinese seized the pirate ship <i>Arrow</i>, and in the process, according to the local British official <a href="/wiki/Harry_Smith_Parkes" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Smith Parkes">Harry Smith Parkes</a>, insulted the British flag. When the Chinese Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Ye_Mingchen" title="Ye Mingchen">Ye Mingchen</a> refused to apologise, the British shelled his compound. The commissioner retaliated with a proclamation that called on the people of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a> to "unite in exterminating these troublesome English villains" and offered a $100 bounty for the head of any Englishman. The <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Factories" title="Thirteen Factories">British factories</a> outside the city were also burned to the ground by incensed locals. Palmerston supported Parkes while in Parliament the British policy was strongly attacked on moral grounds by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Richard Cobden</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a>. Playing the patriotism card, Palmerston said that Cobden demonstrated "an anti-English feeling, an abnegation of all those ties which bind men to their country and to their fellow countrymen, which I should hardly have expected from the lips of any member of this House. Everything that was English was wrong, and everything that was hostile to England was right."<sup id="cite_ref-R467_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R467-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He went on to say that if a motion of censure was carried it would signal that the House had voted to "abandon a large community of British subjects at the extreme end of the globe to a set of barbarians – a set of kidnapping, murdering, poisoning barbarians."<sup id="cite_ref-R467_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R467-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The censure motion was carried by a majority of sixteen and the <a href="/wiki/1857_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1857 United Kingdom general election">election of 1857 followed</a>. Palmerston's stance proved popular among a large section of the workers, the growing middle classes and the country's commercial and financial interests. With the expanded franchise, his party swept on a wave of popular feeling to a majority of 83, the largest since 1835. Cobden and <a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">John Bright</a> lost their seats. </p><p>In China, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a> (1856–1860) was another humiliating defeat for a Qing dynasty,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> already reeling as a result of the domestic <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resignation">Resignation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Resignation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord-Palmerston-Addressing-The-House-Of-Commons-During-The-Debates-On-The-Treaty-Of-France-In-February-1860,-1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lord-Palmerston-Addressing-The-House-Of-Commons-During-The-Debates-On-The-Treaty-Of-France-In-February-1860%2C-1863.jpg/250px-Lord-Palmerston-Addressing-The-House-Of-Commons-During-The-Debates-On-The-Treaty-Of-France-In-February-1860%2C-1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lord-Palmerston-Addressing-The-House-Of-Commons-During-The-Debates-On-The-Treaty-Of-France-In-February-1860%2C-1863.jpg/375px-Lord-Palmerston-Addressing-The-House-Of-Commons-During-The-Debates-On-The-Treaty-Of-France-In-February-1860%2C-1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Lord-Palmerston-Addressing-The-House-Of-Commons-During-The-Debates-On-The-Treaty-Of-France-In-February-1860%2C-1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption>Lord Palmerston Addressing the House of Commons During the Debates on the <a href="/wiki/Cobden%E2%80%93Chevalier_Treaty" title="Cobden–Chevalier Treaty">Treaty of France</a> in February 1860, as painted by <a href="/wiki/John_Phillip" title="John Phillip">John Phillip</a> (1863)</figcaption></figure> <p>After the election, Palmerston passed the <a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_Causes_Act_1857" title="Matrimonial Causes Act 1857">Matrimonial Causes Act 1857</a>, which for the first time made it possible for courts to grant a divorce and removed divorce from the jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical courts. The opponents in Parliament, who included Gladstone, were the first in British history to try to kill a bill by filibuster. Nonetheless, Palmerston was determined to get the bill through, which he did. In June news came to Britain of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>. Palmerston sent Sir <a href="/wiki/Colin_Campbell,_1st_Baron_Clyde" title="Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde">Colin Campbell</a> and reinforcements to India. Palmerston also agreed to transfer the authority of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> to the Crown. This was enacted in the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1858" title="Government of India Act 1858">Government of India Act 1858</a>. After the Italian republican <a href="/wiki/Felice_Orsini" title="Felice Orsini">Felice Orsini</a> tried to assassinate the French emperor with a bomb made in Britain, the French were outraged (see <a href="/wiki/Orsini_affair" title="Orsini affair">Orsini affair</a>). Palmerston introduced a Conspiracy to Murder bill, which made it a felony to plot in Britain to murder someone abroad. At first reading, the Conservatives voted for it but at second reading they voted against it. Palmerston lost by nineteen votes. Therefore, in February 1858 he was forced to resign.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition:_1858–1859"><span id="Opposition:_1858.E2.80.931859"></span>Opposition: 1858–1859</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Opposition: 1858–1859"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Conservatives <a href="/wiki/Second_Derby%E2%80%93Disraeli_ministry" title="Second Derby–Disraeli ministry">lacked a majority</a>, and Russell introduced a resolution in March 1859 arguing for widening the franchise, which the Conservatives opposed but which was carried. Parliament was dissolved and a <a href="/wiki/1859_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1859 United Kingdom general election">general election</a> ensued, which the Whigs won. Palmerston rejected an offer from Disraeli to become Conservative leader, but he attended the meeting of 6 June 1859 in <a href="/wiki/Almack%27s" title="Almack's">Willis's Rooms</a> at <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Street" title="St James's Street">St James's Street</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> was formed. The Queen asked <a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Lord Granville</a> to form a government, but although Palmerston agreed to serve under him, Russell did not. Therefore, on 12 June the Queen asked Palmerston to become prime minister. Russell and Gladstone agreed to serve under him.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister:_1859–1865"><span id="Prime_Minister:_1859.E2.80.931865"></span>Prime Minister: 1859–1865<span class="anchor" id="Second_premiership"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Prime Minister: 1859–1865"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_government,_1859%E2%80%931866" title="Liberal government, 1859–1866">Liberal government, 1859–1866</a></div> <p>Historians usually regard Palmerston, starting in 1859, as the first Liberal prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his last premiership Palmerston oversaw the passage of important legislation. The <a href="/wiki/Offences_against_the_Person_Act_1861" class="mw-redirect" title="Offences against the Person Act 1861">Offences against the Person Act 1861</a> codified and reformed the law, and was part of a wider process of <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_Consolidation_Acts_1861" title="Criminal Law Consolidation Acts 1861">consolidating criminal law</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Companies_Act_1862" title="Companies Act 1862">Companies Act 1862</a> was the basis of modern company law.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foreign policy continued to be his main strength; he thought that he could shape if not control all of European diplomacy, especially by using France as a vital ally and trade partner. However, historians often characterise his method as bluffing more than decisive action.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Secret_of_England%27s_Greatness%27_(Queen_Victoria_presenting_a_Bible_in_the_Audience_Chamber_at_Windsor)_by_Thomas_Jones_Barker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_Secret_of_England%27s_Greatness%27_%28Queen_Victoria_presenting_a_Bible_in_the_Audience_Chamber_at_Windsor%29_by_Thomas_Jones_Barker.jpg/220px-The_Secret_of_England%27s_Greatness%27_%28Queen_Victoria_presenting_a_Bible_in_the_Audience_Chamber_at_Windsor%29_by_Thomas_Jones_Barker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_Secret_of_England%27s_Greatness%27_%28Queen_Victoria_presenting_a_Bible_in_the_Audience_Chamber_at_Windsor%29_by_Thomas_Jones_Barker.jpg/330px-The_Secret_of_England%27s_Greatness%27_%28Queen_Victoria_presenting_a_Bible_in_the_Audience_Chamber_at_Windsor%29_by_Thomas_Jones_Barker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_Secret_of_England%27s_Greatness%27_%28Queen_Victoria_presenting_a_Bible_in_the_Audience_Chamber_at_Windsor%29_by_Thomas_Jones_Barker.jpg/440px-The_Secret_of_England%27s_Greatness%27_%28Queen_Victoria_presenting_a_Bible_in_the_Audience_Chamber_at_Windsor%29_by_Thomas_Jones_Barker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1876" /></a><figcaption>Palmerston, <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Lord Russell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Prince Albert</a> looking on as Queen Victoria presents a <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> to an African ruler who is bowing down before her</figcaption></figure> <p>Some people called Palmerston a womaniser; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> named him Lord Cupid (on account of his youthful looks), and he was cited, at the age of 79, as co-respondent in an 1863 divorce case, although it emerged that the case was nothing more than an attempted blackmail. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Gladstone">Relationship with Gladstone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Relationship with Gladstone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Palmerston and <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a> treated each other respectfully, they disagreed fundamentally over Church appointments, foreign affairs, defence and reform;<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palmerston's greatest problem during his last premiership was how to handle his Chancellor of the Exchequer. The MP Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Gregory" title="William Henry Gregory">William Henry Gregory</a> was told by a member of the Cabinet that "at the beginning of each session and after each holiday, Mr Gladstone used to come in charged to the muzzle with all sorts of schemes of all sorts of reforms which were absolutely necessary in his opinion to be immediately undertaken. Palmerston used to look fixedly at the paper before him, saying nothing until there was a lull in Gladstone's outpouring. He then rapped the table and said cheerfully: 'Now, my Lords and gentlemen, let us go to business'."<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palmerston told Lord Shaftesbury: "Gladstone will soon have it all his own way and whenever he gets my place we shall have strange doings". He told another friend that he thought Gladstone would wreck the Liberal Party and end up in a madhouse.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When in May 1864 the MP <a href="/wiki/Edward_Baines_(1800%E2%80%931890)" title="Edward Baines (1800–1890)">Edward Baines</a> introduced a Reform Bill in the Commons, Palmerston ordered Gladstone to not commit himself and the government to any particular scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead Gladstone said in his speech in the Commons that he did not see why any man should not have the vote unless he was mentally incapacitated, but added that this would not come about unless the working class showed an interest in reform. Palmerston believed that this was incitement to the working class to begin agitating for reform and told Gladstone: "What every Man and Woman too have a Right to, is to be well governed and under just Laws, and they who propose a change ought to shew that the present organization does not accomplish those objects".<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">French intervention in Italy</a> had created an invasion scare and Palmerston established a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Defence_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom">Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom</a> which reported in 1860. It recommended a huge <a href="/wiki/Palmerston_Forts" title="Palmerston Forts">programme of fortifications</a> to protect the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy_Dockyards" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Navy Dockyards">Royal Navy Dockyards</a> and ports, which Palmerston vigorously supported. Objecting to the enormous expense, Gladstone repeatedly threatened to resign as Chancellor when the proposals were accepted. Palmerston said that he had received so many resignation letters from Gladstone that he feared that they would set fire to the chimney.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Lord_Lyons">Relationship with Lord Lyons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Relationship with Lord Lyons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the advent and occurrence of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the British Ambassador to the United States was Palmerston's close friend and ally <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lyons,_1st_Viscount_Lyons" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons">Richard Lyons, 2nd Baron Lyons</a>. Palmerston had first appointed Richard Lyons to the Foreign Service in 1839, and was a close friend of his father, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Lyons,_1st_Baron_Lyons" title="Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons">Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons</a>, with whom he had vehemently advocated increased aggression in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>. Palmerston and Lyons both had similar sociopolitical sympathies: both advocated monarchy and foreign interventionism. Throughout the American Civil War, Palmerston and Richard Lyons maintained an extensive confidential correspondence. Their actions were responsible for the peaceful resolution of the <a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a>. When Lyons resigned from the position of American Ambassador, Palmerston attempted to persuade him to return, but Lyons declined the offer.<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins_Lyons_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins_Lyons-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: American Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Diplomacy of the American Civil War">Diplomacy of the American Civil War</a></div> <p>Palmerston's sympathies in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (1861–65) were with the secessionist <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>. Although a professed opponent of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, he held a lifelong hostility towards the United States, and believed a dissolution of the Union would enhance British power. Additionally, the Confederacy "would afford a valuable and extensive market for British manufactures".<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Britain issued a <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/British_proclamation_of_neutrality_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="extiw" title="s:British proclamation of neutrality in the American Civil War">proclamation of neutrality</a> at the beginning of the Civil War on 13 May 1861. The Confederacy was recognised as a <a href="/wiki/Belligerent" title="Belligerent">belligerent</a> but it was too premature to recognise it as a sovereign state. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Seward" class="mw-redirect" title="William Seward">William Seward</a>, threatened to treat as hostile any country which recognised the Confederacy. Britain depended more on American corn than Confederate cotton, and a war with the U.S. would not be in Britain's economic interest.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palmerston ordered reinforcements sent to the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a> because he was convinced the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">North</a> would make peace with the South and then invade Canada. He was very pleased with the Confederate victory at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a> in July 1861, but 15 months later he felt: </p><blockquote><p>"...the American War... has manifestly ceased to have any attainable object as far as the Northerns are concerned, except to get rid of some more thousand troublesome Irish and Germans. It must be owned, however, that the Anglo-Saxon race on both sides have shown courage and endurance highly honourable to their stock."<sup id="cite_ref-R559_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R559-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The <a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair"><i>Trent</i> Affair</a> in November 1861 produced public outrage in Britain and a diplomatic crisis. A U.S. Navy warship stopped the British steamer <i>Trent</i> and seized two Confederate envoys <i>en route</i> to Europe. Palmerston called the action "a declared and gross insult", demanded the release of the two diplomats and ordered 3,000 troops to Canada. In a letter to Queen Victoria on 5 December 1861 he said that if his demands were not met: </p><blockquote><p>"Great Britain is in a better state than at any former time to inflict a severe blow upon and to read a lesson to the United States which will not soon be forgotten."<sup id="cite_ref-R554_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R554-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> In another letter to his foreign secretary, he predicted war between Britain and the Union: </p><blockquote><p>"It is difficult not to come to the conclusion that the rabid hatred of England which animates the exiled Irishmen who direct almost all the Northern newspapers, will so excite the masses as to make it impossible for Lincoln and Seward to grant our demands; and we must therefore look forward to war as the probable result."<sup id="cite_ref-R554_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R554-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In fact, Irishmen did not control any major newspapers in the North, and the U.S. decided to release the prisoners rather than risk war. Palmerston was convinced the presence of troops in Canada persuaded the U.S. to acquiesce.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s announcement in September 1862 that he would issue an <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a> in ninety days, the cabinet debated intervention as a humanitarian move to stop a likely race war. At the same time however there was a cabinet crisis in France over the <a href="/wiki/23_October_1862_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="23 October 1862 Revolution">overthrow of the Greek king</a> and the growing <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Question">Eastern Question</a> with regard to Russia. The British Government had to determine whether the situation in North America or the containment of Russia was more urgent. The decision was to give priority to threats closer to home and to decline France's suggestion of a joint intervention in America; the threatened race war over slavery never happened.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palmerston rejected all further efforts of the Confederacy to gain British recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-R559_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R559-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Palmerston_1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Lord_Palmerston_1863.jpg/170px-Lord_Palmerston_1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Lord_Palmerston_1863.jpg/255px-Lord_Palmerston_1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Lord_Palmerston_1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carte_de_visite" title="Carte de visite">Carte de visite</a> depicting Palmerston, 1863</figcaption></figure> <p>The long-term issue between Britain and the United States was the <a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">supply of blockade runners</a> loaded with British arms or construction of <a href="/wiki/Commerce_raider" class="mw-redirect" title="Commerce raider">commerce raiders</a> for the Confederate war effort. The U.S. accused Britain of being complicit in <a href="/wiki/Arms_trafficking" title="Arms trafficking">gunrunning</a> and sales of warships by private firms to the Confederacy that actually sustained the war by two years.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was later evidenced by Palmerston's refusal to stop firms from selling arms and ships on the basis that it had a right to sell such things to both sides as a <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutral country</a>, even though the South was still part of the U.S. (as ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._White" title="Texas v. White">Texas v. White</a></i> in 1869 by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a>). As such, many Americans viewed the British as interfering with American affairs and indirectly committing an act of war against the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The raiding ship <a href="/wiki/CSS_Alabama" title="CSS Alabama">CSS <i>Alabama</i></a>, built in the British port of <a href="/wiki/Birkenhead" title="Birkenhead">Birkenhead</a>, was another difficulty for Palmerston. On 29 July 1862, a law officer's report he had commissioned advised him to detain <i>Alabama</i>, as its construction was a breach of Britain's neutrality. Palmerston ordered <i>Alabama</i> detained on 31 July, but it had already put to sea before the order reached Birkenhead. In her subsequent cruise, <i>Alabama</i> captured or destroyed many Union merchant ships, as did other raiders fitted out in Britain. This was the basis of the postwar <a href="/wiki/Alabama_claims" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama claims"><i>Alabama</i> claims</a> for damages against Britain, which Palmerston refused to pay. After his death, Gladstone acknowledged the U.S. claim and agreed to arbitration, paying out $15,500,000 in damages. However, no compensation for damages done to the U.S. by British-built blockade runners carrying arms supplies to the Confederacy was offered.