Prostate Cancer Screening

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If you have questions or need additional information, we invite you to contact NCI's LiveHelp instant messaging service at https://livehelp.cancer.gov, or call the NCI's Contact Center 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237) (toll-free from the United States)."> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24" class="usa-icon" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/> <path d="M20 4H4c-1.1 0-1.99.9-1.99 2L2 18c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h16c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V6c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 14H4V8l8 5 8-5v10zm-8-7L4 6h16l-8 5z"/> </svg> <span class="usa-sr-only"> Email </span> </a> </section> </div> </div> <div id="page" class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap">  <div class="desktop:grid-col-3 nci-no-print"> <nav aria-label="Secondary navigation"> <ul class="usa-sidenav"> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/types/prostate" data-menu-id="11954" class="usa-current usa-current--nci-ancestor">Prostate Cancer </a> <ul class="usa-sidenav__sublist"> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/types/prostate" data-menu-id="940883" class="usa-current usa-current--nci-ancestor">Patient</a> <ul class="usa-sidenav__sublist"> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/types/prostate/patient/prostate-treatment-pdq" data-menu-id="944391">Prostate Cancer Treatment</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/types/prostate/patient/prostate-prevention-pdq" data-menu-id="948972">Prostate Cancer Prevention</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/types/prostate/patient/prostate-screening-pdq" data-menu-id="949099" class="usa-current" aria-current="page">Prostate Cancer Screening</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/types/prostate/hp" data-menu-id="940885" class="nci-has-children">Health Professional</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/types/prostate/research" data-menu-id="922403" class="nci-has-children">Research Advances</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="cgdpl desktop:grid-col-9"> <div id="content" class=""> <main class="contentzone has-section-nav" id="main-content">  <article> <div class="resize-content"> <h1>Prostate Cancer Screening (PDQ®)–Patient Version</h1> <div id="cgvBody"> <div class="summary-sections"> <nav class="on-this-page" role="navigation"> <span class="on-this-page__header">On This Page</span> <ul> <li><a href="#_1">What Is Screening?</a></li> <li><a href="#_5">General Information About Prostate Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="#_13">Prostate Cancer Screening</a></li> <li><a href="#_35">Risks of Prostate Cancer Screening</a></li> <li><a href="#_AboutThis_1">About This PDQ Summary</a></li> </ul> </nav> <div class="accordion"> <section id="_1"> <h2>What Is Screening?</h2> <div id="_section_1" class="pdq-sections"><div class="pdq-hp-patient-toggle"><a href="/types/prostate/hp/prostate-screening-pdq">Go to Health Professional Version</a></div><p id="_2" tabindex="-1"><a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46171&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000046171&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">Screening</a> is looking for <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=45333&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000045333&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">cancer</a> before a person has any <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=45022&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000045022&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">symptoms</a>. This can help find cancer at an early <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=45885&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000045885&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">stage</a>. When <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=44636&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000044636&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">abnormal</a> <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46683&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000046683&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">tissue</a> or cancer is found early, it may be easier to treat. By the time symptoms appear, cancer may have begun to spread.</p><p id="_3" tabindex="-1"><a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=44724&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000044724&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">Scientists</a> are trying to better understand which people are more likely to get certain types of cancer. They also study the things we do and the things around us to see if they cause cancer. This information helps doctors recommend who should be screened for cancer, which screening tests should be used, and how often the tests should be done.</p><p id="_4" tabindex="-1">It is important to remember that your doctor does not necessarily think you have cancer if he or she suggests a screening test. Screening tests are given when you have no cancer symptoms. Screening tests may be repeated on a regular basis.</p><p id="_54" tabindex="-1">If a screening test result is abnormal, you may need to have more tests done to find out if you have cancer. These are called <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=45959&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000045959&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">diagnostic tests</a>.</p></div> </section> <section id="_5"> <h2>General Information About Prostate Cancer</h2> <div id="_section_5" class="pdq-sections"><div class="key-points"><h3 id="_5_kpBoxHdr" do-not-show="toc">Key Points</h3><div id="_kp_section_5_2"><ul><li>Prostate cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the prostate.</li><li>Prostate cancer is the most common nonskin cancer among men in the United States.</li><li>Different factors increase or decrease the risk of developing prostate cancer.</li></ul></div></div><section id="_6"><h3 id="_7" type="keypoint" do-not-show="toc">Prostate cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the prostate.</h3><p id="_8" tabindex="-1">The <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46539&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000046539&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">prostate</a> is a <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46386&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000046386&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">gland</a> in the male <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46564&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000046564&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">reproductive system</a>. It lies just below the <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46501&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000046501&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">bladder</a> (the <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=257523&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000257523&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">organ</a> that collects and empties <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46642&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000046642&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">urine</a>) and in front of the <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46555&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000046555&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">rectum</a> (the