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id="toc-Major_wine_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_wine_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Major wine regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_wine_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Export_markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Export_markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Export markets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Export_markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_spending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_spending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Government spending</span> </div> </a> <ul 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href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austraalia_veinid" title="Austraalia veinid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Austraalia veinid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vino_de_Australia" title="Vino de Australia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vino de Australia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture_en_Australie" title="Viticulture en Australie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Viticulture en Australie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticoltura_in_Australia" title="Viticoltura in Australia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Viticoltura in Australia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D" title="ავსტრალიური ღვინო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ავსტრალიური ღვინო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB" title="ഓസ്ട്രേലിയൻ വൈൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓസ്ട്രേലിയൻ വൈൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wijnbouw_in_Australi%C3%AB" title="Wijnbouw in Australië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wijnbouw in Australië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="オーストラリアワイン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オーストラリアワイン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australsk_vin" title="Australsk vin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Australsk vin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wina_australijskie" title="Wina australijskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wina australijskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Виноделие в Австралии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Виноделие в Австралии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiska_viner" title="Australiska viner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Australiska viner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avustralya_%C5%9Farab%C4%B1" title="Avustralya şarabı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avustralya şarabı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97" title="Виноробство в Австралії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Виноробство в Австралії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92" title="澳大利亞葡萄酒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="澳大利亞葡萄酒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wine making in Australia</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_Wine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Australian_Wine.jpg/220px-Australian_Wine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Australian_Wine.jpg/330px-Australian_Wine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Australian_Wine.jpg/440px-Australian_Wine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The wine shelf at Saltbox</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Australian wine</b> industry is one of the world's largest exporters of wine, with approximately 800 million out of the 1.2 to 1.3 billion litres produced annually exported to overseas markets.<sup id="cite_ref-Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wine industry is a significant contributor to the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Australian economy</a> through production, employment, export, and tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wine_for_Dummies_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_for_Dummies-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sotheby_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sotheby-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a $3.5 billion domestic market for Australian wines, with Australians consuming approximately 500 million litres annually.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Islanders</a> are the second biggest per capita wine consumers in the world with 54 litres.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only 16.6% of wine sold domestically is imported.<sup id="cite_ref-Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wine is produced in every state, with more than 60 designated wine regions totalling approximately 160,000 hectares; however Australia's wine regions are mainly in the southern, cooler parts of the country, with vineyards located in <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_wine" title="South Australian wine">South Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_wine" title="New South Wales wine">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victorian_wine" title="Victorian wine">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_wine" title="Western Australian wine">Western Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_wine" title="Tasmanian wine">Tasmania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>. The wine regions in each of these states produce different wine varieties and styles that take advantage of the particular <a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a> such as: <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climatic</a> differences, <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil_type" title="Soil type">soil types</a>. The major varieties are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Shiraz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Semillon">Semillon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a>. Wines are often labelled with the name of their grape variety, which must constitute at least 85 percent of the wine. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_wine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunter_panorama-1b-web-l.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Hunter_panorama-1b-web-l.jpg/500px-Hunter_panorama-1b-web-l.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Hunter_panorama-1b-web-l.jpg/750px-Hunter_panorama-1b-web-l.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Hunter_panorama-1b-web-l.jpg/1000px-Hunter_panorama-1b-web-l.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption>Audrey Wilkinson vineyard in the Hunter Valley.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ABS-6401.0-ConsumerPriceIndexAustralia-Cpi-GroupSubgroupExpenditureClassWeightedAverageEightCapitalCities-IndexNumbers-Wine-Australia-A2328906X.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/ABS-6401.0-ConsumerPriceIndexAustralia-Cpi-GroupSubgroupExpenditureClassWeightedAverageEightCapitalCities-IndexNumbers-Wine-Australia-A2328906X.svg/300px-ABS-6401.0-ConsumerPriceIndexAustralia-Cpi-GroupSubgroupExpenditureClassWeightedAverageEightCapitalCities-IndexNumbers-Wine-Australia-A2328906X.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/ABS-6401.0-ConsumerPriceIndexAustralia-Cpi-GroupSubgroupExpenditureClassWeightedAverageEightCapitalCities-IndexNumbers-Wine-Australia-A2328906X.svg/450px-ABS-6401.0-ConsumerPriceIndexAustralia-Cpi-GroupSubgroupExpenditureClassWeightedAverageEightCapitalCities-IndexNumbers-Wine-Australia-A2328906X.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/ABS-6401.0-ConsumerPriceIndexAustralia-Cpi-GroupSubgroupExpenditureClassWeightedAverageEightCapitalCities-IndexNumbers-Wine-Australia-A2328906X.svg/600px-ABS-6401.0-ConsumerPriceIndexAustralia-Cpi-GroupSubgroupExpenditureClassWeightedAverageEightCapitalCities-IndexNumbers-Wine-Australia-A2328906X.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>The consumer price index for wine in Australia since 1980</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Vine_cuttings" class="mw-redirect" title="Vine cuttings">Vine cuttings</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> were brought to the <a href="/wiki/Penal_colony" title="Penal colony">penal colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Phillip" title="Arthur Phillip">Governor Phillip</a> on the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> (1788).<sup id="cite_ref-OZ_AWC_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OZ_AWC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wine produced from this was initially for household use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsmondAnderson19984_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsmondAnderson19984-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An attempt at wine making from these first vines failed, but with perseverance, other settlers managed to successfully cultivate vines for <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a>, and Australian made wine was available for sale domestically by the 1820s.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1822 <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Blaxland" title="Gregory Blaxland">Gregory Blaxland</a> became the first person to export Australian wine, and was the first winemaker to win an overseas award.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1830 vineyards were established in the Hunter Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-OZ_AWC_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OZ_AWC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1833 <a href="/wiki/James_Busby" title="James Busby">James Busby</a> returned from France and Spain with a serious selection of grape varieties including most classic French grapes and a good selection of grapes for fortified wine production.<sup id="cite_ref-OZ_AWC_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OZ_AWC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wine from the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Hills" title="Adelaide Hills">Adelaide Hills</a> was sent to <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> in 1844, but there is no evidence that she placed an order as a result. The production and quality of Australian wine was much improved by the arrival of free settlers from various parts of Europe, who used their skills and knowledge to establish some of Australia's premier wine regions. For example, emigrants from <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> in the mid-1850s were important in establishing <a href="/wiki/South_Australia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Australia (wine)">South Australia's</a> <a href="/wiki/Barossa_Valley_(wine)" title="Barossa Valley (wine)">Barossa Valley</a> as a winemaking region. In smaller scale, winemakers from <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> also helped in establishing Geelong wine region in Victoria in 1842. </p><p>In 1853, Australia had less than six hundred hectares of grapes, with only a portion used for winemaking.