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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accompaniment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Accompaniment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accompaniment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liturgical_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liturgical_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Liturgical function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liturgical_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>In schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrangements_on_stage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrangements_on_stage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Arrangements on stage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrangements_on_stage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Medieval music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Renaissance music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baroque_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baroque_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Baroque music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baroque_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_and_Romantic_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_and_Romantic_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Classical and Romantic music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_and_Romantic_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_and_21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>20th and 21st centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Choir</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A9_(%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89)" title="جوقة (موسيقى) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوقة (موسيقى)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xor" title="Xor – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%CC%8Dp-chhi%C3%B9%E2%81%BF" title="Ha̍p-chhiùⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ha̍p-chhiùⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хор – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хор – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hor" title="Hor – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hor" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laz-kana%C3%B1" title="Laz-kanañ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Laz-kanañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor_(m%C3%BAsica)" title="Cor (música) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cor (música)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%9Bveck%C3%BD_sbor" title="Pěvecký sbor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pěvecký sbor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4r" title="Côr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Côr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor" title="Kor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chor_(Musik)" title="Chor (Musik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chor (Musik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koor_(muusika)" title="Koor (muusika) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Koor (muusika)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%89%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Χορωδία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χορωδία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coro" title="Coro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Coro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A4oro" title="Ĥoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĥoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abesbatza" title="Abesbatza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Abesbatza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="گروه کر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گروه کر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorale" title="Chorale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chorale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coro_(grupo_musical)" title="Coro (grupo musical) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Coro (grupo musical)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%A9%EC%B0%BD" title="합창 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="합창" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%B9%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A2" title="Երգչախումբ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երգչախումբ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="वृन्दगान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वृन्दगान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjeva%C4%8Dki_zbor" title="Pjevački zbor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pjevački zbor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koro" title="Koro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Koro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paduan_suara" title="Paduan suara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paduan suara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3r" title="Kór – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kór" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coro_(musica)" title="Coro (musica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Coro (musica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%94" title="מקהלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקהלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90)" title="გუნდი (მუსიკა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გუნდი (მუსიკა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хор – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwaya" title="Kwaya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kwaya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Хор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorus" title="Chorus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chorus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koris" title="Koris – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Koris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chouer_(Musek)" title="Chouer (Musek) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Chouer (Musek)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choras" title="Choras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Choras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3rus_(zene)" title="Kórus (zene) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kórus (zene)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koir" title="Koir – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Koir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%83" title="Найрал дуу – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Найрал дуу" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koor_(zang)" title="Koor (zang) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koor (zang)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%88%E5%94%B1" title="合唱 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="合唱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangkor" title="Sangkor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sangkor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor" title="Kor – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kor" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corala" title="Corala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Corala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xor" title="Xor – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xor" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%B3r" title="Chór – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chór" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coro_(m%C3%BAsica)" title="Coro (música) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Coro (música)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor" title="Cor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takich%27unku" title="Takich'unku – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Takich'unku" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queir" title="Queir – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Queir" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chor_(Musik)" title="Chor (Musik) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Chor (Musik)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ABnga_korale" title="Kënga korale – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kënga korale" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir_(music)" title="Choir (music) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Choir (music)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pevski_zbor" title="Pevski zbor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pevski zbor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="کۆرس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆرس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peva%C4%8Dki_hor" title="Pevački hor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pevački hor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampak_Sekar" title="Rampak Sekar – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Rampak Sekar" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuoro" title="Kuoro – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuoro" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6r" title="Kör – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kör" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хор – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хор" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0" title="คายกคณะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คายกคณะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koro" title="Koro – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Koro" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%A3p_x%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bng" title="Hợp xướng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hợp xướng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koro" title="Koro – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Koro" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%88%E5%94%B1" title="合唱 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="合唱" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%88%E5%94%B1" title="合唱 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="合唱" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koro" title="Koro – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Koro" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%88%E5%94%B1" title="合唱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="合唱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хор – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Хор" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131186#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Choir.