lower part of the <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46335&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000046335&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">intestine</a>). It is about the size of a walnut and surrounds part of the <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46640&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000046640&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">urethra</a> (the tube that empties urine from the bladder). The prostate gland makes <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=44669&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000044669&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">fluid</a> that is part of the <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46703&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000046703&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">semen</a>. <figure id="figure_77" class="image-center"><a href="https://nci-media.cancer.gov/pdq/media/images/450023.jpg" target="_blank" class="article-image-enlarge">Enlarge</a><img id="_77" alt="Drawing of the male reproductive system and urinary system anatomy showing the front and side views of the ureters, bladder, prostate gland, vas deferens, urethra, penis, and testicles. A side view of the seminal vesicle and ejaculatory duct is also shown. The drawing also shows front and side views of the rectum and lymph nodes in the pelvis." title="Drawing of the male reproductive system and urinary system anatomy showing the front and side views of the ureters, bladder, prostate gland, vas deferens, urethra, penis, and testicles. A side view of the seminal vesicle and ejaculatory duct is also shown. The drawing also shows front and side views of the rectum and lymph nodes in the pelvis." src="https://nci-media.cancer.gov/pdq/media/images/450023-750.jpg"><figcaption class="caption-container">Anatomy of the male reproductive and urinary systems showing the ureters, bladder, prostate gland, urethra, penis, testicles, and other organs.</figcaption></figure></p><p id="_9" tabindex="-1">As men age, the prostate may get bigger. A bigger prostate may block the flow of urine from the bladder and cause problems with sexual function. This <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=651193&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000651193&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">condition</a> is called <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46509&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000046509&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">benign prostatic hyperplasia</a> (BPH). BPH is not <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=45333&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000045333&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">cancer</a>, but <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=45570&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000045570&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">surgery</a> may be needed to correct it. The <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=45022&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000045022&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">symptoms</a> of BPH or of other problems in the prostate may be similar to symptoms of <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=445079&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000445079&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">prostate cancer</a>. <figure id="figure_78" class="image-center"><a href="https://nci-media.cancer.gov/pdq/media/images/462221.jpg" target="_blank" class="article-image-enlarge">Enlarge</a><img id="_78" alt="Two-panel drawing shows normal male reproductive and urinary anatomy and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Panel on the left shows the normal prostate and flow of urine from the bladder through the urethra. Panel on the right shows an enlarged prostate pressing on the bladder and urethra, blocking the flow of urine." title="Two-panel drawing shows normal male reproductive and urinary anatomy and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Panel on the left shows the normal prostate and flow of urine from the bladder through the urethra. Panel on the right shows an enlarged prostate pressing on the bladder and urethra, blocking the flow of urine." src="https://nci-media.cancer.gov/pdq/media/images/462221-750.jpg"><figcaption class="caption-container">Normal prostate and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). A normal prostate does not block the flow of urine from the bladder. An enlarged prostate presses on the bladder and urethra and blocks the flow of urine. </figcaption></figure></p><p id="_87" tabindex="-1">Other <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=44271&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000044271&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">PDQ</a> summaries containing information related to prostate cancer include:</p><div class="pdq-content-list"><ul id="_86"><li><a href="/types/prostate/patient/prostate-prevention-pdq"> Prostate Cancer Prevention</a></li><li><a href="/types/prostate/patient/prostate-treatment-pdq">Prostate Cancer Treatment </a></li></ul></div></section><section id="_10"><h3 id="_11" type="keypoint" do-not-show="toc">Prostate cancer is the most common nonskin cancer among men in the United States.</h3><p id="_76" tabindex="-1">Prostate cancer is most common in older men. In the United States, about one out of every eight men will be <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46450&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000046450&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">diagnosed</a> with prostate cancer. Most men diagnosed with this disease do not die from it. Prostate cancer causes more deaths in men than any other cancer except <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=445043&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000445043&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">lung cancer</a>. Prostate cancer occurs more often in Black men than in White men. Black men with prostate cancer are more likely to die from the disease than White men with prostate cancer.</p></section><section id="_56"><h3 id="_57" type="keypoint" do-not-show="toc">Different factors increase or decrease the risk of developing prostate cancer.</h3><p id="_58" tabindex="-1">Anything that increases your chance of getting a disease is called a <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=45873&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000045873&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">risk factor</a>. Anything that decreases your chance of getting a disease is called a <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=439422&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000439422&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">protective factor</a>.</p><p id="_98" tabindex="-1">To learn more about risk factors and protective factors for prostate cancer, visit <a href="/types/prostate/patient/prostate-prevention-pdq">Prostate Cancer Prevention</a>.</p></section></div> </section> <section id="_13"> <h2>Prostate Cancer Screening</h2> <div id="_section_13" class="pdq-sections"><div class="key-points"><h3 id="_13_kpBoxHdr" do-not-show="toc">Key Points</h3><div id="_kp_section_13_3"><ul><li>Tests are used to screen for different types of cancer when a person does not have symptoms.</li><li>There is no standard or routine screening test for prostate cancer.