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsmondAnderson19984_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsmondAnderson19984-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early Australian winemakers faced many difficulties, particularly due to the unfamiliar Australian climate. But because it is also warm, dry, and Mediterranean overall, making Australia ideal for wine production, they eventually achieved considerable success. "At the 1873 Vienna Exhibition the French judges, tasting blind, praised some wines from Victoria, but withdrew in protest when the <a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">provenance</a> of the wine was revealed, on the grounds that wines of that quality must clearly be French."<sup id="cite_ref-shw_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shw-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australian wines continued to win high honours in French competitions. A Victorian <a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a> (also called Shiraz) competing in the 1878 Paris Exhibition was likened to <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Margaux" title="Château Margaux">Château Margaux</a> and "its taste completed its trinity of perfection."<sup id="cite_ref-shw_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shw-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One Australian wine won a gold medal "first class" at the 1882 Bordeaux International Exhibition and another won a gold medal "against the world" at the 1889 Paris International Exhibition.<sup id="cite_ref-shw_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shw-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That was all before the destructive effects on the industry of the <a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">phylloxera</a> epidemic. </p><p>Australia has rapidly become a world leader in both the quantity and quality of wines it produces. For example, Australian wine exports to the US rose from 578,000 cases in 1990 to 20,000,000 cases in 2004 and in 2000 it exported more wine than France to the UK for the first time in history. </p><p>The industry has at times suffered from its own productivity. In the late 1980s, governments sponsored growers to pull out their vines when Australia was a net importer of wine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsmondAnderson19981_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsmondAnderson19981-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Low grape prices in 2005 and 2006 have led to calls for another sponsored vine pull.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cleanskin_(wine)" title="Cleanskin (wine)">Cleanskin</a> wines were introduced into Australia during the 1960s as a means to combat oversupply and poor sales. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Black_Summer_bushfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Summer bushfires">Black Summer bushfires</a> of 2019 to 2020, winemaking was adversely affected in production areas struck by fire or smoke, which affects flavour through <a href="/wiki/Smoke_taint" title="Smoke taint">smoke taint</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Hills_wine_region" title="Adelaide Hills wine region">Adelaide Hills wine region</a> was particularly badly hit, losing up to 30% of is vineyards.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-bushfire-hit-2-2020_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-bushfire-hit-2-2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some winemakers found innovative ways to get around the problem of tainted grapes.<sup id="cite_ref-Abc-salvage_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abc-salvage-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, China placed taxes of more than 200% on Australian wines at a time when China was Australia's most lucrative market.<sup id="cite_ref-crt_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crt-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As relations between the two countries improved the tariffs were removed in March 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-crt_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crt-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024, in part due to overproduction as well as falling consumption, Australian vignerons uprooted millions of vines.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grape_varieties">Grape varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_wine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Grape varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:42_Degrees_Winery_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/42_Degrees_Winery_1.jpg/220px-42_Degrees_Winery_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/42_Degrees_Winery_1.jpg/330px-42_Degrees_Winery_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/42_Degrees_Winery_1.jpg/440px-42_Degrees_Winery_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4240" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>A vineyard in Tasmania</figcaption></figure> <p>Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">grape varieties</a> are <a href="/wiki/Shiraz_grape" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiraz grape">Shiraz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-walt_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walt-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-walt_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walt-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a>. The country has no native grapes, and <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i> varieties were introduced from Europe and South Africa in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Some varieties have been bred by Australian viticulturists, for example <a href="/wiki/Cienna" title="Cienna">Cienna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarrango" title="Tarrango">Tarrango</a>. The most widely cultivated grape variety in Australia is Shiraz.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 130 different grape varieties are used by commercial winemakers in Australia. Over recent years many winemakers have been rediscovering so-called "alternative varieties" other than those listed above. Many varieties from France, Italy and Spain, for example <a href="/wiki/Petit_Verdot" title="Petit Verdot">Petit Verdot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinot_grigio" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinot grigio">Pinot grigio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebbiolo" title="Nebbiolo">Nebbiolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arneis" title="Arneis">Arneis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiano_(grape)" title="Fiano (grape)">Fiano (grape)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viognier" title="Viognier">Viognier</a> are becoming more common. Wines from many other varieties are being produced. </p><p>Australian winemaking results have been impressive and it has established benchmarks for a number of varietals, such as Chardonnay, Pinot noir and Shiraz. Moreover, Australians have innovated in <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(grape)" title="Canopy (grape)">canopy</a> management and other viticultural and in wine-making techniques, and they have a general attitude toward their work that sets them apart from producers in Europe. Australian wine-makers travel the wine world as highly skilled seasonal workers, relocating to the northern hemisphere during the off-season at home. They are an important resource in the globalisation of wine and wine critic <a href="/wiki/Matt_Kramer_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matt Kramer (wine)">Matt Kramer</a> notes that "the most powerful influence in wine today" comes from Australia. </p> <div style="text-align: center;">(See <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_wine_grape_varieties" title="List of Australian wine grape varieties">List of Australian wine grape varieties</a>)</div><p><span class="anchor" id="GSM"></span> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GSM_blends">GSM blends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_wine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: GSM blends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>GSM</i> is a name commonly used for a red wine consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">blend</a> of <a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Shiraz</a> (Syrah), and <a href="/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_297-298,_333-334_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_297-298,_333-334-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blends where Shiraz is the main component are sometimes referred to instead as <b>SGM</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This blend originated from those used in some <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_wine" title="Rhône wine">Southern Rhône wines</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauneuf-du-Pape_AOC" title="Châteauneuf-du-Pape AOC">Châteauneuf-du-Pape</a>, though it is also found in South Australia, California (particularly Paso Robles, originating with <a href="/wiki/Tablas_Creek_Vineyard" title="Tablas Creek Vineyard">Tablas Creek Vineyard</a>), and Washington (Columbia Valley); smaller production exists in Argentina and South Africa. A very similar blend is traditional to <a href="/wiki/Priorat_(DOQ)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priorat (DOQ)">Priorat</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_wine" title="Catalan wine">Catalonia</a>, Spain), still based on Garnacha (Grenache), but adding Mazuelo (Carignan), Syrah, and Merlot (same GS, different M's).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grenache is the lightest of the three grapes, producing a pale red juice with soft berry scents and a bit of spiciness. As a blending component, it contributes alcohol, warmth and fruitiness without added <a href="/wiki/Grape_tannins" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape tannins">tannins</a>. Shiraz can contribute full-bodied, fleshy flavours of black fruits and pepper. It adds colour, backbone and tannins and provides the sense of balance such blends require. Mourvèdre contributes elegance, structure and acidity to the blend, producing flavours of sweet plums, roasted game and hints of tobacco.