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ensemble of singers</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>"Choral" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Coral_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Coral (disambiguation)">coral</a>.</span> <span>For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Choir_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Choir (disambiguation)">Choir (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evensong_in_York_Minster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Evensong_in_York_Minster.jpg/300px-Evensong_in_York_Minster.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Evensong_in_York_Minster.jpg/450px-Evensong_in_York_Minster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Evensong_in_York_Minster.jpg/600px-Evensong_in_York_Minster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Evensong" title="Evensong">Evensong</a> rehearsal by <a href="/wiki/Coventry_Blue_Coat_Church_of_England_School" title="Coventry Blue Coat Church of England School">Blue Coat CE School Choir, Coventry</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Choir_(architecture)" title="Choir (architecture)">quire</a> of <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a>, showing carved choirstalls</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks music-education"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Music education</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Music_ClefG.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Music_ClefG.svg/45px-Music_ClefG.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Music_ClefG.svg/68px-Music_ClefG.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Music_ClefG.svg/90px-Music_ClefG.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="60" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major methodologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kod%C3%A1ly_method" title="Kodály method">Kodály method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orff_Schulwerk" title="Orff Schulwerk">Orff Schulwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalcroze_Eurhythmics" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalcroze Eurhythmics">Dalcroze Eurhythmics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzuki_method" title="Suzuki method">Suzuki method</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Instructional settings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_band" title="School band">School band</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">Concert band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_band" title="Marching band">Marching band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_orchestra" title="Youth orchestra">Youth orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">International organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Music_Education" title="International Society for Music Education">International Society for<br />Music Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Jazz_Education" title="International Association for Jazz Education">International Association for<br />Jazz Education</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">US national organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Music_Education" title="National Association for Music Education">National Association for<br />Music Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Teachers_National_Association" title="Music Teachers National Association">Music Teachers National<br />Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Choral_Directors_Association" title="American Choral Directors Association">American Choral Directors<br />Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_String_Teachers_Association" title="American String Teachers Association">American String Teachers<br />Association</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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education"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>choir</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/aɪər/: 'ire' in 'fire'">aɪər</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KWIRE</span></i></a>), also known as a <b>chorale</b> or <b>chorus</b> (from Latin <i>chorus</i>, meaning 'a dance in a circle') is a <a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">musical ensemble</a> of singers. <b>Choral music</b>, in turn, is the <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> written specifically for such an ensemble to perform or in other words is the music performed by the ensemble. Choirs may perform music from the <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a> repertoire, which spans from the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">medieval era</a> to the present, or <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> repertoire. Most choirs are led by a <a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">conductor</a>, who leads the performances with arm, hand, and facial gestures. </p><p>The term <i>choir</i> is very often applied to groups affiliated with a church (whether or not they actually occupy the <a href="/wiki/Choir_(architecture)" title="Choir (architecture)">quire</a>), whereas a <i>chorus</i> performs in theatres or concert halls, but this distinction is not rigid. Choirs may sing without instruments, or accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>, accordion, <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organ</a>, a small ensemble, or an <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a>. </p><p>A choir can be a subset of an ensemble; thus one speaks of the "woodwind choir" of an orchestra, or different "choirs" of voices or instruments in a <a href="/wiki/Venetian_polychoral_style" title="Venetian polychoral style">polychoral</a> composition. In typical 18th century to 21st century <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">masses</a>, 'chorus' or 'choir' implies that there is more than one singer per part, in contrast to the quartet of soloists also featured in these works. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Holiday_songs_-_choir_-_dosseldorf_germany_-_2014_12_27.webm/220px--Holiday_songs_-_choir_-_dosseldorf_germany_-_2014_12_27.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="Holiday_songs_-_choir_-_dosseldorf_germany_-_2014_12_27.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Holiday_songs_-_choir_-_dosseldorf_germany_-_2014_12_27.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/Holiday_songs_-_choir_-_dosseldorf_germany_-_2014_12_27.webm/Holiday_songs_-_choir_-_dosseldorf_germany_-_2014_12_27.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/Holiday_songs_-_choir_-_dosseldorf_germany_-_2014_12_27.webm/Holiday_songs_-_choir_-_dosseldorf_germany_-_2014_12_27.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Holiday_songs_-_choir_-_dosseldorf_germany_-_2014_12_27.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/Holiday_songs_-_choir_-_dosseldorf_germany_-_2014_12_27.webm/Holiday_songs_-_choir_-_dosseldorf_germany_-_2014_12_27.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/Holiday_songs_-_choir_-_dosseldorf_germany_-_2014_12_27.webm/Holiday_songs_-_choir_-_dosseldorf_germany_-_2014_12_27.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/Holiday_songs_-_choir_-_dosseldorf_germany_-_2014_12_27.webm/Holiday_songs_-_choir_-_dosseldorf_germany_-_2014_12_27.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/Holiday_songs_-_choir_-_dosseldorf_germany_-_2014_12_27.webm/Holiday_songs_-_choir_-_dosseldorf_germany_-_2014_12_27.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/Holiday_songs_-_choir_-_dosseldorf_germany_-_2014_12_27.webm/Holiday_songs_-_choir_-_dosseldorf_germany_-_2014_12_27.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A holiday choir singing several songs in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choir&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Choirs are often led by a <a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">conductor</a> or choirmaster/mistress or a choir director. Most often choirs consist of four sections intended to sing in four part harmony, but there is no limit to the number of possible parts as long as there is a singer available to sing the part: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tallis" title="Thomas Tallis">Thomas Tallis</a> wrote a 40-part <a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">motet</a> entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Spem_in_alium" title="Spem in alium">Spem in alium</a></i>, for eight choirs of five parts each; <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</a>'s <i>Stabat Mater</i> is for three choirs of 16 voices each, a total of 48 parts. Other than four, the most common number of parts are three, five, six, and eight. </p><p>Choirs can sing with or without instrumental accompaniment. Singing without accompaniment is called <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a> singing (although the <a href="/wiki/American_Choral_Directors_Association" title="American Choral Directors Association">American Choral Directors Association</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> discourages this usage in favor of "unaccompanied", since a cappella denotes singing "as in the chapel" and much unaccompanied music today is <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a>). Accompanying instruments vary widely, from only one instrument (a piano or pipe organ) to a full <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a> of 70 to 100 musicians; for rehearsals a <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a> or <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">organ</a> accompaniment is often used, even if a different instrumentation is planned for performance, or if the choir is rehearsing unaccompanied music. With the new prevalence of electronic devices, small groups can use these together with learning tracks for both group rehearsals and private practice. </p><p>Many choirs perform in one or many locations such as a church, opera house, school or village hall. In some cases choirs join up to become one "mass" choir that performs for a special concert. In this case they provide a series of songs or musical works to celebrate and provide entertainment to others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_conductor">Role of conductor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choir&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Role of conductor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conducting</a> is the art of directing a <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">musical</a> performance, such as a choral <a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">concert</a>, by way of visible gestures with the hands, arms, face and head. The primary duties of the conductor or choirmaster/mistress are to unify <a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">performers</a>, set the <a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a>, execute clear preparations and beats (<a href="/wiki/Meter_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (music)">meter</a>), and to listen critically and shape the sound of the ensemble.