<ul><li>Digital rectal exam</li><li> Prostate-specific antigen test</li></ul></li><li>A prostate cancer gene 3 (PCA3) RNA test may be used for certain patients.</li><li>Screening tests for prostate cancer are being studied in clinical trials.</li></ul></div></div><section id="_14"><h3 id="_15" type="keypoint" do-not-show="toc">Tests are used to screen for different types of cancer when a person does not have symptoms.</h3><p id="_59" tabindex="-1"><a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=44724&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000044724&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">Scientists</a> study <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46171&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000046171&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">screening</a> tests to find those with the fewest harms and most benefits. <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=45333&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000045333&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">Cancer</a> screening trials also are meant to show whether early detection (finding cancer before it causes <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=45022&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000045022&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">symptoms</a>) helps a person live longer or decreases a person's chance of dying from the disease. For some types of cancer, the chance of <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=454708&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000454708&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">recovery</a> is better if the disease is found and treated at an early <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=45885&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000045885&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">stage</a>.</p></section><section id="_18"><h3 id="_19" type="keypoint" do-not-show="toc">There is no standard or routine screening test for prostate cancer.</h3><p id="_99" tabindex="-1">Although there are no standard or routine screening tests for <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=445079&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000445079&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">prostate cancer</a>, the following tests are being used or studied to screen for it:</p><section id="_23"><h4 id="_24" type="keypoint" do-not-show="toc">Digital rectal exam</h4><p id="_25" tabindex="-1"> <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=45668&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000045668&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">Digital rectal exam</a> (DRE) is an exam of the <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46555&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000046555&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">rectum</a>. The doctor or <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=269445&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000269445&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">nurse</a> inserts a <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46302&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000046302&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">lubricated</a>, gloved finger into the lower part of the rectum to feel the <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46539&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000046539&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">prostate</a> for lumps or anything else that seems unusual, such as an enlarged prostate.<figure id="figure_79" class="image-center"><a href="https://nci-media.cancer.gov/pdq/media/images/457840.jpg" target="_blank" class="article-image-enlarge">Enlarge</a><img id="_79" alt="Digital rectal exam; drawing shows a side view of the male reproductive anatomy and the urinary anatomy, including the prostate, rectum, and bladder. Also shown is a gloved, lubricated finger inserted into the rectum to feel the rectum, anus, and prostate." title="Digital rectal exam; drawing shows a side view of the male reproductive anatomy and the urinary anatomy, including the prostate, rectum, and bladder. Also shown is a gloved, lubricated finger inserted into the rectum to feel the rectum, anus, and prostate." src="https://nci-media.cancer.gov/pdq/media/images/457840-750.jpg"><figcaption class="caption-container">Digital rectal exam (DRE). The doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum and feels the rectum, anus, and prostate (in males) to check for anything abnormal.</figcaption></figure></p></section><section id="_26"><h4 id="_27" type="keypoint" do-not-show="toc"> Prostate-specific antigen test</h4><p id="_52" tabindex="-1">A <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=322878&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000322878&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test</a> is a test that measures the level of <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=44867&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000044867&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">PSA</a> in the <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=270735&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000270735&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">blood</a>. PSA is a substance made mostly by the prostate that may be found in an increased amount in the blood of men who have prostate cancer. The level of PSA may also be high in men who have an <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=45364&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000045364&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">infection</a> or <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=44042&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000044042&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">inflammation</a> of the prostate or <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46509&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000046509&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">benign prostatic hyperplasia</a> (BPH; an enlarged, but noncancerous, prostate).</p><p id="_92" tabindex="-1">A PSA test or a DRE may be able to detect prostate cancer at an early stage, but it is not clear whether early detection and treatment decrease the risk of dying from prostate cancer.</p><p id="_93" tabindex="-1">Studies are being done to find ways to make PSA testing more accurate for early cancer detection.</p></section></section><section id="_95"><h3 id="_96" type="keypoint" do-not-show="toc">A prostate cancer gene 3 (PCA3) RNA test may be used for certain patients.</h3><p id="_97" tabindex="-1">If a man had a high PSA level and a <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=45164&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000045164&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">biopsy</a> of the prostate did not show cancer and the PSA level remains high after the biopsy, a <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=798759&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000798759&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">PCA3 RNA test</a> may be done. This test measures the amount of PCA3 RNA in the <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46642&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000046642&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">urine</a> after a DRE. If the PCA3 RNA level is higher than normal, another prostate biopsy may be needed to help <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46450&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000046450&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">diagnose</a> prostate cancer.