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> wanted to annex the Danish <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig" title="Duchy of Schleswig">Duchy of Schleswig</a> and the neighboring German <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Duchy of Holstein</a>, whose Duke was the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">King of Denmark</a>, chiefly for its port of <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a>, and had an alliance with Austria for this purpose. This was part of the longstanding <a href="/wiki/Schleswig%E2%80%93Holstein_question" title="Schleswig–Holstein question">Schleswig–Holstein question</a>. In a speech to the Commons on 23 July 1863, Palmerston said the British government, like those of France and Russia, wished that "the independence, the integrity, and the rights of Denmark may be maintained. We are convinced—I am convinced at least—that if any violent attempt were made to overthrow those rights and interfere with that independence, those who made the attempt would find in the result that it would not be Denmark alone with which they would have to contend".<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palmerston's stance derived from the traditional belief that France was the greater threat to Britain and was much stronger than Austria and Prussia.<sup id="cite_ref-Ridley,_p._571_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridley,_p._571-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, France and Britain were at odds over Poland, and Paris refused to cooperate with London on the Danish crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public opinion in Britain was strongly pro-Danish, thanks especially to <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark" title="Alexandra of Denmark">the Danish princess</a> who married the <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Prince of Wales</a>. However Queen Victoria was intensely pro-German and strongly urged against threatening war.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palmerston himself favoured Denmark but he also had long been pacifistic in this matter and did not want Britain to become militarily involved.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For five months Bismarck did nothing. However, in November the Danish government instituted a new constitution whereby Schleswig was bound closer to Denmark. By the year's end, the Prussian and Austrian armies had occupied Holstein and were massing on the <a href="/wiki/River_Eider" class="mw-redirect" title="River Eider">River Eider</a>, the border with Schleswig. On 1 February 1864, the Prussian-Austrian armies <a href="/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War" title="Second Schleswig War">invaded Schleswig</a>, and ten days afterwards the Danish government requested British help to resist this. Russell urged Palmerston to send a fleet to Copenhagen and persuade Napoleon III that he should mobilise his French soldiers on the borders of Prussia. </p><p>Palmerston replied that the fleet could not do much to assist the Danes in Copenhagen and that nothing should be done to persuade Napoleon to cross the Rhine. Britain had a small army and it had no powerful ally to help.<sup id="cite_ref-Ridley,_p._571_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridley,_p._571-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bismarck remarked that the Royal Navy lacked wheels—it was powerless on land where the war would be fought.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy" title="Austro-Hungarian Navy">Austria's navy</a> was on its way to attack Copenhagen. Palmerston told the Austrian ambassador that if his fleet entered the Baltic to attack Denmark the result would be war with Britain. The ambassador replied that the Austrian navy would not enter the Baltic and it did not do so.<sup id="cite_ref-Ridley,_p._572_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridley,_p._572-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Palmerston accepted Russell's suggestion that the war should be settled at a conference, but at the ensuing <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1864" title="London Conference of 1864">London Conference of 1864</a> in May and June the Danes refused to accept their loss of Schleswig-Holstein. The armistice ended on 26 June and Prussian-Austrian troops quickly invaded more of Denmark. On 25 June the Cabinet was against going to war to save Denmark, and Russell's suggestion to send the Royal Navy to defend Copenhagen was only carried by Palmerston's vote. Palmerston, however, said the fleet could not be sent in view of the deep division in the Cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-Ridley,_p._572_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridley,_p._572-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 June, Palmerston gave his statement to the Commons and said Britain would not go to war with the German powers unless the existence of Denmark as an independent power was at stake or Denmark's capital was threatened. The Conservatives replied that Palmerston had betrayed the Danes and a vote of censure in the House of Lords was carried by nine votes. In the debate in the Commons the Conservative MP General <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Peel" title="Jonathan Peel">Jonathan Peel</a> said: "It is come to this, that the words of the Prime Minister of England [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>], uttered in the Parliament of England [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>], are to be regarded as mere idle menaces to be laughed at and despised by foreign powers." Palmerston replied in the last night of the debate: "I say that England stands as high as she ever did and those who say she had fallen in the estimation of the world are not the men to whom the honour and dignity of England should be confided".<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vote of censure was defeated by 313 votes to 295, with Palmerston's old enemies in the pacifist camp, Cobden and Bright, voting for him. The result of the vote was announced at 2:30 in the morning, and when Palmerston heard the news he ran up the stairs to the Ladies' Gallery and embraced his wife. Disraeli wrote: "What pluck to mount those dreadful stairs at three o'clock in the morning, and eighty years of age!"<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a speech at his constituency at <a href="/wiki/Tiverton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Tiverton (UK Parliament constituency)">Tiverton</a> in August, Palmerston told his constituents: </p> <blockquote><p>I am sure every Englishman who has a heart in his breast and a feeling of justice in his mind, sympathizes with those unfortunate Danes (cheers), and wishes that this country could have been able to draw the sword successfully in their defence (continued cheers); but I am satisfied that those who reflect on the season of the year when that war broke out, on the means which this country could have applied for deciding in one sense that issue, I am satisfied that those who make these reflections will think that we acted wisely in not embarking in that dispute. (Cheers.) To have sent a fleet in midwinter to the Baltic every sailor would tell you was an impossibility, but if it could have gone it would have been attended by no effectual result. Ships sailing on the sea cannot stop armies on land, and to have attempted to stop the progress of an army by sending a fleet to the Baltic would have been attempting to do that which it was not possible to accomplish. (Hear, hear.) If England could have sent an army, and although we all know how admirable that army is on the peace establishment, we must acknowledge that we have no means of sending out a force at all equal to cope with the 300,000 or 400,000 men whom the 30,000,000 or 40,000,000 of Germany could have pitted against us, and that such an attempt would only have insured a disgraceful discomfiture—not to the army, indeed, but to the Government which sent out an inferior force and expected it to cope successfully with a force so vastly superior. (Cheers.) ... we did not think that the Danish cause would be considered as sufficiently British, and as sufficiently bearing on the interests and the security and the honour of England, as to make it justifiable to ask the country to make those exertions which such a war would render necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Europe's leaders were unable to settle the matter by peaceful compromise. Palmerston's biographer William Baring Pemberton argued that his "failure to understand Bismarck lies at the root of his misunderstanding of the Schleswig-Holstein question, and it derived from an old man's inability to adapt himself to a changing world".<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus Britain was militarily unable to stop Bismarck's armies and misunderstood Bismarck's ambitions. Russian historian V. N. Vinogradov writes: "In place of the former insight came bias in judgments and stubbornness in defending outdated views. Palmerston continued to consider Prussia 'an instrument in the hands of Austria', its army weak and doomed to defeat, and its public to consist of romantically minded students and dreamy professors. And Otto von Bismarck quietly annexed the two Duchies to Prussia, and at the same time the <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">County of Lauenburg</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Vinogradov_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vinogradov-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (August 2020)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electoral_victory">Electoral victory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Electoral victory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Palmerston won another <a href="/wiki/1865_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1865 United Kingdom general election">general election in July 1865</a>, increasing his majority. The leadership of Palmerston was a great electoral asset to the Liberal Party.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then had to deal with the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Fenian" title="Fenian">Fenian</a> violence in Ireland. Palmerston ordered the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of Ireland">Viceroy of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Lord Wodehouse</a>, to take measures against this, including a possible suspension of trial-by-jury and a monitoring of Americans travelling to Ireland. He believed that the Fenian agitation was caused by America. On 27 September 1865 he wrote to the Secretary for War: </p> <blockquote><p>The American assault on Ireland under the name of Fenianism may be now held to have failed, but the snake is only scotched and not killed. It is far from impossible that the American conspirators may try and obtain in our North American provinces compensation for their defeat in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He advised that more armaments be sent to Canada and more troops be sent to Ireland. During these last few weeks of his life, Palmerston pondered on developments in foreign affairs. He began thinking of a new friendship with France as "a sort of preliminary defensive alliance" against the United States and looked forward to Prussia becoming more powerful as this would balance against the growing threat from Russia. In a letter to Russell he warned that Russia "will in due time become a power almost as great as the old Roman Empire ... Germany ought to be strong in order to resist Russian aggression."<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Palmerston enjoyed robust health in old age,<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> living at <a href="/wiki/Romsey" title="Romsey">Romsey</a> in his home Foxhills, built in about 1840. On 12 October 1865, he caught a chill. Instead of retiring immediately to bed, Palmerston spent an hour and a half dawdling. He then had a violent fever but his condition stabilised for the next few days. However, on the night of 17 October, his health worsened, and when his doctor asked him if he believed in regeneration of the world through <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>, Palmerston replied: "Oh, surely."<sup id="cite_ref-Ridley,_p._583_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridley,_p._583-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His last words were, "That's Article 98; now go on to the next." (He was thinking about diplomatic treaties.)<sup id="cite_ref-Ridley,_p._583_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridley,_p._583-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An apocryphal version of his last words is: "Die, my dear doctor? That is the last thing I shall do." He died at 10:45 am on Wednesday, 18 October 1865, two days before his eighty-first birthday. Although Palmerston wanted to be buried at <a href="/wiki/Romsey_Abbey" title="Romsey Abbey">Romsey Abbey</a>, the Cabinet insisted that he should have a <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a> and be buried at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, which he was, on 27 October 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the fifth person not of royalty to be granted a state funeral (after <a href="/wiki/Robert_Blake_(admiral)" title="Robert Blake (admiral)">Robert Blake</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Lord Nelson</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a>). </p><p>Queen Victoria wrote after his death that though she regretted his passing, she had never liked or respected him: "Strange, and solemn to think of that strong, determined man, with so much worldly ambition – gone! He had often worried and distressed us, though as Pr. Minister he had behaved <i>very well</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-Ridley,_p._584_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridley,_p._584-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a> reacted differently upon hearing of his death: "He will be a great loss to us. Tho' he made a joke when asked to do the right thing, he always did it. No one else will be able to carry things thro' the Cabinet as he did. I shall lose a powerful protector...He was so much more in earnest than he appeared. He did not do himself justice."<sup id="cite_ref-Ridley,_p._584_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridley,_p._584-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having no male heir, his Irish viscountcy became extinct upon his death, but his property was inherited by his stepson <a href="/wiki/William_Cowper-Temple,_1st_Baron_Mount_Temple" title="William Cowper-Temple, 1st Baron Mount Temple">William Cowper-Temple</a> (later created the 1st <a href="/wiki/Baron_Mount_Temple" title="Baron Mount Temple">Baron Mount Temple</a>), whose inheritance included a 10,000-acre (4,000-hectare) estate in the north of <a href="/wiki/County_Sligo" title="County Sligo">County Sligo</a> in the west of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, on which his stepfather had commissioned the building of the incomplete <a href="/wiki/Classiebawn_Castle" title="Classiebawn Castle">Classiebawn Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the exemplar of British nationalism, he was "the defining political personality of his age."<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Norman_Gash" title="Norman Gash">Norman Gash</a> endorses Jasper Ridley's characterisation of Palmerston: </p> <dl><dd>Fundamentally he was a professional politician, shrewd, cynical, resilient; tough and sometimes unscrupulous; quick to seize opportunities; always ready either to abandon an impossible cause or bide his time for a more favourable opportunity. He liked power, he needed his salary, he enjoyed office, he worked hard. In later life he took an increasing pleasure in the game of politics, and ultimately became an adroit and successful prime minister.... in the end he became one of the great Victorian public personalities, a legend in his own lifetime, the personification of an England that was already passing away.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Historian Algernon Cecil summed up his greatness: </p> <dl><dd>Palmerston placed his trust... in the Press which he was at pains to manipulate; in Parliament, which he learnt better than any man then living to manage; and the Country, whose temper he knew how to catch and the weight of his name and resources he brought to bear upon every negotiation with a patriotic effrontry that has never been excelled.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Palmerston has traditionally been viewed as "a Conservative at home and a Liberal abroad".<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that the British constitution as secured by the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688 was the best which human hands had made, with a constitutional monarchy subject to the laws of the land but retaining some political power. He supported the rule of law and opposed further democratisation after the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a>. He wished to see this liberal system of a mixed constitution in-between the two extremes of absolute monarchy and republican democracy replace the absolute monarchies on the Continent.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently some historians have seen his domestic policies as prime minister as not merely liberal but genuinely progressive by the standards of his era.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is in foreign affairs that Palmerston is chiefly remembered. Palmerston's principal aim in foreign policy was to advance British national interests.<sup id="cite_ref-Ridley,_p._589_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridley,_p._589-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palmerston is famous for his patriotism. <a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord John Russell">Lord John Russell</a> said that "his heart always beat for the honour of England".<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palmerston believed it was in Britain's interests that liberal governments be established on the Continent. He also practised brinkmanship and bluff in that he was prepared to threaten war to achieve Britain's interests.<sup id="cite_ref-Ridley,_p._589_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridley,_p._589-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When in 1886 <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Lord Rosebery</a> became foreign secretary in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Gladstone_ministry" title="Third Gladstone ministry">Third Gladstone ministry</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">John Bright</a>, a longstanding radical critic of Palmerston, asked Rosebery if he had read about Palmerston's policies as foreign secretary. Rosebery replied that he had. "Then", said Bright, "you know what to avoid. Do the exact opposite of what he did. His administration at the Foreign Office was one long crime."<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast the <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_9th_Duke_of_Argyll" title="John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll">Marquess of Lorne</a>, a son-in-law of Queen Victoria, said of Palmerston in 1866: "He loved his country and his country loved him. He lived for her honour, and she will cherish his memory."<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1889, Gladstone recounted a story of when "a Frenchman, thinking to be highly complimentary, said to Palmerston: 'If I were not a Frenchman, I should wish to be an Englishman'; to which Pam coolly replied: 'If I were not an Englishman, I should wish to be an Englishman.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-Ridley,_p._589_164-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridley,_p._589-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> campaigned for rearmament in the 1930s, he was compared to Palmerston in warning the nation to look to its defences.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The policy of <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a> led General <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a> to write in 1936 that "we are afraid of our shadows. I sometimes long for a ruffian like Palmerston or any man who would be more than a string of platitudes and apologies."<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was an avowed <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">abolitionist</a> whose attempts to abolish the slave trade was one of the most consistent elements of his foreign policy. His opposition to the slave trade created tensions with South American countries and the United States over his insistence that the Royal Navy had the right to search the vessels of any country if they suspected the vessels were being used in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">A. J. P. Taylor</a> has summarised his career by emphasising the paradoxes: </p> <dl><dd>For twenty years junior minister in a Tory government, he became the most successful of Whig Foreign Secretaries; though always a Conservative, he ended his life by presiding over the transition from Whiggism to Liberalism. He was the exponent of British strength, yet was driven from office for truckling to a foreign despot; he preached the Balance of Power, yet helped to inaugurate the policy of isolation and of British withdrawal from Europe. Irresponsible and flippant, he became the first hero of the serious middle-class electorate. He reached high office solely through an irregular family connection; he retained it through skilful use of the press—the only Prime Minister to become an accomplished leader-writer.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Palmerston is also remembered for his light-hearted approach to government. He is once said to have claimed of a particularly intractable problem relating to <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein_question" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswig-Holstein question">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, that only three people had ever understood the problem: one was <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha">Prince Albert</a>, who was dead; the second was a German professor, who had gone insane; and the third was himself, who had forgotten it.