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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ancient</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ancient-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ancient subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ancient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Minoan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minoan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Minoan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minoan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_Greek_and_Hellenistic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Greek_and_Hellenistic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Classical Greek and Hellenistic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_Greek_and_Hellenistic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Roman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Medieval</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medieval-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Medieval subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Medieval_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Medieval_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early Medieval art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Medieval_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Byzantine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanesque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanesque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Romanesque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanesque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gothic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gothic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Gothic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gothic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Renaissance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Renaissance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_Gothic_to_the_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Gothic_to_the_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>From Gothic to the Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Gothic_to_the_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Early Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>High Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_art_up_to_the_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_art_up_to_the_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Northern art up to the Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_art_up_to_the_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mannerism,_Baroque,_and_Rococo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mannerism,_Baroque,_and_Rococo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mannerism, Baroque, and Rococo</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mannerism,_Baroque,_and_Rococo-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mannerism, Baroque, and Rococo subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mannerism,_Baroque,_and_Rococo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mannerism_(16th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mannerism_(16th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Mannerism (16th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mannerism_(16th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baroque_(early_17th_century_to_mid-early_18th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baroque_(early_17th_century_to_mid-early_18th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Baroque (early 17th century to mid-early 18th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baroque_(early_17th_century_to_mid-early_18th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rococo_(early_to_mid-18th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rococo_(early_to_mid-18th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Rococo (early to mid-18th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rococo_(early_to_mid-18th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neoclassicism,_Romanticism,_Academism,_and_Realism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neoclassicism,_Romanticism,_Academism,_and_Realism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Academism, and Realism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neoclassicism,_Romanticism,_Academism,_and_Realism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Modern art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_art_and_Postmodern_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_art_and_Postmodern_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Contemporary art and Postmodern art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_art_and_Postmodern_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="فنون أوروبا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فنون أوروبا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Еўрапейскае мастацтва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Еўрапейскае мастацтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropska_umjetnost" title="Evropska umjetnost – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Evropska umjetnost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne_kunst" title="Lääne kunst – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lääne kunst" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_en_Europe" title="Art en Europe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Art en Europe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_occidentale" title="Arte occidentale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arte occidentale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%90%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86" title="ಐರೋಪ್ಯ ಕಲೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಐರೋಪ್ಯ ಕಲೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Европска уметност – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Европска уметност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="فنون اوروبا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فنون اوروبا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AA_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਯੂਰਪ ਦੀ ਕਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੂਰਪ ਦੀ ਕਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1" title="د اروپا هنر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اروپا هنر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arta_Europei" title="Arta Europei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arta Europei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%B3pske_umenie" title="Európske umenie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Európske umenie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" title="ศิลปะตะวันตก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศิลปะตะวันตก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Європейське мистецтво – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Європейське мистецтво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16243117#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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href="/wiki/File:Willem_van_Haecht_(II)_-_Apelles_painting_Campaspe_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Willem_van_Haecht_%28II%29_-_Apelles_painting_Campaspe_-_2.jpg/250px-Willem_van_Haecht_%28II%29_-_Apelles_painting_Campaspe_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Willem_van_Haecht_%28II%29_-_Apelles_painting_Campaspe_-_2.jpg/375px-Willem_van_Haecht_%28II%29_-_Apelles_painting_Campaspe_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Willem_van_Haecht_%28II%29_-_Apelles_painting_Campaspe_-_2.jpg/500px-Willem_van_Haecht_%28II%29_-_Apelles_painting_Campaspe_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4230" /></a><figcaption><i>Apelles painting Campaspe</i>, an artwork which shows people surrounded by fine art; by <a href="/wiki/Willem_van_Haecht" title="Willem van Haecht">Willem van Haecht</a>; c. 1630; oil on panel; height: 104.9 cm, width: 148.7 cm; <a href="/wiki/Mauritshuis" title="Mauritshuis">Mauritshuis</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kosovo_Maiden,_Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87,_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kosovo_Maiden%2C_Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87%2C_1919.jpg/250px-Kosovo_Maiden%2C_Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87%2C_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kosovo_Maiden%2C_Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87%2C_1919.jpg/375px-Kosovo_Maiden%2C_Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87%2C_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kosovo_Maiden%2C_Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87%2C_1919.jpg/500px-Kosovo_Maiden%2C_Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87%2C_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3738" data-file-height="2656" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Maiden" title="Kosovo Maiden">Kosovo Maiden</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87" title="Uroš Predić">Uroš Predić</a>; 1919; oil on canvas; 1.95 x 2.64m; <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Serbia" title="National Museum of Serbia">National Museum of Serbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Vermeer_-_The_Art_of_Painting_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Jan_Vermeer_-_The_Art_of_Painting_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/250px-Jan_Vermeer_-_The_Art_of_Painting_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Jan_Vermeer_-_The_Art_of_Painting_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/375px-Jan_Vermeer_-_The_Art_of_Painting_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Jan_Vermeer_-_The_Art_of_Painting_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/500px-Jan_Vermeer_-_The_Art_of_Painting_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6209" data-file-height="7377" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Painting" title="The Art of Painting">The Art of Painting</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a>; 1666–1668; oil on canvas; 1.3 x 1.1 m; <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Periods and movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_art" title="Ancient art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Romanesque art">Pre-Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelites" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Raphaelites">Pre-Raphaelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (art)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Decorative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods in Western art history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Art of the Middle East</b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_art" title="Hittite art">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia#Art" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_art" title="Ancient South Arabian art">South Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia#Art" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Ottoman</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_art" title="Central Asian art">Art of Central Asia</a></b><br /> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_art" title="History of Asian art">Art of East Asia</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_Hong_Kong" title="Visual art of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_art" title="Taiwanese art">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_art" title="Korean art">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Tibetan</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_art" title="History of Asian art">Art of South Asia</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_art" title="Bhutanese art">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_art" title="Newar art">Newar</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_arts" title="Southeast Asian arts">Art of Southeast Asia</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_art" title="Indonesian art">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_art" title="Vietnamese art">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_art" title="Thai art">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Myanmar" title="Art of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_art" title="Malaysian art">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_art" title="Cambodian art">Cambodian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_sculpture" title="Khmer sculpture">Khmer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_art" title="Lao art">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_Singapore" title="Visual art of Singapore">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_art" title="Bruneian art">Bruneian</a></li></ul> <p><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Art of Europe</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_art" title="Dacian art">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_sculpture" title="Iberian sculpture">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of ancient Rus">Rus</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/African_art" title="African art">Art of Africa</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_art" title="Igbo art">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_art" title="Yoruba art">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Benin art">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuba_art" title="Kuba art">Kuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luba_art" title="Luba art">Luba</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Art of the Americas</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art" title="Pre-Columbian art">Pre-Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_art" title="Ancient Maya art">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_art" title="Muisca art">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_art" title="Inuit art">Inuit</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Oceania">Art of Oceania</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Indigenous Australian art">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_art" title="Cook Islands art">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_art" title="Hawaiian art">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_art" title="Papua New Guinean art">Papuan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_art" title="Religious art">Religions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_art" title="Jain art">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_art" title="Manichaean art">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art" title="Sikh art">Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_art" title="Taoist art">Taoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou_art" title="Haitian Vodou art">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodun_art" title="Vodun art">Vodun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Techniques</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting" title="History of painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_arts" title="Graphic arts">Graphic arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">Art history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">Art movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurative_art" title="Figurative art">Figurative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerary_art" title="Funerary art">Funerary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_art" title="Narrative art">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Naturalist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_art_sidebar" title="Template:History of art sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_art_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of art sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_art_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of art sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:115%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">European art history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="The Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_art_history" title="Template:European art history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_art_history" title="Template talk:European art history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_art_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European art history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>art of Europe</b>, also known as <b>Western art</b>, encompasses the <a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">history</a> of <a href="/wiki/Visual_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual art">visual art</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. European <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">prehistoric art</a> started as mobile <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave painting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyph</a> art and was characteristic of the period between the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Europeart_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europeart-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Written histories of European art often begin with the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean civilizations</a>, dating from the 3rd millennium BC. However a consistent pattern of artistic development within Europe becomes clear only with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Ancient Greek art</a>, which was adopted and transformed by <a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Rome</a> and carried; with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, across much of Europe, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The influence of the art of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical period</a> waxed and waned throughout the next two thousand years, seeming to slip into a distant memory in parts of the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a> period, to re-emerge in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a>, suffer a period of what some early art historians viewed as "decay" during the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> period,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to reappear in a refined form in <a href="/wiki/Neo-Classicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Classicism">Neo-Classicism</a><sup id="cite_ref-mur_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mur-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to be reborn in <a href="/wiki/Post-Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Modernism">Post-Modernism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the 1800s, the Christian church was a major influence on European art, and commissions from the Church provided the major source of work for artists. In the same period there was also a renewed interest in classical mythology, great wars, heroes and heroines, and themes not connected to religion.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most art of the last 200 years has been produced without reference to religion and often with no particular <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> at all, but art has often been influenced by political issues, whether reflecting the concerns of patrons or the artist. </p><p>European art is arranged into a number of stylistic periods, which, historically, overlap each other as different styles flourished in different areas. Broadly the periods are, <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">Medieval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postmodern" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodern">Postmodern</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_European_Painting" title="New European Painting">New European Painting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistoric_art">Prehistoric art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Europe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prehistoric art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art#Europe" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art § Europe</a></div> <p>European prehistoric art is an important part of the European cultural heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prehistoric art history is usually divided into four main periods: <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. Most of the remaining artifacts of this period are small sculptures and cave paintings. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_of_Willendorf_frontview_retouched_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Venus_of_Willendorf_frontview_retouched_2.jpg/220px-Venus_of_Willendorf_frontview_retouched_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Venus_of_Willendorf_frontview_retouched_2.jpg/330px-Venus_of_Willendorf_frontview_retouched_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Venus_of_Willendorf_frontview_retouched_2.jpg/440px-Venus_of_Willendorf_frontview_retouched_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="2220" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Willendorf" title="Venus of Willendorf">Venus of Willendorf</a></i>; c. 26,000 BC (the Gravettian period); limestone with ocre coloring; <a href="/wiki/Naturhistorisches_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturhistorisches Museum">Naturhistorisches Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria)</figcaption></figure> <p>Much surviving <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">prehistoric art</a> is small portable sculptures, with a small group of female <a href="/wiki/Venus_figurines" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus figurines">Venus figurines</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Willendorf" title="Venus of Willendorf">Venus of Willendorf</a> (24,000–22,000 BC) found across central Europe;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 30 cm tall <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6wenmensch_figurine" class="mw-redirect" title="Löwenmensch figurine">Löwenmensch figurine</a> of about 30,000 BCE has hardly any pieces that can be related to it. The <a href="/wiki/Swimming_Reindeer" title="Swimming Reindeer">Swimming Reindeer</a> of about 11,000 BCE is one of the finest of a number of <a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian</a> carvings in bone or antler of animals in the <a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">art of the Upper Paleolithic</a>, though they are outnumbered by engraved pieces, which are sometimes classified as sculpture.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> in Europe figurative sculpture greatly reduced,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remained a less common element in art than relief decoration of practical objects until the Roman period, despite some works such as the <a href="/wiki/Gundestrup_cauldron" title="Gundestrup cauldron">Gundestrup cauldron</a> from the <a href="/wiki/European_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="European Iron Age">European Iron Age</a> and the Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Trundholm_sun_chariot" title="Trundholm sun chariot">Trundholm sun chariot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest European cave art dates back 40,800, and can be found in the <a href="/wiki/El_Castillo_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="El Castillo Cave">El Castillo Cave</a> in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other cave painting sites include <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Altamira" title="Cave of Altamira">Cave of Altamira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grotte_de_Cussac" title="Grotte de Cussac">Grotte de Cussac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pech_Merle" title="Pech Merle">Pech Merle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Niaux" title="Cave of Niaux">Cave of Niaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chauvet_Cave" title="Chauvet Cave">Chauvet Cave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Font-de-Gaume" title="Font-de-Gaume">Font-de-Gaume</a>, Creswell Crags, Nottinghamshire, England, (Cave etchings and bas-reliefs discovered in 2003), <a href="/wiki/Coliboaia_cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Coliboaia cave">Coliboaia cave</a> from <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (considered the oldest cave painting in central <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Magura,<sup id="cite_ref-Europeart_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europeart-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belogradchik, Bulgaria.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rock painting was also performed on cliff faces, but fewer of those have survived because of erosion. One well-known example is the rock paintings of Astuvansalmi in the Saimaa area of Finland. When Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola first encountered the Magdalenian paintings of the Altamira cave, Cantabria, Spain in 1879, the academics of the time considered them hoaxes. Recent reappraisals and numerous additional discoveries have since demonstrated their authenticity, while at the same time stimulating interest in the artistry of Upper Palaeolithic peoples. Cave paintings, undertaken with only the most rudimentary tools, can also furnish valuable insight into the culture and beliefs of that era. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rock_art_of_the_Iberian_Mediterranean_Basin" title="Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin">Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin</a> represents a very different style, with the human figure the main focus, often seen in large groups, with battles, dancing and hunting all represented, as well as other activities and details such as clothing. The figures are generally rather sketchily depicted in thin paint, with the relationships between the groups of humans and animals more carefully depicted than individual figures. Other less numerous groups of rock art, many engraved rather than painted, show similar characteristics. The Iberian examples are believed to date from a long period perhaps covering the Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic and early Neolithic. </p><p>Prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic art</a> comes from much of <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a> and survives mainly in the form of high-status metalwork skillfully decorated with complex, elegant and mostly abstract designs, often using curving and spiral forms. There are human heads and some fully represented animals, but full-length human figures at any size are so rare that their absence may represent a religious taboo. As the Romans conquered Celtic territories, it almost entirely vanishes, but the style continued in limited use in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, and with the coming of Christianity revived there in the <a href="/wiki/Insular_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular style">Insular style</a> of the Early Middle Ages. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lascaux_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cave paintings from Lascaux caves (Montignac, Dordogne, France)"><img alt="Cave paintings from Lascaux caves (Montignac, Dordogne, France)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lascaux_painting.jpg/170px-Lascaux_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lascaux_painting.jpg/255px-Lascaux_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lascaux_painting.jpg/340px-Lascaux_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cave_paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave paintings">Cave paintings</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a> caves (<a href="/wiki/Montignac,_Dordogne" class="mw-redirect" title="Montignac, Dordogne">Montignac, Dordogne</a>, France)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F07_0054.Ma.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bison Licking Insect Bite; 15,000–13,000 BC; antler; National Museum of Prehistory (Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil, France)"><img alt="Bison Licking Insect Bite; 15,000–13,000 BC; antler; National Museum of Prehistory (Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil, France)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/F07_0054.Ma.JPG/170px-F07_0054.Ma.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/F07_0054.Ma.JPG/255px-F07_0054.Ma.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/F07_0054.Ma.JPG/340px-F07_0054.Ma.