</p></section><section id="_100"><h3 id="_101" type="keypoint" do-not-show="toc">Screening tests for prostate cancer are being studied in clinical trials.</h3><p id="_100_md_95" tabindex="-1">Information about <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=45961&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000045961&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">clinical trials</a> supported by <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=44267&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000044267&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">NCI</a> can be found on NCI’s <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" title="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search">clinical trials search</a> webpage. Clinical trials supported by other organizations can be found on the <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/" title="https://clinicaltrials.gov/">ClinicalTrials.gov</a> website.</p></section></div> </section> <section id="_35"> <h2>Risks of Prostate Cancer Screening</h2> <div id="_section_35" class="pdq-sections"><div class="key-points"><h3 id="_35_kpBoxHdr" do-not-show="toc">Key Points</h3><div id="_kp_section_35_4"><ul><li>Screening tests have risks.</li><li>The risks of prostate cancer screening include:<ul><li>Finding prostate cancer that may never cause symptoms or become life threatening.</li><li>Complications from a follow-up biopsy can occur.</li><li>False-negative test results can occur.</li><li>False-positive test results can occur.</li></ul></li></ul></div></div><section id="_36"><h3 id="_37" type="keypoint" do-not-show="toc">Screening tests have risks.</h3><p id="_38" tabindex="-1">Decisions about <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=810044&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000810044&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">screening tests</a> can be difficult. Not all screening tests are helpful, and most have risks. Before having any screening test, you may want to discuss the test with your doctor. It is important to know the risks of the test and whether it has been proven to reduce the risk of dying from <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=45333&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000045333&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">cancer</a>.</p></section><section id="_39"><h3 id="_40" type="keypoint" do-not-show="toc">The risks of prostate cancer screening include:</h3><section id="_41"><h4 id="_42" type="keypoint" do-not-show="toc">Finding prostate cancer that may never cause symptoms or become life threatening.</h4><p id="_64" tabindex="-1">Screening may not improve your health or help you live longer if you have cancer that has already spread to the area outside of the <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46539&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000046539&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">prostate</a> or to other places in your body.</p><p id="_71" tabindex="-1">Some prostate cancers never cause <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=45022&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000045022&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">symptoms</a> or become life-threatening, but if found by a screening test, the cancer may be treated. Finding these cancers is called <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=759894&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000759894&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">overdiagnosis</a>. It is not known if treatment of these cancers would help you live longer than if no treatment were given.</p><p id="_94" tabindex="-1">Treatments for <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=445079&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000445079&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">prostate cancer</a>, such as <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46549&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000046549&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">radical prostatectomy</a> and <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=44971&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000044971&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">radiation therapy</a>, may have long-term <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46580&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000046580&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">side effects</a> in many men. The most common side effects are <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=321372&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000321372&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">erectile dysfunction</a> and <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=373944&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000373944&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">urinary incontinence</a>.</p><p id="_88" tabindex="-1">Some studies of patients with newly <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46450&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000046450&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">diagnosed</a> prostate cancer showed these patients had a higher risk of death from <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=44005&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000044005&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">cardiovascular</a> (heart and <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=45020&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000045020&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">blood vessel</a>) disease or <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=450124&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000450124&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">suicide</a>. The risk was greatest in the first weeks or months after <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46450&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000046450&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">diagnosis</a>.</p></section><section id="_83"><h4 id="_84" type="keypoint" do-not-show="toc">Complications from a follow-up biopsy can occur.</h4><p id="_85" tabindex="-1">If a <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=322878&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000322878&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">PSA test</a> is higher than normal, a <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=45164&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000045164&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">biopsy</a> of the prostate may be done. <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=463706&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000463706&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">Complications</a> from a biopsy of the prostate may include <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=450108&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000450108&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">fever</a>, pain, <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=270735&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000270735&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">blood</a> in the <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46642&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000046642&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">urine</a> or <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46703&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000046703&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">semen</a>, and <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46095&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000046095&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">urinary tract</a> <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=45364&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000045364&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">infection</a>. Even if a biopsy shows that a patient does not have prostate cancer, he may worry more about developing prostate cancer in the future.