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Life of Lord Palmerston up to 1847</i> was written by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bulwer,_1st_Baron_Dalling_and_Bulwer" title="Henry Bulwer, 1st Baron Dalling and Bulwer">Henry Bulwer, 1st Baron Dalling and Bulwer</a>, volumes I and II (1870), volume III edited and partly written by <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Ashley" title="Evelyn Ashley">Evelyn Ashley</a> (1874), after the author's death. Ashley completed the biography in two more volumes (1876). The whole work was reissued in a revised and slightly abridged form by Ashley in 2 volumes in 1879, with the title <i>The Life and Correspondence of Henry John Temple, Viscount Palmerston</i>; the letters are judiciously curtailed, but unfortunately without indicating where the excisions occur; the appendices of the original work are omitted, but much fresh matter is added, and this edition is undoubtedly the standard biography.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popular Victorian novelist <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Trollope" title="Anthony Trollope">Anthony Trollope</a> published a very readable memoir of Palmerston, one of his political heroes, in 1882. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places_named_after_Palmerston">Places named after Palmerston</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Places named after Palmerston"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Palmerston Lodge, Fairburn, North Yorkshire, hunting lodge built by Lord Palmerston in Fairburn, Yorkshire.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palmerston_-_geograph.org.uk_-_259077.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Palmerston_-_geograph.org.uk_-_259077.jpg/220px-Palmerston_-_geograph.org.uk_-_259077.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Palmerston_-_geograph.org.uk_-_259077.jpg/330px-Palmerston_-_geograph.org.uk_-_259077.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Palmerston_-_geograph.org.uk_-_259077.jpg/440px-Palmerston_-_geograph.org.uk_-_259077.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Palmerston's Memorial in Southampton</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The Town of <a href="/wiki/Palmerston,_Ontario" title="Palmerston, Ontario">Palmerston</a> located in Southwestern Ontario, Canada was founded and named after Palmerston in 1875. Palmerston is now part of the amalgamated town of Minto.</li> <li>The former township of Palmerston in <a href="/wiki/Frontenac_County" title="Frontenac County">Frontenac County</a> in Eastern Ontario, now part of the amalgamated township of <a href="/wiki/North_Frontenac" title="North Frontenac">North Frontenac</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, the town of <a href="/wiki/Palmerston,_New_Zealand" title="Palmerston, New Zealand">Palmerston</a>, in Otago in the <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a>, and the city of <a href="/wiki/Palmerston_North" title="Palmerston North">Palmerston North</a>, in Manawatu in the <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a>.</li> <li>The Australian city of <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a> was previously named Palmerston in honour of the Viscount. A satellite city called <a href="/wiki/Palmerston,_Northern_Territory" title="Palmerston, Northern Territory">Palmerston</a> was established adjacent to Darwin in 1971.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmerston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmerston Atoll">Palmerston Atoll</a> is the most northerly of the Southern Group of the Cook Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. Amongst the 15 or so islands of the atoll, Palmerston Island is the only one which is inhabited.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Rathmines" title="Rathmines">Rathmines</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> 6 in the southern suburbs, villas are named after Palmerston, as well as Temple Road and Palmerston Road. Both are quasi-translated variously as Bóthar an Stiguaire, Bóthar P(h)almerston, Bóthar Baile an Phámar and Bóthar an Teampaill.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmerston_Forts" title="Palmerston Forts">Palmerston Forts</a></li> <li>Several places in <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> are named after Palmerston – notably <a href="/wiki/Southsea" title="Southsea">Southsea</a>'s main shopping precinct, Palmerston Road.</li> <li>Palmerston Road in <a href="/wiki/East_Sheen" title="East Sheen">East Sheen</a>, London, SW14.</li> <li>Palmerston Place in the <a href="/wiki/West_End,_Edinburgh" title="West End, Edinburgh">West End, Edinburgh</a>, EH12.</li> <li>Palmerston Road in <a href="/wiki/Walthamstow" title="Walthamstow">Walthamstow</a>, London & The Lord Palmerston Pub at the junction of Palmerston Road and Forest Road.</li> <li>Palmerston Road and Palmerston Grove in <a href="/wiki/Merton_Park" title="Merton Park">Merton Park</a>, London</li> <li>The Lord Palmerston public house in <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_Park" title="Dartmouth Park">Dartmouth Park</a>, London, NW5 is named after Palmerston.</li> <li>Palmerston Park and the Palmerston Hotel in <a href="/wiki/Tiverton,_Devon" title="Tiverton, Devon">Tiverton, Devon</a>, Palmerston's constituency, are named after him.</li> <li>Palmerston Road in <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth" title="Bournemouth">Bournemouth</a></li> <li>Palmerston Park, <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a> was named after him, as was nearby Palmerston Road. A seven-foot high marble statue of Palmerston was erected in the park and unveiled on 2 June 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temple street in Sligo is also called after him</li> <li>Palmerston Street in <a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a>.</li> <li>Palmerston Street in <a href="/wiki/Bedford" title="Bedford">Bedford</a>.</li> <li>Palmerston Road and Palmerston Park in east <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmerston_Boulevard" title="Palmerston Boulevard">Palmerston Boulevard</a> and Palmerston Avenue in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> are named for him.</li> <li>Palmerston Street in Romsey, Hampshire; there is also a statue of him in the market place.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Cultural references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Flashman_in_the_Great_Game" title="Flashman in the Great Game">Flashman in the Great Game</a></i> – Early in this historical novel, Palmerston sends <a href="/wiki/Harry_Paget_Flashman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Paget Flashman">Flashman</a> on a mission to India. It happens that the <a href="/wiki/Indian_rebellion_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian rebellion of 1857">Indian rebellion of 1857</a> is about to break out.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1862_(novel)" title="1862 (novel)">1862</a></i> – Palmerston is featured in the <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a> novel by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Conroy" title="Robert Conroy">Robert Conroy</a>, depicting an <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> in which Great Britain allies itself with the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a> at the direction of Palmerston.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stars_and_Stripes_trilogy" title="Stars and Stripes trilogy">Stars and Stripes trilogy</a></i> – Palmerston is featured in the <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a> novel by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Harrison_(writer)" title="Harry Harrison (writer)">Harry Harrison</a>, depicting an <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> in which Great Britain invades both the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flying_Colours_(novel)" title="Flying Colours (novel)">Flying Colours</a></i> – in this novel by <a href="/wiki/CS_Forester" class="mw-redirect" title="CS Forester">CS Forester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Hornblower" title="Horatio Hornblower">Horatio Hornblower</a> meets a young Palmerston on returning to England.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Wagons West!</i> - Palmerston is portrayed early in the book series in opposition to American settlement of <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i> - in "<a href="/wiki/Homer_at_the_Bat" title="Homer at the Bat">Homer at the Bat</a>", <a href="/wiki/Barney_Gumble" title="Barney Gumble">Barney Gumble</a> argues with <a href="/wiki/Wade_Boggs" title="Wade Boggs">Wade Boggs</a> that Palmerston was the greatest prime minister, with Boggs arguing for <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt the Elder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmerston_(cat)" title="Palmerston (cat)">Palmerston</a>, the resident Chief Mouser of the Foreign & Commonwealth Office since 13 April 2016, was named after Palmerston.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Fox" title="Laurence Fox">Laurence Fox</a> portrays Palmerston in series 3 of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(UK_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (UK TV series)"><i>Victoria</i></a> (2019); the series dramatises his turbulent period as foreign secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palmerston's_First_Cabinet,_February_1855_–_February_1858"><span id="Palmerston.27s_First_Cabinet.2C_February_1855_.E2.80.93_February_1858"></span>Palmerston's First Cabinet, February 1855 – February 1858</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Palmerston's First Cabinet, February 1855 – February 1858"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord-palmerston.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lord-palmerston.png/220px-Lord-palmerston.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lord-palmerston.png/330px-Lord-palmerston.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lord-palmerston.png/440px-Lord-palmerston.png 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Palmerston addressing the House of Commons</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Lord Palmerston – <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Treasury" title="First Lord of the Treasury">First Lord of the Treasury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rolfe,_1st_Baron_Cranworth" title="Robert Rolfe, 1st Baron Cranworth">Robert Rolfe, 1st Baron Cranworth</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Douglas_Campbell,_8th_Duke_of_Argyll" class="mw-redirect" title="George Douglas Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll">George Douglas Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Grey,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Grey, 2nd Baronet">Sir George Grey, 2nd Baronet</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Home_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for the Home Department">Secretary of State for the Home Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Herbert,_1st_Baron_Herbert_of_Lea" title="Sidney Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Lea">Sidney Herbert</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Maule_Ramsay,_11th_Earl_of_Dalhousie" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox Maule Ramsay, 11th Earl of Dalhousie">Lord Panmure</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Graham,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir James Graham, 2nd Baronet">Sir James Graham, 2nd Baronet</a> – <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wood,_1st_Viscount_Halifax" title="Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax">Charles Wood</a> – <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Control" title="President of the Board of Control">President of the Board of Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_2nd_Baron_Stanley_of_Alderley" title="Edward Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley of Alderley">Edward Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley of Alderley</a> – <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Ryder,_2nd_Earl_of_Harrowby" title="Dudley Ryder, 2nd Earl of Harrowby">Dudley Ryder, 2nd Earl of Harrowby</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster">Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Molesworth,_8th_Baronet" title="Sir William Molesworth, 8th Baronet">Sir William Molesworth, 8th Baronet</a> – <a href="/wiki/First_Commissioner_of_Works" title="First Commissioner of Works">First Commissioner of Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning</a> – <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Postmaster_General" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Postmaster General">Postmaster-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-FitzMaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a> – <a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio_(United_Kingdom)" title="Minister without portfolio (United Kingdom)">Minister without Portfolio</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changes">Changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Later in February 1855 – Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Cornewall_Lewis" title="George Cornewall Lewis">George Cornewall Lewis</a> succeeds Gladstone as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord John Russell">Lord John Russell</a> succeeds Herbert as Colonial Secretary. Sir Charles Wood succeeds Sir James Graham as First Lord of the Admiralty. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Vernon_Smith,_1st_Baron_Lyveden" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Vernon Smith, 1st Baron Lyveden">R.V. Smith</a> succeeds Wood as President of the Board of Control</li> <li>July 1855 – Sir William Molesworth succeeds Russell as Colonial Secretary. Molesworth's successor as <a href="/wiki/First_Commissioner_of_Works" title="First Commissioner of Works">First Commissioner of Works</a> is not in the Cabinet.</li> <li>November 1855 – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Labouchere,_1st_Baron_Taunton" title="Henry Labouchere, 1st Baron Taunton">Henry Labouchere</a> succeeds Molesworth as Colonial Secretary</li> <li>December 1855 – The Duke of Argyll succeeds Lord Canning as Postmaster-General. Lord Harrowby succeeds Argyll as Lord Privy Seal. Harrowby's successor as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster is not in the Cabinet</li> <li>1857 – <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Talbot_Baines" title="Matthew Talbot Baines">Matthew Talbot Baines</a>, the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, enters the Cabinet.</li> <li>February 1858 – <a href="/wiki/Ulick_de_Burgh,_1st_Marquess_of_Clanricarde" title="Ulick de Burgh, 1st Marquess of Clanricarde">Ulick de Burgh, 1st Marquess of Clanricarde</a> succeeds Harrowby as Lord Privy Seal.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palmerston's_Second_Cabinet,_June_1859_–_October_1865"><span id="Palmerston.27s_Second_Cabinet.2C_June_1859_.E2.80.93_October_1865"></span>Palmerston's Second Cabinet, June 1859 – October 1865</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Palmerston's Second Cabinet, June 1859 – October 1865"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13103.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Henry_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13103.jpg/170px-Henry_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13103.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Henry_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13103.jpg/255px-Henry_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13103.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Henry_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13103.jpg 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption>Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Lord Palmerston – <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Treasury" title="First Lord of the Treasury">First Lord of the Treasury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_1st_Baron_Campbell_of_St_Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="John Campbell, 1st Baron Campbell of St Andrews">John Campbell, 1st Baron Campbell of St Andrews</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_George_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" class="mw-redirect" title="Granville George Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville George Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/George_Douglas_Campbell,_8th_Duke_of_Argyll" class="mw-redirect" title="George Douglas Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll">George Douglas Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Cornewall_Lewis" title="George Cornewall Lewis">George Cornewall Lewis</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Home_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for the Home Department">Secretary of State for the Home Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord John Russell">Lord John Russell</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham-Clinton,_5th_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Henry Pelham-Clinton, 5th Duke of Newcastle">Henry Pelham-Clinton, 5th Duke of Newcastle</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Herbert,_1st_Baron_Herbert_of_Lea" title="Sidney Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Lea">Sidney Herbert</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wood,_1st_Viscount_Halifax" title="Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax">Charles Wood</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Adolphus_Seymour,_12th_Duke_of_Somerset" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Adolphus Seymour, 12th Duke of Somerset">Edward Adolphus Seymour, 12th Duke of Somerset</a> – <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Cardwell,_1st_Viscount_Cardwell_of_Ellerbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Cardwell, 1st Viscount Cardwell of Ellerbeck">Edward Cardwell</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland" title="Chief Secretary for Ireland">Chief Secretary for Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Milner_Gibson" title="Thomas Milner Gibson">Thomas Milner Gibson</a> – <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Poor_Law_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Poor Law Board">Poor Law Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Grey,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Grey, 2nd Baronet">Sir George Grey, 2nd Baronet</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster">Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bruce,_8th_Earl_of_Elgin" title="James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin">James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin</a> – <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Postmaster_General" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Postmaster General">Postmaster-General</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changes_2">Changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>July 1859 – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pelham_Villiers" title="Charles Pelham Villiers">Charles Pelham Villiers</a> succeeds Milner-Gibson as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Poor_Law_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Poor Law Board">President of the Poor Law Board</a> (Milner-Gibson remains at the Board of Trade)</li> <li>May 1860 – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_2nd_Baron_Stanley_of_Alderley" title="Edward Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley of Alderley">Edward Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley of Alderley</a> succeeds Lord Elgin as Postmaster-General</li> <li>June 1861 – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bethell,_1st_Baron_Westbury" title="Richard Bethell, 1st Baron Westbury">Richard Bethell, 1st Baron Westbury</a> succeeds Lord Campbell as Lord Chancellor</li> <li>July 1861 – Sir George Cornewall Lewis succeeds Herbert as Secretary for War. Sir George Grey succeeds Lewis as Home Secretary. Edward Cardwell succeeds Grey as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. Cardwell's successor as Chief Secretary for Ireland is not in the Cabinet.</li> <li>April 1863 – <a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Lord de Grey</a> becomes Secretary for War following Sir George Lewis's death.</li> <li>April 1864 – Edward Cardwell succeeds the Duke of Newcastle as Colonial Secretary. <a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon</a> succeeds Cardwell as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.</li> <li>July 1865 – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rolfe,_1st_Baron_Cranworth" title="Robert Rolfe, 1st Baron Cranworth">Robert Rolfe, 1st Baron Cranworth</a> succeeds Lord Westbury as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 220px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Viscount.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Coronet_of_a_British_Viscount.svg/150px-Coronet_of_a_British_Viscount.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Coronet_of_a_British_Viscount.svg/225px-Coronet_of_a_British_Viscount.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Coronet_of_a_British_Viscount.svg/300px-Coronet_of_a_British_Viscount.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="179" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="floatnone noresize" style="position: relative; width: 200px; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <div style="position: absolute; left: 25px; top: {{{y}}}px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:Escutcheon_of_the_Arms_of_Henry_John_Temple.svg" title="c:file:Escutcheon of the Arms of Henry John Temple.svg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Escutcheon_of_the_Arms_of_Henry_John_Temple.svg/150px-Escutcheon_of_the_Arms_of_Henry_John_Temple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Escutcheon_of_the_Arms_of_Henry_John_Temple.svg/225px-Escutcheon_of_the_Arms_of_Henry_John_Temple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Escutcheon_of_the_Arms_of_Henry_John_Temple.svg/300px-Escutcheon_of_the_Arms_of_Henry_John_Temple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="423" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Order_of_the_Garter_in_Heraldry.svg/200px-Order_of_the_Garter_in_Heraldry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Order_of_the_Garter_in_Heraldry.svg/300px-Order_of_the_Garter_in_Heraldry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Order_of_the_Garter_in_Heraldry.svg/400px-Order_of_the_Garter_in_Heraldry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="862" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Crest</dt> <dd>A talbot sejant Sable plain collared Or.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Escutcheon</dt> <dd>Quarterly 1st & 4th Or an eagle displayed Sable (Leofric, Saxon Earl of Mercia), 2nd & 3rd Argent two bars Sable each charged with three martlets Or (Temple).</dd> <dt>Supporters</dt> <dd>Dexter a lion reguardant poean sinister a horse reguardant Argent mane tail and hoofs Or.