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Bison_Licking_Insect_Bite" title="Bison Licking Insect Bite">Bison Licking Insect Bite</a></i>; 15,000–13,000 BC; <a href="/wiki/Antler" title="Antler">antler</a>; National Museum of Prehistory (<a href="/wiki/Les_Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil" title="Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil">Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil</a>, France)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucharest_-_The_Thinker_of_Cernavoda_-_no_bg.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Thinker of Cernavoda; by Hamangia culture from Romania; c. 5000 BC; terracotta; height: 11.5 cm (41⁄2 in.); National Museum of Romanian History (Bucharest)"><img alt="The Thinker of Cernavoda; by Hamangia culture from Romania; c. 5000 BC; terracotta; height: 11.5 cm (41⁄2 in.); National Museum of Romanian History (Bucharest)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bucharest_-_The_Thinker_of_Cernavoda_-_no_bg.png/119px-Bucharest_-_The_Thinker_of_Cernavoda_-_no_bg.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bucharest_-_The_Thinker_of_Cernavoda_-_no_bg.png/178px-Bucharest_-_The_Thinker_of_Cernavoda_-_no_bg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bucharest_-_The_Thinker_of_Cernavoda_-_no_bg.png/237px-Bucharest_-_The_Thinker_of_Cernavoda_-_no_bg.png 2x" data-file-width="1668" data-file-height="2388" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thinker_of_Cernavoda;&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thinker of Cernavoda; (page does not exist)"><i>Thinker of Cernavoda</i>;</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hamangia_culture" title="Hamangia culture">Hamangia culture</a> from Romania; c. 5000 BC; terracotta; height: 11.5 cm (4<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in.); <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Romanian_History" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Romanian History">National Museum of Romanian History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serbia,_Vin%C3%A7a_culture,_Neolithic_Era_-_Vinca_Idol_-_2000.201_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Female figure; by Vinča culture from Serbia; 4500-3500 BC; fired clay with paint; overall: 16.1 cm; Cleveland Museum of Art (Ohio, US)"><img alt="Female figure; by Vinča culture from Serbia; 4500-3500 BC; fired clay with paint; overall: 16.1 cm; Cleveland Museum of Art (Ohio, US)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Serbia%2C_Vin%C3%A7a_culture%2C_Neolithic_Era_-_Vinca_Idol_-_2000.201_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-126px-Serbia%2C_Vin%C3%A7a_culture%2C_Neolithic_Era_-_Vinca_Idol_-_2000.201_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Serbia%2C_Vin%C3%A7a_culture%2C_Neolithic_Era_-_Vinca_Idol_-_2000.201_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-190px-Serbia%2C_Vin%C3%A7a_culture%2C_Neolithic_Era_-_Vinca_Idol_-_2000.201_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Serbia%2C_Vin%C3%A7a_culture%2C_Neolithic_Era_-_Vinca_Idol_-_2000.201_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-253px-Serbia%2C_Vin%C3%A7a_culture%2C_Neolithic_Era_-_Vinca_Idol_-_2000.201_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="4685" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Female figure; by <a href="/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_culture" title="Vinča culture">Vinča culture</a> from <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>; 4500-3500 BC; fired clay with paint; overall: 16.1 cm; <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, US)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient">Ancient</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Europe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minoan">Minoan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Europe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Minoan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan art</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> is regarded as the oldest civilization in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minoan art is marked by imaginative images and exceptional workmanship. <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Hood" title="Sinclair Hood">Sinclair Hood</a> described an "essential quality of the finest Minoan art, the ability to create an atmosphere of movement and life although following a set of highly formal conventions".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It forms part of the wider grouping of <a href="/wiki/Aegean_art" title="Aegean art">Aegean art</a>, and in later periods came for a time to have a dominant influence over <a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic art</a>. Wood and textiles have decomposed, so most surviving examples of Minoan art are <a href="/wiki/Minoan_pottery" title="Minoan pottery">pottery</a>, intricately-carved <a href="/wiki/Minoan_seals" title="Minoan seals">Minoan seals</a>, .palace <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescos</a> which include landscapes), small sculptures in various materials, jewellery, and metalwork. </p><p>The relationship of Minoan art to that of other contemporary cultures and later <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Ancient Greek art</a> has been much discussed. It clearly dominated <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean art">Mycenaean art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic art</a> of the same periods,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even after Crete was occupied by the Mycenaeans, but only some aspects of the tradition survived the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a> after the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Minoan art has a variety of subject-matter, much of it appearing across different media, although only some styles of pottery include figurative scenes. <a href="/wiki/Bull-leaping#Minoan_Crete" title="Bull-leaping">Bull-leaping</a> appears in painting and several types of sculpture, and is thought to have had a religious significance; bull's heads are also a popular subject in terracotta and other sculptural materials. There are no figures that appear to be portraits of individuals, or are clearly royal, and the identities of religious figures is often tentative,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with scholars uncertain whether they are deities, clergy or devotees.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Equally, whether painted rooms were "shrines" or secular is far from clear; one room in Akrotiri has been argued to be a bedroom, with remains of a bed, or a shrine.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Animals, including an unusual variety of marine fauna, are often depicted; the "<a href="/wiki/Marine_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Style">Marine Style</a>" is a type of painted palace pottery from MM III and LM IA that paints sea creatures including <a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">octopus</a> spreading all over the vessel, and probably originated from similar frescoed scenes;<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes these appear in other media. Scenes of hunting and warfare, and horses and riders, are mostly found in later periods, in works perhaps made by Cretans for a Mycenaean market, or Mycenaean overlords of Crete. </p><p>While Minoan figures, whether human or animal, have a great sense of life and movement, they are often not very accurate, and the species is sometimes impossible to identify; by comparison with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian art">Ancient Egyptian art</a> they are often more vivid, but less naturalistic.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In comparison with the art of other ancient cultures there is a high proportion of female figures, though the idea that Minoans had only goddesses and no gods is now discounted. Most human figures are in profile or in a version of the Egyptian convention with the head and legs in profile, and the torso seen frontally; but the Minoan figures exaggerate features such as slim male waists and large female breasts.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AMI_-_Kamaresvase_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kamares ware beaked jug; 1850-1675 BC; ceramic; height: 27 cm; from Phaistos (Crete, Greece); Heraklion Archaeological Museum (Greece)"><img alt="Kamares ware beaked jug; 1850-1675 BC; ceramic; height: 27 cm; from Phaistos (Crete, Greece); Heraklion Archaeological Museum (Greece)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/AMI_-_Kamaresvase_1.jpg/131px-AMI_-_Kamaresvase_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/AMI_-_Kamaresvase_1.jpg/196px-AMI_-_Kamaresvase_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/AMI_-_Kamaresvase_1.jpg/261px-AMI_-_Kamaresvase_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2116" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Kamares_ware" title="Kamares ware">Kamares ware</a></i> beaked jug; 1850-1675 BC; ceramic; height: 27 cm; from <a href="/wiki/Phaistos" title="Phaistos">Phaistos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, Greece); <a href="/wiki/Heraklion_Archaeological_Museum" title="Heraklion Archaeological Museum">Heraklion Archaeological Museum</a> (Greece)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaeological_Museum_of_Heraklion_%E2%80%93_Bee_pendant_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Malia Pendant; 1800-1700 BC; gold; height: 4.6 cm, width: 4.9 cm; Heraklion Archaeological Museum"><img alt="The Malia Pendant; 1800-1700 BC; gold; height: 4.6 cm, width: 4.9 cm; Heraklion Archaeological Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Archaeological_Museum_of_Heraklion_%E2%80%93_Bee_pendant_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Archaeological_Museum_of_Heraklion_%E2%80%93_Bee_pendant_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Archaeological_Museum_of_Heraklion_%E2%80%93_Bee_pendant_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Archaeological_Museum_of_Heraklion_%E2%80%93_Bee_pendant_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Archaeological_Museum_of_Heraklion_%E2%80%93_Bee_pendant_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Archaeological_Museum_of_Heraklion_%E2%80%93_Bee_pendant_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="1136" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Malia_Pendant" title="Malia Pendant">Malia Pendant</a></i>; 1800-1700 BC; gold; height: 4.6 cm, width: 4.9 cm; Heraklion Archaeological Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bull_leaping_minoan_fresco_archmus_Heraklion_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The fresco named the Bull-Leaping Fresco; 1675-1460 BC; lime plaster; height: 0.8 m, width: 1 m; from the palace at Knossos (Crete); Heraklion Archaeological Museum"><img alt="The fresco named the Bull-Leaping Fresco; 1675-1460 BC; lime plaster; height: 0.8 m, width: 1 m; from the palace at Knossos (Crete); Heraklion Archaeological Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bull_leaping_minoan_fresco_archmus_Heraklion_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Bull_leaping_minoan_fresco_archmus_Heraklion_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bull_leaping_minoan_fresco_archmus_Heraklion_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Bull_leaping_minoan_fresco_archmus_Heraklion_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bull_leaping_minoan_fresco_archmus_Heraklion_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Bull_leaping_minoan_fresco_archmus_Heraklion_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3686" data-file-height="1933" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The fresco named the <i><a href="/wiki/Bull-Leaping_Fresco" title="Bull-Leaping Fresco">Bull-Leaping Fresco</a></i>; 1675-1460 BC; lime plaster; height: 0.8 m, width: 1 m; from the palace at <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a> (Crete); Heraklion Archaeological Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Snake_Goddess,_Knossos,_1650-1550_BC,_AMH,_145150.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Snake Goddess" figurine; 1460-1410 BC (from the Minoan Neo-palatial Period); faience; height: 29.5 cm; from the Temple Repository at Knossos; Heraklion Archaeological Museum"><img alt=""Snake Goddess" figurine; 1460-1410 BC (from the Minoan Neo-palatial Period); faience; height: 29.5 cm; from the Temple Repository at Knossos; Heraklion Archaeological Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/The_Snake_Goddess%2C_Knossos%2C_1650-1550_BC%2C_AMH%2C_145150.jpg/120px-The_Snake_Goddess%2C_Knossos%2C_1650-1550_BC%2C_AMH%2C_145150.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/The_Snake_Goddess%2C_Knossos%2C_1650-1550_BC%2C_AMH%2C_145150.jpg/180px-The_Snake_Goddess%2C_Knossos%2C_1650-1550_BC%2C_AMH%2C_145150.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/The_Snake_Goddess%2C_Knossos%2C_1650-1550_BC%2C_AMH%2C_145150.jpg/240px-The_Snake_Goddess%2C_Knossos%2C_1650-1550_BC%2C_AMH%2C_145150.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2699" data-file-height="4048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Minoan_snake_goddess_figurines" title="Minoan snake goddess figurines">"Snake Goddess" figurine</a>; 1460-1410 BC (from the Minoan Neo-palatial Period); <a href="/wiki/Faience" title="Faience">faience</a>; height: 29.5 cm; from the Temple Repository at Knossos; Heraklion Archaeological Museum</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_Greek_and_Hellenistic">Classical Greek and Hellenistic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Europe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classical Greek and Hellenistic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Ancient Greek art</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> had great painters, great sculptors, and great architects. The <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> is an example of their architecture that has lasted to modern days. Greek <a href="/wiki/Marble_sculpture" title="Marble sculpture">marble sculpture</a> is often described as the highest form of <a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classical</a> art. Painting on the <a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_Ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery of Ancient Greece">pottery of Ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">ceramics</a> gives a particularly informative glimpse into the way society in Ancient Greece functioned. <a href="/wiki/Black-figure_vase_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-figure vase painting">Black-figure vase painting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red-figure_vase_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Red-figure vase painting">Red-figure vase painting</a> gives many surviving examples of what Greek painting was. Some famous Greek painters on wooden panels who are mentioned in texts are <a href="/wiki/Apelles" title="Apelles">Apelles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeuxis_and_Parrhasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeuxis and Parrhasius">Zeuxis and Parrhasius</a>, however no examples of Ancient Greek panel painting survive, only written descriptions by their contemporaries or by later Romans. Zeuxis lived in 5–6 BC and was said to be the first to use <a href="/wiki/Sfumato" title="Sfumato">sfumato</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, the realism of his paintings was such that birds tried to eat the painted grapes. Apelles is described as the greatest painter of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Antiquity</a> for perfect technique in drawing, brilliant color and modeling. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracotta_Panathenaic_prize_amphora_MET_DP245711.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Euphiletos Painter Panathenaic prize amphora; 530 BC; painted terracotta; height: 62.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)"><img alt="The Euphiletos Painter Panathenaic prize amphora; 530 BC; painted terracotta; height: 62.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Terracotta_Panathenaic_prize_amphora_MET_DP245711.jpg/132px-Terracotta_Panathenaic_prize_amphora_MET_DP245711.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Terracotta_Panathenaic_prize_amphora_MET_DP245711.jpg/199px-Terracotta_Panathenaic_prize_amphora_MET_DP245711.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Terracotta_Panathenaic_prize_amphora_MET_DP245711.jpg/265px-Terracotta_Panathenaic_prize_amphora_MET_DP245711.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Euphiletos_Painter_Panathenaic_prize_amphora" title="Euphiletos Painter Panathenaic prize amphora">Euphiletos Painter Panathenaic prize amphora</a></i>; 530 BC; painted terracotta; height: 62.2 cm; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:God_of_Cape_Artemision_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Artemision Bronze; 460-450 BC; bronze; height: 2.1 m; National Archaeological Museum (Athens)"><img alt="The Artemision Bronze; 460-450 BC; bronze; height: 2.1 m; National Archaeological Museum (Athens)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/God_of_Cape_Artemision_01.JPG/149px-God_of_Cape_Artemision_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="149" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/God_of_Cape_Artemision_01.JPG/223px-God_of_Cape_Artemision_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/God_of_Cape_Artemision_01.JPG/298px-God_of_Cape_Artemision_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2241" data-file-height="2558" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Artemision_Bronze" title="Artemision Bronze">Artemision Bronze</a></i>; 460-450 BC; bronze; height: 2.1 m; <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens" title="National Archaeological Museum, Athens">National Archaeological Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Parthenon_from_the_northeast.,_Acropolis_of_Athens_(13896193092).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis, the most iconic Doric Greek temple built of marble and limestone between circa 460-406 BC, dedicated to the goddess Athena[25]"><img alt="The Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis, the most iconic Doric Greek temple built of marble and limestone between circa 460-406 BC, dedicated to the goddess Athena[25]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/The_Parthenon_from_the_northeast.%2C_Acropolis_of_Athens_%2813896193092%29.jpg/170px-The_Parthenon_from_the_northeast.%2C_Acropolis_of_Athens_%2813896193092%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/The_Parthenon_from_the_northeast.%2C_Acropolis_of_Athens_%2813896193092%29.jpg/255px-The_Parthenon_from_the_northeast.%2C_Acropolis_of_Athens_%2813896193092%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/The_Parthenon_from_the_northeast.%2C_Acropolis_of_Athens_%2813896193092%29.jpg/340px-The_Parthenon_from_the_northeast.%2C_Acropolis_of_Athens_%2813896193092%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></i> on the <a href="/wiki/Athenian_Acropolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian Acropolis">Athenian Acropolis</a>, the most iconic <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric</a> Greek temple built of marble and limestone between circa 460-406 BC, dedicated to the goddess Athena<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_mirror_with_a_support_in_the_form_of_a_draped_woman_MET_DT276.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mirror with a support in the form of a draped woman; mid-5th century BC; bronze; height: 40.41 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Mirror with a support in the form of a draped woman; mid-5th century BC; bronze; height: 40.41 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bronze_mirror_with_a_support_in_the_form_of_a_draped_woman_MET_DT276.jpg/136px-Bronze_mirror_with_a_support_in_the_form_of_a_draped_woman_MET_DT276.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bronze_mirror_with_a_support_in_the_form_of_a_draped_woman_MET_DT276.jpg/204px-Bronze_mirror_with_a_support_in_the_form_of_a_draped_woman_MET_DT276.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bronze_mirror_with_a_support_in_the_form_of_a_draped_woman_MET_DT276.jpg/272px-Bronze_mirror_with_a_support_in_the_form_of_a_draped_woman_MET_DT276.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2978" data-file-height="3722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mirror with a support in the form of a draped woman; mid-5th century BC; bronze; height: 40.41 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calyx-krater_Louvre_CA929.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Calyx-krater; 400-375 BC; ceramic; height: 27.9 cm, diameter: 28.6 cm; from Thebes (Greece); Louvre"><img alt="Calyx-krater; 400-375 BC; ceramic; height: 27.9 cm, diameter: 28.6 cm; from Thebes (Greece); Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Calyx-krater_Louvre_CA929.jpg/136px-Calyx-krater_Louvre_CA929.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Calyx-krater_Louvre_CA929.jpg/205px-Calyx-krater_Louvre_CA929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Calyx-krater_Louvre_CA929.jpg/273px-Calyx-krater_Louvre_CA929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2470" data-file-height="3075" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Calyx-<a href="/wiki/Krater" title="Krater">krater</a>; 400-375 BC; ceramic; height: 27.9 cm, diameter: 28.6 cm; from <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a> (Greece); <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Funerary_stele_of_Thrasea_and_Euandria_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Grave relief of Thraseas and Euandria; 375-350 BC; Pentelic marble; height: 160 cm, width: 91 cm; Pergamon Museum (Berlin)"><img alt="The Grave relief of Thraseas and Euandria; 375-350 BC; Pentelic marble; height: 160 cm, width: 91 cm; Pergamon Museum (Berlin)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Funerary_stele_of_Thrasea_and_Euandria_02.jpg/127px-Funerary_stele_of_Thrasea_and_Euandria_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Funerary_stele_of_Thrasea_and_Euandria_02.jpg/191px-Funerary_stele_of_Thrasea_and_Euandria_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Funerary_stele_of_Thrasea_and_Euandria_02.jpg/255px-Funerary_stele_of_Thrasea_and_Euandria_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The <a href="/wiki/Grave_relief_of_Thraseas_and_Euandria" title="Grave relief of Thraseas and Euandria">Grave relief of Thraseas and Euandria</a></i>; 375-350 BC; <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pentelicus#Pentelic_marble" title="Mount Pentelicus">Pentelic marble</a>; height: 160 cm, width: 91 cm; <a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Museum" title="Pergamon Museum">Pergamon Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltimore_Painter_-_Volute_Krater_-_Walters_4886_-_Side_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Volute krater; 320-310 BC; ceramic; height: 1.1 m; Walters Art Museum (Baltimore, US)"><img alt="Volute krater; 320-310 BC; ceramic; height: 1.1 m; Walters Art Museum (Baltimore, US)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Baltimore_Painter_-_Volute_Krater_-_Walters_4886_-_Side_A.jpg/116px-Baltimore_Painter_-_Volute_Krater_-_Walters_4886_-_Side_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Baltimore_Painter_-_Volute_Krater_-_Walters_4886_-_Side_A.jpg/174px-Baltimore_Painter_-_Volute_Krater_-_Walters_4886_-_Side_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Baltimore_Painter_-_Volute_Krater_-_Walters_4886_-_Side_A.jpg/232px-Baltimore_Painter_-_Volute_Krater_-_Walters_4886_-_Side_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1229" data-file-height="1799" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Volute krater; 320-310 BC; ceramic; height: 1.1 m; <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, US)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracotta_statuette_of_a_draped_woman_MET_DP117152.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statuette of a draped woman; 2nd century BC; terracotta; height: 29.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Statuette of a draped woman; 2nd century BC; terracotta; height: 29.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Terracotta_statuette_of_a_draped_woman_MET_DP117152.jpg/170px-Terracotta_statuette_of_a_draped_woman_MET_DP117152.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Terracotta_statuette_of_a_draped_woman_MET_DP117152.jpg/255px-Terracotta_statuette_of_a_draped_woman_MET_DP117152.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Terracotta_statuette_of_a_draped_woman_MET_DP117152.jpg/340px-Terracotta_statuette_of_a_draped_woman_MET_DP117152.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statuette of a draped woman; 2nd century BC; terracotta; height: 29.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_views_of_the_Venus_de_Milo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venus de Milo; 130–100 BC; marble; height: 203 cm (80 in); Louvre"><img alt="Venus de Milo; 130–100 BC; marble; height: 203 cm (80 in); Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Front_views_of_the_Venus_de_Milo.jpg/90px-Front_views_of_the_Venus_de_Milo.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Front_views_of_the_Venus_de_Milo.jpg/135px-Front_views_of_the_Venus_de_Milo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Front_views_of_the_Venus_de_Milo.jpg/181px-Front_views_of_the_Venus_de_Milo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="5808" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_de_Milo" title="Venus de Milo">Venus de Milo</a></i>; 130–100 BC; marble; height: 203 cm (80 in); Louvre</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laocoon_Pio-Clementino_Inv1059-1064-1067.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Laocoön and His Sons; early first century BC; marble; height: 2.4 m; Vatican Museums (Vatican City)"><img alt="Laocoön and His Sons; early first century BC; marble; height: 2.4 m; Vatican Museums (Vatican City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Laocoon_Pio-Clementino_Inv1059-1064-1067.jpg/160px-Laocoon_Pio-Clementino_Inv1059-1064-1067.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Laocoon_Pio-Clementino_Inv1059-1064-1067.jpg/240px-Laocoon_Pio-Clementino_Inv1059-1064-1067.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Laocoon_Pio-Clementino_Inv1059-1064-1067.jpg/320px-Laocoon_Pio-Clementino_Inv1059-1064-1067.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2350" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_His_Sons" title="Laocoön and His Sons">Laocoön and His Sons</a></i>; early first century BC; marble; height: 2.4 m; <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MosaicEpiphany-of-Dionysus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosaic which represents the Epiphany of Dionysus; 2nd century AD; from the Villa of Dionysus (Dion, Greece); Archeological Museum of Dion"><img alt="Mosaic which represents the Epiphany of Dionysus; 2nd century AD; from the Villa of Dionysus (Dion, Greece); Archeological Museum of Dion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/MosaicEpiphany-of-Dionysus.jpg/170px-MosaicEpiphany-of-Dionysus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/MosaicEpiphany-of-Dionysus.jpg/255px-MosaicEpiphany-of-Dionysus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/MosaicEpiphany-of-Dionysus.jpg/340px-MosaicEpiphany-of-Dionysus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4847" data-file-height="3633" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mosaic which represents the Epiphany of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>; 2nd century AD; from the Villa of Dionysus (<a href="/wiki/Dion,_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Dion, Greece">Dion, Greece</a>); <a href="/wiki/Archeological_Museum_of_Dion" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeological Museum of Dion">Archeological Museum of Dion</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Examples_of_Historical_Ornament,_Greek_by_Boston_Public_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustrations of examples of ancient Greek ornaments and patterns, drawn in 1874"><img alt="Illustrations of examples of ancient Greek ornaments and patterns, drawn in 1874" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Examples_of_Historical_Ornament%2C_Greek_by_Boston_Public_Library.jpg/124px-Examples_of_Historical_Ornament%2C_Greek_by_Boston_Public_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Examples_of_Historical_Ornament%2C_Greek_by_Boston_Public_Library.jpg/185px-Examples_of_Historical_Ornament%2C_Greek_by_Boston_Public_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Examples_of_Historical_Ornament%2C_Greek_by_Boston_Public_Library.jpg/247px-Examples_of_Historical_Ornament%2C_Greek_by_Boston_Public_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustrations of examples of ancient Greek ornaments and patterns, drawn in 1874</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman">Roman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Europe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Roman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman art</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman art</a> was influenced by Greece and can in part be taken as a descendant of ancient Greek painting and sculpture, but was also strongly influenced by the more local <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan art</a> of Italy. <a href="/wiki/Roman_sculpture" title="Roman sculpture">Roman sculpture</a>, is primarily portraiture derived from the upper classes of society as well as depictions of the gods. However, Roman painting does have important unique characteristics. Among surviving Roman paintings are wall paintings, many from villas in <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>, in Southern Italy, especially at <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>. Such painting can be grouped into four main "styles" or periods<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may contain the first examples of <a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a>, pseudo-perspective, and pure landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost all of the surviving painted portraits from the Ancient world are a large number of <a href="/wiki/Fayum_mummy_portraits" title="Fayum mummy portraits">coffin-portraits</a> of bust form found in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Antique" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique">Late Antique</a> cemetery of <a href="/wiki/Al-Fayum" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Fayum">Al-Fayum</a>. They give an idea of the quality that the finest ancient work must have had. A very small number of <a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">miniatures</a> from Late Antique illustrated books also survive, and a rather larger number of copies of them from the Early Medieval period. <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian art">Early Christian art</a> grew out of Roman popular, and later Imperial, art and adapted its <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> from these sources. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_statuette_of_a_philosopher_on_a_lamp_stand_MET_DT2527.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze statuette of a philosopher on a lamp stand; late 1st century BC; bronze; overall: 27.3 cm; weight: 2.9 kg; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)"><img alt="Bronze statuette of a philosopher on a lamp stand; late 1st century BC; bronze; overall: 27.3 cm; weight: 2.9 kg; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bronze_statuette_of_a_philosopher_on_a_lamp_stand_MET_DT2527.jpg/111px-Bronze_statuette_of_a_philosopher_on_a_lamp_stand_MET_DT2527.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bronze_statuette_of_a_philosopher_on_a_lamp_stand_MET_DT2527.jpg/166px-Bronze_statuette_of_a_philosopher_on_a_lamp_stand_MET_DT2527.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bronze_statuette_of_a_philosopher_on_a_lamp_stand_MET_DT2527.jpg/221px-Bronze_statuette_of_a_philosopher_on_a_lamp_stand_MET_DT2527.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2426" data-file-height="3722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze statuette of a philosopher on a lamp stand; late 1st century BC; bronze; overall: 27.3 cm; weight: 2.9 kg; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue-Augustus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Augustus of Prima Porta; circa 20 BC; white marble; height: 2.06 m; Vatican Museums (Vatican City)"><img alt="Augustus of Prima Porta; circa 20 BC; white marble; height: 2.06 m; Vatican Museums (Vatican City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/113px-Statue-Augustus.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/170px-Statue-Augustus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/226px-Statue-Augustus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta" title="Augustus of Prima Porta">Augustus of Prima Porta</a></i>; circa 20 BC; white <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>; height: 2.06 m; <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubiculum_(bedroom)_from_the_Villa_of_P._Fannius_Synistor_at_Boscoreale_MET_DP170950.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Restoration of a fresco from an Ancient villa bedroom; 50-40 BC; dimensions of the room: 265.4 x 334 x 583.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)"><img alt="Restoration of a fresco from an Ancient villa bedroom; 50-40 BC; dimensions of the room: 265.4 x 334 x 583.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Cubiculum_%28bedroom%29_from_the_Villa_of_P._Fannius_Synistor_at_Boscoreale_MET_DP170950.jpg/170px-Cubiculum_%28bedroom%29_from_the_Villa_of_P._Fannius_Synistor_at_Boscoreale_MET_DP170950.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Cubiculum_%28bedroom%29_from_the_Villa_of_P._Fannius_Synistor_at_Boscoreale_MET_DP170950.jpg/255px-Cubiculum_%28bedroom%29_from_the_Villa_of_P._Fannius_Synistor_at_Boscoreale_MET_DP170950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Cubiculum_%28bedroom%29_from_the_Villa_of_P._Fannius_Synistor_at_Boscoreale_MET_DP170950.jpg/340px-Cubiculum_%28bedroom%29_from_the_Villa_of_P._Fannius_Synistor_at_Boscoreale_MET_DP170950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3945" data-file-height="1880" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Restoration of a fresco from an Ancient villa bedroom; 50-40 BC; dimensions of the room: 265.4 x 334 x 583.9 cm; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Autel_fun%C3%A9raire_d%27Amemptus_Louvre_Ma_488_n1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Altar with festoons; circa 50 AD; marble; height: 99.5 cm, width: 61.5 cm, depth: 47 cm; Louvre"><img alt="Altar with festoons; circa 50 AD; marble; height: 99.5 cm, width: 61.5 cm, depth: 47 cm; Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Autel_fun%C3%A9raire_d%27Amemptus_Louvre_Ma_488_n1.jpg/113px-Autel_fun%C3%A9raire_d%27Amemptus_Louvre_Ma_488_n1.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Autel_fun%C3%A9raire_d%27Amemptus_Louvre_Ma_488_n1.jpg/170px-Autel_fun%C3%A9raire_d%27Amemptus_Louvre_Ma_488_n1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Autel_fun%C3%A9raire_d%27Amemptus_Louvre_Ma_488_n1.jpg/226px-Autel_fun%C3%A9raire_d%27Amemptus_Louvre_Ma_488_n1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2936" data-file-height="4404" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Altar with <a href="/wiki/Festoon" title="Festoon">festoons</a>; circa 50 AD; marble; height: 99.5 cm, width: 61.5 cm, depth: 47 cm; <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marble_calyx-krater_with_reliefs_of_maidens_and_dancing_maenads_MET_DT4541.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Calyx-krater with reliefs of maidens and dancing maenads; 1st century AD; Pentelic marble; height: 80.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Calyx-krater with reliefs of maidens and dancing maenads; 1st century AD; Pentelic marble; height: 80.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Marble_calyx-krater_with_reliefs_of_maidens_and_dancing_maenads_MET_DT4541.jpg/136px-Marble_calyx-krater_with_reliefs_of_maidens_and_dancing_maenads_MET_DT4541.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Marble_calyx-krater_with_reliefs_of_maidens_and_dancing_maenads_MET_DT4541.jpg/204px-Marble_calyx-krater_with_reliefs_of_maidens_and_dancing_maenads_MET_DT4541.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Marble_calyx-krater_with_reliefs_of_maidens_and_dancing_maenads_MET_DT4541.jpg/272px-Marble_calyx-krater_with_reliefs_of_maidens_and_dancing_maenads_MET_DT4541.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2978" data-file-height="3722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Calyx_krater" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyx krater">Calyx</a>-<a href="/wiki/Krater" title="Krater">krater</a> with reliefs of maidens and dancing maenads; 1st century AD; <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pentelicus#Pentelic_marble" title="Mount Pentelicus">Pentelic marble</a>; height: 80.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Einblick_Panorama_Pantheon_Rom.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of the Pantheon (Rome), built between 113 and 125"><img alt="Panoramic view of the Pantheon (Rome), built between 113 and 125" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Einblick_Panorama_Pantheon_Rom.jpg/170px-Einblick_Panorama_Pantheon_Rom.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Einblick_Panorama_Pantheon_Rom.jpg/255px-Einblick_Panorama_Pantheon_Rom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Einblick_Panorama_Pantheon_Rom.jpg/340px-Einblick_Panorama_Pantheon_Rom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Panoramic view of the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a> (Rome), built between 113 and 125</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marble_head_of_a_goddess_wearing_a_diadem_MET_DP271743.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Head of a goddess wearing a diadem; 1st–2nd century; marble; height: 23 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Head of a goddess wearing a diadem; 1st–2nd century; marble; height: 23 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Marble_head_of_a_goddess_wearing_a_diadem_MET_DP271743.jpg/145px-Marble_head_of_a_goddess_wearing_a_diadem_MET_DP271743.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Marble_head_of_a_goddess_wearing_a_diadem_MET_DP271743.jpg/217px-Marble_head_of_a_goddess_wearing_a_diadem_MET_DP271743.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Marble_head_of_a_goddess_wearing_a_diadem_MET_DP271743.jpg/289px-Marble_head_of_a_goddess_wearing_a_diadem_MET_DP271743.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3404" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Head of a goddess wearing a diadem; 1st–2nd century; marble; height: 23 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Couch_and_footstool_with_bone_carvings_and_glass_inlays_MET_DP138722.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Couch and footstool; 1st–2nd century AD; wood, bone and glass; couch: 105.4 × 76.2 × 214.6 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Couch and footstool; 1st–2nd century AD; wood, bone and glass; couch: 105.4 × 76.2 × 214.6 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Couch_and_footstool_with_bone_carvings_and_glass_inlays_MET_DP138722.jpg/170px-Couch_and_footstool_with_bone_carvings_and_glass_inlays_MET_DP138722.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Couch_and_footstool_with_bone_carvings_and_glass_inlays_MET_DP138722.jpg/255px-Couch_and_footstool_with_bone_carvings_and_glass_inlays_MET_DP138722.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Couch_and_footstool_with_bone_carvings_and_glass_inlays_MET_DP138722.jpg/340px-Couch_and_footstool_with_bone_carvings_and_glass_inlays_MET_DP138722.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3883" data-file-height="2375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Couch and footstool; 1st–2nd century AD; wood, bone and glass; couch: 105.4 × 76.2 × 214.6 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarcofago_con_apollo,_minerva_e_le_muse,_dalla_via_appia,_200_dc_ca._01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sarcophagus with Apollo, Minerva and the Muses; circa 200 AD; from Via Appia; Antikensammlung Berlin (Berlin)"><img alt="Sarcophagus with Apollo, Minerva and the Muses; circa 200 AD; from Via Appia; Antikensammlung Berlin (Berlin)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sarcofago_con_apollo%2C_minerva_e_le_muse%2C_dalla_via_appia%2C_200_dc_ca._01.JPG/170px-Sarcofago_con_apollo%2C_minerva_e_le_muse%2C_dalla_via_appia%2C_200_dc_ca._01.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sarcofago_con_apollo%2C_minerva_e_le_muse%2C_dalla_via_appia%2C_200_dc_ca._01.JPG/255px-Sarcofago_con_apollo%2C_minerva_e_le_muse%2C_dalla_via_appia%2C_200_dc_ca._01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sarcofago_con_apollo%2C_minerva_e_le_muse%2C_dalla_via_appia%2C_200_dc_ca._01.JPG/340px-Sarcofago_con_apollo%2C_minerva_e_le_muse%2C_dalla_via_appia%2C_200_dc_ca._01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3220" data-file-height="1192" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sarcophagus with <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a>; circa 200 AD; from <a href="/wiki/Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Via Appia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Antikensammlung_Berlin" title="Antikensammlung Berlin">Antikensammlung Berlin</a> (Berlin)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marble_sarcophagus_with_garlands_MET_DP140135.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sarcophagus with festoons; 200–225; marble; 134.6 x 223.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Sarcophagus with festoons; 200–225; marble; 134.6 x 223.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Marble_sarcophagus_with_garlands_MET_DP140135.jpg/170px-Marble_sarcophagus_with_garlands_MET_DP140135.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Marble_sarcophagus_with_garlands_MET_DP140135.jpg/255px-Marble_sarcophagus_with_garlands_MET_DP140135.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Marble_sarcophagus_with_garlands_MET_DP140135.jpg/340px-Marble_sarcophagus_with_garlands_MET_DP140135.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3889" data-file-height="2685" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sarcophagus with <a href="/wiki/Festoon" title="Festoon">festoons</a>; 200–225; marble; 134.6 x 223.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sousse_neptune.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Triumph of Neptune standing on a chariot pulled by two sea horses; mid-3rd century; Sousse Archaeological Museum (Tunisia)"><img alt="Triumph of Neptune standing on a chariot pulled by two sea horses; mid-3rd century; Sousse Archaeological Museum (Tunisia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sousse_neptune.jpg/170px-Sousse_neptune.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sousse_neptune.jpg/255px-Sousse_neptune.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sousse_neptune.jpg/340px-Sousse_neptune.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1530" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Triumph of Neptune standing on a chariot pulled by two sea horses; mid-3rd century; <a href="/wiki/Sousse_Archaeological_Museum" title="Sousse Archaeological Museum">Sousse Archaeological Museum</a> (Tunisia)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theseus_Mosaic_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Theseus Mosaic; 300-400 AD; marble and limestone pebbles; 4.1 x 4.2 m; Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna, Austria)"><img alt="The Theseus Mosaic; 300-400 AD; marble and limestone pebbles; 4.1 x 4.2 m; Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna, Austria)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Theseus_Mosaic_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Theseus_Mosaic_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Theseus_Mosaic_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Theseus_Mosaic_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Theseus_Mosaic_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Theseus_Mosaic_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4988" data-file-height="4895" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i>Theseus Mosaic</i>; 300-400 AD; marble and limestone pebbles; 4.1 x 4.2 m; <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval">Medieval</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Europe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval art</a></div> <p>Most surviving art from the <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">Medieval</a> period was religious in focus, often funded by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Church</a>, powerful ecclesiastical individuals such as <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a>, communal groups such as <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">abbeys</a>, or wealthy secular <a href="/wiki/Patron" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron">patrons</a>. Many had specific liturgical functions—processional <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">crosses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">altarpieces</a>, for example. </p><p>One of the central questions about Medieval art concerns its lack of realism. A great deal of knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">perspective</a> in art and understanding of the human figure was lost with the fall of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a>. But realism was not the primary concern of Medieval artists. They were simply trying to send a religious message, a task which demands clear iconic images instead of precisely rendered ones. </p><p><b>Time Period</b>: 6th century to 15th century </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Medieval_art">Early Medieval art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Europe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early Medieval art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Migration_period_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period art">Migration period art</a> is a general term for the art of the "barbarian" peoples who moved into formerly Roman territories. <a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic art</a> in the 7th and 8th centuries saw a fusion with Germanic traditions through contact with the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> creating what is called the Hiberno-Saxon style or <a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a>, which was to be highly influential on the rest of the Middle Ages. <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingian art">Merovingian art</a> describes the art of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> before about 800, when <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian art</a> combined insular influences with a self-conscious classical revival, developing into <a href="/wiki/Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian art</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon art</a> is the art of England after the Insular period. <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscripts</a> contain nearly all the surviving painting of the period, but architecture, metalwork and small carved work in wood or ivory were also important media. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sutton.Hoo.Belt.Buckle.RobRoy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buckle of Sutton Hoo; 580–620; gold and niello; length: 13.1 cm; British Museum (London)"><img alt="Buckle of Sutton Hoo; 580–620; gold and niello; length: 13.1 cm; British Museum (London)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sutton.Hoo.Belt.Buckle.RobRoy.jpg/170px-Sutton.Hoo.Belt.Buckle.RobRoy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sutton.Hoo.Belt.Buckle.RobRoy.jpg/255px-Sutton.Hoo.Belt.Buckle.RobRoy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sutton.Hoo.Belt.Buckle.RobRoy.jpg/340px-Sutton.Hoo.Belt.Buckle.RobRoy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="634" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buckle of <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a>; 580–620; gold and niello; length: 13.1 cm; <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> (London)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sutton_Hoo_Ship_Burial_-_British_Museum_-_Joy_of_Museums.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The helmet of Sutton Hoo; early 7th century AD; coppery alloy, iron, gold and garnet; height: 31.8 cm; British Museum"><img alt="The helmet of Sutton Hoo; early 7th century AD; coppery alloy, iron, gold and garnet; height: 31.8 cm; British Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sutton_Hoo_Ship_Burial_-_British_Museum_-_Joy_of_Museums.jpg/130px-Sutton_Hoo_Ship_Burial_-_British_Museum_-_Joy_of_Museums.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sutton_Hoo_Ship_Burial_-_British_Museum_-_Joy_of_Museums.jpg/196px-Sutton_Hoo_Ship_Burial_-_British_Museum_-_Joy_of_Museums.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sutton_Hoo_Ship_Burial_-_British_Museum_-_Joy_of_Museums.jpg/261px-Sutton_Hoo_Ship_Burial_-_British_Museum_-_Joy_of_Museums.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2604" data-file-height="3394" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet" title="Sutton Hoo helmet">helmet of Sutton Hoo</a></i>; early 7th century AD; coppery alloy, iron, gold and <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnet</a>; height: 31.8 cm; British Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sutton.Hoo.ShoulderClasp2.RobRoy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shoulder-clasps from Sutton Hoo; early 7th century; gold, glass & garnet; length: 12.7 cm; British Museum"><img alt="Shoulder-clasps from Sutton Hoo; early 7th century; gold, glass & garnet; length: 12.7 cm; British Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sutton.Hoo.ShoulderClasp2.RobRoy.jpg/170px-Sutton.Hoo.ShoulderClasp2.RobRoy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sutton.Hoo.ShoulderClasp2.RobRoy.jpg/255px-Sutton.Hoo.ShoulderClasp2.RobRoy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sutton.Hoo.ShoulderClasp2.RobRoy.jpg/340px-Sutton.Hoo.ShoulderClasp2.RobRoy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shoulder-clasps from <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a>; early 7th century; gold, glass & <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnet</a>; length: 12.7 cm; British Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Incipit to Matthew from the Book of Lindisfarne; late 7th century; ink and pigments on vellum; 34 x 25 cm; British Library (London)"><img alt="The Incipit to Matthew from the Book of Lindisfarne; late 7th century; ink and pigments on vellum; 34 x 25 cm; British Library (London)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg/120px-LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg/180px-LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg/239px-LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="1797" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Incipit" title="Incipit">Incipit</a> to Matthew from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lindisfarne" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Lindisfarne">Book of Lindisfarne</a>; late 7th century; ink and pigments on vellum; 34 x 25 cm; <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> (London)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine">Byzantine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Europe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Byzantine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a></div> <p>Byzantine art overlaps with or merges with what we call Early Christian art until the <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclasm</a> period of 730-843 when the vast majority of artwork with figures was destroyed; so little remains that today any discovery sheds new understanding. After 843 until 1453 there is a clear Byzantine art tradition. It is often the finest art of the Middle Ages in terms of quality of material and workmanship, with production centered on Constantinople. Byzantine art's crowning achievement were the monumental frescos and mosaics inside domed churches, most of which have not survived due to natural disasters and the appropriation of churches to mosques. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marble_slap_with_relief_representation_of_the_Nativity._Later_4th-early_5th_c._(8383338579).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Slab with a relief representing the Nativity of Jesus; 4th-early 5th century; marble; Byzantine and Christian Museum (Athens)"><img alt="Slab with a relief representing the Nativity of Jesus; 4th-early 5th century; marble; Byzantine and Christian Museum (Athens)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Marble_slap_with_relief_representation_of_the_Nativity._Later_4th-early_5th_c._%288383338579%29.jpg/170px-Marble_slap_with_relief_representation_of_the_Nativity._Later_4th-early_5th_c._%288383338579%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Marble_slap_with_relief_representation_of_the_Nativity._Later_4th-early_5th_c._%288383338579%29.jpg/255px-Marble_slap_with_relief_representation_of_the_Nativity._Later_4th-early_5th_c._%288383338579%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Marble_slap_with_relief_representation_of_the_Nativity._Later_4th-early_5th_c._%288383338579%29.jpg/340px-Marble_slap_with_relief_representation_of_the_Nativity._Later_4th-early_5th_c._%288383338579%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3281" data-file-height="3281" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Slab with a relief representing the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a>; 4th-early 5th century; marble; <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_and_Christian_Museum" title="Byzantine and Christian Museum">Byzantine and Christian Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_abside_a_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apse of the Santa Maria Maggiore church in Rome, decorated in the 5th century with this glamorous mosaic"><img alt="Apse of the Santa Maria Maggiore church in Rome, decorated in the 5th century with this glamorous mosaic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_abside_a_Roma.jpg/139px-Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_abside_a_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_abside_a_Roma.jpg/209px-Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_abside_a_Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_abside_a_Roma.jpg/278px-Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_abside_a_Roma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6500" data-file-height="7934" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Apse of the <i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Santa Maria Maggiore</a></i> church in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, decorated in the 5th century with this glamorous mosaic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_of_San_Vitale_-_Lamb_of_God_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosaics on a ceiling and some walls of the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna (Italy), circa 547 AD"><img alt="Mosaics on a ceiling and some walls of the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna (Italy), circa 547 AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Basilica_of_San_Vitale_-_Lamb_of_God_mosaic.jpg/170px-Basilica_of_San_Vitale_-_Lamb_of_God_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Basilica_of_San_Vitale_-_Lamb_of_God_mosaic.jpg/255px-Basilica_of_San_Vitale_-_Lamb_of_God_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Basilica_of_San_Vitale_-_Lamb_of_God_mosaic.jpg/340px-Basilica_of_San_Vitale_-_Lamb_of_God_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4309" data-file-height="3443" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mosaics on a ceiling and some walls of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">Basilica of San Vitale</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> (Italy), circa 547 AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_Theotokos_Gorgoepikoos_and_Agios_Eleytherios_Athens,_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Little Metropolis in Athens, built on unknown dates, between the 9th century to the 13th century"><img alt="The Little Metropolis in Athens, built on unknown dates, between the 9th century to the 13th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Church_Theotokos_Gorgoepikoos_and_Agios_Eleytherios_Athens%2C_Greece.jpg/170px-Church_Theotokos_Gorgoepikoos_and_Agios_Eleytherios_Athens%2C_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Church_Theotokos_Gorgoepikoos_and_Agios_Eleytherios_Athens%2C_Greece.jpg/255px-Church_Theotokos_Gorgoepikoos_and_Agios_Eleytherios_Athens%2C_Greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Church_Theotokos_Gorgoepikoos_and_Agios_Eleytherios_Athens%2C_Greece.jpg/340px-Church_Theotokos_Gorgoepikoos_and_Agios_Eleytherios_Athens%2C_Greece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4226" data-file-height="3539" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Metropolis" title="Little Metropolis">Little Metropolis</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, built on unknown dates, between the 9th century to the 13th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cameo_Pantocrator_from_jasper,_almandines,_emerald,_chrysoprase_(Constantinople,_10-11_c,_mount_-_Byzantine_-_12-13_c;_Kremlin_museum)_01_by_shakko.