<sup id="cite_ref-Jancis_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jancis-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_wine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vines_near_Naracoorte3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Vines_near_Naracoorte3.jpg/220px-Vines_near_Naracoorte3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Vines_near_Naracoorte3.jpg/330px-Vines_near_Naracoorte3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Vines_near_Naracoorte3.jpg/440px-Vines_near_Naracoorte3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="1354" /></a><figcaption>Grapevines at Russet Ridge Winery near <a href="/wiki/Naracoorte,_South_Australia" title="Naracoorte, South Australia">Naracoorte</a> in the Wrattonbully region</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YendaMcWilliamsWines.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/YendaMcWilliamsWines.JPG/220px-YendaMcWilliamsWines.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/YendaMcWilliamsWines.JPG/330px-YendaMcWilliamsWines.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/YendaMcWilliamsWines.JPG/440px-YendaMcWilliamsWines.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3678" data-file-height="2221" /></a><figcaption>McWilliams winery near <a href="/wiki/Griffith,_New_South_Wales" title="Griffith, New South Wales">Griffith</a> in the Riverina wine region</figcaption></figure> <p>Australia's most famous wine is <a href="/wiki/Penfolds_Grange" title="Penfolds Grange">Penfolds Grange</a>. The great 1955 vintage was submitted to competitions beginning in 1962 and over the years has won more than 50 gold medals. The vintage of 1971 won first prize in Syrah/Shiraz at the <a href="/wiki/Wine_Olympics" title="Wine Olympics">Wine Olympics</a> in Paris. The 1990 vintage was named 'Red Wine of the Year' by the <i><a href="/wiki/Wine_Spectator" title="Wine Spectator">Wine Spectator</a></i> magazine in 1995, which later rated the 1998 vintage 99 points out of a possible 100. Wine critic <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Johnson_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Johnson (wine)">Hugh Johnson</a> has called Grange the only <a href="/wiki/First_Growth" title="First Growth">First Growth</a> of the Southern Hemisphere. The influential wine critic <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Parker,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M. Parker, Jr.">Robert Parker</a>, who is well known for his love of Bordeaux wines, has written that Grange "has replaced Bordeaux's Pétrus as the world's most exotic and concentrated wine".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other red wines to garner international attention include <a href="/wiki/Henschke" title="Henschke">Henschke</a> Hill of Grace,<sup id="cite_ref-Langtons_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langtons-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jancis_Robinson_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jancis_Robinson-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Appellation_Australia_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appellation_Australia-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Hills_(wine)" title="Clarendon Hills (wine)">Clarendon Hills</a> Astralis,<sup id="cite_ref-Langtons_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langtons-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jancis_Robinson_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jancis_Robinson-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Appellation_Australia_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appellation_Australia-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/D%27Arenberg" title="D'Arenberg">D'Arenberg</a> Dead Arm,<sup id="cite_ref-Langtons_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langtons-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jancis_Robinson_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jancis_Robinson-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Appellation_Australia_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appellation_Australia-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Torbreck" title="Torbreck">Torbreck</a> Run Rig<sup id="cite_ref-Langtons_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langtons-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jancis_Robinson_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jancis_Robinson-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Appellation_Australia_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appellation_Australia-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other high-end Penfolds wines such as St Henri shiraz.<sup id="cite_ref-Langtons_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langtons-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jancis_Robinson_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jancis_Robinson-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Appellation_Australia_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appellation_Australia-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australia has almost 2000 wine producers, most of whom are small winery operations. The market is dominated by a small number of major wine companies. The largest wineries are the Casella winery in Yenda, NSW (<a href="/wiki/Yellow_Tail_(wine)" title="Yellow Tail (wine)">Yellow Tail</a> wines) and the Berri Estates winery in Glossop, SA. The ownership of wineries varies but their location has largely been the same since the introduction of stainless steel tanks in the 1990s, there was a major change in the wine industry in the 1980s when local winegrower cooperatives ceased operations or were privatised.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The majority of grapes are grown in warm climate regions, including the Riverina, Murray Valley and Riverland wine regions, located in southern NSW, north western Victoria and South Australia. A 2019 report by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission examined grape production in these areas and the myriad competition and consumer issues facing growers.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_wine_regions">Major wine regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_wine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Major wine regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_wine_zones2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Australian_wine_zones2.png/220px-Australian_wine_zones2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Australian_wine_zones2.png/330px-Australian_wine_zones2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Australian_wine_zones2.png/440px-Australian_wine_zones2.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="917" /></a><figcaption>Zones used for labelling the source of Australian wine</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions#Australia" title="List of wine-producing regions">List of wine-producing regions § Australia</a></div> <p>The information included on wine labels is strictly regulated. One aspect of this is that the label must not make any false or misleading statements about the source of the grapes. Many names (called <i>geographic indications</i>) are protected. These are divided into "South Eastern Australia", the <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">state names</a>, zones (shown in the map), regions, and subregions.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest volume of wine is produced from grapes grown in the warm climate Murray-Darling Basin zones of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Murray_zone_(wine)" title="Lower Murray zone (wine)">Lower Murray</a>, North Western Victoria and Big Rivers. In general, the higher-value premium wines are made from smaller and cooler-climate regions. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_wine" title="South Australian wine">South Australian wine</a> industry is responsible for most of the production of wine in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, the <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_wine" title="Tasmanian wine">Tasmanian wine</a> industry has emerged as a producer of high quality wines. In particular, the <a href="/wiki/Tamar_Valley,_Tasmania" title="Tamar Valley, Tasmania">Tamar Valley</a> has developed a reputation for its Chardonnay and Pinot noir, which are well suited to the cooler Tasmanian climate. Queensland is also developing a wine industry with over 100 vineyards registered in the state. Some notable wines are produced in the high-altitude <a href="/wiki/Granite_Belt" title="Granite Belt">Granite Belt</a> region in the state's extreme south, production is centred on the towns of <a href="/wiki/Stanthorpe,_Queensland" title="Stanthorpe, Queensland">Stanthorpe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ballandean,_Queensland" title="Ballandean, Queensland">Ballandean</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barossa_Valley_South_Australia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Barossa_Valley_South_Australia.jpg/220px-Barossa_Valley_South_Australia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Barossa_Valley_South_Australia.jpg/330px-Barossa_Valley_South_Australia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Barossa_Valley_South_Australia.jpg/440px-Barossa_Valley_South_Australia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Barossa_Valley" title="Barossa Valley">Barossa Valley</a> in South Australia</figcaption></figure> <p>Some well-known wine-producing regions include: </p> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_wine" title="South Australian wine">South Australia wine regions</a></dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Hills_wine_region" title="Adelaide Hills wine region">Adelaide Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barossa_Valley_(wine)" title="Barossa Valley (wine)">Barossa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Valley_wine_region" title="Clare Valley wine region">Clare Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coonawarra_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coonawarra (wine)">Coonawarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Valley_wine_region" title="Eden Valley wine region">Eden Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langhorne_Creek_wine_region" title="Langhorne Creek wine region">Langhorne Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLaren_Vale_wine_region" class="mw-redirect" title="McLaren Vale wine region">McLaren Vale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padthaway_wine_region" title="Padthaway wine region">Padthaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverland_wine_region" title="Riverland wine