</dd> <dt>Motto</dt> <dd>Flecti Non Frangi (To Be Bent Not Broken)</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom">History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="Foreign policy of William Ewart Gladstone">Foreign policy of William Ewart Gladstone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">International relations (1814–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_British_diplomatic_history" title="Timeline of British diplomatic history">Timeline of British diplomatic history</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/8ED0800B158F36086DF0C9CD84EFCC0A/S006869050000338Xa.pdf/introduction.pdf">"INTRODUCTION"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Camden</i>. Fourth Series. <b>23</b>. Cambridge University Press: 1–27. 1979. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS006869050000338X">10.1017/S006869050000338X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Camden&rft.atitle=INTRODUCTION&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=1-27&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS006869050000338X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F8ED0800B158F36086DF0C9CD84EFCC0A%2FS006869050000338Xa.pdf%2Fintroduction.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Brown, <i>Palmerston: A Biography</i> (2010) p. 473.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Hayes, <i>Modern British Foreign Policy: The Nineteenth Century 1814–80</i> (1975) p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foxcroft2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foxcroft2013_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouise_Foxcroft2013" class="citation book cs1">Louise Foxcroft (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VPosEno3uNYC&pg=PA66"><i>The Making of Addiction: The 'Use and Abuse' of Opium in Nineteenth-Century Britain</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409479840" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409479840"><bdi>978-1409479840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Addiction%3A+The+%27Use+and+Abuse%27+of+Opium+in+Nineteenth-Century+Britain&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1409479840&rft.au=Louise+Foxcroft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVPosEno3uNYC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joshua Ehrlich, "Anxiety, Chaos, and the Raj." <i>Historical Journal</i> 63.3 (2020): 777–787.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2008" class="citation journal cs1">Davies, Edward J. (2008). "The Ancestry of Lord Palmerston". <i>The Genealogist</i>. <b>22</b>: 62–77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Genealogist&rft.atitle=The+Ancestry+of+Lord+Palmerston&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=62-77&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jasper Ridley, <i>Lord Palmerston</i> (1970), pp. 7–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, <i>Lord Palmerston</i> (1970) pp. 3-4, 32, 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ridley,_p._10-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ridley,_p._10_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ridley,_p._10_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNB-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Steele, ‘<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/27112">Temple, Henry John, third Viscount Palmerston (1784–1865)</a>’, <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009, accessed 11 December 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACADPLMN803HJ" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=PLMN803HJ&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Palmerston, Henry John (Temple), Viscount (PLMN803HJ)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Palmerston%2C+Henry+John+%28Temple%29%2C+Viscount+%28PLMN803HJ%29&rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2018.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DPLMN803HJ%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, pp. 19–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, pp. 24–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although peers of <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain" title="Peerage of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> sat in the House of Lords and were not able to sit as Members of Parliament in the House of Commons, the Viscountcy of Palmerston was in the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Peerage of Ireland</a> which did not automatically grant the right to sit in the Lords. Palmerston was thus able to serve as an MP.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Brown, <i>Palmerston: a biography</i> (2011) p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Henry Francis, <i>Opinions and Policy of the Right Honourable Viscount Palmerston, G.C.B., M.P., &c. as Minister, Diplomatist, and Statesman, During More Than Forty Years of Public Life</i> (1852), pp. 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Bourne (ed.), <i>The Letters of the Third Viscount Palmerston to Laurence and Elizabeth Sulivan. 1804–1863</i>. London: The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Historical_Society" title="Royal Historical Society">Royal Historical Society</a>, 1979. p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dick Leonard, <i>Nineteenth Century British Premiers: Pitt to Rosebery</i> (2008) pp. 249–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, pp. 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911646-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911646_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911646_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911646_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911646_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911646_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911646_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911646_28-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 646.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1828/feb/26/repeal-of-the-test-and-corporation-acts">REPEAL OF THE TEST AND CORPORATION ACTS. <i>HC Deb 26 February 1828 vol 18 cc676-781</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, pp. 147–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, pp. 105–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Halevy, <i>The Triumph of Reform</i> (London 1961) pp. 70-1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G M Trevelyan, <i>British History in the 19th Century</i> (London 1922) p. 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>Palmerston: A Biography</i> (2010) pp. 143-88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klari Kingston, "Gunboat Liberalism? Palmerston, Europe and 1848" <i>History Today</i> 47#2 (1997) pp. 37-43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halevy, pp. 20-1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. W. Seton-Watson, <i>Britain in Europe: 1789-1914</i> (1937) pp. 149-54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E Halevy, <i>The Triumph of Reform</i> (London 1961) p. 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Brown, <i>Palmerston: A Biography</i> (2010) pp. 148–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E Halevy, <i>The Triumph of Reform</i> (London 1961) p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E_Halevy,_1961_p._73-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-E_Halevy,_1961_p._73_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-E_Halevy,_1961_p._73_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">E Halevy, <i>The Triumph of Reform</i> (London 1961) p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G M Trevelyan, <i>British History in the 19th Century</i> (London 1922) p. 233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishman1971" class="citation journal cs1">Fishman, J. S. (1971). "The London Conference of 1830". <i>Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis</i>. <b>84</b> (3): 418–428.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tijdschrift+voor+Geschiedenis&rft.atitle=The+London+Conference+of+1830&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=418-428&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Fishman&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, <i>Lord Palmerston</i> (1970) pp. 122-37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E Halevy, <i>The Triumph of Reform</i> (London 1961) pp. 254-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. W. Seton-Watson, <i>Britain in Europe: 1789-1914</i> (1937) pp. 153-72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Lytton_Bulwer1871" class="citation book cs1">Henry Lytton Bulwer (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifehenryjohnte02bulwgoog"><i>The Life of Henry John Temple Viscount Palmerston: With Selections from His Diaries and Correspondence</i></a>. Richard Bentley. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifehenryjohnte02bulwgoog/page/n174">170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Henry+John+Temple+Viscount+Palmerston%3A+With+Selections+from+His+Diaries+and+Correspondence&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Richard+Bentley&rft.date=1871&rft.au=Henry+Lytton+Bulwer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifehenryjohnte02bulwgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647_49-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647_49-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647_49-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647_49-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647_49-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911647_49-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 647.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>Palmerston: A Biography</i> (2010) pp. 210-11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franz Mehring. "Karl Marx. His life story". Moscow. Gospolitizdat. 1957. p. 264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, pp. 208–209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_Evelyn_M._Ashley1879" class="citation book cs1">Anthony Evelyn M. Ashley (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeandcorrespo02ashlgoog"><i>The life and correspondence of Henry John Temple, viscount Palmerston</i></a>. Richard Bentley. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeandcorrespo02ashlgoog/page/n373">361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+and+correspondence+of+Henry+John+Temple%2C+viscount+Palmerston&rft.pages=361&rft.pub=Richard+Bentley&rft.date=1879&rft.au=Anthony+Evelyn+M.+Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeandcorrespo02ashlgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Sayyid-Marsot1984" class="citation book cs1">Al-Sayyid-Marsot, Afaf Lutfi (1984). <i>Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali</i>. 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Oxford; New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 89–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780367133269" title="Special:BookSources/9780367133269"><bdi>9780367133269</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England+and+the+Near+East%3A+The+Crimea&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pages=89-90&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780367133269&rft.aulast=Temperley&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seton-Watson, <i>Britain in Europe: 1789-1914</i> (1937) pp. 191-98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, <i>Lord Palmerston</i>, pp. 248–60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2014" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Donald (2014). <i>The Origins of Christian Zionism: Lord Shaftesbury And Evangelical Support for a Jewish Homeland</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107631960" title="Special:BookSources/9781107631960"><bdi>9781107631960</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Christian+Zionism%3A+Lord+Shaftesbury+And+Evangelical+Support+for+a+Jewish+Homeland&rft.pages=380&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781107631960&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glenn Melancon, "Peaceful intentions: the first British trade commission in China, 1833–5." <i>Historical Research</i> 73.180 (2000): pp. 33-47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenn_Melancon2003" class="citation book cs1">Glenn Melancon (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V527VTyT29gC&pg=PA126"><i>Britain's China Policy and the Opium Crisis: Balancing Drugs, Violence and National Honour, 1833–1840</i></a>. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754607045" title="Special:BookSources/9780754607045"><bdi>9780754607045</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+China+Policy+and+the+Opium+Crisis%3A+Balancing+Drugs%2C+Violence+and+National+Honour%2C+1833%E2%80%931840&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780754607045&rft.au=Glenn+Melancon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV527VTyT29gC%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jasper Ridley, <i>Lord Palmerston</i> (1970) p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, pp. 254-256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May Caroline Chan, "Canton, 1857" <i>Victorian Review</i> (2010), 36#1 pp. 31-35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John K. Derden, "The British Foreign Office and Policy Formation: The 1840s," <i>Proceedings & Papers of the Georgia Association of Historians</i> (1981) pp. 64–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurence Fenton, "Origins of Animosity: Lord Palmerston and The Times, 1830–41." <i>Media History</i> 16.4 (2010): pp. 365–378; Fenton, <i>Palmerston and The Times: foreign policy, the press and public opinion in mid-Victorian Britain</i> (2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2001" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, David (2001). "Compelling but not Controlling?: Palmerston and the Press, 1846–1855". <i>History</i>. <b>86</b> (281): 41–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-229x.00176">10.1111/1468-229x.00176</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24425287">24425287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Compelling+but+not+Controlling%3F%3A+Palmerston+and+the+Press%2C+1846%E2%80%931855&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=281&rft.pages=41-61&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-229x.00176&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24425287%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K D Reynolds, <i>Oxford DNB</i>, 'Temple, Emily'. Palmerston left his family seat <a href="/wiki/Broadlands" title="Broadlands">Broadlands</a> to her fourth, but 2nd surviving son Rt. Hon. <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Ashley" title="Evelyn Ashley">Evelyn Melbourne Ashley</a> (24 July 1836 – 15 November 1907)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Brown, <i>Palmerston: A Biography</i>(2010), pp. 474-78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolton1891" class="citation book cs1">Bolton, Sarah (1891). <i>Famous English Statesmen of Queen Victoria's Reign</i>. Boston: C.J. Peter's and Sons. p. 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famous+English+Statesmen+of+Queen+Victoria%27s+Reign&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=C.J.+Peter%27s+and+Sons&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Bolton&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gillian Gill, <i>We Two: Victoria and Albert: Rulers, Partners, Rivals</i> (2008) p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Remini, <i>Daniel Webster</i> (W. W. Norton and Co.: New York, 1997) pp. 538–565.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Brown., <i>Palmerston: A Biography</i> (2010) pp. 279–333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Ewing_Ritchie1866" class="citation book cs1">James Ewing Ritchie (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_kABAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA648"><i>The life and times of viscount Palmerston</i></a>. p. 648.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+and+times+of+viscount+Palmerston&rft.pages=648&rft.date=1866&rft.au=James+Ewing+Ritchie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_kABAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Brown, "Palmerston and Anglo–French Relations, 1846–1865," <i>Diplomacy & Statecraft,</i> (Dec 2006) 17#4 pp. 675–692</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>Palmerston</i> ch 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/remembering-20-000-famine-refugees-who-died-in-1847-1.2870773">"Remembering 20,000 Famine refugees who died in 1847"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. 26 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Remembering+20%2C000+Famine+refugees+who+died+in+1847&rft.date=2016-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Flife-and-style%2Fpeople%2Fremembering-20-000-famine-refugees-who-died-in-1847-1.2870773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnbinder2001" class="citation journal cs1">Anbinder, Tyler (June 2001). "Lord Palmerston and the Irish famine emigration". <i>The Historical Journal</i>. <b>44</b> (2): 441–469. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X01001844">10.1017/S0018246X01001844</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F72313">10419/72313</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18646391">18646391</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32405352">32405352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Lord+Palmerston+and+the+Irish+famine+emigration&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=441-469&rft.date=2001-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F72313&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32405352%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18646391&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X01001844&rft.aulast=Anbinder&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/abroad/generation-emigration/in-famine-s-footsteps-trail-of-death-leads-to-skeleton-park-1.2705744">"In Famine's footsteps: trail of death leads to Skeleton Park"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. 30 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=In+Famine%27s+footsteps%3A+trail+of+death+leads+to+Skeleton+Park&rft.date=2016-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Flife-and-style%2Fabroad%2Fgeneration-emigration%2Fin-famine-s-footsteps-trail-of-death-leads-to-skeleton-park-1.2705744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. W. Seton-Watson, <i>Britain in Europe: 1789-1914</i> (1937) pp. 241-49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, <i>Lord Palmerston</i> (1970) pp. 343-48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert C. F. Bell, <i>Lord Palmerston - Vol. 1</i> (1936) pp. 422-48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, <i>Lord Palmerston</i> (1970) p. 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurence_Fenton2012" class="citation book cs1">Laurence Fenton (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbXpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA119"><i>Palmerston and the Times: Foreign Policy, the Press and Public Opinion in Mid-Victorian Britain</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. pp. 119–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857736512" title="Special:BookSources/9780857736512"><bdi>9780857736512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palmerston+and+the+Times%3A+Foreign+Policy%2C+the+Press+and+Public+Opinion+in+Mid-Victorian+Britain&rft.pages=119-20&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780857736512&rft.au=Laurence+Fenton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLbXpAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, <i>Lord Palmerston</i> (1970) pp. 333-58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd_Hilton2006" class="citation book cs1">Boyd Hilton (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FDFHmqU_6SEC&pg=PR248"><i>A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People?: England 1783-1846</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191606823" title="Special:BookSources/9780191606823"><bdi>9780191606823</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Mad%2C+Bad%2C+and+Dangerous+People%3F%3A+England+1783-1846&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780191606823&rft.au=Boyd+Hilton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFDFHmqU_6SEC%26pg%3DPR248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1848/mar/01/treaty-of-adrianople-charges-against">"TREATY OF ADRIANOPLE—CHARGES AGAINST VISCOUNT PALMERSTON. (Hansard, 1 March 1848)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. 1 March 1848<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=TREATY+OF+ADRIANOPLE%E2%80%94CHARGES+AGAINST+VISCOUNT+PALMERSTON.+%28Hansard%2C+1+March+1848%29&rft.date=1848-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1848%2Fmar%2F01%2Ftreaty-of-adrianople-charges-against&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, pp. 374–375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, pp. 379–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks2004" class="citation journal cs1">Hicks, Geoffrey (2004). "Don Pacifico, Democracy, and Danger: The Protectionist Party Critique of British Foreign Policy, 1850–1852". <i>International History Review</i>. <b>26</b> (3): 515–540. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2004.9641038">10.1080/07075332.2004.9641038</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154617613">154617613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+History+Review&rft.atitle=Don+Pacifico%2C+Democracy%2C+and+Danger%3A+The+Protectionist+Party+Critique+of+British+Foreign+Policy%2C+1850%E2%80%931852&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=515-540&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.2004.9641038&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154617613%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911648-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911648_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911648_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911648_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 648.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, pp. 387–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, pp. 394–395.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, pp. 398–399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2001" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, David (2001). "The power of public opinion: Palmerston and the crisis of December 1851". <i>Parliamentary History</i>. <b>20</b> (3): 333–358. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1750-0206.2001.tb00381.x">10.1111/j.1750-0206.2001.tb00381.