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cameo; 10th-11th centuries; jasper, almandine, emerald and chrysoprase; from Constantinople; Moscow Kremlin Museums (Russia)"><img alt="Cameo; 10th-11th centuries; jasper, almandine, emerald and chrysoprase; from Constantinople; Moscow Kremlin Museums (Russia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cameo_Pantocrator_from_jasper%2C_almandines%2C_emerald%2C_chrysoprase_%28Constantinople%2C_10-11_c%2C_mount_-_Byzantine_-_12-13_c%3B_Kremlin_museum%29_01_by_shakko.JPG/135px-Cameo_Pantocrator_from_jasper%2C_almandines%2C_emerald%2C_chrysoprase_%28Constantinople%2C_10-11_c%2C_mount_-_Byzantine_-_12-13_c%3B_Kremlin_museum%29_01_by_shakko.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cameo_Pantocrator_from_jasper%2C_almandines%2C_emerald%2C_chrysoprase_%28Constantinople%2C_10-11_c%2C_mount_-_Byzantine_-_12-13_c%3B_Kremlin_museum%29_01_by_shakko.JPG/203px-Cameo_Pantocrator_from_jasper%2C_almandines%2C_emerald%2C_chrysoprase_%28Constantinople%2C_10-11_c%2C_mount_-_Byzantine_-_12-13_c%3B_Kremlin_museum%29_01_by_shakko.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cameo_Pantocrator_from_jasper%2C_almandines%2C_emerald%2C_chrysoprase_%28Constantinople%2C_10-11_c%2C_mount_-_Byzantine_-_12-13_c%3B_Kremlin_museum%29_01_by_shakko.JPG/271px-Cameo_Pantocrator_from_jasper%2C_almandines%2C_emerald%2C_chrysoprase_%28Constantinople%2C_10-11_c%2C_mount_-_Byzantine_-_12-13_c%3B_Kremlin_museum%29_01_by_shakko.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="3453" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cameo; 10th-11th centuries; <a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">jasper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almandine" title="Almandine">almandine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emerald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chrysoprase" title="Chrysoprase">chrysoprase</a>; from <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>; <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin_Museums" title="Moscow Kremlin Museums">Moscow Kremlin Museums</a> (Russia)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaharis_Byzantine_Lectionary_MET_DP160638.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gospel lectionary; circa 1100; tempera, gold, and ink on parchment, and leather binding; overall: 36.8 x 29.6 x 12.4 cm, folio: 35 x 26.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)"><img alt="Gospel lectionary; circa 1100; tempera, gold, and ink on parchment, and leather binding; overall: 36.8 x 29.6 x 12.4 cm, folio: 35 x 26.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Jaharis_Byzantine_Lectionary_MET_DP160638.jpg/170px-Jaharis_Byzantine_Lectionary_MET_DP160638.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Jaharis_Byzantine_Lectionary_MET_DP160638.jpg/255px-Jaharis_Byzantine_Lectionary_MET_DP160638.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Jaharis_Byzantine_Lectionary_MET_DP160638.jpg/340px-Jaharis_Byzantine_Lectionary_MET_DP160638.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gospel lectionary; circa 1100; tempera, gold, and ink on parchment, and leather binding; overall: 36.8 x 29.6 x 12.4 cm, folio: 35 x 26.2 cm; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantium,_Constantinople_-_Icon_of_the_New_Testament_Trinity_-_2016.32_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Icon of the New Testament Trinity; circa 1450; tempera and gold on wood panel (poplar); Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, US)"><img alt="Icon of the New Testament Trinity; circa 1450; tempera and gold on wood panel (poplar); Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, US)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Byzantium%2C_Constantinople_-_Icon_of_the_New_Testament_Trinity_-_2016.32_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Byzantium%2C_Constantinople_-_Icon_of_the_New_Testament_Trinity_-_2016.32_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Byzantium%2C_Constantinople_-_Icon_of_the_New_Testament_Trinity_-_2016.32_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Byzantium%2C_Constantinople_-_Icon_of_the_New_Testament_Trinity_-_2016.32_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Byzantium%2C_Constantinople_-_Icon_of_the_New_Testament_Trinity_-_2016.32_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Byzantium%2C_Constantinople_-_Icon_of_the_New_Testament_Trinity_-_2016.32_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7656" data-file-height="4481" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Icon of the New Testament Trinity; circa 1450; tempera and gold on wood panel (poplar); <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, US)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Malnazar_-_Decorated_Incipit_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Page of an Armenian illuminated manuscript; 1637–1638; tempera colors, gold paint, and gold leaf on parchment; height: 25.2 cm; Getty Center (Los Angeles)"><img alt="Page of an Armenian illuminated manuscript; 1637–1638; tempera colors, gold paint, and gold leaf on parchment; height: 25.2 cm; Getty Center (Los Angeles)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Malnazar_-_Decorated_Incipit_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/117px-Malnazar_-_Decorated_Incipit_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Malnazar_-_Decorated_Incipit_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/176px-Malnazar_-_Decorated_Incipit_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Malnazar_-_Decorated_Incipit_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/235px-Malnazar_-_Decorated_Incipit_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3109" data-file-height="4496" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Page of an Armenian <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscript</a>; 1637–1638; tempera colors, gold paint, and <a href="/wiki/Gold_leaf" title="Gold leaf">gold leaf</a> on parchment; height: 25.2 cm; <a href="/wiki/Getty_Center" title="Getty Center">Getty Center</a> (Los Angeles)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanesque">Romanesque</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Europe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Romanesque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque art</a></div> <p>Romanesque art refers to the period from about 1000 to the rise of Gothic art in the 12th century. This was a period of increasing prosperity, and the first to see a coherent style used across Europe, from Scandinavia to Sicily. Romanesque art is vigorous and direct, was originally brightly coloured, and is often very sophisticated. <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">enamel</a> on metalwork became important media, and larger sculptures in the round developed, although <a href="/wiki/High_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="High relief">high relief</a> was the principal technique. Its architecture is dominated by thick walls, and round-headed windows and arches, with much carved decoration. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Lach_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maria Laach Abbey (near Andernach, Germany), one of the most iconic Romanesque churches"><img alt="Maria Laach Abbey (near Andernach, Germany), one of the most iconic Romanesque churches" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Maria_Lach_02.jpg/170px-Maria_Lach_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Maria_Lach_02.jpg/255px-Maria_Lach_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Maria_Lach_02.jpg/340px-Maria_Lach_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1235" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Maria_Laach_Abbey" title="Maria Laach Abbey">Maria Laach Abbey</a></i> (near <a href="/wiki/Andernach" title="Andernach">Andernach</a>, Germany), one of the most iconic Romanesque churches</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vezelay_WLM2016_La_basilique_Sainte-Marie-Madeleine_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stone bas-relief of Jesus, from the Vézelay Abbey (Burgundy, France)"><img alt="Stone bas-relief of Jesus, from the Vézelay Abbey (Burgundy, France)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Vezelay_WLM2016_La_basilique_Sainte-Marie-Madeleine_%283%29.jpg/132px-Vezelay_WLM2016_La_basilique_Sainte-Marie-Madeleine_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Vezelay_WLM2016_La_basilique_Sainte-Marie-Madeleine_%283%29.jpg/198px-Vezelay_WLM2016_La_basilique_Sainte-Marie-Madeleine_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Vezelay_WLM2016_La_basilique_Sainte-Marie-Madeleine_%283%29.jpg/264px-Vezelay_WLM2016_La_basilique_Sainte-Marie-Madeleine_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4203" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stone bas-relief of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9zelay_Abbey" title="Vézelay Abbey">Vézelay Abbey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a>, France)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89vangiles_de_Liessies_-_saint_Jean_-_Avesnes-sur-Helpe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Miniature of Saint John the Evangelist; before 1147; illumination on parchment; 35.5 cm; Avesnes-sur-Helpe (France)"><img alt="Miniature of Saint John the Evangelist; before 1147; illumination on parchment; 35.5 cm; Avesnes-sur-Helpe (France)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%C3%89vangiles_de_Liessies_-_saint_Jean_-_Avesnes-sur-Helpe.jpg/113px-%C3%89vangiles_de_Liessies_-_saint_Jean_-_Avesnes-sur-Helpe.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%C3%89vangiles_de_Liessies_-_saint_Jean_-_Avesnes-sur-Helpe.jpg/170px-%C3%89vangiles_de_Liessies_-_saint_Jean_-_Avesnes-sur-Helpe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%C3%89vangiles_de_Liessies_-_saint_Jean_-_Avesnes-sur-Helpe.jpg/227px-%C3%89vangiles_de_Liessies_-_saint_Jean_-_Avesnes-sur-Helpe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2835" data-file-height="4252" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Miniature of <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_the_Evangelist" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint John the Evangelist">Saint John the Evangelist</a>; before 1147; illumination on parchment; 35.5 cm; <a href="/wiki/Avesnes-sur-Helpe" title="Avesnes-sur-Helpe">Avesnes-sur-Helpe</a> (France)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Klosterkirche_M%C3%BCstair_Freske_Steinigung_Stephanus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The stoning of Saint Stephen; 1160s; fresco; height: 1.3 m; Saint John Abbey (Val Müstair, Canton of Grisons, Switzerland)"><img alt="The stoning of Saint Stephen; 1160s; fresco; height: 1.3 m; Saint John Abbey (Val Müstair, Canton of Grisons, Switzerland)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Klosterkirche_M%C3%BCstair_Freske_Steinigung_Stephanus.jpg/170px-Klosterkirche_M%C3%BCstair_Freske_Steinigung_Stephanus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Klosterkirche_M%C3%BCstair_Freske_Steinigung_Stephanus.jpg/255px-Klosterkirche_M%C3%BCstair_Freske_Steinigung_Stephanus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Klosterkirche_M%C3%BCstair_Freske_Steinigung_Stephanus.jpg/340px-Klosterkirche_M%C3%BCstair_Freske_Steinigung_Stephanus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The stoning of Saint Stephen; 1160s; fresco; height: 1.3 m; <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_Abbey,_M%C3%BCstair" title="Saint John Abbey, Müstair">Saint John Abbey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Val_M%C3%BCstair" title="Val Müstair">Val Müstair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Grisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Grisons">Canton of Grisons</a>, Switzerland)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gothic">Gothic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Europe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gothic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic art</a></div><p> Gothic art is a variable term depending on the craft, place and time. The term originated with Gothic architecture in 1140, but Gothic painting did not appear until around 1200 (this date has many qualifications), when it diverged from Romanesque style. Gothic sculpture was born in France in 1144 with the renovation of the Abbey Church of S. Denis and spread throughout Europe, by the 13th century it had become the international style, replacing Romanesque. International Gothic describes Gothic art from about 1360 to 1430, after which Gothic art merges into Renaissance art at different times in different places. During this period forms such as painting, in fresco and on panel, become newly important, and the end of the period includes new media such as prints. </p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_Cathedral_Royal_portal_Central_Bay_Tympanum_2007_08_31.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Part of the Royal Portal; 1145–1155; limestone; Chartres Cathedral (Chartres, France)"><img alt="Part of the Royal Portal; 1145–1155; limestone; Chartres Cathedral (Chartres, France)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chartres_Cathedral_Royal_portal_Central_Bay_Tympanum_2007_08_31.jpg/170px-Chartres_Cathedral_Royal_portal_Central_Bay_Tympanum_2007_08_31.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chartres_Cathedral_Royal_portal_Central_Bay_Tympanum_2007_08_31.jpg/255px-Chartres_Cathedral_Royal_portal_Central_Bay_Tympanum_2007_08_31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chartres_Cathedral_Royal_portal_Central_Bay_Tympanum_2007_08_31.jpg/340px-Chartres_Cathedral_Royal_portal_Central_Bay_Tympanum_2007_08_31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Part of the Royal Portal; 1145–1155; limestone; <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a>, France)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_RosetteNord_121_DSC08241.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="North transept windows; circa 1230–1235; stained glass; diameter (rose window): 10.2 m; Chartres Cathedral"><img alt="North transept windows; circa 1230–1235; stained glass; diameter (rose window): 10.2 m; Chartres Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Chartres_RosetteNord_121_DSC08241.jpg/101px-Chartres_RosetteNord_121_DSC08241.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Chartres_RosetteNord_121_DSC08241.jpg/152px-Chartres_RosetteNord_121_DSC08241.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Chartres_RosetteNord_121_DSC08241.jpg/203px-Chartres_RosetteNord_121_DSC08241.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2665" data-file-height="4466" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">North transept windows; circa 1230–1235; stained glass; diameter (rose window): 10.2 m; Chartres Cathedral</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scenes_from_the_Legend_of_Saint_Vincent_of_Saragossa_and_the_History_of_His_Relics_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scenes from the Legend of Saint Vincent of Saragossa; 1245–1247; pot-metal glass, vitreous paint, and lead; overall: 373.4 x 110.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)"><img alt="Scenes from the Legend of Saint Vincent of Saragossa; 1245–1247; pot-metal glass, vitreous paint, and lead; overall: 373.4 x 110.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Scenes_from_the_Legend_of_Saint_Vincent_of_Saragossa_and_the_History_of_His_Relics_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/61px-Scenes_from_the_Legend_of_Saint_Vincent_of_Saragossa_and_the_History_of_His_Relics_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="61" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Scenes_from_the_Legend_of_Saint_Vincent_of_Saragossa_and_the_History_of_His_Relics_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/91px-Scenes_from_the_Legend_of_Saint_Vincent_of_Saragossa_and_the_History_of_His_Relics_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Scenes_from_the_Legend_of_Saint_Vincent_of_Saragossa_and_the_History_of_His_Relics_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/122px-Scenes_from_the_Legend_of_Saint_Vincent_of_Saragossa_and_the_History_of_His_Relics_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1439" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scenes from the Legend of Saint Vincent of Saragossa; 1245–1247; pot-metal glass, vitreous paint, and lead; overall: 373.4 x 110.5 cm; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diptych_with_the_Coronation_of_the_Virgin_and_the_Last_Judgment_MET_DP102832.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French diptych with the coronation of the Virgin and the Last Judgment; 1260–1270; elephant ivory with metal mounts; overall: 12.7 x 13 x 1.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="French diptych with the coronation of the Virgin and the Last Judgment; 1260–1270; elephant ivory with metal mounts; overall: 12.7 x 13 x 1.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Diptych_with_the_Coronation_of_the_Virgin_and_the_Last_Judgment_MET_DP102832.jpg/170px-Diptych_with_the_Coronation_of_the_Virgin_and_the_Last_Judgment_MET_DP102832.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Diptych_with_the_Coronation_of_the_Virgin_and_the_Last_Judgment_MET_DP102832.jpg/255px-Diptych_with_the_Coronation_of_the_Virgin_and_the_Last_Judgment_MET_DP102832.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Diptych_with_the_Coronation_of_the_Virgin_and_the_Last_Judgment_MET_DP102832.jpg/340px-Diptych_with_the_Coronation_of_the_Virgin_and_the_Last_Judgment_MET_DP102832.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">French diptych with the coronation of the Virgin and the Last Judgment; 1260–1270; elephant ivory with metal mounts; overall: 12.7 x 13 x 1.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Enthroned_Virgin_and_Child_MET_DP102857.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Enthroned Virgin and child; 1260–1280; elephant ivory with traces of paint and gilding; overall: 18.4 x 7.6 x 7.3 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Enthroned Virgin and child; 1260–1280; elephant ivory with traces of paint and gilding; overall: 18.4 x 7.6 x 7.3 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Enthroned_Virgin_and_Child_MET_DP102857.jpg/170px-Enthroned_Virgin_and_Child_MET_DP102857.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Enthroned_Virgin_and_Child_MET_DP102857.jpg/255px-Enthroned_Virgin_and_Child_MET_DP102857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Enthroned_Virgin_and_Child_MET_DP102857.jpg/340px-Enthroned_Virgin_and_Child_MET_DP102857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3791" data-file-height="3792" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Enthroned Virgin and child; 1260–1280; elephant ivory with traces of paint and gilding; overall: 18.4 x 7.6 x 7.3 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bifolium_with_the_Decretals_of_Gratian_MET_LC_1990_217s5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bifolium with the decretals of gratian; circa 1290; tempera and gold on parchment, brown ink, and modern leather binding; overall: 48.3 x 29.2 x 1.3 cm, opened: 47.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Bifolium with the decretals of gratian; circa 1290; tempera and gold on parchment, brown ink, and modern leather binding; overall: 48.3 x 29.2 x 1.3 cm, opened: 47.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bifolium_with_the_Decretals_of_Gratian_MET_LC_1990_217s5.jpg/170px-Bifolium_with_the_Decretals_of_Gratian_MET_LC_1990_217s5.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bifolium_with_the_Decretals_of_Gratian_MET_LC_1990_217s5.jpg/255px-Bifolium_with_the_Decretals_of_Gratian_MET_LC_1990_217s5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bifolium_with_the_Decretals_of_Gratian_MET_LC_1990_217s5.jpg/340px-Bifolium_with_the_Decretals_of_Gratian_MET_LC_1990_217s5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3328" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bifolium with the decretals of <a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">gratian</a>; circa 1290; tempera and gold on parchment, brown ink, and modern leather binding; overall: 48.3 x 29.2 x 1.3 cm, opened: 47.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diptych_with_Scenes_of_the_Annunciation,_Nativity,_Crucifixion,_and_Resurrection_MET_DT231706.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="German diptych with religious scenes; 1300–1325; silver gilt with translucent and opaque enamels; overall (opened): 6.1 x 8.6 x 0.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="German diptych with religious scenes; 1300–1325; silver gilt with translucent and opaque enamels; overall (opened): 6.1 x 8.6 x 0.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Diptych_with_Scenes_of_the_Annunciation%2C_Nativity%2C_Crucifixion%2C_and_Resurrection_MET_DT231706.jpg/170px-Diptych_with_Scenes_of_the_Annunciation%2C_Nativity%2C_Crucifixion%2C_and_Resurrection_MET_DT231706.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Diptych_with_Scenes_of_the_Annunciation%2C_Nativity%2C_Crucifixion%2C_and_Resurrection_MET_DT231706.jpg/255px-Diptych_with_Scenes_of_the_Annunciation%2C_Nativity%2C_Crucifixion%2C_and_Resurrection_MET_DT231706.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Diptych_with_Scenes_of_the_Annunciation%2C_Nativity%2C_Crucifixion%2C_and_Resurrection_MET_DT231706.jpg/340px-Diptych_with_Scenes_of_the_Annunciation%2C_Nativity%2C_Crucifixion%2C_and_Resurrection_MET_DT231706.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3811" data-file-height="2885" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">German diptych with religious scenes; 1300–1325; silver gilt with translucent and opaque enamels; overall (opened): 6.1 x 8.6 x 0.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Folio_86v_-_The_Funeral_of_Raymond_Diocr%C3%A8s_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Page of Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry depictic the funeral of Raymond Diocrès; 1411-1416 and 1485–1486; tempera on vellum; height: 29 cm, width: 21 cm; Condé Museum (Chantilly, France)"><img alt="Page of Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry depictic the funeral of Raymond Diocrès; 1411-1416 and 1485–1486; tempera on vellum; height: 29 cm, width: 21 cm; Condé Museum (Chantilly, France)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Folio_86v_-_The_Funeral_of_Raymond_Diocr%C3%A8s_%28cropped%29.jpg/117px-Folio_86v_-_The_Funeral_of_Raymond_Diocr%C3%A8s_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Folio_86v_-_The_Funeral_of_Raymond_Diocr%C3%A8s_%28cropped%29.jpg/176px-Folio_86v_-_The_Funeral_of_Raymond_Diocr%C3%A8s_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Folio_86v_-_The_Funeral_of_Raymond_Diocr%C3%A8s_%28cropped%29.jpg/234px-Folio_86v_-_The_Funeral_of_Raymond_Diocr%C3%A8s_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2176" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Page of <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_Duc_de_Berry" title="Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry">Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry</a> depictic the funeral of Raymond Diocrès; 1411-1416 and 1485–1486; <a href="/wiki/Tempera" title="Tempera">tempera</a> on <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a>; height: 29 cm, width: 21 cm; <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Condé Museum">Condé Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chantilly,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Chantilly, France">Chantilly, France</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(Toulouse)_Mon_seul_d%C3%A9sir_(La_Dame_%C3%A0_la_licorne)_-_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Lady and the Unicorn, the title given to a series of six tapestries woven in Flanders, this one being called À Mon Seul Désir; late 15th century; wool and silk; 377 x 473 cm; Musée de Cluny (Paris)"><img alt="The Lady and the Unicorn, the title given to a series of six tapestries woven in Flanders, this one being called À Mon Seul Désir; late 15th century; wool and silk; 377 x 473 cm; Musée de Cluny (Paris)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%28Toulouse%29_Mon_seul_d%C3%A9sir_%28La_Dame_%C3%A0_la_licorne%29_-_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny_Paris.jpg/170px-%28Toulouse%29_Mon_seul_d%C3%A9sir_%28La_Dame_%C3%A0_la_licorne%29_-_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%28Toulouse%29_Mon_seul_d%C3%A9sir_%28La_Dame_%C3%A0_la_licorne%29_-_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny_Paris.jpg/255px-%28Toulouse%29_Mon_seul_d%C3%A9sir_%28La_Dame_%C3%A0_la_licorne%29_-_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%28Toulouse%29_Mon_seul_d%C3%A9sir_%28La_Dame_%C3%A0_la_licorne%29_-_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny_Paris.jpg/340px-%28Toulouse%29_Mon_seul_d%C3%A9sir_%28La_Dame_%C3%A0_la_licorne%29_-_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6889" data-file-height="5562" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_and_the_Unicorn" title="The Lady and the Unicorn">The Lady and the Unicorn</a></i>, the title given to a series of six <a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">tapestries</a> woven in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, this one being called <i>À Mon Seul Désir</i>; late 15th century; wool and silk; 377 x 473 cm; <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny" title="Musée de Cluny">Musée de Cluny</a> (Paris)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Enthroned_Virgin_MET_DP366930.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Austrian statue of Enthroned Virgin; 1490–1500; limestone with gesso, painted and gilded; 80.3 x 59.1 x 23.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Austrian statue of Enthroned Virgin; 1490–1500; limestone with gesso, painted and gilded; 80.3 x 59.1 x 23.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Enthroned_Virgin_MET_DP366930.jpg/126px-Enthroned_Virgin_MET_DP366930.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Enthroned_Virgin_MET_DP366930.jpg/189px-Enthroned_Virgin_MET_DP366930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Enthroned_Virgin_MET_DP366930.jpg/252px-Enthroned_Virgin_MET_DP366930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2878" data-file-height="3875" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Austrian statue of Enthroned Virgin; 1490–1500; limestone with <a href="/wiki/Gesso" title="Gesso">gesso</a>, painted and gilded; 80.3 x 59.1 x 23.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrance_in_Jerusalem-Master_of_monogram_AH-MBA_Lyon_H648b-IMG_0241.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entrance in Jerusalem; circa 1500; painting; Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon (Lyon, France)"><img alt="Entrance in Jerusalem; circa 1500; painting; Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon (Lyon, France)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Entrance_in_Jerusalem-Master_of_monogram_AH-MBA_Lyon_H648b-IMG_0241.jpg/98px-Entrance_in_Jerusalem-Master_of_monogram_AH-MBA_Lyon_H648b-IMG_0241.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Entrance_in_Jerusalem-Master_of_monogram_AH-MBA_Lyon_H648b-IMG_0241.jpg/147px-Entrance_in_Jerusalem-Master_of_monogram_AH-MBA_Lyon_H648b-IMG_0241.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Entrance_in_Jerusalem-Master_of_monogram_AH-MBA_Lyon_H648b-IMG_0241.jpg/196px-Entrance_in_Jerusalem-Master_of_monogram_AH-MBA_Lyon_H648b-IMG_0241.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2910" data-file-height="5049" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Entrance in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></i>; circa 1500; painting; <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts_of_Lyon" title="Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon">Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, France)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotel-de-Sens-DSC_8085.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flamboyant Gothic cross-windows of the Hôtel de Sens (Paris)"><img alt="Flamboyant Gothic cross-windows of the Hôtel de Sens (Paris)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hotel-de-Sens-DSC_8085.jpg/113px-Hotel-de-Sens-DSC_8085.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hotel-de-Sens-DSC_8085.jpg/169px-Hotel-de-Sens-DSC_8085.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hotel-de-Sens-DSC_8085.jpg/226px-Hotel-de-Sens-DSC_8085.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Flamboyant" title="Flamboyant">Flamboyant</a> Gothic cross-windows of the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Sens" title="Hôtel de Sens">Hôtel de Sens</a> (Paris)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Europe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uomo_Vitruviano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Uomo_Vitruviano.jpg/180px-Uomo_Vitruviano.