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most choirs, the same individual acts as musical director (responsible for deciding the repertoire and engaging soloists and accompanists), chorus master/mistress (or répétiteur) (responsible for training and rehearsing the singers), and conductor (responsible for directing the performance). However, these roles may be divided, especially when the choir is combined with other forces, for example in <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>. </p><p>The conductor or choral director typically stands on a raised platform and he or she may or may not use a <a href="/wiki/Baton_(conducting)" title="Baton (conducting)">baton</a>; using a baton gives the conductor's gestures greater visibility, but many choral conductors prefer conducting with their hands for greater expressiveness, particularly when working with a smaller ensemble. In the 2010s, most conductors do not play an instrument when conducting, although in earlier periods of <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a> history, leading an ensemble while playing an instrument was common. In <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque music</a> from the 1600s to the 1750s, conductors performing in the 2010s may lead an ensemble while playing a <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a> or the violin (see <a href="/wiki/Concertmaster" title="Concertmaster">Concertmaster</a>). Conducting while playing a <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a> may also be done with <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical theatre</a> <a href="/wiki/Pit_orchestra" title="Pit orchestra">pit orchestras</a>. Communication is typically non-verbal during a performance (this is strictly the case in <a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">art music</a>, but in jazz <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big bands</a> or large pop ensembles, there may be occasional spoken instructions). However, in <a href="/wiki/Rehearsal" title="Rehearsal">rehearsals</a>, the conductor will often give verbal instructions to the ensemble, since they generally also serve as an artistic director who crafts the ensemble's interpretation of the music. </p><p>Conductors act as guides to the choirs they conduct. They choose the works to be performed and study their <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">scores</a>, to which they may make certain adjustments (e.g., regarding tempo, repetitions of sections, assignment of vocal solos and so on), work out their interpretation, and relay their vision to the singers. Choral conductors may also have to conduct instrumental ensembles such as <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestras</a> if the choir is singing a piece for choir and orchestra. They may also attend to organizational matters, such as scheduling rehearsals,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> planning a concert season, hearing <a href="/wiki/Audition" title="Audition">auditions</a>, and promoting their ensemble in the media. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_worship_services">In worship services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choir&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In worship services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, the sung repertoire divides into <a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">sacred or religious music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secular_music" title="Secular music">secular music</a>. While much religious music has been written with concert performance in mind, its origin lies in its role within the context of <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accompaniment">Accompaniment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choir&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Accompaniment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Choir" title="Special:EditPage/Choir">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_Alexandria_Jews._Choir_of_Rabbin_Moshe_Cohen_in_Samuel_Menashe_synagogue._Alexandria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Egyptian_Alexandria_Jews._Choir_of_Rabbin_Moshe_Cohen_in_Samuel_Menashe_synagogue._Alexandria.jpg/220px-Egyptian_Alexandria_Jews._Choir_of_Rabbin_Moshe_Cohen_in_Samuel_Menashe_synagogue._Alexandria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Egyptian_Alexandria_Jews._Choir_of_Rabbin_Moshe_Cohen_in_Samuel_Menashe_synagogue._Alexandria.jpg/330px-Egyptian_Alexandria_Jews._Choir_of_Rabbin_Moshe_Cohen_in_Samuel_Menashe_synagogue._Alexandria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Egyptian_Alexandria_Jews._Choir_of_Rabbin_Moshe_Cohen_in_Samuel_Menashe_synagogue._Alexandria.jpg/440px-Egyptian_Alexandria_Jews._Choir_of_Rabbin_Moshe_Cohen_in_Samuel_Menashe_synagogue._Alexandria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian Alexandria Jewish choir of Rabbin Moshe Cohen at Samuel Menashe synagogue, <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, Egypt</figcaption></figure> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> Christian churches, some American Protestant groups, and traditional Jewish <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a> do not accompany their songs with musical instruments. In churches of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Western Rite</a> the accompanying instrument is usually the organ, although in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial America">colonial America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a> used groups of strings and winds. Many churches which use a contemporary worship format use a small amplified band to accompany the singing, and Roman Catholic Churches may use, at their discretion, additional orchestral accompaniment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liturgical_function">Liturgical function</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choir&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Liturgical function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to leading of singing in which the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/congregation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:congregation">congregation</a> participates, such as <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> and service music, some church choirs sing full liturgies, including <a href="/wiki/Proper_(liturgy)" title="Proper (liturgy)">propers</a> (introit, gradual, communion antiphons appropriate for the different times of the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">liturgical year</a>). Chief among these are the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Anglican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> churches; far more common however is the performance of <a href="/wiki/Anthem" title="Anthem">anthems</a> or <a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">motets</a> at designated times in the service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choir&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantores_Minores_C_IMG_7407.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cantores_Minores_C_IMG_7407.JPG/220px-Cantores_Minores_C_IMG_7407.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cantores_Minores_C_IMG_7407.JPG/330px-Cantores_Minores_C_IMG_7407.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cantores_Minores_C_IMG_7407.JPG/440px-Cantores_Minores_C_IMG_7407.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Boys%27_choir" title="Boys' choir">boychoir</a> <a href="/wiki/Cantores_Minores" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantores Minores">Cantores Minores</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Cathedral" title="Helsinki Cathedral">Helsinki Cathedral</a> in 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the main classifications of choirs is by gender and age since these factors have traditionally been thought to affect how a choir sounds<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and what music it performs.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The types are listed here in approximate descending order of prevalence at the professional and advanced amateur or semi-professional levels. </p> <ul><li>Adult mixed choir (with male and female voices) is perhaps the most common and dominant type, usually consisting of <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alto" title="Alto">alto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a> voices, often abbreviated as <a href="/wiki/SATB" title="SATB">SATB</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-choir_gender_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choir_gender-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often one or more voices is divided into two, e.g., SSAATTBB, where each voice is divided into two parts, and SATBSATB, where the choir is divided into two semi-independent four-part choirs. Occasionally <a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a> voice is also used (e.g., SATBarB), often sung by the higher basses. In smaller choirs with fewer men, SAB, or soprano, alto, and baritone arrangements allow the few men to share the role of both the tenor and bass in a single part and altos may also sing the tenor part.</li> <li>Male choir (or choir of men & boys) with the same SATB voicing as a mixed choir, but with boys singing the upper part (often called <a href="/wiki/Choirboy" title="Choirboy">trebles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Boy_soprano" title="Boy soprano">boy sopranos</a>) and men singing alto (in <a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">falsetto</a>), also known as <a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">countertenors</a>. This format was until recently typical of the British cathedral choir (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Choir_of_King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="Choir of King's College, Cambridge">King's College</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral#Choir" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey_Choir_School" title="Westminster Abbey Choir School">Westminster Abbey</a>). However, all cathedrals now accept women and girls and by 2019 female choristers outnumbered males in English cathedral choirs.