region">Riverland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Fleurieu_wine_region" title="Southern Fleurieu wine region">Southern Fleurieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrattonbully" title="Wrattonbully">Wrattonbully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Peninsulas_zone_(wine)" title="The Peninsulas zone (wine)">Southern Eyre and Yorke Peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Creek_wine_region" title="Currency Creek wine region">Currency Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_Island_wine_region" title="Kangaroo Island wine region">Kangaroo Island</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Victorian_wine" title="Victorian wine">Victoria wine regions</a></dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_Valleys" title="Alpine Valleys">Alpine Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechworth" title="Beechworth">Beechworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gippsland" title="Gippsland">Gippsland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goulburn_Valley_(wine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goulburn Valley (wine) (page does not exist)">Goulburn Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grampians_wine_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Grampians wine region">Grampians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathcote_wine_region" title="Heathcote wine region">Heathcote wine region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henty_(wine)" title="Henty (wine)">Henty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mornington_Peninsula_(wine)" title="Mornington Peninsula (wine)">Mornington Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrenees_(Victoria)" title="Pyrenees (Victoria)">Pyrenees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherglen_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherglen (wine)">Rutherglen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strathbogie_Wine_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strathbogie Wine Region (page does not exist)">Strathbogie Wine Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarra_Valley_(wine)" title="Yarra Valley (wine)">Yarra Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Valley_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="King Valley (wine)">King Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendigo" title="Bendigo">Bendigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenrowan_wine_region" title="Glenrowan wine region">Glenrowan wine region</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_wine" title="New South Wales wine">New South Wales wine regions</a></dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Valley_wine" title="Hunter Valley wine">Hunter Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudgee_wine_region" title="Mudgee wine region">Mudgee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_wine_region" title="Orange wine region">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverina_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Riverina (wine)">Riverina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_England_(Australian_wine_region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New England (Australian wine region) (page does not exist)">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Highlands_(New_South_Wales)" title="Southern Highlands (New South Wales)">Southern Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoalhaven_Coast" title="Shoalhaven Coast">Shoalhaven Coast</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_wine" title="Western Australian wine">Western Australia wine regions</a><sup id="cite_ref-Western_Australia_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Western_Australia-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <p>Greater Perth: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perth_Hills" title="Perth Hills">Perth Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peel_(Western_Australia)" title="Peel (Western Australia)">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_Valley_(Western_Australia)" title="Swan Valley (Western Australia)">Swan Valley</a></li></ul> </div> <p>South Western Australia: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackwood_Valley" title="Blackwood Valley">Blackwood Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographe" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographe">Geographe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjimup" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjimup">Manjimup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_River_(wine_region)" title="Margaret River (wine region)">Margaret River</a></li> <li>Pemberton</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Southern_Wine_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Southern Wine Region">Great Southern</a>:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Southern_Wine_Region#Subregions" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Southern Wine Region">Albany</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Southern_Wine_Region#Subregions" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Southern Wine Region">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Southern_Wine_Region#Subregions" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Southern Wine Region">Frankland River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Southern_Wine_Region#Subregions" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Southern Wine Region">Mount Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Southern_Wine_Region#Subregions" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Southern Wine Region">Porongurup</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_wine" title="Tasmanian wine">Tasmania wine regions</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamar_Valley,_Tasmania" title="Tamar Valley, Tasmania">Tamar Valley</a></li> <li>Derwent Valley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huon_Valley" title="Huon Valley">Huon Valley</a> / Channel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_River_Valley" title="Coal River Valley">Coal River Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipers_River" title="Pipers River">Pipers River</a></li> <li>East Coast</li> <li>North West</li></ul> </div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions#Queensland" title="List of wine-producing regions">Queensland wine</a></dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Granite_Belt" title="Granite Belt">Granite Belt</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Export_markets">Export markets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_wine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Export markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:608px;max-width:608px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ABS-5368.0-InternationalTradeInGoodsServicesAustralia-MerchandiseExportsStandardInternationalTradeClassificationFobValue-112AlcoholicBeverages-A1828401K.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/ABS-5368.0-InternationalTradeInGoodsServicesAustralia-MerchandiseExportsStandardInternationalTradeClassificationFobValue-112AlcoholicBeverages-A1828401K.svg/300px-ABS-5368.0-InternationalTradeInGoodsServicesAustralia-MerchandiseExportsStandardInternationalTradeClassificationFobValue-112AlcoholicBeverages-A1828401K.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/ABS-5368.0-InternationalTradeInGoodsServicesAustralia-MerchandiseExportsStandardInternationalTradeClassificationFobValue-112AlcoholicBeverages-A1828401K.svg/450px-ABS-5368.0-InternationalTradeInGoodsServicesAustralia-MerchandiseExportsStandardInternationalTradeClassificationFobValue-112AlcoholicBeverages-A1828401K.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/ABS-5368.0-InternationalTradeInGoodsServicesAustralia-MerchandiseExportsStandardInternationalTradeClassificationFobValue-112AlcoholicBeverages-A1828401K.svg/600px-ABS-5368.0-InternationalTradeInGoodsServicesAustralia-MerchandiseExportsStandardInternationalTradeClassificationFobValue-112AlcoholicBeverages-A1828401K.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The monthly value of Australian alcoholic beverage exports since 1988 (A$millions)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ABS-8504.0-ShipmentsWineBrandyInAustraliaByAustralianWinemakersImporters-ImportsClearedByWineType-ValueCustomsValue-TotalAllCountries-TotalWineExcludingBrandy-A3610662W.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/ABS-8504.0-ShipmentsWineBrandyInAustraliaByAustralianWinemakersImporters-ImportsClearedByWineType-ValueCustomsValue-TotalAllCountries-TotalWineExcludingBrandy-A3610662W.svg/300px-thumbnail.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/ABS-8504.0-ShipmentsWineBrandyInAustraliaByAustralianWinemakersImporters-ImportsClearedByWineType-ValueCustomsValue-TotalAllCountries-TotalWineExcludingBrandy-A3610662W.svg/450px-thumbnail.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/ABS-8504.0-ShipmentsWineBrandyInAustraliaByAustralianWinemakersImporters-ImportsClearedByWineType-ValueCustomsValue-TotalAllCountries-TotalWineExcludingBrandy-A3610662W.svg/600px-thumbnail.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The quarterly value of wine imports since 2000 (A$thousands)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Australian Wine export market was worth 2.8 billion Australian dollars (A$) a year in June 2007, having grown at 9%pa.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of this about A$2 billion is accounted for by North America and the UK. 2007 statistics for the North American market show that Australian wine accounted for a 17% share of the total value of US imported wine, behind France with 31% and Italy with 28%.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New marketing strategies developed for the key UK market encouraged customers to explore premium Australian brands while maintaining sales of the lower-margin high-volume brands, following research that indicated a celebratory dinner was more likely to be accompanied by an inferior French wine than a premium Australian wine.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is partly due to <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rate</a> fluctuations, making Australian wines appear much cheaper than French wines in the UK and hence perceived as being of poorer quality. While this situation may be somewhat mitigated by the continued rise in the Australian dollar during 2010, the stronger currency threatens to weaken Australian exports to the crucial US market. </p><p>Australian wine accounts for a very large imported wine market share in South Asian countries and is the second largest imported wine in India with a market share of 16%.