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Uomo_Vitruviano.jpg/270px-Uomo_Vitruviano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Uomo_Vitruviano.jpg/360px-Uomo_Vitruviano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2131" data-file-height="2953" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Vitruvian_Man" title="Vitruvian Man">Vitruvian Man</a></i> (<i>Uomo Vitruviano</i>) (c. 1490), a seminal work from the Renaissance. The drawing is inspired and subsequently named after the 1st century BC <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman architect</a>-author <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> and his notions on the "ideal" <a href="/wiki/Body_proportions" title="Body proportions">human body proportions</a>, found in his <i><a href="/wiki/De_architectura" title="De architectura">De architectura</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The drawing highlights the movement's fascination with <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Graeco-Roman">Graeco-Roman civilisations</a> and appropriation of <a href="/wiki/Classical_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical art">classical art</a>, as well as his pursuit for the correlation between body structure and nature.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance art</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> is characterized by a focus on the arts of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a>, which led to many changes in both the technical aspects of painting and sculpture, as well as to their subject matter. It began in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italy</a>, a country rich in Roman heritage as well as material prosperity to fund artists. During the Renaissance, painters began to enhance the realism of their work by using new techniques in <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">perspective</a>, thus representing three <a href="/wiki/Dimension" title="Dimension">dimensions</a> more authentically. Artists also began to use new techniques in the manipulation of light and darkness, such as the tone contrast evident in many of <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>'s portraits and the development of <a href="/wiki/Sfumato" title="Sfumato">sfumato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chiaroscuro" title="Chiaroscuro">chiaroscuro</a> by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculptors</a>, too, began to rediscover many ancient techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Contrapposto" title="Contrapposto">contrapposto</a>. Following with the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanist</a> spirit of the age, art became more secular in subject matter, depicting ancient <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> in addition to Christian themes. This genre of art is often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Classicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance Classicism">Renaissance Classicism</a>. In the North, the most important Renaissance innovation was the widespread use of <a href="/wiki/Oil_paint" title="Oil paint">oil paints</a>, which allowed for greater colour and intensity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_Gothic_to_the_Renaissance">From Gothic to the Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Europe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: From Gothic to the Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the late 13th century and early 14th century, much of the painting in Italy was <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a> in character, notably that of <a href="/wiki/Duccio" title="Duccio">Duccio</a> of Siena and <a href="/wiki/Cimabue" title="Cimabue">Cimabue</a> of Florence, while <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Cavallini" title="Pietro Cavallini">Pietro Cavallini</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> was more <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> in style. During the <a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th century</a>, Italian sculptors began to draw inspiration not only from medieval prototypes, but also from ancient works.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1290, <a href="/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" class="mw-redirect" title="Giotto di Bondone">Giotto</a> began painting in a manner that was less traditional and more based upon observation of nature. His famous cycle at the <a href="/wiki/Scrovegni_Chapel" title="Scrovegni Chapel">Scrovegni Chapel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, is seen as the beginnings of a <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance style</a>. </p><p>Other painters of the 14th century were carried the Gothic style to great elaboration and detail. Notable among these painters are <a href="/wiki/Simone_Martini" title="Simone Martini">Simone Martini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gentile_da_Fabriano" title="Gentile da Fabriano">Gentile da Fabriano</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, the technique of painting in <a href="/wiki/Oil_paint" title="Oil paint">oils</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Tempera" title="Tempera">tempera</a>, led itself to a form of elaboration that was not dependent upon the application of gold leaf and embossing, but upon the minute depiction of the natural world. The art of painting textures with great realism evolved at this time. Dutch painters such as <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_van_der_Goes" title="Hugo van der Goes">Hugo van der Goes</a> were to have great influence on Late Gothic and Early Renaissance painting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Renaissance">Early Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Europe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Early Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ideas of the Renaissance first emerged in the city-state of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. The sculptor <a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a> returned to classical techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Contrapposto" title="Contrapposto">contrapposto</a> and classical subjects like the unsupported nude—his second sculpture of <i><a href="/wiki/David_(Donatello,_bronze)" title="David (Donatello, bronze)">David</a></i> was the first free-standing bronze nude created in Europe since the Roman Empire. The sculptor and architect <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Brunelleschi</a> studied the architectural ideas of ancient Roman buildings for inspiration. <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Masaccio" class="mw-redirect" title="Tommaso Masaccio">Masaccio</a> perfected elements like composition, individual expression, and human form to paint frescoes, especially those in the <a href="/wiki/Brancacci_Chapel" title="Brancacci Chapel">Brancacci Chapel</a>, of surprising elegance, drama, and emotion. </p><p>A remarkable number of these major artists worked on different portions of the <a href="/wiki/Florence_Cathedral" title="Florence Cathedral">Florence Cathedral</a>. Brunelleschi's dome for the cathedral was one of the first truly revolutionary architectural innovations since the Gothic flying buttress. Donatello created many of its sculptures. Giotto and <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ghiberti" title="Lorenzo Ghiberti">Lorenzo Ghiberti</a> also contributed to the cathedral. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisa,_battistero_di_San_Giovanni_(45).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery by Nicola Pisano; 1260; marble; height: 4.6 m.[31]"><img alt="Pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery by Nicola Pisano; 1260; marble; height: 4.6 m.[31]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Pisa%2C_battistero_di_San_Giovanni_%2845%29.jpg/120px-Pisa%2C_battistero_di_San_Giovanni_%2845%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Pisa%2C_battistero_di_San_Giovanni_%2845%29.jpg/180px-Pisa%2C_battistero_di_San_Giovanni_%2845%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Pisa%2C_battistero_di_San_Giovanni_%2845%29.jpg/240px-Pisa%2C_battistero_di_San_Giovanni_%2845%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3166" data-file-height="4489" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pulpit_in_the_Pisa_Baptistery" title="Pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery">Pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Pisano" title="Nicola Pisano">Nicola Pisano</a>; 1260; marble; height: 4.6 m.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CrocifissoCimabue-Arezzo-Photo_taken_by_Senet._April_20,_2010-Perspective_correction,_crop_and_blackframe_with_GIMP_by_Paolo_Villa_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crucifix; by Cimabue; circa 1285; tempera on panel; 4.29 x 3.83 m; San Domenico (Arezzo, Italy)[32]"><img alt="Crucifix; by Cimabue; circa 1285; tempera on panel; 4.29 x 3.83 m; San Domenico (Arezzo, Italy)[32]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/CrocifissoCimabue-Arezzo-Photo_taken_by_Senet._April_20%2C_2010-Perspective_correction%2C_crop_and_blackframe_with_GIMP_by_Paolo_Villa_2019.jpg/138px-CrocifissoCimabue-Arezzo-Photo_taken_by_Senet._April_20%2C_2010-Perspective_correction%2C_crop_and_blackframe_with_GIMP_by_Paolo_Villa_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/CrocifissoCimabue-Arezzo-Photo_taken_by_Senet._April_20%2C_2010-Perspective_correction%2C_crop_and_blackframe_with_GIMP_by_Paolo_Villa_2019.jpg/207px-CrocifissoCimabue-Arezzo-Photo_taken_by_Senet._April_20%2C_2010-Perspective_correction%2C_crop_and_blackframe_with_GIMP_by_Paolo_Villa_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/CrocifissoCimabue-Arezzo-Photo_taken_by_Senet._April_20%2C_2010-Perspective_correction%2C_crop_and_blackframe_with_GIMP_by_Paolo_Villa_2019.jpg/276px-CrocifissoCimabue-Arezzo-Photo_taken_by_Senet._April_20%2C_2010-Perspective_correction%2C_crop_and_blackframe_with_GIMP_by_Paolo_Villa_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5128" data-file-height="6326" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Crucifix_(Cimabue,_Arezzo)" title="Crucifix (Cimabue, Arezzo)">Crucifix</a>; by <a href="/wiki/Cimabue" title="Cimabue">Cimabue</a>; circa 1285; tempera on panel; 4.29 x 3.83 m; <a href="/wiki/San_Domenico,_Arezzo" title="San Domenico, Arezzo">San Domenico</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arezzo" title="Arezzo">Arezzo</a>, Italy)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giotto._the-crucifix-1290-1300_Florence,_Santa_Maria_Novella.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crucifix; Giotto; circa 1300; tempera on panel; 5.78 x 4.06 m; Santa Maria Novella (Florence, Italy)[33]"><img alt="Crucifix; Giotto; circa 1300; tempera on panel; 5.78 x 4.06 m; Santa Maria Novella (Florence, Italy)[33]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Giotto._the-crucifix-1290-1300_Florence%2C_Santa_Maria_Novella.jpg/129px-Giotto._the-crucifix-1290-1300_Florence%2C_Santa_Maria_Novella.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Giotto._the-crucifix-1290-1300_Florence%2C_Santa_Maria_Novella.jpg/193px-Giotto._the-crucifix-1290-1300_Florence%2C_Santa_Maria_Novella.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Giotto._the-crucifix-1290-1300_Florence%2C_Santa_Maria_Novella.jpg/258px-Giotto._the-crucifix-1290-1300_Florence%2C_Santa_Maria_Novella.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3855" data-file-height="5080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crucifix; <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a>; circa 1300; tempera on panel; 5.78 x 4.06 m; <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Novella" title="Santa Maria Novella">Santa Maria Novella</a> (<a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maest_0_duccio_1308-11_siena_duomo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Maestà Altarpiece; by Duccio; 1308–1311; tempera on panel; 2.46 x 4.67 m; Museo dell'Opera del Duomo (Siena, Italy)"><img alt="The Maestà Altarpiece; by Duccio; 1308–1311; tempera on panel; 2.46 x 4.67 m; Museo dell'Opera del Duomo (Siena, Italy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Maest_0_duccio_1308-11_siena_duomo.jpg/170px-Maest_0_duccio_1308-11_siena_duomo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Maest_0_duccio_1308-11_siena_duomo.jpg/255px-Maest_0_duccio_1308-11_siena_duomo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Maest_0_duccio_1308-11_siena_duomo.jpg/340px-Maest_0_duccio_1308-11_siena_duomo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1902" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Maest%C3%A0_(Duccio)" title="Maestà (Duccio)">Maestà Altarpiece</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Duccio" title="Duccio">Duccio</a>; 1308–1311; tempera on panel; 2.46 x 4.67 m; <a href="/wiki/Museo_dell%27Opera_del_Duomo_(Siena)" title="Museo dell'Opera del Duomo (Siena)">Museo dell'Opera del Duomo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a>, Italy)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_Renaissance">High Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Europe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: High Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a> artists include such figures as <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Buonarroti" class="mw-redirect" title="Michelangelo Buonarroti">Michelangelo Buonarroti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Raffaello_Sanzio" class="mw-redirect" title="Raffaello Sanzio">Raffaello Sanzio</a>. </p><p>The 15th-century artistic developments in Italy (for example, the interest in perspectival systems, in depicting anatomy, and in classical cultures) matured during the 16th century, accounting for the designations "Early Renaissance" for the 15th century and "High Renaissance" for the 16th century. Although no singular style characterizes the High Renaissance, the art of those most closely associated with this period—Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Titian—exhibits an astounding mastery, both technical and aesthetic. High Renaissance artists created works of such authority that generations of later artists relied on these artworks for instruction. These exemplary artistic creations further elevated the prestige of artists. Artists could claim divine inspiration, thereby raising visual art to a status formerly given only to poetry. Thus, painters, sculptors, and architects came into their own, successfully claiming for their work a high position among the fine arts. In a sense, 16th- century masters created a new profession with its own rights of expression and its own venerable character. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tempietto_di_San_Pietro_in_Montorio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Tempietto (towards 1502–1510) in a narrow courtyard of the San Pietro in Montorio from Rome"><img alt="The Tempietto (towards 1502–1510) in a narrow courtyard of the San Pietro in Montorio from Rome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Tempietto_di_San_Pietro_in_Montorio.jpg/112px-Tempietto_di_San_Pietro_in_Montorio.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Tempietto_di_San_Pietro_in_Montorio.jpg/169px-Tempietto_di_San_Pietro_in_Montorio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Tempietto_di_San_Pietro_in_Montorio.jpg/225px-Tempietto_di_San_Pietro_in_Montorio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3549" data-file-height="5364" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i>Tempietto</i> (towards 1502–1510) in a narrow courtyard of the <a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Montorio" title="San Pietro in Montorio">San Pietro in Montorio</a> from <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_Fir_JBU002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="David; by Michelangelo; 1501–1504; marble; 517 cm × 199 cm; Galleria dell'Accademia (Florence)"><img alt="David; by Michelangelo; 1501–1504; marble; 517 cm × 199 cm; Galleria dell'Accademia (Florence)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_Fir_JBU002.jpg/113px-%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_Fir_JBU002.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_Fir_JBU002.jpg/170px-%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_Fir_JBU002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_Fir_JBU002.jpg/226px-%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_Fir_JBU002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3138" data-file-height="4707" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)" title="David (Michelangelo)">David</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>; 1501–1504; marble; 517 cm × 199 cm; <a href="/wiki/Galleria_dell%27Accademia" title="Galleria dell'Accademia">Galleria dell'Accademia</a> (Florence)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mona_Lisa,_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci,_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mona Lisa; by Leonardo da Vinci; c. 1503–1506, perhaps continuing until c. 1517; oil on poplar panel; 77 cm × 53 cm; Louvre"><img alt="Mona Lisa; by Leonardo da Vinci; c. 1503–1506, perhaps continuing until c. 1517; oil on poplar panel; 77 cm × 53 cm; Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/114px-Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/171px-Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/228px-Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7479" data-file-height="11146" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>; c. 1503–1506, perhaps continuing until c. 1517; oil on poplar panel; 77 cm × 53 cm; <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The School of Athens; by Raphael; 1509–1510; fresco; 5.8 x 8.2 m; Apostolic Palace (Vatican City)"><img alt="The School of Athens; by Raphael; 1509–1510; fresco; 5.8 x 8.2 m; Apostolic Palace (Vatican City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg/170px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg/255px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg/340px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3820" data-file-height="2964" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_School_of_Athens" title="The School of Athens">The School of Athens</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>; 1509–1510; fresco; 5.8 x 8.2 m; <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_art_up_to_the_Renaissance">Northern art up to the Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Europe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Northern art up to the Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish painting</a> developed (but did not strictly invent) the technique of <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil painting</a> to allow greater control in painting minute detail with realism—<a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a> (1366–1441) was a figure in the movement from <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a> to <a href="/wiki/Panel_painting" title="Panel painting">panel paintings</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch" title="Hieronymus Bosch">Hieronymus Bosch</a> (1450?–1516), a <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> painter, is another important figure in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a>. In his paintings, he used religious themes, but combined them with grotesque fantasies, colorful imagery, and peasant folk legends. His paintings often reflect the confusion and anguish associated with the end of the Middle Ages. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a> introduced Italian Renaissance style to Germany at the end of the 15th century, and dominated <a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">German Renaissance</a> art. </p><p><b>Time Period</b>: </p> <ul><li>Italian Renaissance: Late 14th century to Early 16th century</li> <li>Northern Renaissance: 16th century</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamgods_open.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Ghent Altarpiece; by Jan and Hubert van Eyck; 1432; oil on oak wood; 3.4 m × 4.6 m (opened like in this image); St Bavo's Cathedral (Ghent, Belgium)"><img alt="The Ghent Altarpiece; by Jan and Hubert van Eyck; 1432; oil on oak wood; 3.4 m × 4.6 m (opened like in this image); St Bavo's Cathedral (Ghent, Belgium)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lamgods_open.jpg/170px-Lamgods_open.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lamgods_open.jpg/255px-Lamgods_open.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lamgods_open.jpg/340px-Lamgods_open.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6265" data-file-height="4581" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Ghent_Altarpiece" title="Ghent Altarpiece">Ghent Altarpiece</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hubert_van_Eyck" title="Hubert van Eyck">Hubert van Eyck</a>; 1432; oil on oak wood; 3.4 m × 4.6 m (opened like in this image); <a href="/wiki/St_Bavo%27s_Cathedral,_Ghent" class="mw-redirect" title="St Bavo's Cathedral, Ghent">St Bavo's Cathedral</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Van_Eyck_-_Arnolfini_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Arnolfini Portrait; by Jan van Eyck; 1434; oil on panel; 82.2 x 60 cm; National Gallery (London)"><img alt="The Arnolfini Portrait; by Jan van Eyck; 1434; oil on panel; 82.2 x 60 cm; National Gallery (London)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Van_Eyck_-_Arnolfini_Portrait.jpg/124px-Van_Eyck_-_Arnolfini_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Van_Eyck_-_Arnolfini_Portrait.jpg/186px-Van_Eyck_-_Arnolfini_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Van_Eyck_-_Arnolfini_Portrait.jpg/248px-Van_Eyck_-_Arnolfini_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4386" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Arnolfini_Portrait" title="Arnolfini Portrait">The Arnolfini Portrait</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a>; 1434; oil on panel; 82.2 x 60 cm; <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a> (London)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Descendimiento,_by_Rogier_van_der_Weyden,_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Descent from the Cross; by Rogier van der Weyden; circa 1442; oil on oak panel; 220 × 262 cm; Museo del Prado (Madrid, Spain)"><img alt="The Descent from the Cross; by Rogier van der Weyden; circa 1442; oil on oak panel; 220 × 262 cm; Museo del Prado (Madrid, Spain)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/El_Descendimiento%2C_by_Rogier_van_der_Weyden%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg/170px-El_Descendimiento%2C_by_Rogier_van_der_Weyden%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/El_Descendimiento%2C_by_Rogier_van_der_Weyden%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg/255px-El_Descendimiento%2C_by_Rogier_van_der_Weyden%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/El_Descendimiento%2C_by_Rogier_van_der_Weyden%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg/340px-El_Descendimiento%2C_by_Rogier_van_der_Weyden%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="30000" data-file-height="23277" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Descent_from_the_Cross_(van_der_Weyden)" title="The Descent from the Cross (van der Weyden)">The Descent from the Cross</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden" title="Rogier van der Weyden">Rogier van der Weyden</a>; circa 1442; oil on oak panel; 220 × 262 cm; <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a> (<a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_by_Bosch_High_Resolution.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Garden of Earthly Delights; by Hieronymus Bosch; c. 1504; oil on panel; 2.2 × 1.95 m – the central panel; Museo del Prado"><img alt="The Garden of Earthly Delights; by Hieronymus Bosch; c. 1504; oil on panel; 2.2 × 1.95 m – the central panel; Museo del Prado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_by_Bosch_High_Resolution.jpg/170px-The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_by_Bosch_High_Resolution.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_by_Bosch_High_Resolution.jpg/255px-The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_by_Bosch_High_Resolution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_by_Bosch_High_Resolution.jpg/340px-The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_by_Bosch_High_Resolution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="30000" data-file-height="17078" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights" title="The Garden of Earthly Delights">The Garden of Earthly Delights</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch" title="Hieronymus Bosch">Hieronymus Bosch</a>; c. 1504; oil on panel; 2.2 × 1.95 m – the central panel; Museo del Prado</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Rhinoceros_(NGA_1964.8.697)_enhanced.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Rhinoceros; by Albrecht Dürer; 1515; woodcut; 23.5 cm × 29.8 cm; National Gallery of Art (Washington, D.C.)"><img alt="The Rhinoceros; by Albrecht Dürer; 1515; woodcut; 23.5 cm × 29.8 cm; National Gallery of Art (Washington, D.C.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_Rhinoceros_%28NGA_1964.8.697%29_enhanced.png/170px-The_Rhinoceros_%28NGA_1964.8.697%29_enhanced.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_Rhinoceros_%28NGA_1964.8.697%29_enhanced.png/255px-The_Rhinoceros_%28NGA_1964.8.697%29_enhanced.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_Rhinoceros_%28NGA_1964.8.697%29_enhanced.png/340px-The_Rhinoceros_%28NGA_1964.8.697%29_enhanced.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCrer%27s_Rhinoceros" title="Dürer's Rhinoceros">The Rhinoceros</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>; 1515; woodcut; 23.5 cm × 29.8 cm; <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_The_Ambassadors_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Ambassadors; by Hans Holbein the Younger; 1533; oil on panel; 2.07 × 2.09; National Gallery (London)"><img alt="The Ambassadors; by Hans Holbein the Younger; 1533; oil on panel; 2.07 × 2.09; National Gallery (London)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_The_Ambassadors_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_The_Ambassadors_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_The_Ambassadors_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_The_Ambassadors_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_The_Ambassadors_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_The_Ambassadors_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="30000" data-file-height="29560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ambassadors_(Holbein)" title="The Ambassadors (Holbein)">The Ambassadors</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein the Younger</a>; 1533; oil on panel; 2.07 × 2.09; <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a> (London)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armor_of_Henry_II,_King_of_France_(reigned_1547%E2%80%9359)_MET_DP256960.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Parade Armour of Henry II of France; by Étienne Delaune; circa 1555; chased steel; height: 187.96 cm, weight: 24.2 kg; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)"><img alt="The Parade Armour of Henry II of France; by Étienne Delaune; circa 1555; chased steel; height: 187.96 cm, weight: 24.2 kg; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Armor_of_Henry_II%2C_King_of_France_%28reigned_1547%E2%80%9359%29_MET_DP256960.jpg/125px-Armor_of_Henry_II%2C_King_of_France_%28reigned_1547%E2%80%9359%29_MET_DP256960.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Armor_of_Henry_II%2C_King_of_France_%28reigned_1547%E2%80%9359%29_MET_DP256960.jpg/188px-Armor_of_Henry_II%2C_King_of_France_%28reigned_1547%E2%80%9359%29_MET_DP256960.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Armor_of_Henry_II%2C_King_of_France_%28reigned_1547%E2%80%9359%29_MET_DP256960.jpg/251px-Armor_of_Henry_II%2C_King_of_France_%28reigned_1547%E2%80%9359%29_MET_DP256960.