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_chorus" title="Men's chorus">Men's chorus</a> (Male voice choir, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nnerchor" class="mw-redirect" title="Männerchor">Männerchor</a>), a choir of adult men, low voices only, usually consisting of two tenors, baritone, and bass, often abbreviated as TTBB (or ATBB if the upper part sings <a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">falsetto</a> in alto range). ATBB may be seen in some <a href="/wiki/Barbershop_quartet" title="Barbershop quartet">barbershop quartet</a> music.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boys%27_choir" title="Boys' choir">Boys' choir</a>, a choir of boys, typically singing SSA or <a href="/wiki/SSAA_choir" title="SSAA choir">SSAA</a>, sometimes including a cambiata/tenor part for boys/young men whose voices are changing and a baritone part for boys/young men whose voices have changed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_choir" title="Women's choir">Women's choir</a>, a choir of adult women, high voices only, usually consisting of soprano and alto voices, two parts in each, often abbreviated as SSAA, or as soprano I, soprano II, and alto, abbreviated SSA. If all singers are young, the term "girls' choir" is used instead.</li> <li>Children's mixed choir (with male and female voices), often two-part SA or three-part SSA, sometimes more voices.</li></ul> <p>The all-female and mixed children's choirs tend to be professionally less prevalent than the high voiced boys' choirs, the lower voiced men's choruses, or the full SATB choirs.<sup id="cite_ref-choir_gender_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choir_gender-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due to some extent to lack of scholarships and other types of funding, and a lack of professional opportunities for women such as that of being lay clerks or musical directors. <sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Choirs are also categorized by the institutions in which they operate: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:School_choir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/School_choir.jpg/220px-School_choir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/School_choir.jpg/330px-School_choir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/School_choir.jpg/440px-School_choir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lambrook" title="Lambrook">Lambrook School</a> choir in the 1960s, a typical boys' school choir of the time</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church</a> (including cathedral) choirs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorale" title="Chorale">Chorale</a> (Kantorei), dedicated to mostly sacred Christian music</li> <li>Collegiate and university choir</li> <li>Community choir (of children or adults)</li> <li>Professional choir, either independent (e.g. <a href="/wiki/An%C3%BAna" title="Anúna">Anúna</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Sixteen" title="The Sixteen">the Sixteen</a>, the Archipelago Singers<sup id="cite_ref-ArchipelagoSingers_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArchipelagoSingers-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) or state-supported (e.g., <a href="/wiki/BBC_Singers" title="BBC Singers">BBC Singers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamber_Choir_Ireland" title="Chamber Choir Ireland">Chamber Choir Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Chamber_Choir" title="Canadian Chamber Choir">Canadian Chamber Choir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Radio_Choir" title="Swedish Radio Choir">Swedish Radio Choir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nederlands_Kamerkoor" title="Nederlands Kamerkoor">Nederlands Kamerkoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Radio_Choir" title="Latvian Radio Choir">Latvian Radio Choir</a>)</li> <li>School choirs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_singing" title="Sign singing">Signing choir</a> using <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a> rather than voices</li> <li>Integrated signing and singing choir, using both sign language and voices and led by both a signductor and a musical director</li> <li>Cambiata choirs, for adolescent boys whose voices are changing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_choir" title="Virtual choir">Virtual choirs</a>, for members who do not meet physically, some having originated during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.</li></ul> <p>Some choirs are categorized by the type of music they perform, such as </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bach_choirs" title="List of Bach choirs">Bach choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbershop_music" title="Barbershop music">Barbershop music</a> group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_choir" title="Show choir">Show choir</a>, in which the members sing and dance, often in performances somewhat like <a href="/wiki/Musical_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical theater">musicals</a></li> <li>Symphonic choir</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_jazz" title="Vocal jazz">Vocal jazz</a> choir</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_schools">In schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choir&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, middle schools and high schools often offer choir as a class or activity. Some choirs participate in competitions. One kind of choir popular in high schools is <a href="/wiki/Show_choir" title="Show choir">show choir</a>. During middle school and high school students' voices are changing. Although girls experience <a href="/wiki/Voice_change" title="Voice change">voice change</a>, it is much more significant in boys. A lot of literature in music education has been focused on how male voice change works and how to help adolescent male singers.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research done by John Cooksey categorizes male voice change into five stages, and most middle school boys are in the early stages of change.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vocal range of male and female students may be limited while their voice is changing, and choir teachers must be able to adapt, which can be a challenge to teaching this age range.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nationally, male students are enrolled in choir at much lower numbers than their female students.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The music education field has had a longtime interest in the "missing males" in music programs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speculation as to why there are not as many boys in choir, and possible solutions vary widely. One researcher found that boys who enjoy choir in middle school may not always go on to high school choir because it simply does not fit into their schedules.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some research speculates that one reason that boys' participation in choir is so low is because the U.S. does not encourage male singers.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often, schools will have a women's choir, which helps the balance issues mixed choirs face by taking on extra female singers. However, without a men's choir also, this can make the problem worse by not giving boys as many opportunities to sing as girls.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other researchers have noted that having an ensemble, or a workshop dedicated to male singers, can help with their confidence and singing abilities.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British cathedral choirs are usually made from pupils enrolled in schools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arrangements_on_stage">Arrangements on stage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choir&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Arrangements on stage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Choir-layout.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Choir-layout.svg/290px-Choir-layout.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Choir-layout.svg/435px-Choir-layout.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Choir-layout.svg/580px-Choir-layout.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>One possible layout</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diakonie-kantorei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Diakonie-kantorei.jpg/220px-Diakonie-kantorei.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Diakonie-kantorei.jpg/330px-Diakonie-kantorei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Diakonie-kantorei.jpg/440px-Diakonie-kantorei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Choir in front of the orchestra</figcaption></figure> <p>There are various schools of thought regarding how the various sections should be arranged on stage. It is the conductor's decision on where the different voice types are placed. In symphonic choirs it is common (though by no means universal) to order the choir behind the orchestra from highest to lowest voices from left to right, corresponding to the typical string layout. In <i>a cappella</i> or piano-accompanied situations it is not unusual for the men to be in the back and the women in front; some conductors prefer to place the basses behind the sopranos, arguing that the outer voices need to tune to each other. </p><p>More experienced choirs may sing with the voices all mixed. Sometimes singers of the same voice are grouped in pairs or threes. Proponents of this method argue that it makes it easier for each individual singer to hear and tune to the other parts, but it requires more independence from each singer. Opponents argue that this method loses the spatial separation of individual voice lines, an otherwise valuable feature for the audience, and that it eliminates sectional resonance, which lessens the effective volume of the chorus. For music with double (or multiple) choirs, usually the members of each choir are together, sometimes significantly separated, especially in performances of 16th-century music (such as works in the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_polychoral_style" title="Venetian polychoral style">Venetian polychoral style</a>). Some composers actually specify that choirs should be separated, such as in <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/War_Requiem" title="War Requiem">War Requiem</a></i>. Some composers use separated choirs to create "antiphonal" effects, in which one choir seems to "answer" the other choir in a musical dialogue. </p><p>Consideration is also given to the spacing of the singers. Studies have found that not only the actual formation, but the amount of space (both laterally and circumambiently) affects the perception of sound by choristers and auditors.