<sup id="cite_ref-imaginmor1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imaginmor1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia was China's largest supplier of imported wine, a standing achieved in part by free-trade agreements established between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in retaliation for the Australian government's support of an inquiry into the origins of Covid-19, China imposed tariffs of over 200% on Australian wine in October 2020. These tariffs have been lifted as of April 2024 following an improvement in relations between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canada is the fourth-largest export market for Australian wines with the major exporting provinces being British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec. With the restrictions on the sale of Australian wine being removed in British Columbia, Australian wine will be on more shelves in the province with lower tariffs.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_spending">Government spending</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_wine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Government spending"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Australian wine research and production is supported by the government through partnerships with the publicly funded <a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wine_Australia" title="Wine Australia">Wine Australia</a> worth $18 million.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an average year, alcohol production in Australia is estimated to produce between $3.3 and $5.5 billion in taxable income. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_wine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Australia" title="Agriculture in Australia">Agriculture in Australia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Wine_Industry_Journal" title="Australian and New Zealand Wine Industry Journal">Australian and New Zealand Wine Industry Journal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Wine_Research_Institute" title="Australian Wine Research Institute">Australian Wine Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Society_of_Viticulture_and_Oenology" title="Australian Society of Viticulture and Oenology">Australian Society of Viticulture and Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%27s_First_Families_of_Wine" title="Australia's First Families of Wine">Australia's First Families of Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Food_%26_Wine_Show" title="Good Food & Wine Show">Good Food & Wine Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huon_Hooke" title="Huon Hooke">Huon Hooke</a> (wine critic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langton%27s_Classification_of_Australian_Wine" title="Langton's Classification of Australian Wine">Langton's Classification of Australian Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wine_Centre_of_Australia" title="National Wine Centre of Australia">National Wine Centre of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_Australia" title="Wine Australia">Wine Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/10px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/15px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/20px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_wine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200411112731/https://www.wineaustralia.com/report-downloads/08d4027a-e89e-469d-bf9a-a5b548237ea4">"Australian wine: Production, sales and inventory report, 2018-19"</a>. <i>wineaustralia.com</i>. Wine Australia. 12 February 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wineaustralia.com/report-downloads/08d4027a-e89e-469d-bf9a-a5b548237ea4">the original</a> on 11 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wineaustralia.com&rft.atitle=Australian+wine%3A+Production%2C+sales+and+inventory+report%2C+2018-19&rft.date=2020-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wineaustralia.com%2Freport-downloads%2F08d4027a-e89e-469d-bf9a-a5b548237ea4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Organization_of_Wine_and_Vine2002" class="citation web cs1">International Organization of Wine and Vine (24 June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winebiz.com.au/statistics/world.asp">"Situation of the world viticultural sector in 2006"</a>. <i>Winebiz.com.au</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100818001813/http://www.winebiz.com.au/statistics/world.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Winebiz.com.au&rft.atitle=Situation+of+the+world+viticultural+sector+in+2006&rft.date=2002-06-24&rft.au=International+Organization+of+Wine+and+Vine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winebiz.com.au%2Fstatistics%2Fworld.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100821185432/http://www.winebiz.com.au/statistics/domestic.asp">"Australian Wine Industry Statistics"</a>. <i>Winebiz.com.au</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winebiz.com.au/statistics/domestic.asp">the original</a> on 21 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Winebiz.com.au&rft.atitle=Australian+Wine+Industry+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winebiz.com.au%2Fstatistics%2Fdomestic.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wine_for_Dummies-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wine_for_Dummies_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdEwing-Mulligan2006" class="citation book cs1">Ed, McCarthy; Ewing-Mulligan, Mary (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/winefordummiesfo00edmc"><i>Wine For Dummies</i></a>. For Dummies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-04579-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-470-04579-5"><bdi>0-470-04579-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wine+For+Dummies&rft.pub=For+Dummies&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-470-04579-5&rft.aulast=Ed&rft.aufirst=McCarthy&rft.au=Ewing-Mulligan%2C+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwinefordummiesfo00edmc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sotheby-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sotheby_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2005" class="citation cs2">Stevenson, Tom (2005), <i>The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia</i> (4th ed.), Dorling Kindersley, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7566-1324-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7566-1324-8"><bdi>0-7566-1324-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sotheby%27s+Wine+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7566-1324-8&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101023194405/http://www.wineaustralia.com/australia/">"Wine Australia"</a>. <i>Wineaustralia.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wineaustralia.com/australia/">the original</a> on 23 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wineaustralia.com&rft.atitle=Wine+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wineaustralia.com%2Faustralia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonRobinson2007" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Hugh; Robinson, Jancis (2007). <i>The World Atlas of Wine</i> (6th ed.). Mitchell Beazley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84533-414-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84533-414-7"><bdi>978-1-84533-414-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Atlas+of+Wine&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Mitchell+Beazley&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84533-414-7&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Jancis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2002" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Oz (2002). <i>Oz Clarke's New Wine Atlas: Wines and Wine Regions of the World</i> (6th ed.). Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0151009138" title="Special:BookSources/978-0151009138"><bdi>978-0151009138</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oz+Clarke%27s+New+Wine+Atlas%3A+Wines+and+Wine+Regions+of+the+World&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Harcourt&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0151009138&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Oz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200411112731/https://www.wineaustralia.com/report-downloads/08d4027a-e89e-469d-bf9a-a5b548237ea4">"Australian wine: Production, sales and inventory report, 2018-19"</a>. <i>wineaustralia.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wineaustralia.com&rft.atitle=Australian+wine%3A+Production%2C+sales+and+inventory+report%2C+2018-19&rft.date=2020-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wineaustralia.com%2Freport-downloads%2F08d4027a-e89e-469d-bf9a-a5b548237ea4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319063634/http://www.wineinstitute.org/files/2010_Per_Capita_Wine_Consumption_by_Country.pdf">"Per Capita Wine Consumption by Country – Ranked by Per Capita Consumption 2007–2010"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Table 7.1</i>. The Wine Institute – Trade Data And Analysis. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wineinstitute.org/files/2010_Per_Capita_Wine_Consumption_by_Country.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Table+7.1&rft.atitle=Per+Capita+Wine+Consumption+by+Country+%E2%80%93+Ranked+by+Per+Capita+Consumption+2007%E2%80%932010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wineinstitute.org%2Ffiles%2F2010_Per_Capita_Wine_Consumption_by_Country.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OZ_AWC-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OZ_AWC_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OZ_AWC_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OZ_AWC_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2004" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Oz (2004). <i>Australian Wine Companion</i>. Time Warner Book Group UK. p. s.12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-72874-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-72874-8"><bdi>0-316-72874-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Wine+Companion&rft.pages=s.12&rft.pub=Time+Warner+Book+Group+UK&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-316-72874-8&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Oz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsmondAnderson19984-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsmondAnderson19984_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsmondAnderson19984_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsmondAnderson1998">Osmond & Anderson (1998)</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartley, Clive, <i>The Australian Wine Guide</i>, Hospitality Books, NSW 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh1979" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, Gerald (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ERIC/wia.html">"The Wine Industry of Australia 1788 1979"</a>. <i>Wine Talk</i>. [A.N.U. Canberra]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060828070951/http://coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ERIC/wia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wine+Talk&rft.atitle=The+Wine+Industry+of+Australia+1788+1979&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoombs.anu.edu.au%2FSpecialProj%2FERIC%2Fwia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shw-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shw_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shw_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shw_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2000" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Roderick (2000). <i>A short history of wine</i>. London: Allen Lane. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-9432-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-9432-0"><bdi>0-7139-9432-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+wine&rft.place=London&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7139-9432-0&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsmondAnderson19981-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsmondAnderson19981_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsmondAnderson1998">Osmond & Anderson (1998)</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaxton2006" class="citation news cs1">Haxton, Nance (5 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2006/s1655724.htm">"Grape glut: call for subsidised vine pull"</a>. <i>PM</i>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PM&rft.atitle=Grape+glut%3A+call+for+subsidised+vine+pull&rft.date=2006-06-05&rft.aulast=Haxton&rft.aufirst=Nance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fpm%2Fcontent%2F2006%2Fs1655724.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-bushfire-hit-2-2020-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-bushfire-hit-2-2020_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2020" class="citation news cs1">Williams, David (16 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/food/2020/feb/16/how-bushfires-have-hit-australia-winemakers">"How bushfires have hit Australia's winemakers"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Anness Publishing Limited 2002, 2005. pp. s.232, 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7607-4220-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7607-4220-0"><bdi>0-7607-4220-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cook%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Wine&rft.pages=s.232%2C+233&rft.pub=Anness+Publishing+Limited+2002%2C+2005&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7607-4220-0&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780760742204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.winetourism.com/wine-country/australia/">"Australian wine regions - Wine tasting & tours | Winetourism.com"</a>. <i>www.winetourism.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Robinson (ed) <i>"The Oxford Companion to Wine"</i> Third Edition pp. 297–298, 333–334 Oxford University Press 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6">0-19-860990-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wine Enthusiast,</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winemag.com/varietals/g-s-m/">G-S-M</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wine Folly</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://winefolly.com/review/try-gsm-cotes-du-rhone-blend/">Time to Try 'GSM' The Côtes du Rhône Blend</a>, Madeline Puckette, 4 December 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jancis-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jancis_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, Jancis <i>Vines, Grapes & Wines</i> Mitchell Beazley 1986 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85732-999-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85732-999-6">1-85732-999-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Economist</i> (16 December 1999 ). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/surveys/displayStory.cfm?story_id=268095">The globe in a glass</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Langtons-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Langtons_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langtons_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langtons_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langtons_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langtons_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.langtons.com.au/Magazine/Caillard.aspx?MagazineID=187">"news - Langton's Fine Wines"</a>. <i>Langtons.com.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=China+lifts+steep+Australian+wine+tariffs+as+relations+improve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2024%2F3%2F28%2Fchina-lifts-steep-tariffs-on-australian-wine-as-relations-improve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afr.com/news/politics/national/here-s-cheers-to-aussie-winemakers-after-trade-win-against-canada-20190409-p51cey">"Here's cheers to Aussie winemakers after trade win against Canada"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Here%27s+cheers+to+Aussie+winemakers+after+trade+win+against+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afr.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fnational%2Fhere-s-cheers-to-aussie-winemakers-after-trade-win-against-canada-20190409-p51cey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2019" class="citation journal cs1">Newman, Saul J. (23 March 2019). "End government support for pro-alcohol research". <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>393</b> (10177): 1200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2818%2932412-7">10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32412-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-6736">0140-6736</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30910297">30910297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=End+government+support+for+pro-alcohol+research&rft.volume=393&rft.issue=10177&rft.pages=1200&rft.date=2019-03-23&rft.issn=0140-6736&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30910297&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2818%2932412-7&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Saul+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCSIRO" class="citation web cs1">CSIRO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csiro.au/en/News/News-releases/2017/Wine-Australia-and-CSIRO-sign-$37-million-investment-agreement">"Wine Australia and CSIRO sign $37 million investment agreement"</a>. <i>www.csiro.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.csiro.au&rft.atitle=Wine+Australia+and+CSIRO+sign+%2437+million+investment+agreement&rft.au=CSIRO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csiro.au%2Fen%2FNews%2FNews-releases%2F2017%2FWine-Australia-and-CSIRO-sign-%2437-million-investment-agreement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_wine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>The globe in a glass. <i>The Economist</i> (London), 16 December 1999 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.economist.com/surveys/displayStory.cfm?story_id=268095">[1]</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oz_Clarke" title="Oz Clarke">Clarke, Oz</a> (2004). <i>Oz Clarke's Australian Wine Companion: An essential guide for all lovers of Australian wine</i>. London: Websters/Time Warner Books UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0316728748" title="Special:BookSources/0316728748"><bdi>0316728748</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oz+Clarke%27s+Australian+Wine+Companion%3A+An+essential+guide+for+all+lovers+of+Australian+wine&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Websters%2FTime+Warner+Books+UK&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0316728748&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Oz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+wine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForrestal1999" class="citation book cs1">Forrestal, Peter, ed. (1999). <i>Discover Australia: Wineries</i>. Milsons Point, NSW: Random House Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0091837898" title="Special:BookSources/0091837898"><bdi>0091837898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discover+Australia%3A+Wineries&rft.place=Milsons+Point%2C+NSW&rft.pub=Random+House+Australia&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0091837898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+wine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalliday1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Halliday_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Halliday (wine)">Halliday, James</a> (1985). <i>The Australian Wine Compendium</i>. North Ryde, NSW: <a href="/wiki/Angus_%26_Robertson" title="Angus & Robertson">Angus & Robertson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0207151377" title="Special:BookSources/0207151377"><bdi>0207151377</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australian+Wine+Compendium&rft.place=North+Ryde%2C+NSW&rft.pub=Angus+%26+Robertson&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0207151377&rft.aulast=Halliday&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+wine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Halliday, James (1994). <i>A history of the Australian wine industry 1949–1994</i> Adelaide: Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation in association with Winetitles .<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1875130160" title="Special:BookSources/1875130160">1875130160</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalliday2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Halliday_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Halliday (wine)">Halliday, James</a> (2008). <i>James Halliday's Wine Atlas of Australia</i> (rev. ed.). Prahran, Vic: Hardie Grant Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781740666855" title="Special:BookSources/9781740666855"><bdi>9781740666855</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Halliday%27s+Wine+Atlas+of+Australia&rft.place=Prahran%2C+Vic&rft.edition=rev.&rft.pub=Hardie+Grant+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781740666855&rft.aulast=Halliday&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+wine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kramer, Matt. <i>Making Sense of Wine</i>. Philadelphia: Running Pres, 2003.</li> <li>McCarthy, Ed, and Ewing-Mulligan, Mary. <i>Wine for Dummies: A Reference for the Rest of Us</i>. Foster City, CA: IDG Books, 1995.