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="3877" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Parade_Armour_of_Henry_II_of_France" title="Parade Armour of Henry II of France">Parade Armour of Henry II of France</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Delaune" title="Étienne Delaune">Étienne Delaune</a>; circa 1555; chased steel; height: 187.96 cm, weight: 24.2 kg; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_(Vienna)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Tower of Babel; by Pieter Bruegel the Elder; 1563; oil on panel: 1.14 × 1.55 cm; Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna, Austria)"><img alt="The Tower of Babel; by Pieter Bruegel the Elder; 1563; oil on panel: 1.14 × 1.55 cm; Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna, Austria)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="30000" data-file-height="21952" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tower_of_Babel_(Bruegel)" title="The Tower of Babel (Bruegel)">The Tower of Babel</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Pieter Bruegel the Elder">Pieter Bruegel the Elder</a>; 1563; oil on panel: 1.14 × 1.55 cm; <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mannerism,_Baroque,_and_Rococo"><span id="Mannerism.2C_Baroque.2C_and_Rococo"></span>Mannerism, Baroque, and Rococo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Europe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mannerism, Baroque, and Rococo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:347px;max-width:347px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Differences between Baroque and Rococo art</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caravaggio_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Caravaggio_001.jpg/172px-Caravaggio_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Caravaggio_001.jpg/258px-Caravaggio_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Caravaggio_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Baroque art was characterised by strongly religious and political themes; common characteristics included rich colours with a strong light and dark contrast. Paintings were elaborate, emotional and dramatic in nature. In the image <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>'s <i>Christ at the Column</i> (<i>Cristo alla colonna</i>)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Progress_of_Love_-_Love_Letters_-_Fragonard_1771-72.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_Progress_of_Love_-_Love_Letters_-_Fragonard_1771-72.jpg/167px-The_Progress_of_Love_-_Love_Letters_-_Fragonard_1771-72.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_Progress_of_Love_-_Love_Letters_-_Fragonard_1771-72.jpg/251px-The_Progress_of_Love_-_Love_Letters_-_Fragonard_1771-72.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_Progress_of_Love_-_Love_Letters_-_Fragonard_1771-72.jpg/334px-The_Progress_of_Love_-_Love_Letters_-_Fragonard_1771-72.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3590" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Rococo art was characterised by lighter, often jocular themes; common characteristics included pale, creamy colours, florid decorations and a penchant for bucolic landscapes. Paintings were more ornate than their Baroque counterpart, and usually graceful, playful and light-hearted in nature.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In European art, Renaissance Classicism spawned two different movements—<a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a>. Mannerism, a reaction against the idealist perfection of Classicism, employed distortion of light and spatial frameworks in order to emphasize the emotional content of a painting and the emotions of the painter. The work of <a href="/wiki/El_Greco" title="El Greco">El Greco</a> is a particularly clear example of <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a> in painting during the late 16th, early 17th centuries. <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a> took longer to develop, and was largely a movement of the last half of the 16th century. Baroque art took the representationalism of the Renaissance to new heights, emphasizing detail, movement, lighting, and drama in their search for beauty. Perhaps the best known Baroque painters are <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Merisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Michelangelo Merisi">Caravaggio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt_Harmenszoon_van_Rijn" class="mw-redirect" title="Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn">Rembrandt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Diego Velázquez</a>. </p><p>A rather different art developed out of northern realist traditions in 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age painting</a>, which had very little religious art, and little <a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">history painting</a>, instead playing a crucial part in developing secular genres such as <a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">still life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genre_painting" title="Genre painting">genre paintings</a> of everyday scenes, and <a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">landscape painting</a>. While the Baroque nature of Rembrandt's art is clear, the label is less use for <a href="/wiki/Vermeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermeer">Vermeer</a> and many other Dutch artists. <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Flemish Baroque painting</a> shared a part in this trend, while also continuing to produce the traditional categories. </p><p>Baroque art is often seen as part of the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>—the artistic element of the revival of spiritual life in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. Additionally, the emphasis that Baroque art placed on grandeur is seen as <a href="/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">Absolutist</a> in nature. Religious and political themes were widely explored within the Baroque artistic context, and both paintings and sculptures were characterised by a strong element of drama, emotion and theatricality. Famous Baroque artists include <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rubens" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubens">Rubens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-arthistory-famousartists-paintings.com_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arthistory-famousartists-paintings.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_Gentileschi" title="Artemisia Gentileschi">Artemisia Gentileschi</a> was another noteworthy artist, who was inspired by Caravaggio's style. Baroque art was particularly ornate and elaborate in nature, often using rich, warm colours with dark undertones. Pomp and grandeur were important elements of the Baroque artistic movement in general, as can be seen when <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a> said, "I am grandeur incarnate"; many Baroque artists served kings who tried to realize this goal. Baroque art in many ways was similar to Renaissance art; as a matter of fact, the term was initially used in a derogative manner to describe post-Renaissance art and architecture which was over-elaborate.<sup id="cite_ref-arthistory-famousartists-paintings.com_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arthistory-famousartists-paintings.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baroque art can be seen as a more elaborate and dramatic re-adaptation of late Renaissance art. </p><p>By the 18th century, however, Baroque art was falling out of fashion as many deemed it too melodramatic and also gloomy, and it developed into the <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a>, which emerged in France. Rococo art was even more elaborate than the Baroque, but it was less serious and more playful.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst the Baroque used rich, strong colours, Rococo used pale, creamier shades. The artistic movement no longer placed an emphasis on politics and religion, focusing instead on lighter themes such as romance, celebration, and appreciation of nature. Rococo art also contrasted the Baroque as it often refused symmetry in favor of asymmetrical designs. Furthermore, it sought inspiration from the artistic forms and ornamentation of <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far Eastern Asia</a>, resulting in the rise in favour of <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a> figurines and <a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">chinoiserie</a> in general.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 18th-century style flourished for a short while; nevertheless, the Rococo style soon fell out of favor, being seen by many as a gaudy and superficial movement emphasizing aesthetics over meaning. <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> in many ways developed as a counter movement of the Rococo, the impetus being a sense of disgust directed towards the latter's florid qualities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mannerism_(16th_century)"><span id="Mannerism_.2816th_century.29"></span>Mannerism (16th century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Europe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mannerism (16th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacopo_Pontormo_-_Kreuzabnahme_Christi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entombment; by Jacopo da Pontormo; 1525–1528; oil on panel; 3.12 x 1.9 m; Santa Felicita (Florence, Italy)"><img alt="Entombment; by Jacopo da Pontormo; 1525–1528; oil on panel; 3.12 x 1.9 m; Santa Felicita (Florence, Italy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Jacopo_Pontormo_-_Kreuzabnahme_Christi.jpg/106px-Jacopo_Pontormo_-_Kreuzabnahme_Christi.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Jacopo_Pontormo_-_Kreuzabnahme_Christi.jpg/159px-Jacopo_Pontormo_-_Kreuzabnahme_Christi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Jacopo_Pontormo_-_Kreuzabnahme_Christi.jpg/212px-Jacopo_Pontormo_-_Kreuzabnahme_Christi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3014" data-file-height="4834" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Entombment</i>; by <a href="/wiki/Pontormo" title="Pontormo">Jacopo da Pontormo</a>; 1525–1528; oil on panel; 3.12 x 1.9 m; <a href="/wiki/Santa_Felicita,_Florence" title="Santa Felicita, Florence">Santa Felicita</a> (<a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parmigianino_-_Madonna_dal_collo_lungo_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madonna with the Long Neck; by Parmigianino; 1534–1540; oil on panel; 2.19 x 1.32 m; Uffizi Gallery (Florence)"><img alt="Madonna with the Long Neck; by Parmigianino; 1534–1540; oil on panel; 2.19 x 1.32 m; Uffizi Gallery (Florence)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Parmigianino_-_Madonna_dal_collo_lungo_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/108px-Parmigianino_-_Madonna_dal_collo_lungo_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Parmigianino_-_Madonna_dal_collo_lungo_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/163px-Parmigianino_-_Madonna_dal_collo_lungo_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Parmigianino_-_Madonna_dal_collo_lungo_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/217px-Parmigianino_-_Madonna_dal_collo_lungo_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1325" data-file-height="2074" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_with_the_Long_Neck" title="Madonna with the Long Neck">Madonna with the Long Neck</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Parmigianino" title="Parmigianino">Parmigianino</a>; 1534–1540; oil on panel; 2.19 x 1.32 m; <a href="/wiki/Uffizi" title="Uffizi">Uffizi Gallery</a> (Florence)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angelo_Bronzino_-_Venus,_Cupid,_Folly_and_Time_-_National_Gallery,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time; by Bronzino; mid-1540s; oil on panel; 1.46 x 1.16 m; National Gallery (London)"><img alt="Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time; by Bronzino; mid-1540s; oil on panel; 1.46 x 1.16 m; National Gallery (London)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Angelo_Bronzino_-_Venus%2C_Cupid%2C_Folly_and_Time_-_National_Gallery%2C_London.jpg/135px-Angelo_Bronzino_-_Venus%2C_Cupid%2C_Folly_and_Time_-_National_Gallery%2C_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Angelo_Bronzino_-_Venus%2C_Cupid%2C_Folly_and_Time_-_National_Gallery%2C_London.jpg/202px-Angelo_Bronzino_-_Venus%2C_Cupid%2C_Folly_and_Time_-_National_Gallery%2C_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Angelo_Bronzino_-_Venus%2C_Cupid%2C_Folly_and_Time_-_National_Gallery%2C_London.jpg/269px-Angelo_Bronzino_-_Venus%2C_Cupid%2C_Folly_and_Time_-_National_Gallery%2C_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3349" data-file-height="4226" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Venus,_Cupid,_Folly_and_Time" title="Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time">Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Agnolo_Bronzino" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnolo Bronzino">Bronzino</a>; mid-1540s; oil on panel; 1.46 x 1.16 m; <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a> (London)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Arcimboldo_-_Summer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Summer; by Giuseppe Arcimboldo; 1563; oil on panel; 67 x 50.8 cm; Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna, Austria)"><img alt="Summer; by Giuseppe Arcimboldo; 1563; oil on panel; 67 x 50.8 cm; Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna, Austria)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Giuseppe_Arcimboldo_-_Summer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/128px-Giuseppe_Arcimboldo_-_Summer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Giuseppe_Arcimboldo_-_Summer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/193px-Giuseppe_Arcimboldo_-_Summer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Giuseppe_Arcimboldo_-_Summer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/257px-Giuseppe_Arcimboldo_-_Summer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4989" data-file-height="6602" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_(Arcimboldo)" title="The Four Seasons (Arcimboldo)">Summer</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Arcimboldo" title="Giuseppe Arcimboldo">Giuseppe Arcimboldo</a>; 1563; oil on panel; 67 x 50.8 cm; <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baroque_(early_17th_century_to_mid-early_18th_century)"><span id="Baroque_.28early_17th_century_to_mid-early_18th_century.29"></span>Baroque (early 17th century to mid-early 18th century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Europe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Baroque (early 17th century to mid-early 18th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Four_Continents.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Four Continents; by Peter Paul Rubens; circa 1615; oil on canvas; 209 x 284 cm; Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna, Austria)"><img alt="The Four Continents; by Peter Paul Rubens; circa 1615; oil on canvas; 209 x 284 cm; Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna, Austria)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Four_Continents.jpg/170px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Four_Continents.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Four_Continents.jpg/255px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Four_Continents.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Four_Continents.jpg/340px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Four_Continents.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3158" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Continents" title="The Four Continents">The Four Continents</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>; circa 1615; oil on canvas; 209 x 284 cm; <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olanda,_guardaroba_(kast),_1625-50_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dutch wardrobe; 1625–1650; oak with ebony and rosewood veneers; overall: 244.5 x 224.3 x 85.2 cm; Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, US)"><img alt="Dutch wardrobe; 1625–1650; oak with ebony and rosewood veneers; overall: 244.5 x 224.3 x 85.2 cm; Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, US)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Olanda%2C_guardaroba_%28kast%29%2C_1625-50_ca.jpg/137px-Olanda%2C_guardaroba_%28kast%29%2C_1625-50_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Olanda%2C_guardaroba_%28kast%29%2C_1625-50_ca.jpg/205px-Olanda%2C_guardaroba_%28kast%29%2C_1625-50_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Olanda%2C_guardaroba_%28kast%29%2C_1625-50_ca.jpg/274px-Olanda%2C_guardaroba_%28kast%29%2C_1625-50_ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2371" data-file-height="2945" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dutch wardrobe; 1625–1650; oak with ebony and rosewood veneers; overall: 244.5 x 224.3 x 85.2 cm; <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, US)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_ronda_de_noche,_por_Rembrandt_van_Rijn.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Night Watch; by Rembrandt; 1642; oil on canvas; 363 × 437 cm; Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam, the Netherlands)"><img alt="The Night Watch; by Rembrandt; 1642; oil on canvas; 363 × 437 cm; Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam, the Netherlands)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/La_ronda_de_noche%2C_por_Rembrandt_van_Rijn.jpg/170px-La_ronda_de_noche%2C_por_Rembrandt_van_Rijn.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/La_ronda_de_noche%2C_por_Rembrandt_van_Rijn.jpg/255px-La_ronda_de_noche%2C_por_Rembrandt_van_Rijn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/La_ronda_de_noche%2C_por_Rembrandt_van_Rijn.jpg/340px-La_ronda_de_noche%2C_por_Rembrandt_van_Rijn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14168" data-file-height="11528" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Night_Watch" title="The Night Watch">The Night Watch</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>; 1642; oil on canvas; 363 × 437 cm; <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa_September_2015-2a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa; by Gian Lorenzo Bernini; 1647–1652; marble; height: 3.5 m; Santa Maria della Vittoria (Rome)"><img alt="The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa; by Gian Lorenzo Bernini; 1647–1652; marble; height: 3.5 m; Santa Maria della Vittoria (Rome)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa_September_2015-2a.jpg/107px-Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa_September_2015-2a.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa_September_2015-2a.jpg/161px-Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa_September_2015-2a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa_September_2015-2a.jpg/214px-Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa_September_2015-2a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4242" data-file-height="6722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa" title="Ecstasy of Saint Teresa">Ecstasy of Saint Teresa</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Gian Lorenzo Bernini</a>; 1647–1652; marble; height: 3.5 m; <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Vittoria,_Rome" title="Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome">Santa Maria della Vittoria</a> (Rome)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Las_Meninas,_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez,_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Las Meninas; by Diego Velázquez; 1656–1657; oil on canvas; 318 cm × 276 cm; Museo del Prado (Madrid, Spain)"><img alt="Las Meninas; by Diego Velázquez; 1656–1657; oil on canvas; 318 cm × 276 cm; Museo del Prado (Madrid, Spain)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Las_Meninas%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg/148px-Las_Meninas%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Las_Meninas%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg/221px-Las_Meninas%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Las_Meninas%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg/295px-Las_Meninas%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="26065" data-file-height="30000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Las_Meninas" title="Las Meninas">Las Meninas</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Diego Velázquez</a>; 1656–1657; oil on canvas; 318 cm × 276 cm; <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a> (<a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5,_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The entrance of the Palace of Versailles (Versailles, France), the most iconic Baroque building"><img alt="The entrance of the Palace of Versailles (Versailles, France), the most iconic Baroque building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5%2C_2011.jpg/170px-Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5%2C_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5%2C_2011.jpg/255px-Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5%2C_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5%2C_2011.jpg/340px-Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5%2C_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The entrance of the <i><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles">Versailles</a>, France), the most iconic <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> building</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LouisXIV-Bernini.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Bust of Louis XIV; by Gian Lorenzo Bernini; 1665; marble; 105 × 99 × 46 cm; Palace of Versailles"><img alt="The Bust of Louis XIV; by Gian Lorenzo Bernini; 1665; marble; 105 × 99 × 46 cm; Palace of Versailles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/LouisXIV-Bernini.jpg/136px-LouisXIV-Bernini.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/LouisXIV-Bernini.jpg/204px-LouisXIV-Bernini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/LouisXIV-Bernini.jpg/272px-LouisXIV-Bernini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="919" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Louis_XIV_(Bernini)" title="Bust of Louis XIV (Bernini)">Bust of Louis XIV</a></i>; by Gian Lorenzo Bernini; 1665; marble; 105 × 99 × 46 cm; Palace of Versailles</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Vermeer_-_The_Art_of_Painting_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Art of Painting; by Johannes Vermeer; 1666–1668; oil on canvas; 1.3 x 1.1 m; Kunsthistorisches Museum"><img alt="The Art of Painting; by Johannes Vermeer; 1666–1668; oil on canvas; 1.3 x 1.1 m; Kunsthistorisches Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Jan_Vermeer_-_The_Art_of_Painting_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/143px-Jan_Vermeer_-_The_Art_of_Painting_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Jan_Vermeer_-_The_Art_of_Painting_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/215px-Jan_Vermeer_-_The_Art_of_Painting_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Jan_Vermeer_-_The_Art_of_Painting_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/286px-Jan_Vermeer_-_The_Art_of_Painting_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6209" data-file-height="7377" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Painting" title="The Art of Painting">The Art of Painting</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a>; 1666–1668; oil on canvas; 1.3 x 1.1 m; Kunsthistorisches Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carpet_with_Fame_and_Fortitude_MET_DP212204.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carpet with fame and fortitude; 1668–1685; knotted and cut wool pile, woven with about 90 knots per square inch; 909.3 x 459.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Carpet with fame and fortitude; 1668–1685; knotted and cut wool pile, woven with about 90 knots per square inch; 909.3 x 459.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Carpet_with_Fame_and_Fortitude_MET_DP212204.jpg/86px-Carpet_with_Fame_and_Fortitude_MET_DP212204.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Carpet_with_Fame_and_Fortitude_MET_DP212204.jpg/129px-Carpet_with_Fame_and_Fortitude_MET_DP212204.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Carpet_with_Fame_and_Fortitude_MET_DP212204.jpg/172px-Carpet_with_Fame_and_Fortitude_MET_DP212204.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1987" data-file-height="3933" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carpet with fame and fortitude; 1668–1685; knotted and cut wool pile, woven with about 90 knots per square inch; 909.3 x 459.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dome_of_Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9_(Rome).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dome of the Church of the Gesù (Rome), made in 1674 by Giovanni Battista Gaulli"><img alt="Dome of the Church of the Gesù (Rome), made in 1674 by Giovanni Battista Gaulli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dome_of_Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9_%28Rome%29.jpg/170px-Dome_of_Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9_%28Rome%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dome_of_Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9_%28Rome%29.jpg/255px-Dome_of_Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9_%28Rome%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dome_of_Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9_%28Rome%29.jpg/340px-Dome_of_Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9_%28Rome%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5868" data-file-height="3485" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dome of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9" title="Church of the Gesù">Church of the Gesù</a> (Rome), made in 1674 by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Gaulli" title="Giovanni Battista Gaulli">Giovanni Battista Gaulli</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Portrait of Louis XIV; by Hyacinthe Rigaud; 1701; oil on canvas; 277 × 194 cm; Louvre"><img alt="The Portrait of Louis XIV; by Hyacinthe Rigaud; 1701; oil on canvas; 277 × 194 cm; Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg/119px-Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg/179px-Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg/239px-Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1975" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Louis_XIV" title="Portrait of Louis XIV">Portrait of Louis XIV</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Hyacinthe_Rigaud" title="Hyacinthe Rigaud">Hyacinthe Rigaud</a>; 1701; oil on canvas; 277 × 194 cm; <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karlskirche_Vienna_June_2006_475.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Karlskirche in Vienna (Austria), built between 1716 and 1737"><img alt="The Karlskirche in Vienna (Austria), built between 1716 and 1737" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Karlskirche_Vienna_June_2006_475.jpg/170px-Karlskirche_Vienna_June_2006_475.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Karlskirche_Vienna_June_2006_475.jpg/255px-Karlskirche_Vienna_June_2006_475.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Karlskirche_Vienna_June_2006_475.jpg/340px-Karlskirche_Vienna_June_2006_475.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Karlskirche" title="Karlskirche">Karlskirche</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> (Austria), built between 1716 and 1737</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rococo_(early_to_mid-18th_century)"><span id="Rococo_.28early_to_mid-18th_century.29"></span>Rococo (early to mid-18th century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Europe&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Rococo (early to mid-18th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinesisches_Teehaus_Potsdam_IMG_3489.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Chinese House, a chinoiserie garden pavilion in Sanssouci Park, from Potsdam (Germany)"><img alt="The Chinese House, a chinoiserie garden pavilion in Sanssouci Park, from Potsdam (Germany)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chinesisches_Teehaus_Potsdam_IMG_3489.jpg/170px-Chinesisches_Teehaus_Potsdam_IMG_3489.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chinesisches_Teehaus_Potsdam_IMG_3489.jpg/255px-Chinesisches_Teehaus_Potsdam_IMG_3489.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chinesisches_Teehaus_Potsdam_IMG_3489.jpg/340px-Chinesisches_Teehaus_Potsdam_IMG_3489.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_House_(Potsdam)" title="Chinese House (Potsdam)">Chinese House</a>, a chinoiserie garden pavilion in <a href="/wiki/Sanssouci_Park" title="Sanssouci Park">Sanssouci Park</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a> (Germany)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stift_Wilhering_Kirche_Orgel_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The amazing interior of the Wilhering Abbey (Wilhering, Austria). This interior has a trompe-l'œil on its ceiling, surrounded of highly decorated stuccos"><img alt="The amazing interior of the Wilhering Abbey (Wilhering, Austria). This interior has a trompe-l'œil on its ceiling, surrounded of highly decorated stuccos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Stift_Wilhering_Kirche_Orgel_01.jpg/140px-Stift_Wilhering_Kirche_Orgel_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Stift_Wilhering_Kirche_Orgel_01.jpg/210px-Stift_Wilhering_Kirche_Orgel_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Stift_Wilhering_Kirche_Orgel_01.jpg/280px-Stift_Wilhering_Kirche_Orgel_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6428" data-file-height="7811" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The amazing interior of the <a href="/wiki/Wilhering_Abbey" title="Wilhering Abbey">Wilhering Abbey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wilhering" title="Wilhering">Wilhering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>). This interior has a <i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a></i> on its ceiling, surrounded of highly decorated <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stuccos</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boiserie_from_the_H%C3%B4tel_de_Varengeville_MET_DP159273.