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choir&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choir&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music of ancient Greece</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_music" title="Ancient music">Ancient music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_Bacchantes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/NAMA_Bacchantes.jpg/300px-NAMA_Bacchantes.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/NAMA_Bacchantes.jpg/450px-NAMA_Bacchantes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/NAMA_Bacchantes.jpg/600px-NAMA_Bacchantes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>Relief, now in <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">Athens</a>, showing <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> with actresses (possibly from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bacchae" title="The Bacchae">The Bacchae</a></i>) carrying masks and drums</figcaption></figure> <p>The origins of choral music are found in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional music">traditional music</a>, as singing in big groups is extremely widely spread in traditional cultures (both singing in one part, or in <a href="/wiki/Unison" title="Unison">unison</a>, like in Ancient Greece, as well as singing in parts, or in <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a>, like in contemporary European choral music).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest unambiguously choral repertory that survives is that of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, of which the 2nd century BC <a href="/wiki/Delphic_hymns" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphic hymns">Delphic hymns</a> and the 2nd century AD. hymns of <a href="/wiki/Mesomedes" title="Mesomedes">Mesomedes</a> are the most complete. The original <a href="/wiki/Greek_chorus" title="Greek chorus">Greek chorus</a> sang its part in <a href="/wiki/Greek_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek drama">Greek drama</a>, and fragments of works by <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Orestes_(play)" title="Orestes (play)">Orestes</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ajax_(play)" title="Ajax (play)">Ajax</a></i>) are known from <a href="/wiki/Papyri" class="mw-redirect" title="Papyri">papyri</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Seikilos_epitaph" title="Seikilos epitaph">Seikilos epitaph</a> (2c BC) is a complete song (although possibly for solo voice). One of the latest examples, <i><a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_hymn" title="Oxyrhynchus hymn">Oxyrhynchus hymn</a></i> (3c) is also of interest as the earliest <a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Christian music</a>. </p><p>Of the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Roman</a> drama's music a single line of <a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a> surfaced in the 18th century. However, musicologist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Mathiesen" title="Thomas J. Mathiesen">Thomas J. Mathiesen</a> comments that it is no longer believed to be authentic.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_music">Medieval music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choir&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Medieval music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Medieval music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:54-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana,_canto_in_chiesa,Taccuino_Sani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/54-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2C_canto_in_chiesa%2CTaccuino_Sani.jpg/220px-54-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2C_canto_in_chiesa%2CTaccuino_Sani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/54-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2C_canto_in_chiesa%2CTaccuino_Sani.jpg/330px-54-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2C_canto_in_chiesa%2CTaccuino_Sani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/54-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2C_canto_in_chiesa%2CTaccuino_Sani.jpg/440px-54-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2C_canto_in_chiesa%2CTaccuino_Sani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1082" /></a><figcaption>Church singing, <i><a href="/wiki/Tacuinum_Sanitatis" title="Tacuinum Sanitatis">Tacuinum Sanitatis</a> Casanatensis</i> (14th century)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Choir" title="Special:EditPage/Choir">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The earliest notated music of western Europe is <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a>, along with a few other types of chant which were later subsumed (or sometimes suppressed) by the Catholic Church. This tradition of unison choir singing lasted from sometime between the times of <a href="/wiki/St._Ambrose" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Ambrose">St. Ambrose</a> (4th century) and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory the Great">Gregory the Great</a> (6th century) up to the present. During the later Middle Ages, a new type of singing involving multiple melodic parts, called <a href="/wiki/Organum" title="Organum">organum</a>, became predominant for certain functions, but initially this <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a> was only sung by soloists. Further developments of this technique included <a href="/wiki/Clausula_(music)" title="Clausula (music)">clausulae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conductus" title="Conductus">conductus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">motet</a> (most notably the <a href="/wiki/Isorhythm" title="Isorhythm">isorhythmic</a> motet), which, unlike the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a> motet, describes a composition with different texts sung simultaneously in different voices. The first evidence of polyphony with more than one singer per part comes in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Hall_Manuscript" title="Old Hall Manuscript">Old Hall Manuscript</a> (1420, though containing music from the late 14th century), in which there are apparent <i>divisi</i>, one part dividing into two simultaneously sounding notes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance_music">Renaissance music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choir&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Renaissance music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantoria_luca_della_robbia22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Cantoria_luca_della_robbia22.jpg/170px-Cantoria_luca_della_robbia22.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Cantoria_luca_della_robbia22.jpg/255px-Cantoria_luca_della_robbia22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Cantoria_luca_della_robbia22.jpg/340px-Cantoria_luca_della_robbia22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luca_della_Robbia" title="Luca della Robbia">Luca della Robbia</a>'s <i>Cantoria</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Museo_dell%27Opera_del_Duomo_(Florence)" title="Museo dell'Opera del Duomo (Florence)">Museo dell'Opera del Duomo</a></i>, Florence</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a>, sacred choral music was the principal type of formally notated music in Western Europe. Throughout the era, hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">masses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">motets</a> (as well as various other forms) were composed for <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a> choir, though there is some dispute over the role of instruments during certain periods and in certain areas. Some of the better-known composers of this time include <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Dufay" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillaume Dufay">Guillaume Dufay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josquin_des_Prez" title="Josquin des Prez">Josquin des Prez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Dunstaple" title="John Dunstaple">John Dunstable</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Byrd" title="William Byrd">William Byrd</a>; the glories of Renaissance <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a> were choral, sung by choirs of great skill and distinction all over Europe. Choral music from this period continues to be popular with<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many choirs throughout the world today. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal">madrigal</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Partsong" class="mw-redirect" title="Partsong">partsong</a> conceived for amateurs to sing in a <a href="/wiki/Chamber_choir" title="Chamber choir">chamber</a> setting, originated at this period. Although madrigals were initially dramatic settings of unrequited-love poetry or mythological stories in Italy, they were imported into England and merged with the more dancelike <a href="/wiki/Balletto" class="mw-redirect" title="Balletto">balletto</a>, celebrating carefree songs of the seasons, or eating and drinking. To most English speakers, the word <i>madrigal</i> now refers to the latter, rather than to madrigals proper, which refers to a poetic form of lines consisting of seven and eleven syllables each. </p><p>The interaction of sung voices in Renaissance polyphony influenced Western music for centuries. Composers are routinely trained in the "Palestrina style" to this day, especially as codified by the 18th century music theorist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Joseph_Fux" title="Johann Joseph Fux">Johann Joseph Fux</a>. Composers of the early 20th century also wrote in Renaissance-inspired styles. <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Howells" title="Herbert Howells">Herbert Howells</a> wrote a <i>Mass in the Dorian mode</i> entirely in strict Renaissance style, and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_G_minor_(Vaughan_Williams)" title="Mass in G minor (Vaughan Williams)">Mass in G minor</a> is an extension of this style. <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a> wrote his dissertation on the <i><a href="/wiki/Choralis_Constantinus" title="Choralis Constantinus">Choralis Constantinus</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Isaac" title="Heinrich Isaac">Heinrich Isaac</a> and the contrapuntal techniques of his <a href="/wiki/Serial_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial music">serial music</a> may be informed by this study. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baroque_music">Baroque music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choir&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Baroque music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soloquartet_and_strings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Soloquartet_and_strings.jpg/220px-Soloquartet_and_strings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Soloquartet_and_strings.jpg/330px-Soloquartet_and_strings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Soloquartet_and_strings.jpg/440px-Soloquartet_and_strings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Baroque cantata with one voice per part</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque period</a> in music is associated with the development around 1600 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Figured_bass" title="Figured bass">figured bass</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">basso continuo</a> system. The figured bass part was performed by the basso continuo group, which at minimum included a chord-playing instrument (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>) and a bass instrument (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Violone" title="Violone">violone</a>). Baroque vocal music explored dramatic implications in the realm of solo vocal music such as the <a href="/wiki/Monody" title="Monody">monodies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Florentine_Camerata" title="Florentine Camerata">Florentine Camerata</a> and the development of early <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>. This innovation was in fact an extension of established practice of accompanying choral music at the organ, either from a skeletal reduced score (from which otherwise lost pieces can sometimes be reconstructed) or from a <i>basso seguente</i>, a part on a single staff containing the lowest sounding part (the bass part). </p><p>A new genre was the vocal <a href="/wiki/Concertato" title="Concertato">concertato</a>, combining voices and instruments; its origins may be sought in the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_polychoral_style" title="Venetian polychoral style">polychoral</a> music of the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_School_(music)" title="Venetian School (music)">Venetian school</a>. <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a> (1567–1643) brought it to perfection with his <a href="/wiki/Vespro_della_Beata_Vergine" title="Vespro della Beata Vergine">Vespers</a> and his Eighth Book of Madrigals, which call for great virtuosity on the part of singers and instruments alike. (His Fifth Book includes a <i>basso continuo</i> "for harpsichord or lute".) His pupil <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a> (1585–1672) (who had earlier studied with <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Giovanni Gabrieli</a>) introduced the new style to Germany. Alongside the new music of the <i><a href="/wiki/Seconda_pratica" title="Seconda pratica">seconda pratica</a></i>, contrapuntal motets in the <i><a href="/wiki/Prima_pratica" class="mw-redirect" title="Prima pratica">stile antico</a></i> or old style continued to be written well into the 19th century. Choirs at this time were usually quite small and that singers could be <a href="/wiki/Vocal_weight" title="Vocal weight">classified</a> as suited to church or to chamber singing. Monteverdi, himself a singer, is documented as taking part in performances of his Magnificat with one voice per part.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Independent instrumental accompaniment opened up new possibilities for choral music. <a href="/wiki/Anthem" title="Anthem">Verse anthems</a> alternated accompanied solos with choral sections; the best-known composers of this genre were <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Gibbons" title="Orlando Gibbons">Orlando Gibbons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Henry Purcell</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grands_motet" class="mw-redirect" title="Grands motet">Grands motets</a> (such as those of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Lully</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michel-Richard_Delalande" class="mw-redirect" title="Michel-Richard Delalande">Delalande</a>) separated these sections into separate movements. <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">Oratorios</a> (of which <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Carissimi" title="Giacomo Carissimi">Giacomo Carissimi</a> was a pioneer) extended this concept into concert-length works, usually based on Biblical or moral stories. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Handel_-_messiah_-_44_hallelujah.ogg" title="File:Handel - messiah - 44 hallelujah.ogg">Hallelujah Chorus</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="228" data-mwtitle="Handel_-_messiah_-_44_hallelujah.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Handel_-_messiah_-_44_hallelujah.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ce/Handel_-_messiah_-_44_hallelujah.ogg/Handel_-_messiah_-_44_hallelujah.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHandel_-_messiah_-_44_hallelujah.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">The Hallelujah Chorus, from <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)" title="Messiah (Handel)">Messiah</a>, is one of the most famous choruses of all time</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>A pinnacle of baroque choral music, (particularly oratorio), may be found in <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a>'s works, notably <i><a href="/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)" title="Messiah (Handel)">Messiah</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Israel_in_Egypt" title="Israel in Egypt">Israel in Egypt</a></i>. While the modern chorus of hundreds had to await the growth of Choral Societies and his centennial commemoration concert, we find Handel already using a variety of performing forces, from the soloists of the <i><a href="/wiki/Chandos_Anthems" title="Chandos Anthems">Chandos Anthems</a></i> to larger groups (whose proportions are still quite different from modern orchestra choruses): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Yesterday [Oct. 6] there was a Rehearsal of the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_Anthems_(Handel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation Anthems (Handel)">Coronation Anthem</a> in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster-Abby</a>, set to musick by the famous Mr Hendall: there being 40 voices, and about 160 <a href="/wiki/Violin_family" title="Violin family">violins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">Trumpets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">Hautboys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">Kettle-Drums</a> and Bass' proportionable..!</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Norwich Gazette</i>, October 14, 1727</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Lutheran composers wrote instrumentally accompanied <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantatas</a>, often based on <a href="/wiki/Chorale" title="Chorale">chorale</a> <a href="/wiki/Hymn_tune" title="Hymn tune">tunes</a>. Substantial late 17th-century sacred choral works in the emerging German tradition exist (the cantatas of <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Buxtehude" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietrich Buxtehude">Dietrich Buxtehude</a> being a prime example), though the Lutheran church cantata did not assume its more codified, recognizable form until the early 18th century. <a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Georg Philipp Telemann</a> (based in Frankfurt) wrote over 1000 cantatas, many of which were engraved and published (e.g. his <i>Harmonische Gottesdienst</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Graupner" title="Christoph Graupner">Christoph Graupner</a> (based in Darmstadt) over 1400. The cantatas of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> (1685–1750) are perhaps the most recognizable (and often-performed) contribution to this repertoire: his obituary mentions five complete cycles of <a href="/wiki/Bach_cantata" title="Bach cantata">his cantatas</a>, of which three, comprising some 200 works, are known today, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">motets</a>. Bach himself rarely used the term cantata. Motet refers to his church music without orchestra accompaniment, but instruments playing <a href="/wiki/Colla_parte" class="mw-redirect" title="Colla parte">colla parte</a> with the voices. His works with accompaniment consists of his <a href="/wiki/Passions_(Bach)" title="Passions (Bach)">Passions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missa_(Bach)" class="mw-redirect" title="Missa (Bach)">Masses</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Magnificat_(Bach)" title="Magnificat (Bach)">Magnificat</a> and the cantatas. </p><p>A point of hot controversy today is the so-called "Rifkin hypothesis," which re-examines the famous "<i>Entwurff</i>" Bach's 1730 memo to the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> City Council (<i>A Short but Most Necessary Draft for a Well Appointed Church Music</i>) calling for at least 12 singers. In light of Bach's responsibility to provide music to four churches and be able to perform double choir compositions with a substitute for each voice, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Rifkin" title="Joshua Rifkin">Joshua Rifkin</a> concludes that Bach's music was normally written with <a href="/wiki/OVPP" class="mw-redirect" title="OVPP">one voice per part</a> in mind. A few sets of original performing parts include <i>ripieni</i> who reinforce rather than slavishly double the vocal quartet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_and_Romantic_music">Classical and Romantic music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choir&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Classical and Romantic music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Choir" title="Special:EditPage/Choir">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Composers of the late 18th century became fascinated with the new possibilities of the symphony and other instrumental music, and generally neglected choral music. <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>'s mostly sacred choral works stand out as some of his greatest (such as the "Great" Mass in C minor and <a href="/wiki/Requiem_(Mozart)" title="Requiem (Mozart)">Requiem</a> in D minor, the latter of which is highly regarded). <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Haydn</a> became more interested in choral music near the end of his life following his visits to England in the 1790s, when he heard various Handel oratorios performed by large forces; he wrote a series of masses beginning in 1797 and his two great oratorios <i><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_(Haydn)" title="The Creation (Haydn)">The Creation</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Seasons_(Haydn)" title="The Seasons (Haydn)">The Seasons</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a> wrote only two masses, both intended for liturgical use, although his <i><a href="/wiki/Missa_Solemnis_(Beethoven)" class="mw-redirect" title="Missa Solemnis (Beethoven)">Missa solemnis</a></i> is probably suitable only for the grandest ceremonies due to its length, difficulty and large-scale scoring. He also pioneered the use of chorus as part of symphonic texture with his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">Ninth Symphony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Choral_Fantasy_(Beethoven)" title="Choral Fantasy (Beethoven)">Choral Fantasia</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Brahms_-_Op.45_Ein_Deutsches_Requiem_-_(04)_Wie_lieblich_sind_deine_Wohnungen.ogg" title="File:Johannes Brahms - Op.45 Ein Deutsches Requiem - (04) Wie lieblich sind deine Wohnungen.ogg">"Wie lieblich sind deine Wohnungen"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="328" data-mwtitle="Johannes_Brahms_-_Op.45_Ein_Deutsches_Requiem_-_(04)_Wie_lieblich_sind_deine_Wohnungen.