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsmondAnderson1998" class="citation book cs1">Osmond, Robert; Anderson, Kym (1998). <i>Trends and Cycles in the Australian Wine Industry, 1850 to 2000</i>. Centre for International Economic Studies: University of Adelaide. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0863964494" title="Special:BookSources/0863964494"><bdi>0863964494</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trends+and+Cycles+in+the+Australian+Wine+Industry%2C+1850+to+2000&rft.pub=Centre+for+International+Economic+Studies%3A+University+of+Adelaide&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0863964494&rft.aulast=Osmond&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Kym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+wine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Palmer, Margot. Australian Wine. An Export Success Story <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.oneworldpublications.com/aussiewineexports.html">[2]</a> (Sydney), December 2007.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Simon_(wine)" title="André Simon (wine)">Simon, André Louis</a> (1966). <i>The Wines Vineyards and Vignerons of Australia</i>. London: Paul Hamlyn. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52512515">52512515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wines+Vineyards+and+Vignerons+of+Australia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Paul+Hamlyn&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52512515&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+wine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Phillips, Rod. <i>A Short History of Wine</i>. NY: HarperCollins, 2000.</li> <li>Zraly, Kevin. <i>Windows of the World Complete Wine Course</i>. NY: Sterling, 2005.</li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_wine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wineaustralia.com">Wine Australia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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title="Wine">Wine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitis#Species" title="Vitis">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine" title="Phoenicians and wine">Phoenicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_wine" title="Noah's wine">Noah's wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_wine" title="History of French wine">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine#History" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris_(wine)" title="Judgment of Paris (wine)">Judgment of Paris</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">Rosé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_wine" title="Orange wine">Orange</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">Dessert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatised_wine" title="Aromatised wine">Aromatized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_wine" title="Straw wine">Straw</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_wine" title="Table wine">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_wine" title="Natural wine">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_wine" title="Organic wine">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">grape varieties</a><br />by acreage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air%C3%A9n" title="Airén">Airén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligot%C3%A9" title="Aligoté">Aligoté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catarratto" title="Catarratto">Catarratto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayetana_blanca" title="Cayetana blanca">Cayetana blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombard" title="Colombard">Colombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glera_(grape)" title="Glera (grape)">Glera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Veltliner" title="Grüner Veltliner">Grüner Veltliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabeo" title="Macabeo">Macabeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_Blanc_%C3%A0_Petits_Grains" title="Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains">Muscat blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_of_Alexandria" title="Muscat of Alexandria">Muscat of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palomino_(grape)" title="Palomino (grape)">Palomino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rkatsiteli" title="Rkatsiteli">Rkatsiteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebbiano" title="Trebbiano">Trebbiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welschriesling" title="Welschriesling">Welschriesling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alicante_Bouschet" title="Alicante Bouschet">Alicante Bouschet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobal" title="Bobal">Bobal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douce_noir" title="Douce noir">Douce noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamay" title="Gamay">Gamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_(grape)" title="Isabella (grape)">Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montepulciano_(grape)" title="Montepulciano (grape)">Montepulciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Major regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_World_wine" title="Old World wine">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Packaging, <a href="/wiki/Wine_accessory" title="Wine accessory">accessories</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Storage_of_wine" title="Storage of wine">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corkscrew" title="Corkscrew">Corkscrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decanter" title="Decanter">Decanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">Jug wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvevri" title="Kvevri">Kvevri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muselet" title="Muselet">Muselet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_tongs" title="Port tongs">Port tongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cork" title="Wine cork">Wine cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_dispenser" title="Wine dispenser">Wine dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_glass" title="Wine glass">Wine glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_label" title="Wine label">Wine label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_rack" title="Wine rack">Wine rack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_of_wine" title="Aroma of wine">Aroma of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Acids in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine" title="Phenolic content in wine">Phenolic content in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteins_in_wine" title="Proteins in wine">Proteins in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_wine" title="Classification of wine">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenophilia" title="Oenophilia">Oenophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fault" title="Wine fault">Wine fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaker" title="Winemaker">Winemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine_personalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine personalities">Wine personalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winemaking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Winemaking" title="Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Winemaking" title="Template talk:Winemaking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winemaking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">Late harvest wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">Pressing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destemming" class="mw-redirect" title="Destemming">Destemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">Wine press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">Maceration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_maceration" title="Carbonic maceration">Carbonic maceration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">Malolactic fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">Sparkling wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCssreserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Süssreserve">Süssreserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_method" title="Traditional method">Traditional method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_assimilable_nitrogen" title="Yeast assimilable nitrogen">Yeast assimilable nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">Aging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solera" title="Solera">Solera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other steps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarification_and_stabilization_of_wine" title="Clarification and stabilization of wine">Clarification and stabilization of wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">Winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press" title="History of the wine press">History of the wine press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wine_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wine_by_country" title="Template:Wine by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wine_by_country" title="Template talk:Wine by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wine_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wine by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wine_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine-producing countries">Wine by country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_wine" title="Algerian wine">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_wine" title="Egyptian wine">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wine" title="Ethiopian wine">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_wine" title="Moroccan wine">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_wine" title="Namibian wine">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_wine" title="Tanzanian wine">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_wine" title="Tunisian wine">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_wine" title="Abkhazian wine">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_wine" title="Azerbaijani wine">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhutan wine">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wine" title="Indian wine">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_wine" title="Israeli wine">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_wine" title="Jordanian wine">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_wine" title="Kazakh wine">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_wine" title="Lebanese wine">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal wine">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_wine" title="Palestinian wine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_wine" title="Philippine wine">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_wine" title="Syrian wine">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_wine" title="Taiwanese wine">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_wine" title="Thai wine">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_wine" title="Turkish wine">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_wine" title="Vietnamese wine">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_wine" title="Albanian wine">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_wine" title="Armenian wine">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_wine" title="Austrian wine">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_wine" title="Belgian wine">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_wine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina wine">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_wine" title="Bulgarian wine">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_wine" title="Croatian wine">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_wine" title="Cypriot wine">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_wine" title="Czech wine">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_wine" title="Danish wine">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_wine" title="German wine">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_wine" title="Greek wine">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_wine" title="Hungarian wine">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_wine" title="Irish wine">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_wine" title="Liechtenstein wine">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg wine">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_wine" title="Maltese wine">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_wine" title="Moldovan wine">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_wine" title="Montenegrin wine">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonian_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Macedonian wine">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_wine" title="Dutch wine">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_wine" title="Polish wine">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_wine" title="Portuguese wine">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_wine" title="Romanian wine">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wine" title="Russian wine">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_wine" title="Sammarinese wine">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_wine" title="Serbian wine">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_wine" title="Slovak wine">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_wine" title="Slovenian wine">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_wine" title="Swedish wine">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_wine" title="Swiss wine">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_wine" title="Ukrainian wine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_wine" title="Canadian wine">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_wine" title="Mexican wine">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_wine" title="American wine">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_wine" title="Argentine wine">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_wine" title="Bolivian wine">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_wine" title="Brazilian wine">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_wine" title="Chilean wine">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_wine" title="Paraguayan wine">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_wine" title="Peruvian wine">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_wine" title="Uruguayan wine">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Australia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australia_topics" title="Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australia_topics" title="Template talk:Australia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Australia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Australian_history" title="Timeline of Australian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Australia" title="Archaeology of Australia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_land_exploration_of_Australia" title="European land exploration of Australia">European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Australia" title="Territorial evolution of Australia">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">1788–1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1851%E2%80%931900)" title="History of Australia (1851–1900)">1851–1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">1901–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Australia (1945–present)">Since 1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Australians" title="History of Asian Australians">Asian Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Australia" title="Constitutional history of Australia">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_Australia" title="Diplomatic history of Australia">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Australia" title="Economic history of Australia">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_history_of_Australia" title="Immigration history of Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="History of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia" title="Military history of Australia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Australia" title="History of monarchy in Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Australia" title="History of rail transport in Australia">Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Australia" title="Geography of Australia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Australia" title="Climate of Australia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserts_of_Australia" title="Deserts of Australia">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Australia" title="Environment of Australia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia" title="Environmental issues in Australia">issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Australia" title="List of earthquakes in Australia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Australia" title="Fauna of Australia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Australia" title="Forests of Australia">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Australia" title="Geology of Australia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Australia" title="List of mountains in Australia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Australia" title="List of regions of Australia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reserve_System" title="National Reserve System">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Australia" title="List of rivers of Australia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Australia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Australia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Australia">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_capital_cities" title="List of Australian capital cities">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_Australia" title="Asylum in Australia">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_court_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian court hierarchy">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_Australia" title="Political funding in Australia">Donations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_federal_budget" title="Australian federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Australia" title="Human rights in Australia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Australia" title="Intersex rights in Australia">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Australia" title="LGBTQ rights in Australia">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Australia" title="Transgender rights in Australia">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Intelligence_Community" title="Australian Intelligence Community">Intelligence and security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_legal_system" title="Australian legal system">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_constitutional_law" title="Australian constitutional law">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Australia" title="Law enforcement in Australia">Enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_government_debt" title="Australian government debt">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia#Ideology_in_Australian_politics" title="Politics of Australia">Political ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_politics_in_Australia" title="Christian politics in Australia">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Far-right politics in Australia">Far-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Public_Service" title="Australian Public Service">Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_government_in_Australia" title="Women and government in Australia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_heads_of_government_in_Australia" title="List of female heads of government in Australia">Government leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_cabinet_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of female cabinet ministers of Australia">Government ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_ministries" title="List of Australian ministries">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_Australia" title="List of governors-general of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of prime ministers of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Australia" title="Agriculture in Australia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Australia" title="Energy in Australia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_and_territories_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Australian states and territories by gross state product">Gross state product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_ownership_in_Australia" title="Home ownership in Australia">Home ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Australia" title="Public housing in Australia">Public housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_household_income_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Median household income in Australia and New Zealand">Household income</a></li> <li><a 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