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boiserie from the Hôtel de Varengeville; circa 1736–1752; various materials, including carved, painted, and gilded oak; height: 5.58 m, width: 7.07 m, length: 12.36 m; in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)"><img alt="Boiserie from the Hôtel de Varengeville; circa 1736–1752; various materials, including carved, painted, and gilded oak; height: 5.58 m, width: 7.07 m, length: 12.36 m; in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Boiserie_from_the_H%C3%B4tel_de_Varengeville_MET_DP159273.jpg/170px-Boiserie_from_the_H%C3%B4tel_de_Varengeville_MET_DP159273.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Boiserie_from_the_H%C3%B4tel_de_Varengeville_MET_DP159273.jpg/255px-Boiserie_from_the_H%C3%B4tel_de_Varengeville_MET_DP159273.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Boiserie_from_the_H%C3%B4tel_de_Varengeville_MET_DP159273.jpg/340px-Boiserie_from_the_H%C3%B4tel_de_Varengeville_MET_DP159273.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1501" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Boiserie from the Hôtel de Varengeville; circa 1736–1752; various materials, including carved, painted, and gilded oak; height: 5.58 m, width: 7.07 m, length: 12.36 m; in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Titelprent_voor_een_oeuvrecatalogus_van_ontwerpen_door_Juste_Aur%C3%A8le_Meissonnier_Oeuvre_de_Juste_Aurele_Meissonnier_(titel_op_object)_Oeuvre_de_Juste_Aurele_Meissonnier_(serietitel),_RP-P-1998-242.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Title print; by Juste Meissonnier; 1738–1749; etching on paper; 51.6 x 34.9 cm; Rijksmuseum"><img alt="Title print; by Juste Meissonnier; 1738–1749; etching on paper; 51.6 x 34.9 cm; Rijksmuseum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Titelprent_voor_een_oeuvrecatalogus_van_ontwerpen_door_Juste_Aur%C3%A8le_Meissonnier_Oeuvre_de_Juste_Aurele_Meissonnier_%28titel_op_object%29_Oeuvre_de_Juste_Aurele_Meissonnier_%28serietitel%29%2C_RP-P-1998-242.jpg/115px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Titelprent_voor_een_oeuvrecatalogus_van_ontwerpen_door_Juste_Aur%C3%A8le_Meissonnier_Oeuvre_de_Juste_Aurele_Meissonnier_%28titel_op_object%29_Oeuvre_de_Juste_Aurele_Meissonnier_%28serietitel%29%2C_RP-P-1998-242.jpg/173px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Titelprent_voor_een_oeuvrecatalogus_van_ontwerpen_door_Juste_Aur%C3%A8le_Meissonnier_Oeuvre_de_Juste_Aurele_Meissonnier_%28titel_op_object%29_Oeuvre_de_Juste_Aurele_Meissonnier_%28serietitel%29%2C_RP-P-1998-242.jpg/231px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3638" data-file-height="5354" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Title print; by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juste_Meissonnier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juste Meissonnier (page does not exist)">Juste Meissonnier</a>; 1738–1749; etching on paper; 51.6 x 34.9 cm; Rijksmuseum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Candelabrum_(one_of_a_pair)_MET_DP-12374-040.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pair of candelabrums; 18th century; soft-paste porcelain; heights (the left one): 26.8 cm, (the right one): 26.4 cm; by the Chelsea porcelain factory; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Pair of candelabrums; 18th century; soft-paste porcelain; heights (the left one): 26.8 cm, (the right one): 26.4 cm; by the Chelsea porcelain factory; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Candelabrum_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DP-12374-040.jpg/170px-Candelabrum_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DP-12374-040.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Candelabrum_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DP-12374-040.jpg/255px-Candelabrum_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DP-12374-040.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Candelabrum_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DP-12374-040.jpg/340px-Candelabrum_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DP-12374-040.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2835" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pair of candelabrums; 18th century; soft-paste porcelain; heights (the left one): 26.8 cm, (the right one): 26.4 cm; by the <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_porcelain_factory" title="Chelsea porcelain factory">Chelsea porcelain factory</a>; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Gainsborough_-_Mr_and_Mrs_Andrews.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mr and Mrs Andrews; by Thomas Gainsborough; circa 1750; oil on canvas; 69.8 x 119.4 cm; National Gallery (London)"><img alt="Mr and Mrs Andrews; by Thomas Gainsborough; circa 1750; oil on canvas; 69.8 x 119.4 cm; National Gallery (London)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Thomas_Gainsborough_-_Mr_and_Mrs_Andrews.jpg/170px-Thomas_Gainsborough_-_Mr_and_Mrs_Andrews.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Thomas_Gainsborough_-_Mr_and_Mrs_Andrews.jpg/255px-Thomas_Gainsborough_-_Mr_and_Mrs_Andrews.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Thomas_Gainsborough_-_Mr_and_Mrs_Andrews.jpg/340px-Thomas_Gainsborough_-_Mr_and_Mrs_Andrews.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7301" data-file-height="4231" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Mr_and_Mrs_Andrews" title="Mr and Mrs Andrews">Mr and Mrs Andrews</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough" title="Thomas Gainsborough">Thomas Gainsborough</a>; circa 1750; oil on canvas; 69.8 x 119.4 cm; <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a> (London)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madame_de_Pompadour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madame de Pompadour; by François Boucher; 1756; oil on canvas; 2.01 x 1.57 m; Alte Pinakothek (Munich, Germany)"><img alt="Madame de Pompadour; by François Boucher; 1756; oil on canvas; 2.01 x 1.57 m; Alte Pinakothek (Munich, Germany)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Madame_de_Pompadour.jpg/133px-Madame_de_Pompadour.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Madame_de_Pompadour.jpg/199px-Madame_de_Pompadour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Madame_de_Pompadour.jpg/265px-Madame_de_Pompadour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="4707" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour" title="Madame de Pompadour">Madame de Pompadour</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher" title="François Boucher">François Boucher</a>; 1756; oil on canvas; 2.01 x 1.57 m; <a href="/wiki/Alte_Pinakothek" title="Alte Pinakothek">Alte Pinakothek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Germany)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragonard_-_swing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Swing; by Jean-Honoré Fragonard; 1767–1768; oil on canvas; height: 81 cm, width: 64 cm; Wallace Collection (London)"><img alt="The Swing; by Jean-Honoré Fragonard; 1767–1768; oil on canvas; height: 81 cm, width: 64 cm; Wallace Collection (London)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fragonard_-_swing.jpg/133px-Fragonard_-_swing.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fragonard_-_swing.jpg/200px-Fragonard_-_swing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fragonard_-_swing.jpg/266px-Fragonard_-_swing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1276" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Swing_(Fragonard)" title="The Swing (Fragonard)">The Swing</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Honor%C3%A9_Fragonard" title="Jean-Honoré Fragonard">Jean-Honoré Fragonard</a>; 1767–1768; oil on canvas; height: 81 cm, width: 64 cm; <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Collection" title="Wallace Collection">Wallace Collection</a> (London)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neoclassicism,_Romanticism,_Academism,_and_Realism"><span id="Neoclassicism.2C_Romanticism.2C_Academism.2C_and_Realism"></span>Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Academism, and Realism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Europe&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Academism, and Realism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romantic_art" title="Romantic art">Romantic art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">Academic art</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism (arts)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amor-Psyche-Canova-JBU01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Amor-Psyche-Canova-JBU01.JPG/220px-Amor-Psyche-Canova-JBU01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Amor-Psyche-Canova-JBU01.JPG/330px-Amor-Psyche-Canova-JBU01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Amor-Psyche-Canova-JBU01.JPG/440px-Amor-Psyche-Canova-JBU01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1969" data-file-height="1991" /></a><figcaption>Neoclassical art, inspired by different classical themes, was characterised by an emphasis on simplicity, order and idealism. In the image <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Canova" title="Antonio Canova">Antonio Canova</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Psyche_Revived_by_Cupid%27s_Kiss" title="Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss">Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss</a></i> (1787-1793)</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout the 18th century, a counter movement opposing the Rococo sprang up in different parts of Europe, commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a>. It despised the perceived superficiality and frivolity of Rococo art, and desired for a return to the simplicity, order and 'purism' of classical antiquity, especially ancient Greece and Rome. The movement was in part also influenced by the Renaissance, which itself was strongly influenced by classical art. Neoclassicism was the artistic component of the intellectual movement known as <a href="/wiki/The_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="The Enlightenment">the Enlightenment</a>; the Enlightenment was idealistic, and put its emphasis on objectivity, reason and empirical truth. Neoclassicism had become widespread in Europe throughout the 18th century, especially in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, which saw great works of Neoclassical architecture spring up during this period; Neoclassicism's fascination with classical antiquity can be seen in the popularity of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a> during this decade, where wealthy aristocrats travelled to the ancient ruins of Italy and Greece. Nevertheless, a defining moment for Neoclassicism came during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> in the late 18th century; in France, Rococo art was replaced with the preferred Neoclassical art, which was seen as more serious than the former movement. In many ways, Neoclassicism can be seen as a political movement as well as an artistic and cultural one.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neoclassical art places an emphasis on order, symmetry and classical simplicity; common themes in Neoclassical art include courage and war, as were commonly explored in ancient Greek and Roman art. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Auguste_Dominique_Ingres" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres">Ingres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Canova" title="Antonio Canova">Canova</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a> are among the best-known neoclassicists.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/220px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/330px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/440px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3133" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Leading_the_People" title="Liberty Leading the People">Liberty Leading the People</a></i> 1830, <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic art</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Just as Mannerism rejected Classicism, so did <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> reject the ideas of the Enlightenment and the aesthetic of the Neoclassicists. Romanticism rejected the highly objective and ordered nature of Neoclassicism, and opted for a more individual and emotional approach to the arts.<sup id="cite_ref-cla.purdue.edu_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cla.purdue.edu-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romanticism placed an emphasis on nature, especially when aiming to portray the power and beauty of the natural world, and emotions, and sought a highly personal approach to art. Romantic art was about individual feelings, not common themes, such as in Neoclassicism; in such a way, Romantic art often used colours in order to express feelings and emotion.<sup id="cite_ref-cla.purdue.edu_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cla.purdue.edu-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly to Neoclassicism, Romantic art took much of its inspiration from ancient Greek and Roman art and mythology, yet, unlike Neoclassical, this inspiration was primarily used as a way to create symbolism and imagery. Romantic art also takes much of its aesthetic qualities from <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medievalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothicism</a>, as well as mythology and <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>. Among the greatest Romantic artists were <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">John Constable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Caspar David Friedrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Thomas Cole</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most artists attempted to take a centrist approach which adopted different features of Neoclassicist and Romanticist styles, in order to synthesize them. The different attempts took place within the French Academy, and collectively are called <a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">Academic art</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_William_Bouguereau" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolphe William Bouguereau">Adolphe William Bouguereau</a> is considered a chief example of this stream of art. </p><p>In the early 19th century the face of Europe, however, became radically altered by <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>. Poverty, squalor, and desperation were to be the fate of the new <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> created by the "revolution". In response to these changes going on in society, the movement of <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a> emerged. Realism sought to accurately portray the conditions and hardships of the poor in the hopes of changing society. In contrast with Romanticism, which was essentially optimistic about mankind, Realism offered a stark vision of poverty and despair. Similarly, while Romanticism glorified nature, Realism portrayed life in the depths of an urban wasteland. Like Romanticism, <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a> was a literary as well as an artistic movement. The great <a href="/wiki/Realism_(visual_arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Realism (visual arts)">Realist</a> painters include <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Sim%C3%A9on_Chardin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin">Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Gustave Courbet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet" title="Jean-François Millet">Jean-François Millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Camille Corot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier" title="Honoré Daumier">Honoré Daumier</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Edgar Degas</a> (both considered as <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionists</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eakins" title="Thomas Eakins">Thomas Eakins</a>, among others. </p><p>The response of architecture to industrialisation, in stark contrast to the other arts, was to veer towards historicism. Although the railway stations built during this period are often considered the truest reflections of its spirit – they are sometimes called "the cathedrals of the age" – the main movements in architecture during the Industrial Age were revivals of styles from the distant past, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a>. Related movements were the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a>, who attempted to return art to its state of "purity" prior to <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts and Crafts Movement">Arts and Crafts Movement</a>, which reacted against the impersonality of mass-produced goods and advocated a return to medieval craftsmanship. </p><p><b>Time Period</b>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a>: mid-early 18th century to early 19th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>: late 18th century to mid-19th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a>: 19th century</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_art">Modern art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Europe&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Modern art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post_Impressionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post Impressionism">Post Impressionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monet_Houses_of_Parliament,_Sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Monet_Houses_of_Parliament%2C_Sunset.jpg/200px-Monet_Houses_of_Parliament%2C_Sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Monet_Houses_of_Parliament%2C_Sunset.jpg/300px-Monet_Houses_of_Parliament%2C_Sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Monet_Houses_of_Parliament%2C_Sunset.jpg/400px-Monet_Houses_of_Parliament%2C_Sunset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="2389" /></a><figcaption>Impressionism was known for its usage of light and movement in its paintings, as in <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>'s 1902 <i><a href="/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament_(Monet_series)" title="Houses of Parliament (Monet series)">Houses of Parliament, sunset</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Art-LanguageV3No1-1974.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Art-LanguageV3No1-1974.jpg/200px-Art-LanguageV3No1-1974.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Art-LanguageV3No1-1974.jpg/300px-Art-LanguageV3No1-1974.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Art-LanguageV3No1-1974.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a> are known for their major input on conceptual art.</figcaption></figure> <p>Out of the naturalist ethic of Realism grew a major artistic movement, <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a>. The Impressionists pioneered the use of light in painting as they attempted to capture light as seen from the human eye. <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Edgar Degas</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Camille Pissarro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Pierre-Auguste Renoir</a>, were all involved in the Impressionist movement. As a direct outgrowth of Impressionism came the development of <a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Georges Seurat</a> are the best known Post-Impressionists. </p><p>Following the Impressionists and the <a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Impressionists">Post-Impressionists</a> came <a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a>, often considered the first "modern" genre of art. Just as the Impressionists revolutionized light, so did the fauvists rethink <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a>, painting their canvases in bright, wild hues. After the Fauvists, <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">modern art</a> began to develop in all its forms, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a>, concerned with evoking emotion through objective works of art, to <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a>, the art of transposing a <a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art" title="Fourth dimension in art">four-dimensional</a> reality onto a flat canvas, to <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract art</a>. These new art forms pushed the limits of traditional notions of "art" and corresponded to the similar rapid changes that were taking place in human society, technology, and thought. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a> is often classified as a form of Modern Art. However, the Surrealists themselves have objected to the study of surrealism as an era in art history, claiming that it oversimplifies the complexity of the movement (which they say is not an artistic movement), misrepresents the relationship of surrealism to <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>, and falsely characterizes ongoing surrealism as a finished, historically encapsulated era. Other forms of Modern art (some of which border on <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary art</a>) include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Field_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Color Field painting">Color Field painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Conceptual Art">Conceptual Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_art" title="Body art">Body art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happening" title="Happening">Happening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Lettrisme">Lettrisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_Abstraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyrical Abstraction">Lyrical Abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Land art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naive_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Naive art">Naive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op_art" title="Op art">Op art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photorealism" title="Photorealism">Photorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_art" title="Video art">Video art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Time Period</b>: </p> <ul><li>Impressionism: late 19th Century</li> <li>Others: First half of the 20th century</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_art_and_Postmodern_art">Contemporary art and Postmodern art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Europe&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Contemporary art and Postmodern art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Thomson._Sir_Nicholas_Serota_Makes_an_Acquisitions_Decision.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Charles_Thomson._Sir_Nicholas_Serota_Makes_an_Acquisitions_Decision.jpg/170px-Charles_Thomson._Sir_Nicholas_Serota_Makes_an_Acquisitions_Decision.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Charles_Thomson._Sir_Nicholas_Serota_Makes_an_Acquisitions_Decision.jpg/255px-Charles_Thomson._Sir_Nicholas_Serota_Makes_an_Acquisitions_Decision.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Charles_Thomson._Sir_Nicholas_Serota_Makes_an_Acquisitions_Decision.jpg 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_(artist)" title="Charles Thomson (artist)">Charles Thomson</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Nicholas_Serota_Makes_an_Acquisitions_Decision" title="Sir Nicholas Serota Makes an Acquisitions Decision">Sir Nicholas Serota Makes an Acquisitions Decision</a></i>, 2000, <a href="/wiki/Stuckism" title="Stuckism">Stuckism</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern art</a></div> <p>Modern art foreshadowed several characteristics of what would later be defined as postmodern art; as a matter of fact, several modern art movements can often be classified as both modern and postmodern, such as <a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">pop art</a>. Postmodern art, for instance, places a strong emphasis on irony, parody and humour in general; modern art started to develop a more ironic approach to art which would later advance in a postmodern context. Postmodern art sees the blurring between the high and fine arts with low-end and commercial art; modern art started to experiment with this blurring.<sup id="cite_ref-cla.purdue.edu_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cla.purdue.edu-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent developments in art have been characterised by a significant expansion of what can now deemed to be art, in terms of materials, media, activity and concept. <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a> in particular has had a wide influence. This started literally as the replacement of concept for a made object, one of the intentions of which was to refute the commodification of art. However, it now usually refers to an artwork where there is an object, but the main claim for the work is made for the thought process that has informed it. The aspect of commercialism has returned to the work. </p><p>There has also been an increase in art referring to previous movements and artists, and gaining validity from that reference. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a> in art, which has grown since the 1960s, differs from <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> in as much as Modern art movements were primarily focused on their own activities and values, while Postmodernism uses the whole range of previous movements as a reference point. This has by definition generated a relativistic outlook, accompanied by irony and a certain disbelief in values, as each can be seen to be replaced by another. Another result of this has been the growth of commercialism and celebrity. Postmodern art has questioned common rules and guidelines of what is regarded as '<a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">fine art</a>', merging <a href="/wiki/Low_culture" title="Low culture">low art</a> with the fine arts until none is fully distinguishable.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the advent of postmodernism, the fine arts were characterised by a form of aesthetic quality, elegance, craftsmanship, finesse and intellectual stimulation which was intended to appeal to the <a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">upper</a> or educated classes; this distinguished high art from low art, which, in turn, was seen as tacky, <a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">kitsch</a>, easily made and lacking in much or any intellectual stimulation, art which was intended to appeal to the masses. Postmodern art blurred these distinctions, bringing a strong element of kitsch, commercialism and <a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">campness</a> into contemporary fine art;<sup id="cite_ref-cla.purdue.edu_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cla.purdue.edu-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> what is nowadays seen as fine art may have been seen as low art before postmodernism revolutionised the concept of what high or fine art truly is.<sup id="cite_ref-cla.purdue.edu_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cla.purdue.edu-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the postmodern nature of contemporary art leaves a lot of space for individualism within the art scene; for instance, postmodern art often takes inspiration from past artistic movements, such as Gothic or Baroque art, and both juxtaposes and recycles styles from these past periods in a different context.<sup id="cite_ref-cla.purdue.edu_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cla.purdue.edu-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealists</a> in particular <a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Joan Miró</a>, who called for the "murder of painting" (In numerous interviews dating from the 1930s onwards, Miró expressed contempt for conventional painting methods and his desire to "kill", "murder", or "rape" them in favor of more contemporary means of expression).