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+History&rft.atitle=The+power+of+public+opinion%3A+Palmerston+and+the+crisis+of+December+1851&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=333-358&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1750-0206.2001.tb00381.x&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, pp. 413–414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ridley,_p._414-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ridley,_p._414_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ridley,_p._414_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ridley,_p._407-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ridley,_p._407_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ridley,_p._407_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, pp. 408–409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, pp. 409–410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, <i>Lord Palmerston</i> (1970) pp. 403-405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Arnold" title="Guy Arnold">Arnold, Guy</a> (16 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_UreS--MoD0C"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Crimean War</i></a>. Historical Dictionaries of War, Revolution, and Civil Unrest, No. 19. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press (published 2002). p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810866133" title="Special:BookSources/9780810866133"><bdi>9780810866133</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2021</span>. <q>As war came closer the bulk of the British fleet was committed to the Mediterranean and on 13 June 1853, as tensions mounted, the British and French Mediterranean fleets were moved to Besika Bay, close to the Dardanelles, and ready to move to the support of Turkey.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Crimean+War&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.series=Historical+Dictionaries+of+War%2C+Revolution%2C+and+Civil+Unrest%2C+No.+19&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2002-04-16&rft.isbn=9780810866133&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_UreS--MoD0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, <i>Lord Palmerston</i> (1970) pp. 415–416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 419.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2013" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Dick (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Kosl75aYPAC&pg=PA98"><i>The Great Rivalry: Gladstone and Disraeli</i></a>. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Rivalry%3A+Gladstone+and+Disraeli&rft.place=London&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Dick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Kosl75aYPAC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, <i>Lord Palmerston</i> (1970) pp. 433-36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orlando Figes, <i>The Crimean War: A History</i> (2010) pp. 402–408</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, <i>Lord Palmerston</i> (1970) pp. 437-53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R467-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R467_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R467_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 467.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Y. Wong, <i>Deadly Dreams: Opium, Imperialism, and the Arrow War (1856–1860) in China</i> (1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, <i>Lord Palmerston</i> (1970) pp. 472-82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictoria1907" class="citation book cs1">Victoria (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersqueenvic07bensgoog"><i>The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty's Correspondence Between the Years 1837 and 1861</i></a>. Longmans, Green, and Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersqueenvic07bensgoog/page/n483">439</a>–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Queen+Victoria%3A+A+Selection+from+Her+Majesty%27s+Correspondence+Between+the+Years+1837+and+1861&rft.pages=439-40&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flettersqueenvic07bensgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Loades, ed., <i> Readers Guide to British History</i> (2003) 2: p. 998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 506.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Williams, ed., <i>A Companion to 19th-Century Britain</i> (2006). p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 565.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 563.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 566.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Guedalla" title="Philip Guedalla">Philip Guedalla</a> (ed.), <i>Gladstone and Palmerston, being the Correspondence of Lord Palmerston with Mr. Gladstone 1851–1865</i> (London: Victor Gollancz, 1928), p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guedalla, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 564.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jenkins_Lyons-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins_Lyons_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins,_Brian" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Brian. <i>Lord Lyons: A Diplomat in an Age of Nationalism and War</i>. McGill-Queen’s Press, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Lyons%3A+A+Diplomat+in+an+Age+of+Nationalism+and+War&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%E2%80%99s+Press%2C+2014&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 552.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin Peraino, "Lincoln vs. Palmerston" in Peraino, <i>Lincoln in the World: The Making of a Statesman and the Dawn of American Power</i> (2013) pp. 120–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_PatersonJ._Garry_CliffordShane_J._Maddock2009" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Paterson; J. Garry Clifford; Shane J. Maddock (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9-alDgRk-IYC&pg=PA149"><i>American Foreign Relations: A History to 1920</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0547225647" title="Special:BookSources/978-0547225647"><bdi>978-0547225647</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Foreign+Relations%3A+A+History+to+1920&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0547225647&rft.au=Thomas+Paterson&rft.au=J.+Garry+Clifford&rft.au=Shane+J.+Maddock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9-alDgRk-IYC%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R559-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R559_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R559_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 559.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R554-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R554_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R554_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 554.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Bourne, "British Preparations for War with the North, 1861–1862," <i>The English Historical Review</i> Vol 76 No 301 (Oct 1961) pp. 600–632 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/558199">558199</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichhorn2014" class="citation journal cs1">Eichhorn, Niels (2014). "The Intervention Crisis of 1862: A British Diplomatic Dilemma?". <i>American Nineteenth Century History</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 287–310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14664658.2014.959819">10.1080/14664658.2014.959819</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143983887">143983887</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Nineteenth+Century+History&rft.atitle=The+Intervention+Crisis+of+1862%3A+A+British+Diplomatic+Dilemma%3F&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=287-310&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14664658.2014.959819&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143983887%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Eichhorn&rft.aufirst=Niels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aNaFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62"><i>Lincoln, Seward, and U.S. Foreign Relations in the Civil War Era</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. 5 April 2019. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7808-1317-7151" title="Special:BookSources/9-7808-1317-7151"><bdi>9-7808-1317-7151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln%2C+Seward%2C+and+U.S.+Foreign+Relations+in+the+Civil+War+Era&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2019-04-05&rft.isbn=9-7808-1317-7151&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaNaFDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3LEq7RBH_0AC&pg=RA2-PA114"><i>Civil War Chronology, 1861-1865</i></a>. Naval Operations Office. 1966. p. 114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+War+Chronology%2C+1861-1865&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Naval+Operations+Office&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3LEq7RBH_0AC%26pg%3DRA2-PA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Keys2014" class="citation news cs1">David Keys (24 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/historians-reveal-secrets-of-uk-gunrunning-which-lengthened-the-american-civil-war-by-two-years-9557937.html">"Historians reveal secrets of UK gun-running which lengthened the American civil war by two years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Historians+reveal+secrets+of+UK+gun-running+which+lengthened+the+American+civil+war+by+two+years&rft.date=2014-06-24&rft.au=David+Keys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Farchaeology%2Fhistorians-reveal-secrets-of-uk-gunrunning-which-lengthened-the-american-civil-war-by-two-years-9557937.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Hendren1933" class="citation web cs1">Paul Hendren (April 1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1933/april/confederate-blockade-runners">"The Confederate Blockade Runners"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute" title="United States Naval Institute">United States Naval Institute</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Confederate+Blockade+Runners&rft.pub=United+States+Naval+Institute&rft.date=1933-04&rft.au=Paul+Hendren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usni.org%2Fmagazines%2Fproceedings%2F1933%2Fapril%2Fconfederate-blockade-runners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The American Civil War Through British Eyes Dispatches from British Diplomats: April 1862-February 1863</i>. <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent State University Press">Kent State University Press</a>. 2003. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Civil+War+Through+British+Eyes+Dispatches+from+British+Diplomats%3A+April+1862-February+1863&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams (1925)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, pp. 570–571.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ridley,_p._571-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ridley,_p._571_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ridley,_p._571_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 571.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Bourne, <i>The Foreign Policy-of Victorian England 1830–1902</i> (1970) p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bourne, p. 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert C. F. Bell, <i>Lord Palmerston</i> (1936) 2: pp. 9–10, 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Cooper, "Dreadnoughts without Wheels," <i>History Today</i> (Aug 2014) 64#8 pp. 16-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ridley,_p._572-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ridley,_p._572_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ridley,_p._572_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 572.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, <i>Lord Palmerston</i> (1970) pp. 573-74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, <i>Lord Palmerston</i> (1970) p. 574.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Lord Palmerston at Tiverton', <i>The Times</i> (24 August 1864), p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Baring Pemberton, <i>Lord Palmerston</i> (Batchworth Press, 1954) p. 332</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vinogradov-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vinogradov_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV._N._Vinogradov2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">V. N. Vinogradov (2006). "Lord Palmerston in European diplomacy". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_and_Recent_History&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New and Recent History (page does not exist)">New and Recent History</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Новая и новейшая история">ru</a>]</span></i> (in Russian) (5): 182–209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+and+Recent+History%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bru%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.atitle=Lord+Palmerston+in+European+diplomacy&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=182-209&rft.date=2006&rft.au=V.+N.+Vinogradov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 579.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 581.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 582.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hibbert, Christopher <i>Disraeli: A Personal History</i> (2004) p. 256</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ridley,_p._583-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ridley,_p._583_154-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ridley,_p._583_154-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 583.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Penrhyn_Stanley" title="Arthur Penrhyn Stanley">Stanley, A.P.</a>, <i>Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey</i> (<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>; <a href="/wiki/1882" title="1882">1882</a>), p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ridley,_p._584-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ridley,_p._584_156-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ridley,_p._584_156-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 584.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sligoheritage.com/archirishvillage.htm">"Profile of an Irish Village-Palmerston and the Conquest, Colonisation and Evolution of Mullaghmore, Co. Sligo"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profile+of+an+Irish+Village-Palmerston+and+the+Conquest%2C+Colonisation+and+Evolution+of+Mullaghmore%2C+Co.+Sligo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sligoheritage.com%2Farchirishvillage.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Parry, <i>The Rise and Fall of Liberal Government in Victorian Britain</i> (1993) p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Gash, ‘’The English Historical Review’’ (Jan. 1972) 87#342, p. 136 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/563802">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Algernon Cecil, <i>British Foreign Secretaries, 1807–1916</i> (1927) p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 587.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 588.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Steele, <i>Palmerston and Liberalism, 1855–1865</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1991).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ridley,_p._589-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ridley,_p._589_164-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ridley,_p._589_164-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ridley,_p._589_164-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 589.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i> (10 November 1865), p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 591.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=miQ4AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA275"><i>Edinburgh Review</i></a>. 1866. p. 275.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edinburgh+Review&rft.pages=275&rft.date=1866&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmiQ4AQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Gilbert, <i>Winston Churchill. The Wilderness Years</i> (London: Book Club Associates, 1981), pp. 106–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. K. Hancock, <i>Smuts. Volume II: The Fields of Force. 1919–1950</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. R. Oldfield, "Palmerston and Anti-Slavery" <i>Palmerston Studies</i> 2 (2007): 24-38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leslie M. Bethell, "Britain, Portugal and the suppression of the Brazilian slave trade: the origins of Lord Palmerston's Act of 1839." <i>English historical review</i> 80.317 (1965): 761-784 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/559311">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. J. P. Taylor, "Lord Palmerston," <i>History Today</i> Jan 1991, Vol. 41#1 p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurd2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hurd" title="Douglas Hurd">Hurd, Douglas</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rpBc5JZsd5gC&pg=RA1-PR33"><i>Choose Your Weapons: The British Foreign Secretary</i></a>. Orion. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-85851-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-85851-5"><bdi>978-0-297-85851-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choose+Your+Weapons%3A+The+British+Foreign+Secretary&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Orion&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-297-85851-5&rft.aulast=Hurd&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrpBc5JZsd5gC%26pg%3DRA1-PR33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley Lane-Poole, '<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Temple,_Henry_John_(DNB00)" class="extiw" title="s:Temple, Henry John (DNB00)">Temple, Henry John</a>', <i>Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900, Volume 56</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120421002715/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/s-leisure/parksgreenspaces/citycentreparks/PalmerstonPark.aspx">"Palmerston Park"</a>. <i>City Centre Parks</i>. Southampton City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southampton.gov.uk/s-leisure/parksgreenspaces/citycentreparks/palmerstonpark.aspx">the original</a> on 21 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+Centre+Parks&rft.atitle=Palmerston+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.gov.uk%2Fs-leisure%2Fparksgreenspaces%2Fcitycentreparks%2Fpalmerstonpark.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynda_G._Adamson1999" class="citation book cs1">Lynda G. Adamson (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DX30otY9RZ8C&pg=PA224"><i>World Historical Fiction: An Annotated Guide to Novels for Adults and Young Adults</i></a>. Greenwood. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781573560665" title="Special:BookSources/9781573560665"><bdi>9781573560665</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Historical+Fiction%3A+An+Annotated+Guide+to+Novels+for+Adults+and+Young+Adults&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781573560665&rft.au=Lynda+G.+Adamson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDX30otY9RZ8C%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteffen_HantkeAgnieszka_Soltysik_Monnet2015" class="citation book cs1">Steffen Hantke; Agnieszka Soltysik Monnet (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mKk0CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT48"><i>War Gothic in Literature and Culture</i></a>. Routledge. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317383239" title="Special:BookSources/9781317383239"><bdi>9781317383239</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Gothic+in+Literature+and+Culture&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317383239&rft.au=Steffen+Hantke&rft.au=Agnieszka+Soltysik+Monnet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmKk0CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC.S._Forester2011" class="citation book cs1">C.S. Forester (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NL-KAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA204"><i>Flying Colours</i></a>. eNet Press. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61886-037-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61886-037-8"><bdi>978-1-61886-037-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flying+Colours&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=eNet+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61886-037-8&rft.au=C.S.+Forester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNL-KAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_McLynn2007" class="citation book cs1">Frank McLynn (2007). <i>Wagons West: The Epic Story of America's Overland Trails</i>. Open Road. p. 122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wagons+West%3A+The+Epic+Story+of+America%27s+Overland+Trails&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Open+Road&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Frank+McLynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Turner2010" class="citation book cs1">Chris Turner (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lm43EetfI8kC&pg=PA75"><i>Planet Simpson: How a Cartoon Masterpiece Documented an Era and Defined a Generation</i></a>. Random House of Canada. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307366092" title="Special:BookSources/9780307366092"><bdi>9780307366092</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planet+Simpson%3A+How+a+Cartoon+Masterpiece+Documented+an+Era+and+Defined+a+Generation&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Random+House+of+Canada&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780307366092&rft.au=Chris+Turner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlm43EetfI8kC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelena_Horton2016" class="citation news cs1">Helena Horton (13 April 2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/04/13/palmerston-the-cat-arrives-for-work-at-the-foreign-office/">"Palmerston the cat arrives for work at the Foreign Office"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/04/13/palmerston-the-cat-arrives-for-work-at-the-foreign-office/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Palmerston+the+cat+arrives+for+work+at+the+Foreign+Office&rft.date=2016-04-13&rft.au=Helena+Horton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2016%2F04%2F13%2Fpalmerston-the-cat-arrives-for-work-at-the-foreign-office%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/masterpiece/clips/victoria-s3-laurence-fox-is-palmerston/">"Laurence Fox is Palmerston" (2019)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Cook2005" class="citation book cs1">Chris Cook (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6cueJ_JAamQC&pg=PA46"><i>The Routledge Companion to Britain in the Nineteenth Century, 1815-1914</i></a>. Routledge. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134240357" title="Special:BookSources/9781134240357"><bdi>9781134240357</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Britain+in+the+Nineteenth+Century%2C+1815-1914&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781134240357&rft.au=Chris+Cook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6cueJ_JAamQC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Cook2005" class="citation book cs1">Chris Cook (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6cueJ_JAamQC&pg=PA46"><i>The Routledge Companion to Britain in the Nineteenth Century, 1815-1914</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 46–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134240357" title="Special:BookSources/9781134240357"><bdi>9781134240357</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Britain+in+the+Nineteenth+Century%2C+1815-1914&rft.pages=46-47&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781134240357&rft.au=Chris+Cook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6cueJ_JAamQC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Debrett's Peerage</i>. 1865. p. 268.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debrett%27s+Peerage&rft.pages=268&rft.date=1865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Bell, H.C.F. <i>Lord Palmerston</i> (2 vol 1936) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lordpalmerston0001bell/page/n3/mode/2up">vol 1 online</a>; also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lordpalmerston0002bell">vol 2 online</a></li> <li>Bell, Herbert C. "Palmerston and Parliamentary Representation." <i>Journal of Modern History</i> 4.2 (1932): 186–213. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1871668">1871668</a></li> <li>Bailey, Frank E. "The Economics of British Foreign Policy, 1825-50." <i>Journal of Modern History</i> 12.4 (1940): 449–484. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1871223">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourne1970" class="citation book cs1">Bourne, Kenneth (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foreignpolicyofv0000bour"><i>The foreign policy of Victorian England, 1830–1902</i></a></span>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873007-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873007-1"><bdi>978-0-19-873007-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+foreign+policy+of+Victorian+England%2C+1830%E2%80%931902&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-19-873007-1&rft.aulast=Bourne&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforeignpolicyofv0000bour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourne1961" class="citation journal cs1">Bourne, Kenneth (1961). "The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty and the Decline of British Opposition to the Territorial Expansion of the United States, 1857–60". <i>Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>33</b> (3): 287–291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F238848">10.1086/238848</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1876138">1876138</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154863763">154863763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=The+Clayton-Bulwer+Treaty+and+the+Decline+of+British+Opposition+to+the+Territorial+Expansion+of+the+United+States%2C+1857%E2%80%9360&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=287-291&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154863763%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1876138%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F238848&rft.aulast=Bourne&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Brown, David. "Lord Palmerston" <i>Historian</i> (Winter 2002) 76:33–35; historiography</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2010" class="citation book cs1">Brown, David (2010). <i>Palmerston</i>. Yale UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11898-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11898-8"><bdi>978-0-300-11898-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vks3x">j.ctt5vks3x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palmerston&rft.pub=Yale+UP&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt5vks3x%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11898-8&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Brown, David. <i>Palmerston and the politics of foreign policy, 1846-55</i> (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/42314/1/0000327.pdf">online dissertation version of 1998</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Brown, David. "Palmerston and Anglo–French Relations, 1846–1865." <i>Diplomacy and Statecraft</i> 17.4 (2006): 675–692.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Brown, David (2001). "Compelling but not Controlling?: Palmerston and the Press, 1846–1855". <i>History</i>. 86#201 (281): 41–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-229X.00176">10.1111/1468-229X.00176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Compelling+but+not+Controlling%3F%3A+Palmerston+and+the+Press%2C+1846%E2%80%931855&rft.volume=86%23201&rft.issue=281&rft.pages=41-61&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-229X.00176&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2001" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, David (2001). "The Power of Public Opinion: Palmerston and the Crisis of December 1851". <i>Parliamentary History</i>. <b>20</b> (3): 333–358. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1750-0206.2001.tb00381.x">10.1111/j.1750-0206.2001.tb00381.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+History&rft.atitle=The+Power+of+Public+Opinion%3A+Palmerston+and+the+Crisis+of+December+1851&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=333-358&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1750-0206.2001.tb00381.x&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Brown, David and Miles Taylor, eds. <i>Palmerston Studies I and II</i> (Southampton: Harrley Institute, 2007); pp. 203, 207; essays by scholars</li> <li>Cecil, Algernon. <i>British Foreign Secretaries 1807-1916</i> (1927) pp. 131–226. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bristishforeigns0000unse">online</a></li> <li>Chamberlain, Muriel Evelyn. <i>British Foreign Policy in the Age of Palmerston</i> (Longman, 1980).</li> <li>Chambers, James. <i>Palmerston. 'The People's Darling'</i> (John Murray, 2004). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-5452-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-5452-0">978-0-7195-5452-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenton2010" class="citation journal cs1">Fenton, Laurence (2010). "Origins of Animosity: Lord Palmerston and The Times, 1830–41". <i>Media History</i>. <b>16#4</b>: 365–378. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13688804.2010.507473">10.1080/13688804.2010.507473</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153007113">153007113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Media+History&rft.atitle=Origins+of+Animosity%3A+Lord+Palmerston+and+The+Times%2C+1830%E2%80%9341&rft.volume=16%234&rft.pages=365-378&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13688804.2010.507473&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153007113%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fenton&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenton2013" class="citation book cs1">Fenton, Laurence (2013). <i>Palmerston and The Times: Foreign Policy, the Press and Public Opinion in Mid-Victorian Britain</i>. IB Tauris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palmerston+and+The+Times%3A+Foreign+Policy%2C+the+Press+and+Public+Opinion+in+Mid-Victorian+Britain&rft.pub=IB+Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Fenton&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Palmerston-Times-Foreign-Mid-Victorian-Victorian/dp/1780760744/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Friedman, Isaiah. "Lord Palmerston and the protection of Jews in Palestine 1839-1851." <i>Jewish Social Studies</i> (1968): 23–41. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4466386">4466386</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2014" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, Howard J. (2014). <i>Technology and the Mid-Victorian Royal Navy Ironclad: Royal Navy Crisis in the Age of Palmerston</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technology+and+the+Mid-Victorian+Royal+Navy+Ironclad%3A+Royal+Navy+Crisis+in+the+Age+of+Palmerston&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Howard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Empire-Technology-Seapower-Palmerston-History/dp/0415370043/">Excerpt</a></li> <li>Golicz, Roman. "Napoleon III, Lord Palmerston and the Entente Cordiale." <i>History Today</i> 50.12 (2000): 10–17.</li> <li>Henderson, Gavin B. "The Foreign Policy of Lord Palmerston" <i>History</i> 22#88 (1938), pp. 335–344, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24401363">24401363</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks2007" class="citation book cs1">Hicks, Geoffrey (2007). <i>Peace, War and party politics: the Conservatives and Europe, 1846–59</i>. Manchester University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace%2C+War+and+party+politics%3A+the+Conservatives+and+Europe%2C+1846%E2%80%9359&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hickson, G. F. "Palmerston and the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty". <i>Cambridge Historical Journal</i> 3#3 (1931), pp. 295–303. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020744">3020744</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoppen1998" class="citation book cs1">Hoppen, K. Theodore (1998). <i>The Mid-Victorian Generation, 1846–1886</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mid-Victorian+Generation%2C+1846%E2%80%931886&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Hoppen&rft.aufirst=K.+Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span>, wide-ranging scholarly survey</li> <li>Kingston, Klari. "Gunboat Liberalism? Palmerston, Europe and 1848" <i>History Today</i> 47#2 (1997) 37–43.</li> <li>Leonard, Dick <i>Nineteenth Century British Premieres: Pitt to Roseberry</i> (2008) pp. 245–65.</li> <li>Macknight, Thomas. <i>Thirty Years of Foreign Policy, a History of the Secretaryships of the Earl of Aberdeen and Viscount Palmerston</i> (1855), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirtyyearsoffor00mackrich/page/n6">Online free</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1963" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Kingsley (1963). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/triumphoflordpal0000mart"><i>The Triumph of Lord Palmerston: a study of public opinion in England before the Crimean War</i></a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+Lord+Palmerston%3A+a+study+of+public+opinion+in+England+before+the+Crimean+War&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Kingsley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftriumphoflordpal0000mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.191245">Online free</a></li> <li>Paul, Herbert. <i>History of Modern England</i>, 1904-6 (5 vols) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderne02paul">vol 2 online</a> 1855–1865</li> <li>Judd, Denis. <i>Palmerston</i> (Bloomsbury, 2015).</li> <li>Morse, Hosea Ballou. <i>International Relations of the Chinese Empire: The Period of Conflict: 1834-1860</i>. (1910) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.53367">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidley1970" class="citation book cs1">Ridley, Jasper (1970). <i>Lord Palmerston</i>. London: Constable.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Palmerston&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Ridley&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lordpalmerston00ridl">Online free to borrow</a></li> <li>Roberts, David. "Lord Palmerston at the home office." <i>Historian</i> 21.1 (1958): 63-81. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24437747">24437747</a></li> <li>Rodkey, Frederick Stanley. "Lord Palmerston and the rejuvenation of Turkey, 1830-41." <i>Journal of Modern History</i> 1.4 (1929): 570-593. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psi427.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Rodkey,%20Lord%20Palmerston%20and%20Rejuvanation%20of%20Turkey,%201830-1841,%20Pt.1%20(1929).pdf">online</a> <ul><li>Rodkey, Frederick Stanley. "Lord Palmerston and the Rejuvenation of Turkey, 1830-41: Part II, 1839-41." <i>Journal of Modern History</i> 2.2 (1930): 193-225. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1872311">1872311</a></li></ul></li> <li>Seton-Watson, R. W. <i>Britain in Europe, 1789–1914: A survey of foreign policy</i> (1937) pp. 241–300, 400–63. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.226175/2015.226175.Britain-In.pdf">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthgate1966" class="citation book cs1">Southgate, Donald (1966). <i><span></span>'The Most English Minister': the Policies and Politics of Palmerston</i>. London: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27The+Most+English+Minister%27%3A+the+Policies+and+Politics+of+Palmerston&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Southgate&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Steele, E.D. <i>Palmerston and Liberalism, 1855–1865</i> (1991)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Steele, David (May 2009) [2004]. <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/27112">"Temple, Henry John, third Viscount Palmerston (1784–1865)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 1 (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F27112">10.1093/ref:odnb/27112</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Temple%2C+Henry+John%2C+third+Viscount+Palmerston+%281784%E2%80%931865%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F27112&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F27112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li>Steele, David. "Three British Prime Ministers and the Survival of the Ottoman Empire, 1855–1902." <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i> 50.1 (2014): 43-60. Covers Palmerston, Gladstone, and Salisbury.</li> <li>Taylor, A. J. P. "Lord Palmerston" <i>History Today</i> (July 1951) 1#7 pp. 35–41 online</li> <li>Taylor, Antony. "Palmerston and Radicalism, 1847-1865." <i>Journal of British Studies</i> 33.2 (1994): 157-179. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/175909">175909</a></li> <li>Temperley, Harold, and Gavin B. Henderson. "Disraeli and Palmerston in 1857, or, the Dangers of Explanations in Parliament." <i>Cambridge Historical Journal</i> 7.2 (1942): 115-126. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020795">3020795</a></li> <li>Vereté, Mayir. "Palmerston and the Levant Crisis, 1832." <i>Journal of Modern History</i> 24.2 (1952): 143-151. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1872562">1872562</a></li> <li>Weber, Frank G. "Palmerston and Prussian Liberalism, 1848." <i>Journal of Modern History</i> 35.2 (1963): 125-136. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1899235">1899235</a></li> <li>Webster, Charles. <i>The Foreign Policy of Palmerston. 1830-1841</i> (2v. 1951) a major study</li> <li>Weigall, David. <i>Britain and the World, 1815–1986: A Dictionary of International relations</i> (1989)</li> <li>Ward, A.W. and <a href="/wiki/G._P._Gooch" class="mw-redirect" title="G. P. Gooch">G. P. Gooch</a>, eds. <i>The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, 1783–1919</i> (3 vol, 1921–23), <i>Volume II: 1815–66</i></li> <li>Williams, Chris, ed. <i>A Companion to 19th-Century Britain</i> (2006). Chapters 1 to 4, pp. 15–92;</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolffe2005" class="citation journal cs1">Wolffe, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ehr/article-abstract/120/488/907/376327">"Lord Palmerston and religion: a reappraisal"</a>. <i>English Historical Review</i>. <b>120</b> (488): 907–936. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcei240">10.1093/ehr/cei240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Lord+Palmerston+and+religion%3A+a+reappraisal&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=488&rft.pages=907-936&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcei240&rft.aulast=Wolffe&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fehr%2Farticle-abstract%2F120%2F488%2F907%2F376327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourne1979" class="citation book cs1">Bourne, Kenneth (1979). <i>The Letters of the Third Viscount Palmerston to Laurence and Elizabeth Sulivan. 1804–1863</i>. London: The Royal Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+the+Third+Viscount+Palmerston+to+Laurence+and+Elizabeth+Sulivan.+1804%E2%80%931863&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Bourne&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Bourne, Kenneth, ed/ <i> Foreign Policy of Victorian England, 1830-1902</i> (1970) Long introduction, +147 primary source documents, many by Palmerston.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis1852" class="citation book cs1">Francis, George Henry (1852). <i>Opinions and Policy of The Right Honourable Viscount Palmerston, G.C.B., M.P., &c. as Minister, Diplomatist, and Statesman, During More Than Forty Years of Public Life</i>. London: Colburn and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opinions+and+Policy+of+The+Right+Honourable+Viscount+Palmerston%2C+G.C.B.%2C+M.P.%2C+%26c.+as+Minister%2C+Diplomatist%2C+and+Statesman%2C+During+More+Than+Forty+Years+of+Public+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Colburn+and+Co.&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=George+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Guedalla1928" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Guedalla" title="Philip Guedalla">Philip Guedalla</a>, ed. (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190525082039/https://www.questia.com/library/3254346/gladstone-and-palmerston-being-the-correspondence"><i>Gladstone and Palmerston, being the Correspondence of Lord Palmerston with Mr. Gladstone 1851–1865</i></a>. London: Victor Gollancz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/3254346/gladstone-and-palmerston-being-the-correspondence">the original</a> on 25 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gladstone+and+Palmerston%2C+being+the+Correspondence+of+Lord+Palmerston+with+Mr.+Gladstone+1851%E2%80%931865&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Victor+Gollancz&rft.date=1928&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2F3254346%2Fgladstone-and-palmerston-being-the-correspondence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lord, Sudley ed. <i>The Lieven Palmerston Correspondence 1828-1856</i> (1943) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.209783">online</a></li> <li>Partridge, Michael, and Richard Gaunt. <i>Lives of Victorian Political Figures Part 1: Palmerston, Disraeli and Gladstone</i> (4 vol. Pickering & Chatto. 2006) reprints 19 original pamphlets on Palmerston.</li> <li>Temperley, Harold and L.M. Penson, eds. <i>Foundations of British Foreign Policy: From Pitt (1792) to Salisbury (1902)</i> (1938), primary sources pp. 88–304 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.2629">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sources">Other sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Other sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Palmerston,_Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount">Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 645–649.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Palmerston%2C+Henry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=645-649&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Henry_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a></i> 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/viscount-palmerston">contributions in Parliament by Viscount Palmerston</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liberalhistory.org.uk/history/palmerston-viscount-henry-john-temple/">Viscount Palmerston 1784–1865</a> biography from the Liberal Democrat History Group</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070420212652/http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page149.asp">More about Viscount Palmerston</a> on the Downing Street website.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F57096">"Archival material relating to Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+Henry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF57096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+John+Temple%2C+3rd+Viscount+Palmerston" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193656#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southampton.ac.uk/archives/cataloguedatabases/palm/index.page">Papers of Henry John Temple, third Viscount Palmerston</a>. University of Southampton.