</p><p id="_102" tabindex="-1"><a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=805156&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000805156&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)−guided biopsy</a> is being studied in the <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46450&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000046450&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">diagnosis</a> of prostate cancer, either in place of, or in addition to, <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=689630&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000689630&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">standard</a> prostate <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=45798&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000045798&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">needle biopsy</a>.</p></section><section id="_47"><h4 id="_48" type="keypoint" do-not-show="toc">False-negative test results can occur.</h4><p id="_61" tabindex="-1">Screening test results may appear to be normal even though prostate cancer is present. A man who receives a <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=340928&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000340928&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">false-negative test result</a> (one that shows there is no cancer when there really is) may delay seeking medical care even if he has symptoms.</p></section><section id="_44"><h4 id="_45" type="keypoint" do-not-show="toc">False-positive test results can occur.</h4><p id="_62" tabindex="-1">Screening test results may appear to be <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=44636&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000044636&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">abnormal</a> even though no cancer is present. A <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=340929&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000340929&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">false-positive test result</a> (one that shows there is cancer when there really isn't) can cause <a class="definition" type="GlossaryTermRefs" href="/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=430405&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov" onclick="javascript:popWindow('defbyid','CDR0000430405&version=patient&language=English&dictionary=Cancer.gov'); return(false);">anxiety</a> and is usually followed by more tests and procedures (such as a biopsy), which also have risks.</p></section></section><section id="_50"><p id="_51" tabindex="-1">Your doctor can advise you about your risk for prostate cancer and your need for screening tests.</p></section></div> </section> <section id="_AboutThis_1"> <h2>About This PDQ Summary</h2> <div id="_section_AboutThis_1" class="pdq-sections"><section id="_AboutThis_2"><h3 id="_AboutThis_2_toc">About PDQ</h3><p id="_AboutThis_3" tabindex="-1">Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/pdq" title="https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/pdq">Spanish</a>.</p><p id="_AboutThis_4" tabindex="-1">PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.</p></section><section id="_AboutThis_5"><h3 id="_AboutThis_5_toc">Purpose of This Summary</h3><p id="_AboutThis_6" tabindex="-1">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about prostate cancer screening. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p></section><section id="_AboutThis_7"><h3 id="_AboutThis_7_toc">Reviewers and Updates</h3><p id="_AboutThis_8" tabindex="-1">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Updated") is the date of the most recent change. </p><p id="_AboutThis_9" tabindex="-1">The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/screening-prevention" title="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/screening-prevention">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board</a>. </p></section><section id="_AboutThis_10"><h3 id="_AboutThis_10_toc">Clinical Trial Information</h3><p id="_AboutThis_11" tabindex="-1">A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment. </p><p id="_AboutThis_12" tabindex="-1">Clinical trials can be found online at <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" title="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials">NCI's website</a>. For more information, call the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/contact-center" title="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/contact-center">Cancer Information Service</a> (CIS), NCI's contact center, at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237). </p></section><section id="_AboutThis_13"><h3 id="_AboutThis_13_toc">Permission to Use This Summary</h3><p id="_AboutThis_14" tabindex="-1">PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].” </p><p id="_AboutThis_15" tabindex="-1">The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:</p><p id="_AboutThis_21" tabindex="-1">PDQ® Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. PDQ Prostate Cancer Screening. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/prostate/patient/prostate-screening-pdq" title="https://www.cancer.gov/types/prostate/patient/prostate-screening-pdq">https://www.cancer.gov/types/prostate/patient/prostate-screening-pdq</a>. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389306]</p><p id="_AboutThis_16" tabindex="-1">Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in <a href="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/" title="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/">Visuals Online</a>. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 3,000 scientific images. </p></section><section id="_AboutThis_17"><h3 id="_AboutThis_17_toc">Disclaimer</h3><p id="_AboutThis_18" tabindex="-1">The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care" title="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care">Managing Cancer Care</a> page.</p></section><section id="_AboutThis_19"><h3 id="_AboutThis_19_toc">Contact Us</h3><p id="_AboutThis_20" tabindex="-1">More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact" title="https://www.cancer.gov/contact">Contact Us for Help</a> page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" title="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us">E-mail Us</a>.</p></section></div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="article-footer"> <div class="document-dates horizontal"> <ul class="clearfix"> <li> <strong>Updated:</strong> <time datetime="2024-12-10T12:00:00Z">December 10, 2024</time> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="nvcgSlPublicUse"> <div class="slot-item only-SI"> <div class="public-use"> <div id="block-ncids-trans-public-use"> <p><em>If you would like to reproduce some or all of this content, see <a href="/policies/copyright-reuse">Reuse of NCI Information</a> for guidance about copyright and permissions. 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