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Johannes_Brahms_-_Op.45_Ein_Deutsches_Requiem_-_%2804%29_Wie_lieblich_sind_deine_Wohnungen.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/Johannes_Brahms_-_Op.45_Ein_Deutsches_Requiem_-_%2804%29_Wie_lieblich_sind_deine_Wohnungen.ogg/Johannes_Brahms_-_Op.45_Ein_Deutsches_Requiem_-_%2804%29_Wie_lieblich_sind_deine_Wohnungen.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">(How lovely is thy dwelling place) from <i><a href="/wiki/Ein_deutsches_Requiem" class="mw-redirect" title="Ein deutsches Requiem">Ein deutsches Requiem</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>In the 19th century, sacred music escaped from the church and leaped onto the concert stage, with large sacred works unsuitable for church use, such as <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Te_Deum_(Berlioz)" title="Te Deum (Berlioz)">Te Deum</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Requiem_(Berlioz)" title="Requiem (Berlioz)">Requiem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ein_deutsches_Requiem" class="mw-redirect" title="Ein deutsches Requiem">Ein deutsches Requiem</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Gioacchino_Rossini" class="mw-redirect" title="Gioacchino Rossini">Rossini</a>'s <i>Stabat mater</i>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a>'s masses, and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Requiem_(Verdi)" title="Requiem (Verdi)">Requiem</a> also exploited the grandeur offered by instrumental accompaniment. Oratorios also continued to be written, clearly influenced by Handel's models. Berlioz's <i><a href="/wiki/L%27enfance_du_Christ" title="L'enfance du Christ">L'enfance du Christ</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Elijah_(oratorio)" title="Elijah (oratorio)">Elijah</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/St._Paul_(oratorio)" title="St. Paul (oratorio)">St Paul</a></i> are in the category. Schubert, Mendelssohn, and Brahms also wrote secular cantatas, the best known of which are Brahms's <i><a href="/wiki/Schicksalslied" title="Schicksalslied">Schicksalslied</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4nie" title="Nänie">Nänie</a></i>. </p><p>A few composers developed a cappella music, especially <a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a>, whose masses and motets startlingly juxtapose Renaissance counterpoint with chromatic harmony. Mendelssohn and Brahms also wrote significant a cappella motets. The amateur chorus (beginning chiefly as a social outlet) began to receive serious consideration as a compositional venue for the part-songs of Schubert, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Schumann</a>, Mendelssohn, Brahms, and others. These 'singing clubs' were often for women or men separately, and the music was typically in four-part (hence the name "<a href="/wiki/Part-song" class="mw-redirect" title="Part-song">part-song</a>") and either a cappella or with simple instrumentation. At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Cecilian_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecilian movement">Cecilian movement</a> attempted a restoration of the pure Renaissance style in Catholic churches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_and_21st_centuries">20th and 21st centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choir&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 20th and 21st centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, development of mixed choirs was pioneered by groups such as <a href="/wiki/The_St._Olaf_Choir" class="mw-redirect" title="The St. Olaf Choir">The St. Olaf Choir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Choir_College" title="Westminster Choir College">Westminster Choir College</a>. These groups were characterized by arrangements of hymns and other sacred works of christian nature which helped define the choral sound of the United States for most of the 20th century. Secular choral music in the United States was popularized by groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Dale_Warland_Singers" title="Dale Warland Singers">Dale Warland Singers</a> throughout the late 20th century. </p><p>The Big Choral Census online survey was established to find out how many choirs there were in the UK, of what type, with how many members, singing what type of music and with what sort of funding. Results estimated that there were some 40,000 choral groups operating in the UK and over 2 million people singing regularly in a choir. Over 30 percent of the groups listed described themselves a community choirs, half of the choirs listed sing contemporary music although singing classical music is still popular. Most choirs are self funding. It is thought that the increase in popularity of singing together in groups has been fed to some extent in the UK by TV progammes such as <a href="/wiki/Gareth_Malone" title="Gareth Malone">Gareth Malone</a>'s 'The Choir'.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the Purwa Caraka Music Studio Choir of Indonesia began the trend when they covered children's songs in a choral arrangement for the film <i><a href="/wiki/Surat_Kecil_untuk_Tuhan_(2017_film)" title="Surat Kecil untuk Tuhan (2017 film)">Surat Kecil untuk Tuhan</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from their roles in liturgy and entertainment, choirs and choruses may also have social-service functions,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including for mental health treatment<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as therapy for <a href="/wiki/Homeless" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeless">homeless</a> and disadvantaged people, like the <a href="/wiki/Choir_of_Hard_Knocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Choir of Hard Knocks">Choir of Hard Knocks</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or for special groups such as <a href="/wiki/Military_Wives" title="Military Wives">Military Wives</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choir&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/7px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/14px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_(music)" title="Carol (music)">Carol (music)</a> – a festive song or hymn often sung by a choir or a few singers with or without instrumental accompaniment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Come_and_sing" title="Come and sing">Come and sing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choir&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403101844/http://acda.org/page.asp?page=choralreviewinformationcj">"See "Choral Reviews Format" on ACDA.org"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acda.org/page.asp?page=choralreviewinformationcj">the original</a> on 3 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=See+%22Choral+Reviews+Format%22+on+ACDA.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facda.org%2Fpage.asp%3Fpage%3Dchoralreviewinformationcj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_KennedyJoyce_Bourne_Kennedy2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kennedy_(music_critic)" title="Michael Kennedy (music critic)">Michael Kennedy</a>; Joyce Bourne Kennedy (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseoxforddic2007kenn"><i>Oxford Concise Dictionary of Music</i></a></span> (Fifth ed.). Oxford University Press, Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199203833" title="Special:BookSources/9780199203833"><bdi>9780199203833</bdi></a>. <q>Conducting</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Concise+Dictionary+of+Music&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Oxford&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780199203833&rft.au=Michael+Kennedy&rft.au=Joyce+Bourne+Kennedy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconciseoxforddic2007kenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspie_Estrella" class="citation web cs1">Espie Estrella. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liveabout.com/what-is-a-conductor-2456662">"The Conductor of an Ensemble"</a>. <i>about.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130415012250/http://musiced.about.com/od/musiccareer1/p/theconductor.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=about.com&rft.atitle=The+Conductor+of+an+Ensemble&rft.au=Espie+Estrella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liveabout.com%2Fwhat-is-a-conductor-2456662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadford2003" class="citation news cs1">Radford, Tim (9 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2003/sep/09/sciencenews.genderissues">"Girl and boy choristers sound the same, says professor"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Girl+and+boy+choristers+sound+the+same%2C+says+professor&rft.date=2003-09-09&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Radford&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2003%2Fsep%2F09%2Fsciencenews.genderissues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndriani2018" class="citation news cs1">Andriani, Ria (24 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/dec/24/why-do-so-many-choirs-exclude-women-its-time-for-this-outdated-practice-to-change">"Why do so many choirs exclude women? It's time for this outdated practice to change"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"The San Francisco Gay Men's Chorus: A historical perspective on the role of a chorus as a social service". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Gay_and_Lesbian_Social_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services">Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services</a></i>. <b>14</b> (3): 79–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ041v14n03_04">10.1300/J041v14n03_04</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140495373">140495373</a>. <q>This descriptive study is an investigation into the history of the formation of the nation's first gay men's chorus, and its relevance to the lesbigay community as a social service.