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp03436">Portraits of Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193656#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edwardjdavies.info/PMs/temple.htm">Edward J. Davies, "The Ancestry of Lord Palmerston", The Genealogist, 22(2008):62–77</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offices_and_titles">Offices and titles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Offices and titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Granville">Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Granville</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_at_War" title="Secretary at War">Secretary at War</a> </b><br />1809–1828 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hardinge,_1st_Viscount_Hardinge" title="Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge">Henry Hardinge</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a> </b><br />1830–1834 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a> </b><br />1835–1841 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a> </b><br />1846–1851 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Granville_George_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" class="mw-redirect" title="Granville George Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville George Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Horatio_Walpole" title="Spencer Horatio Walpole">Spencer Horatio Walpole</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> </b><br />1852–1855 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Sir <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Grey,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Grey, 2nd Baronet">George Grey</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> </b><br />6 February 1855 – 19 February 1858 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord John Russell">Lord John Russell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> </b><br />1855–1858 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> </b><br />12 June 1859 – 18 October 1865 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">John Russell, 1st Earl Russell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> </b><br />1859–1865 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Corry" title="Isaac Corry">Isaac Corry</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Doyle,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Doyle, 1st Baronet">John Doyle</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Newport_(Isle_of_Wight)_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Newport (Isle of Wight) (UK Parliament constituency)">Member of Parliament for Newport, Isle of Wight</a> </b><br />1807–1811 <br />With: <b> Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley</a> 1807–1809<br />Sir <a href="/wiki/Sir_Leonard_Worsley-Holmes,_9th_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Leonard Worsley-Holmes, 9th Baronet">Leonard Worsley-Holmes</a> 1809–1811 </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Sir Leonard Worsley-Holmes<br /><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Bisshopp" title="Cecil Bisshopp">Cecil Bisshopp</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_FitzRoy,_4th_Duke_of_Grafton" title="George FitzRoy, 4th Duke of Grafton">Earl of Euston</a><br />Sir <a href="/wiki/Vicary_Gibbs_(judge)" title="Vicary Gibbs (judge)">Vicary Gibbs</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cambridge University (UK Parliament constituency)">Member of Parliament for Cambridge University</a> </b><br />1811–1831 <br />With: <b> Sir Vicary Gibbs 1811–1812<br /><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Smyth" title="John Henry Smyth">John Henry Smyth</a> 1812–1822<br /><a href="/wiki/William_John_Bankes" title="William John Bankes">William John Bankes</a> 1822–1826<br />Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Copley,_1st_Baron_Lyndhurst" title="John Copley, 1st Baron Lyndhurst">John Copley</a> 1826–1827<br />Sir <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Conyngham_Tindal" title="Nicholas Conyngham Tindal">Nicholas Conyngham Tindal</a> 1827–1829<br /><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_7th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire">William Cavendish</a> 1829–1831 </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Goulburn" title="Henry Goulburn">Henry Goulburn</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Yates_Peel" title="William Yates Peel">William Yates Peel</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tennyson_d%27Eyncourt" title="Charles Tennyson d'Eyncourt">Charles Tennyson</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Ponsonby,_5th_Earl_of_Bessborough" title="John Ponsonby, 5th Earl of Bessborough">John Ponsonby</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Bletchingley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bletchingley (UK Parliament constituency)">Member of Parliament for Bletchingley</a> </b><br />1831–1832 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hyde_Villiers" title="Thomas Hyde Villiers">Thomas Hyde Villiers</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Constituency abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New constituency</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Hampshire_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hampshire South (UK Parliament constituency)">Member of Parliament for Hampshire South</a> </b><br />1832–1835 <br />Served alongside: <b>Sir <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Staunton,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Staunton, 2nd Baronet">George Staunton</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Willis_Fleming" title="John Willis Fleming">John Willis Fleming</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Henry_Combe_Compton" title="Henry Combe Compton">Henry Combe Compton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Heathcoat" title="John Heathcoat">John Heathcoat</a><br /><a href="/wiki/James_Kennedy_(MP)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Kennedy (MP)">James Kennedy</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Tiverton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Tiverton (UK Parliament constituency)">Member of Parliament for Tiverton</a> </b><br />1835–1865 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/John_Heathcoat" title="John Heathcoat">John Heathcoat</a> 1835–1859<br /><a href="/wiki/George_Denman" title="George Denman">George Denman</a> 1859–1865 </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Sir <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Walrond,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Walrond, 1st Baronet">John Walrond</a><br /><a href="/wiki/George_Denman" title="George Denman">George Denman</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord John Russell">Lord John Russell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_British_Whig_Party" title="Leaders of the British Whig Party">Leaders of the British Whig Party</a> </b><br />1855–1859 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b>Party merged with <a href="/wiki/Peelite" title="Peelite">Peelites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radicals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_Irish_Party" title="Independent Irish Party">Independent Irish Party</a> to form <a href="/wiki/British_Liberal_party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Liberal party">British Liberal party</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord John Russell">Lord John Russell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_British_Whig_Party#Leaders_of_the_Whig_Party_in_the_House_of_Commons,_1830–1859" title="Leaders of the British Whig Party">Whig Leader in the Commons</a> </b><br />1855–1859 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b>New political party</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)#Leaders_of_the_Liberal_Party" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Leader of the British Liberal Party</a> </b><br />1859–1865 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">John Russell, 1st Earl Russell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Liberal_Party_(UK)#Leaders_of_the_Liberal_Party_in_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Leader in the Commons</a> </b><br />1859–1865 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Bruce,_8th_Earl_of_Elgin" title="James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin">James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_Glasgow" title="Rector of the University of Glasgow">Rector of the University of Glasgow</a> </b><br />1862–1865 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Inglis,_Lord_Glencorse" title="John Inglis, Lord Glencorse">John Inglis, Lord Glencorse</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Andrew_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" class="mw-redirect" title="James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Cinque_Ports" title="Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports">Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports</a> </b><br />1861–1865 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Granville_George_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" class="mw-redirect" title="Granville George Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville George Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Senior Privy Counsellor </b><br />1863–1865 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jocelyn,_3rd_Earl_of_Roden" title="Robert Jocelyn, 3rd Earl of Roden">Robert Jocelyn, 3rd Earl of Roden</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Peerage of Ireland</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Temple,_2nd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry Temple, 2nd Viscount Palmerston">Henry Temple, 2nd Viscount Palmerston</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Palmerston" title="Viscount Palmerston">Viscount Palmerston</a> </b><br />1802–1865 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Extinct </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">The Earl Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">The Earl of Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">The Earl of Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">The Marquess of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crewe-Milnes,_1st_Marquess_of_Crewe" title="Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe">The Marquess of Crewe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD700;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> (1859–1916)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Viscount Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Marquess of Hartington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Sir William Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD700;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Overall Leader</a> (1916–1988)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(British_politician)" title="Donald Maclean (British politician)">Sir Donald Maclean</a> <small><i>(Acting Leader)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Sir Herbert Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Sinclair,_1st_Viscount_Thurso" title="Archibald Sinclair, 1st Viscount Thurso">Sir Archibald Sinclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Davies" title="Clement Davies">Clement Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Grimond" title="Jo Grimond">Jo Grimond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Thorpe" title="Jeremy Thorpe">Jeremy Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Steel" title="David Steel">David Steel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime ministers of the United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole (Orford)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_1st_Earl_of_Wilmington" title="Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington">Wilmington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_4th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire">Devonshire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">Bute</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">G. Grenville</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Chatham (Pitt the Elder)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_FitzRoy,_3rd_Duke_of_Grafton" title="Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton">Grafton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Lord Grenville</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Goderich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Grey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Palmerston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Palmerston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli (Beaconsfield)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Opposition_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leaders_of_the_Opposition_UK" title="Template:Leaders of the Opposition UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leaders_of_the_Opposition_UK" title="Template talk:Leaders of the Opposition UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders_of_the_Opposition_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders of the Opposition UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Opposition_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">Leaders of the Opposition of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ponsonby" title="George Ponsonby">Ponsonby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tierney" title="George Tierney">Tierney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Althorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Bentinck" title="Lord George Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Hartington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li>Vacant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(British_politician)" title="Donald Maclean (British politician)">Maclean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">Lansbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Lees-Smith" title="Hastings Lees-Smith">Lees-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Pethick-Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Pethick-Lawrence" title="Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence">Pethick-Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Kinnock" title="Neil Kinnock">Kinnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)" title="John Smith (Labour Party leader)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Duncan Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby (Stanley)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cairns,_1st_Earl_Cairns" title="Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns">Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Beaconsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_5th_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">5th Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crewe-Milnes,_1st_Marquess_of_Crewe" title="Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe">Crewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon of Kedleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Haldane,_1st_Viscount_Haldane" title="Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cripps,_1st_Baron_Parmoor" title="Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor">Parmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gascoyne-Cecil,_4th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury">4th Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hogg,_1st_Viscount_Hailsham" title="Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham">Hailsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cripps,_1st_Baron_Parmoor" title="Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor">Parmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ponsonby,_1st_Baron_Ponsonby_of_Shulbrede" title="Arthur Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede">Ponsonby of Shulbrede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Snell,_1st_Baron_Snell" title="Harry Snell, 1st Baron Snell">Snell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison,_1st_Viscount_Addison" title="Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury">5th Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison,_1st_Viscount_Addison" title="Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jowitt,_1st_Earl_Jowitt" title="William Jowitt, 1st Earl Jowitt">Jowitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._V._Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Hillsborough" title="A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough">Alexander of Hillsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Shackleton,_Baron_Shackleton" title="Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cledwyn_Hughes,_Baron_Cledwyn_of_Penrhos" title="Cledwyn Hughes, Baron Cledwyn of Penrhos">Cledwyn of Penrhos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Richard" title="Ivor Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_7th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury">Cranborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Galbraith,_2nd_Baron_Strathclyde" title="Thomas Galbraith, 2nd Baron Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Royall,_Baroness_Royall_of_Blaisdon" title="Janet Royall, Baroness Royall of Blaisdon">Royall of Blaisdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Smith,_Baroness_Smith_of_Basildon" title="Angela Smith, Baroness Smith of Basildon">Smith of Basildon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_True,_Baron_True" title="Nicholas True, Baron True">True</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Foreign_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_Secretary" title="Template:Foreign Secretary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_Secretary" title="Template talk:Foreign Secretary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_Secretary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign Secretary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Foreign_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign secretaries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_2nd_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham">Grantham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nugent-Temple-Grenville,_1st_Marquess_of_Buckingham" title="George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Osborne,_5th_Duke_of_Leeds" title="Francis Osborne, 5th Duke of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Hawkesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Ryder,_1st_Earl_of_Harrowby" title="Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby">Harrowby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Phipps,_1st_Earl_of_Mulgrave" title="Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave">Mulgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bathurst,_3rd_Earl_Bathurst" title="Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst">Bathurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ward,_1st_Earl_of_Dudley" title="John Ward, 1st Earl of Dudley">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Iddesleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Isaacs,_1st_Marquess_of_Reading" title="Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Hoare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bevin" title="Ernest Bevin">Bevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gordon_Walker" title="Patrick Gordon Walker">Gordon Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_lesser_arms).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1366" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for Foreign<br />and Commonwealth Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Owen" title="David Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Pym" title="Francis Pym">Pym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hurd" title="Douglas Hurd">Hurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Rifkind" title="Malcolm Rifkind">Rifkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Miliband" title="David Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Raab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for Foreign,<br />Commonwealth and Development Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cleverly" title="James Cleverly">Cleverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lammy" title="David Lammy">Lammy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Secretaries_of_State" title="Category:British Secretaries of State">Category:British Secretaries of State</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">Portal:United Kingdom</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Home_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_Secretaries" title="Template:Home Secretaries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Home_Secretaries" title="Template talk:Home Secretaries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Home_Secretaries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Home Secretaries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Home_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home secretaries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nugent-Temple-Grenville,_1st_Marquess_of_Buckingham" title="George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dundas,_1st_Viscount_Melville" title="Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville">Dundas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham,_2nd_Earl_of_Chichester" title="Thomas Pelham, 2nd Earl of Chichester">Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Philip_Yorke" title="Charles Philip Yorke">Yorke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Hawkesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Spencer,_2nd_Earl_Spencer" title="George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ryder_(politician,_born_1766)" title="Richard Ryder (politician, born 1766)">Ryder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Sidmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sturges_Bourne" title="William Sturges Bourne">Sturges Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ponsonby,_4th_Earl_of_Bessborough" title="John Ponsonby, 4th Earl of Bessborough">Duncannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Goulburn" title="Henry Goulburn">Goulburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Phipps,_1st_Marquess_of_Normanby" title="Constantine Phipps, 1st Marquess of Normanby">Normanby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Graham,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir James Graham, 2nd Baronet">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Grey,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Grey, 2nd Baronet">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Horatio_Walpole" title="Spencer Horatio Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Grey,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Grey, 2nd Baronet">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Horatio_Walpole" title="Spencer Horatio Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._H._S._Sotheron-Estcourt" title="T. H. S. Sotheron-Estcourt">Sotheron-Estcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cornewall_Lewis" title="George Cornewall Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Grey,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Grey, 2nd Baronet">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Horatio_Walpole" title="Spencer Horatio Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathorne_Gathorne-Hardy,_1st_Earl_of_Cranbrook" title="Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook">Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bruce,_1st_Baron_Aberdare" title="Henry Bruce, 1st Baron Aberdare">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowe" title="Robert Lowe">Lowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._A._Cross,_1st_Viscount_Cross" title="R. A. Cross, 1st Viscount Cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._A._Cross,_1st_Viscount_Cross" title="R. A. Cross, 1st Viscount Cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Childers" title="Hugh Childers">Childers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Matthews,_1st_Viscount_Llandaff" title="Henry Matthews, 1st Viscount Llandaff">Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_White_Ridley,_1st_Viscount_Ridley" title="Matthew White Ridley, 1st Viscount Ridley">Ridley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ritchie,_1st_Baron_Ritchie_of_Dundee" title="Charles Ritchie, 1st Baron Ritchie of Dundee">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretas_Akers-Douglas,_1st_Viscount_Chilston" title="Aretas Akers-Douglas, 1st Viscount Chilston">Akers-Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gladstone,_1st_Viscount_Gladstone" title="Herbert Gladstone, 1st Viscount Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_McKenna" title="Reginald McKenna">McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cave,_1st_Viscount_Cave" title="George Cave, 1st Viscount Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Shortt" title="Edward Shortt">Shortt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bridgeman,_1st_Viscount_Bridgeman" title="William Bridgeman, 1st Viscount Bridgeman">Bridgeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joynson-Hicks,_1st_Viscount_Brentford" title="William Joynson-Hicks, 1st Viscount Brentford">Joynson-Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Clynes" title="J. R. Clynes">Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Gilmour,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir John Gilmour, 2nd Baronet">Gilmour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Hoare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anderson,_1st_Viscount_Waverley" title="John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Somervell,_Baron_Somervell_of_Harrow" title="Donald Somervell, Baron Somervell of Harrow">Somervell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chuter_Ede" title="James Chuter Ede">Chuter Ede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Maxwell_Fyfe,_1st_Earl_of_Kilmuir" title="David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir">Maxwell-Fyfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwilym_Lloyd_George" title="Gwilym Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brooke,_Baron_Brooke_of_Cumnor" title="Henry Brooke, Baron Brooke of Cumnor">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Soskice" title="Frank Soskice">Soskice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maudling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carr" title="Robert Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlyn_Rees" title="Merlyn Rees">Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Brittan" title="Leon Brittan">Brittan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hurd" title="Douglas Hurd">Hurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Waddington" title="David Waddington">Waddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Baker,_Baron_Baker_of_Dorking" title="Kenneth Baker, Baron Baker of Dorking">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">K. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Blunkett" title="David Blunkett">Blunkett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clarke" title="Charles Clarke">C. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan" title="John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqui_Smith" title="Jacqui Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Johnson" title="Alan Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber_Rudd" title="Amber Rudd">Rudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Javid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priti_Patel" title="Priti Patel">Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suella_Braverman" title="Suella Braverman">Braverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Shapps" title="Grant Shapps">Shapps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suella_Braverman" title="Suella Braverman">Braverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cleverly" title="James Cleverly">Cleverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvette_Cooper" title="Yvette Cooper">Cooper</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_Crown_%26_Garter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg/100px-Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg/150px-Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg/200px-Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="1147" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Template:Leader of the House of Commons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Template talk:Leader of the House of Commons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leader of the House of Commons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leaders of the House of Commons</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sandys,_1st_Baron_Sandys" title="Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys">Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_1st_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland">H. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt the Elder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1757_caretaker_ministry" title="1757 caretaker ministry">Vacant (caretaker ministry)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland">H. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Seymour_Conway" title="Henry Seymour Conway">Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Townshend</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Huskisson" title="William Huskisson">Huskisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Althorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks-Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">R. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smith_(1825%E2%80%931891)" title="William Henry Smith (1825–1891)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">W. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chuter_Ede" title="James Chuter Ede">Chuter Ede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Crookshank" title="Harry Crookshank">Crookshank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Bowden,_Baron_Aylestone" title="Herbert Bowden, Baron Aylestone">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Crossman" title="Richard Crossman">Crossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carr" title="Robert Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Prior" title="Jim Prior">Prior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Short,_Baron_Glenamara" title="Edward Short, Baron Glenamara">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_St_John-Stevas" title="Norman St John-Stevas">St John-Stevas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Pym" title="Francis Pym">Pym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Biffen" title="John Biffen">Biffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wakeham" title="John Wakeham">Wakeham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_MacGregor,_Baron_MacGregor_of_Pulham_Market" title="John MacGregor, Baron MacGregor of Pulham Market">MacGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Newton,_Baron_Newton_of_Braintree" title="Tony Newton, Baron Newton of Braintree">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Taylor,_Baroness_Taylor_of_Bolton" title="Ann Taylor, Baroness Taylor of Bolton">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan" title="John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hain" title="Peter Hain">Hain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Hoon" title="Geoff Hoon">Hoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Young,_Baron_Young_of_Cookham" title="George Young, Baron Young of Cookham">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lansley" title="Andrew Lansley">Lansley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Grayling" title="Chris Grayling">Grayling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lidington" title="David Lidington">Lidington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom" title="Andrea Leadsom">Leadsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Stride" title="Mel Stride">Stride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Rees-Mogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Spencer_(British_politician)" title="Mark Spencer (British politician)">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Mordaunt" title="Penny Mordaunt">Mordaunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Powell" title="Lucy Powell">Powell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Great_Hunger_in_Ireland,_1845–1852" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Hunger" title="Template:Great Hunger"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Hunger" title="Template talk:Great Hunger"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Hunger" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Hunger"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Great_Hunger_in_Ireland,_1845–1852" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Hunger in Ireland, 1845–1852</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)" title="Irish Famine (1740–1741)">Irish Famine (1740–1741)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">History of Ireland (1801–1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absentee_landlord" title="Absentee landlord">Absentee landlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_Great_Famine" title="Chronology of the Great Famine">Chronology of the Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Relief_Association" title="British Relief Association">British Relief Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souperism" title="Souperism">Souperism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_ship" title="Coffin ship">Coffin ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Ireland_rebellion" title="Young Ireland rebellion">Young Ireland rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encumbered_Estates%27_Court" title="Encumbered Estates' Court">Encumbered Estates' Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Great_Irish_Famine" title="Legacy of the Great Irish Famine">Legacy of the Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Famine_Commemoration_Day" title="National Famine Commemoration Day">National Famine Commemoration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_the_Great_Famine" title="List of memorials to the Great Famine">List of memorials to the Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1879)" title="Irish Famine (1879)">1879 Irish Famine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Earl Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wood,_1st_Viscount_Halifax" title="Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax">Viscount Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bingham,_3rd_Earl_of_Lucan" title="George Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan">Earl of Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane,_3rd_Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry">Marquess of Londonderry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Conyngham,_2nd_Marquess_Conyngham" title="Francis Conyngham, 2nd Marquess Conyngham">Marquess Conyngham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Maxwell,_7th_Baron_Farnham" title="Henry Maxwell, 7th Baron Farnham">Lord Farnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Gore-Booth,_4th_Baronet" title="Sir Robert Gore-Booth, 4th Baronet">Robert Gore-Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau_William_Senior" title="Nassau William Senior">Nassau William Senior</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Viscount Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulick_de_Burgh,_1st_Marquess_of_Clanricarde" title="Ulick de Burgh, 1st Marquess of Clanricarde">Marquess of Clanricarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Trevelyan,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet">Charles Trevelyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_St_George" title="Christopher St George">Christopher St George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_de_Rothschild" title="Lionel de Rothschild">Lionel de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Spring_Rice_(1814%E2%80%931865)" title="Stephen Spring Rice (1814–1865)">Stephen Spring Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Abel_Smith" title="John Abel Smith">John Abel Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Strzelecki" title="Paweł Strzelecki">Paweł Strzelecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_James_Higgins" title="Matthew James Higgins">Matthew James Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Gregory" title="William Henry Gregory">William Henry Gregory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Relief_(Ireland)_Act_1838" title="Poor Relief (Ireland) Act 1838">Poor Relief (Ireland) Act 1838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Relief_Act_1847" title="Temporary Relief Act 1847">Temporary Relief Act 1847</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Poor_Law_Extension_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Poor Law Extension Acts">Irish Poor Law Extension Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Crime_(Ireland)_Act_1848" title="Prevention of Crime (Ireland) Act 1848">Prevention of Crime (Ireland) Act 1848</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Mitchel" title="John Mitchel">John Mitchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Woodham-Smith" title="Cecil Woodham-Smith">Cecil Woodham-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._S._L._Lyons" title="F. S. L. Lyons">F. S. L. Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dudley_Edwards" title="Robert Dudley Edwards">Robert Dudley Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Mokyr" title="Joel Mokyr">Joel Mokyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormac_%C3%93_Gr%C3%A1da" title="Cormac Ó Gráda">Cormac Ó Gráda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_Ferriter" title="Diarmaid Ferriter">Diarmaid Ferriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colm_T%C3%B3ib%C3%ADn" title="Colm Tóibín">Colm Tóibín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pat_Coogan" title="Tim Pat Coogan">Tim Pat Coogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Kinealy" title="Christine Kinealy">Christine Kinealy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Famine_Museum" title="National Famine Museum">National Famine Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Potato_Famine" title="Highland Potato Famine">Highland Potato Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Potato_Failure" class="mw-redirect" title="European Potato Failure">European Potato Failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_famines" title="Theories of famines">Theories of famines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">Food security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Land_League" title="Irish National Land League">Irish National Land League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Victorian_era" title="Template:Victorian era"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Victorian_era" title="Template talk:Victorian era"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Victorian_era" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Victorian era"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Victorian_era" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #ddddff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">← Georgian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era →</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_and_diplomatic_history_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Political and diplomatic history of the Victorian era">Politics and diplomacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_Victorian_Era" title="British Army during the Victorian Era">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire#Britain's_imperial_century_(1815–1914)" title="British Empire">British empire</a></li> <li>By location <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_century_London" class="mw-redirect" title="19th century London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_modern_era#Late_18th_century_and_19th_century" title="Scotland in the modern era">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pax Britannia">Pax Britannia</a></li> <li>Prime ministers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">The Viscount Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Lord John Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">The Earl of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">The Earl of Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Viscount Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">The Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">The Earl of Rosebery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy, society and knowledge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Demographics of the Victorian era">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy,_industry,_and_trade_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Economy, industry, and trade of the Victorian era">Economy, industry, and trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics,_science,_technology_and_engineering_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Mathematics, science, technology and engineering of the Victorian era">Mathematics, science, technology and engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_and_culture_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Society and culture of the Victorian era">Society and culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian-era_cosmetics" title="Victorian-era cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_erotica" title="Victorian erotica">Erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_fashion" title="Victorian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_house" title="Victorian house">Houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_jewellery" title="Victorian jewellery">Jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_masculinity" title="Victorian masculinity">Masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_morality" title="Victorian morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_painting" title="Victorian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_the_Victorian_era" title="Theatre in the Victorian era">Theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_burlesque" title="Victorian burlesque">Burlesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Victorian_era" title="Women in the Victorian era">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Bibliography of the Victorian era">Bibliography</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Victorian_era" title="Category:Victorian era">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193656#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193656#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193656#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/51698419">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/68303/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcGh8XKrpKpT6bJFPVBfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118739069">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81019980">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11989198h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11989198h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621251">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36136135">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0057358&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX974051">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/150919">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06884106X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90844423">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=143987">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/86lnp2ns4v1nr29">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810590685705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/72575">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266211105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058530483206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14005153">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00821018?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500260905">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1218329">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118739069.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118739069">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027961605">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6p55qc8">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&oldid=1259539379">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&oldid=1259539379</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Victorian_era" title="Category:Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Category:Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1784_births" title="Category:1784 births">1784 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1865_deaths" title="Category:1865 deaths">1865 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:19th-century prime ministers of the United Kingdom">19th-century prime ministers of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_Anglo-Irish_people" title="Category:18th-century Anglo-Irish people">18th-century Anglo-Irish people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Anglo-Irish_people" title="Category:19th-century Anglo-Irish people">19th-century Anglo-Irish people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Category:People of the Victorian era">People of the Victorian era</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leaders_of_the_Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Category:Leaders of the Liberal Party (UK)">Leaders of the Liberal Party (UK)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_Secretaries_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs" title="Category:British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs">British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Secretaries_of_State_for_the_Home_Department" title="Category:Secretaries of State for the Home Department">Secretaries of State for the Home Department</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lords_of_the_Admiralty" title="Category:Lords of the Admiralty">Lords of the Admiralty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tory_MPs_(pre-1834)" title="Category:Tory MPs (pre-1834)">Tory MPs (pre-1834)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_Party_(UK)_MPs_for_English_constituencies" title="Category:Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies">Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1807%E2%80%931812" title="Category:UK MPs 1807–1812">UK MPs 1807–1812</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1812%E2%80%931818" title="Category:UK MPs 1812–1818">UK MPs 1812–1818</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1818%E2%80%931820" title="Category:UK MPs 1818–1820">UK MPs 1818–1820</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1820%E2%80%931826" title="Category:UK MPs 1820–1826">UK MPs 1820–1826</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1826%E2%80%931830" title="Category:UK MPs 1826–1830">UK MPs 1826–1830</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1830%E2%80%931831" title="Category:UK MPs 1830–1831">UK MPs 1830–1831</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1831%E2%80%931832" title="Category:UK MPs 1831–1832">UK MPs 1831–1832</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1832%E2%80%931835" title="Category:UK MPs 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