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Gay+and+Lesbian+Social+Services&rft.atitle=The+San+Francisco+Gay+Men%27s+Chorus%3A+A+historical+perspective+on+the+role+of+a+chorus+as+a+social+service&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=79-94&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2FJ041v14n03_04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140495373%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hilliard&rft.aufirst=R.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/local/audio/2013/10/10/3866564.htm">"The Choir of Unheard Voices"</a> by Laura Hegarty, <a href="/wiki/ABC_Tropical_North" title="ABC Tropical North">ABC Tropical North</a>, 10 October 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/2007/07/2008525172825610172.html"><i>Australia's Choir of Hard Knocks</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a>, 23 July 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+Choir+of+Hard+Knocks&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2007-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fasia-pacific%2F2007%2F07%2F2008525172825610172.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choir&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Choir" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Choir">Choir</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Choirs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Choirs">Choirs</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chorus" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:chorus">chorus</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chorale" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:chorale">chorale</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/choir" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:choir">choir</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header"><span class="spoken-wikipedia-listen-to">Listen to this article</span> (<span class="duration"><span class="min">9</span> minutes</span>)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="535" data-mwtitle="Choir.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Choir.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Choir.ogg/Choir.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Choir.ogg" title="File:Choir.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 6 May 2005<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005-05-06</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <p><b>Databases</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpdl.org">Choral Public Domain Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://musicanet.org/en/index.php">Musica International</a> – choral repertoire database</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalchant.org">Global Chant Database</a> – Gregorian and plainchant</li></ul> <p><b>Professional organizations</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europeanchoralassociation.org/">European Choral Association/Europa Cantat</a> (Europe)</li></ul> <p><b>Resources</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://choralnet.org">ChoralNet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gerontius.net">Gerontius</a> (UK)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.choirplace.com">ChoirPlace</a> (international choir network)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singingeurope.org">Singing Europe</a> (Pilot research on Collective singing in Europe)</li></ul> <p><b>Media</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minnesota.publicradio.org/radio/services/cms/choral/">Choral Music from Classical MPR</a>, online choral music radio stream</li></ul> <p><b>Reading</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Alison_Phillips" title="Walter Alison Phillips">Phillips, Walter Alison</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Phen%C3%A9_Spiers" title="Richard Phené Spiers">Spiers, Richard Phené</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Choir"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Choir">"Choir" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). pp. 260–261.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Choir&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=260-261&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Walter+Alison&rft.au=Spiers%2C+Richard+Phen%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Schlesinger" title="Kathleen Schlesinger">Schlesinger, Kathleen</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Chorus"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chorus">"Chorus" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). pp. 270–271.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chorus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=270-271&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoir" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Singing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Singing" title="Template:Singing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Singing" title="Template talk:Singing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Singing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Singing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Singing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Singing</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Singing types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">A cappella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom_singing" title="Bathroom singing">Bathroom singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_technique" title="Extended technique">Extended technique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throat_singing" title="Throat singing">Throat singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtone_singing" title="Overtone singing">Overtone singing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oversinging" title="Oversinging">Oversinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">Rapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">Scat singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_singing" title="Sign singing">Sign singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sing-along" title="Sing-along">Sing-along</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karaoke" title="Karaoke">Karaoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_sync" title="Lip sync">Lip sync</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_percussion" title="Vocal percussion">Vocal percussion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatboxing" title="Beatboxing">Beatboxing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms · Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Choral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-lexical_vocables_in_music" title="Non-lexical vocables in music">Vocables</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Voice classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice type</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">Bass-baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">Baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritenor" title="Baritenor">Baritenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">Tenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">Countertenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">Contralto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">Mezzo-soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">Soprano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fach" title="Fach">Fach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_classification_in_non-classical_music" title="Voice classification in non-classical music">Non-classical music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts · Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backup vocals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belting_(music)" title="Belting (music)">Belting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloratura" title="Coloratura">Coloratura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_voice" title="Chest voice">Chest voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crooner" title="Crooner">Crooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_growl" title="Death growl">Death growl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">Falsetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_voice" title="Head voice">Head voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_vocalist" title="Lead vocalist">Lead vocals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaggio" title="Passaggio">Passaggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_(vocal_music)" title="Quintus (vocal music)">Quintus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">Rapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">Scat singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprechgesang" title="Sprechgesang">Sprechgesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessitura" title="Tessitura">Tessitura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">Timbre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_pedagogy" title="Vocal pedagogy">Vocal pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">Vocal range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_register" title="Vocal register">Vocal register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_resonation" title="Vocal resonation">Vocal resonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_weight" title="Vocal weight">Vocal weight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sound equipment<br />(popular music)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In-ear_monitor" title="In-ear monitor">In-ear monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_correction" title="Pitch correction">Pitch correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_monitor_system" title="Stage monitor system">Monitor speaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_music" title="Vocal music">Vocal music</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">Vocal coach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4010045-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chorales"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11957025x">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chorales"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11957025x">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562258">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="pěvecké sbory"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph124862&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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