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have denounced or attempted to "supersede" painting, and there have also been other anti-painting trends among artistic movements, such as that of <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">conceptual art</a>. The trend away from painting in the late 20th century has been countered by various movements, for example the continuation of <a href="/wiki/Minimal_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimal Art">Minimal Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyrical_Abstraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyrical Abstraction">Lyrical Abstraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pop_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop Art">Pop Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Op_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Op Art">Op Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="New Realism">New Realism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photorealism" title="Photorealism">Photorealism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-minimalism" title="Neo-minimalism">Neo Geo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-expressionism" title="Neo-expressionism">Neo-expressionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_European_Painting" title="New European Painting">New European Painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuckism" title="Stuckism">Stuckism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Excessivism" title="Excessivism">Excessivism</a> and various other important and influential painterly directions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Europe&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting" title="History of painting">History of painting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Excellent_Painters,_Sculptors,_and_Architects" title="Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects">Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects</a></i> (16th century book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting_in_the_Americas_before_European_colonization" title="Painting in the Americas before European colonization">Painting in the Americas before European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_time_periods" title="List of time periods">List of time periods</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Europe&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Europeart-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Europeart_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Europeart_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOosterbeek" class="citation web cs1">Oosterbeek, Luíz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europreart.net/">"European Prehistoric Art"</a>. <i>Europeart</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Europeart&rft.atitle=European+Prehistoric+Art&rft.aulast=Oosterbeek&rft.aufirst=Lu%C3%ADz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europreart.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Boardman_(art_historian)" title="John Boardman (art historian)">Boardman, John</a> ed., <i>The Oxford History of Classical Art</i>, pp. 349-369, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198143869" title="Special:BookSources/0198143869">0198143869</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Banister_Fletcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Banister Fletcher">Banister Fletcher</a> excluded nearly all Baroque buildings from his mammoth tome <i>A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method</i>. The publishers eventually rectified this.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mur-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mur_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray, P. and Murray, L. (1963) <i>The Art of the Renaissance</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a> (World of Art), p. 9. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20008-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20008-7">978-0-500-20008-7</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saint+Louis+Art+Museum&rft.atitle=Art+of+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slam.org%2Feuropean%2Fintro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOosterbeek" class="citation web cs1">Oosterbeek, Luíz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europreart.net/prese.htm">"European Prehistoric Art"</a>. <i>Europeart</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Europeart&rft.atitle=European+Prehistoric+Art&rft.aulast=Oosterbeek&rft.aufirst=Lu%C3%ADz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europreart.net%2Fprese.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandars, 8-16, 29-31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hahn, Joachim, "Prehistoric Europe, §II: Palaeolithic 3. Portable art" in <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Art_Online" title="Oxford Art Online">Oxford Art Online</a>, accessed 24 August 2012; Sandars, 37-40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandars, 75-80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandars, 253-257, 183-185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwong" class="citation news cs1">Kwong, Matt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/oldest-cave-man-art-in-europe-dates-back-40-800-years-1.1285131">"Oldest cave-man art in Europe dates back 40,800 years"</a>. CBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Oldest+cave-man+art+in+Europe+dates+back+40%2C800+years&rft.aulast=Kwong&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Foldest-cave-man-art-in-europe-dates-back-40-800-years-1.1285131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2010/06/romanian-cave-may-boast-central.html">"Romanian Cave May Boast Central Europe's Oldest Cave Art | Science/AAAS | News"</a>. News.sciencemag.org. 21 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romanian+Cave+May+Boast+Central+Europe%27s+Oldest+Cave+Art+%26%23124%3B+Science%2FAAAS+%26%23124%3B+News&rft.pub=News.sciencemag.org&rft.date=2010-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sciencemag.org%2Fsciencenow%2F2010%2F06%2Fromanian-cave-may-boast-central.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunther" class="citation web cs1">Gunther, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/timelines/europe/prehistoric.html">"Art of Prehistoric Europe"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Art+of+Prehistoric+Europe&rft.aulast=Gunther&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.art-and-archaeology.com%2Ftimelines%2Feurope%2Fprehistoric.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaniotis" class="citation web cs1">Chaniotis, Angelos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0071.xml;jsessionid=B732A8D81DF46C77A25A3DA2625360A9">"Ancient Crete"</a>. <i>Oxford Bibliographies</i>. Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Bibliographies&rft.atitle=Ancient+Crete&rft.aulast=Chaniotis&rft.aufirst=Angelos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780195389661%2Fobo-9780195389661-0071.xml%3Bjsessionid%3DB732A8D81DF46C77A25A3DA2625360A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood, 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood, 17-18, 23-23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood, 240-241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gates (2004), 33-34, 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">eg Hood, 53, 55, 58, 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapin, 49-51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood, 37-38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood, 56, 233-235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood, 235-236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattinson2019" class="citation book cs1">Mattinson, Lindsay (2019). <i>Understanding Architecture A Guide To Architectural Styles</i>. 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Phaidon. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7502-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7502-6"><bdi>978-0-7148-7502-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+ART+MUSEUM&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-7502-6&rft.aulast=Fortenberry&rft.aufirst=Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortenberry2017" class="citation book cs1">Fortenberry, Diane (2017). <i>THE ART MUSEUM</i>. 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Phaidon. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7502-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7502-6"><bdi>978-0-7148-7502-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+ART+MUSEUM&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-7502-6&rft.aulast=Fortenberry&rft.aufirst=Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arthistory-famousartists-paintings.com-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arthistory-famousartists-paintings.com_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arthistory-famousartists-paintings.com_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arthistory-famousartists-paintings.com/BaroqueArt.html">"Baroque Art"</a>. Arthistory-famousartists-paintings.com. 24 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baroque+Art&rft.pub=Arthistory-famousartists-paintings.com&rft.date=2013-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arthistory-famousartists-paintings.com%2FBaroqueArt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180411162829/http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/his/CoreArt/art/ancien.html">"Ancien Regime Rococo"</a>. Bc.edu. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancien+Regime+Rococo&rft.pub=Bc.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bc.edu%2Fbc_org%2Favp%2Fcas%2Fhis%2FCoreArt%2Fart%2Fancien.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/chinoiserie.aspx#3-1E1:chinoise-full">"chinoiserie facts, information, pictures - Encyclopedia.com articles about chinoiserie"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=chinoiserie+facts%2C+information%2C+pictures+-+Encyclopedia.com+articles+about+chinoiserie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Ftopic%2Fchinoiserie.aspx%233-1E1%3Achinoise-full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artsz.org/neoclassicism-art/">"Art in Neoclassicism"</a>. Artsz.org. 26 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Art+in+Neoclassicism&rft.pub=Artsz.org&rft.date=2008-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artsz.org%2Fneoclassicism-art%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James J. Sheehan, "Art and Its Publics, c. 1800," United and Diversity in European Culture c. 1800, ed. <a href="/wiki/Tim_Blanning" class="mw-redirect" title="Tim Blanning">Tim Blanning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hagen_Schulze" title="Hagen Schulze">Hagen Schulze</a> (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 5-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cla.purdue.edu-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cla.purdue.edu_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cla.purdue.edu_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cla.purdue.edu_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cla.purdue.edu_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cla.purdue.edu_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cla.purdue.edu_39-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/postmodernism/modules/introduction.html">"General Introduction to Postmodernism"</a>. Cla.purdue.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Introduction+to+Postmodernism&rft.pub=Cla.purdue.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cla.purdue.edu%2Fenglish%2Ftheory%2Fpostmodernism%2Fmodules%2Fintroduction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ideas About Art</i>, Desmond, Kathleen K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iP4sA3kwcFsC&q=ideas+about+art">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221029174415/https://books.google.com/books?id=iP4sA3kwcFsC&dq=ideas+about+art&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Archived</a> 29 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> John Wiley & Sons, 2011, p.148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>International postmodernism: theory and literary practice</i>, Bertens, Hans <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n_Eqx2Gr1vUC&q=international+postmodernism:+theory+and+literary+practice">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221029174416/https://books.google.com/books?id=n_Eqx2Gr1vUC&dq=international+postmodernism:+theory+and+literary+practice&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Archived</a> 29 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Routledge, 1997, p.236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Rowell, <i>Joan Mirό: Selected Writings and Interviews</i> (London: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>, 1987) pp. 114–116.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Europe&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chapin, Anne P., "Power, Privilege and Landscape in Minoan Art", in <i>Charis: Essays in Honor of Sara A. Immerwahr</i>, <i>Hesperia</i> (Princeton, N.J.) 33, 2004, ASCSA, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0876615337" title="Special:BookSources/0876615337">0876615337</a>, 9780876615331, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zQOQey4OkAsC&pg=PA181">google books</a></li> <li>Gates, Charles, "Pictorial Imagery in Minoan Wall Painting", in <i>Charis: Essays in Honor of Sara A. Immerwahr</i>, <i>Hesperia</i> (Princeton, N.J.) 33, 2004, ASCSA, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0876615337" title="Special:BookSources/0876615337">0876615337</a>, 9780876615331, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zQOQey4OkAsC&pg=PA181">google books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Hood" title="Sinclair Hood">Hood, Sinclair</a>, <i>The Arts in Prehistoric Greece</i>, 1978, Penguin (Penguin/Yale History of Art), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140561420" title="Special:BookSources/0140561420">0140561420</a></li> <li>Sandars, Nancy K., <i>Prehistoric Art in Europe</i>, Penguin (Pelican, now Yale, History of Art), 1968 (nb 1st edn.; early datings now superseded)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Europe&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Belgium" title="Art of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Slovenia" title="Art of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Art of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_art_movements" title="Template:Western art movements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_art_movements" title="Template talk:Western art movements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_art_movements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western art movements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Premodern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a> art movements</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a>/<a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">periods</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Premodern<br />(Western)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_art" title="Ancient art">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_treasure" title="Thracian treasure">Thracian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_art" title="Dacian art">Dacian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization#Culture" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_art" title="Aegean art">Aegean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyan_ware" title="Minyan ware">Minyan ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Art_and_pottery" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Mycenaean_pottery" title="Sub-Mycenaean pottery">Sub-Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protogeometric_style" title="Protogeometric style">Protogeometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">Geometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalizing_period" title="Orientalizing period">Orientalizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic Greek art">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">Black-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">Red-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_style" title="Severe style">Severe style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art#Classical" title="Ancient Greek art">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch_style" title="Kerch style">Kerch style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art#"Baroque"" title="Hellenistic art">"Baroque"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_art" title="Indo-Greek art">Indo-Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Attic" title="Neo-Attic">Neo-Attic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_sculpture" title="Iberian sculpture">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls#Art" title="Gauls">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_art" title="Roman Republican art">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman art">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art" title="Augustan and Julio-Claudian art">Julio-Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">Pompeian Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajanic_art" title="Trajanic art">Trajanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severan_art" title="Severan art">Severan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Antique_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique art">Late antique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Ethiopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Migration Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_art" title="Hunnic art">Hunnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards#Art" title="Lombards">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_art_and_architecture" title="Visigothic art and architecture">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_portrait" title="Donor portrait">Donor portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picts#Art" title="Picts">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_art_and_architecture" title="Mozarabic art and architecture">Mozarabic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Repoblaci%C3%B3n_art_and_architecture" title="Repoblación art and architecture">Repoblación</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeologan_Renaissance#Art_and_architecture" title="Palaeologan Renaissance">Palaeologan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Byzantine" title="Italo-Byzantine">Italo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks#Art_and_architecture" title="Franks">Frankish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_art_and_architecture" title="Merovingian art and architecture">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosan_art" title="Mosan art">Mosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Romanesque" title="Spanish Romanesque">Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans#Visual_arts" title="Normans">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman%E2%80%93Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_culture" title="Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture">Norman-Sicilian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opus_Anglicanum" title="Opus Anglicanum">Opus Anglicanum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art_in_Milan" title="Gothic art in Milan">Gothic art in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic_art_in_Italy" title="International Gothic art in Italy">International Gothic art in Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucchese_school" title="Lucchese school">Lucchese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Crusades" title="Art of the Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_school" title="Novgorod school">Novgorod school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sienese_school" title="Sienese school">Sienese school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_art" title="Mudéjar art">Mudéjar</a></li> <li>Medieval <a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Medieval_Europe" title="History of cartography">cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Italian_cartography_and_the_birth_of_portolan_charts" title="History of cartography">Italian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorcan_cartographic_school" title="Majorcan cartographic school">Majorcan school</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mappa_mundi" title="Mappa mundi">Mappa mundi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Renaissance">Proto-Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_painting" title="Florentine painting">Florentine school</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pittura_infamante" title="Pittura infamante">Pittura infamante</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Ferrara" title="School of Ferrara">Ferrarese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_school_of_art" title="Forlivese school of art">Forlivese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_painting" title="Venetian painting">Venetian school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_school" title="Bolognese school">Bolognese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Maniera" title="Counter-Maniera">Counter-<i>Maniera</i></a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_landscape" title="World landscape">World landscape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghent%E2%80%93Bruges_school" title="Ghent–Bruges school">Ghent–Bruges school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">German Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_school_of_painting" title="Cologne school of painting">Cologne school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_school" title="Danube school">Danube school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Dutch and Flemish Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Mannerism" title="Antwerp Mannerism">Antwerp Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanism_(painting)" title="Romanism (painting)">Romanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">Still life</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance#Visual_arts" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artists_of_the_Tudor_court" title="Artists of the Tudor court">Tudor court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquerie" title="Turquerie">Turquerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Fontainebleau" title="School of Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_late_16th_century_in_Milan" title="Art of the late 16th century in Milan">Art of the late 16th century in Milan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Milan" title="Baroque in Milan">Baroque in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Flemish Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravaggisti" title="Caravaggisti">Caravaggisti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Caravaggism" title="Utrecht Caravaggism">in Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenebrism" title="Tenebrism">Tenebrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_style" title="Louis XIII style">Louis XIII style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran baroque">Lutheran Baroque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroganov_school" title="Stroganov school">Stroganov school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_painter" title="Animal painter">Animal painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Romanists" title="Guild of Romanists">Guild of Romanists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delft_school_(painting)" title="Delft school (painting)">Delft school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(art)" title="Capriccio (art)">Capriccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(painting)" title="Ionian school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism#In_the_fine_arts" title="Classicism">Classicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">Louis XIV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poussinists_and_Rubenists" title="Poussinists and Rubenists">Poussinists and Rubenists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocaille" title="Rocaille">Rocaille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_style" title="Louis XV style">Louis XV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederician_Rococo" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederician Rococo">Frederician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_galante" title="Fête galante">Fête galante</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Go%C3%BBt_grec" title="Goût grec">Goût grec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adam style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture_in_Milan" title="Neoclassical architecture in Milan">Neoclassical architecture in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Colonial art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Art of the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_art" title="Caribbean art">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art" title="Haitian art">Haitian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Colonial Asian art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letras_y_figuras" title="Letras y figuras">Letras y figuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipos_del_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Tipos del País">Tipos del País</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Asia" title="Baroque">Colonial Asian Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_style" title="Company style">Company style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art" title="Latin American art">Latin American art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casta_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Casta painting">Casta painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_school_of_religious_imagery" title="Chilote school of religious imagery">Chilote school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuzco_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco school">Cuzco school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_school" title="Quito school">Quito school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Americas" title="Baroque">Latin American Baroque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Art borrowing<br />Western elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus#Art_and_architecture" title="Al-Andalus">Moorish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_art" title="Manichaean art">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal art">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_handicrafts" title="Qing handicrafts">Qing handicrafts</a></li> <li>Western influence in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akita_ranga" title="Akita ranga">Akita ranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uki-e" title="Uki-e">Uki-e</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art#Western_art_after_1770" title="History of art">Transition<br />to modern</a><br />(c. 1770 – 1862)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_painting" title="Fairy painting">Fairy painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Danish Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour_style" title="Troubadour style">Troubadour style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Shoreham Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_school_of_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Düsseldorf school of painting">Düsseldorf school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(American_art_style)" title="Luminism (American art style)">American luminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism#Orientalist_art" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_school_of_painters" title="Norwich school of painters">Norwich school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbizon school">Barbizon school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verismo_(painting)" title="Verismo (painting)">Verismo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macchiaioli" title="Macchiaioli">Macchiaioli</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">Academic art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_school" title="Munich school">Munich school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">in Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Grec#Painting" title="Neo-Grec">Neo-Grec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etching_revival" title="Etching revival">Etching revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a><br />(1863–1944)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1863–1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism#Arts" title="Romantic nationalism">National romanticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dga" title="Yōga">Yōga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihonga" title="Nihonga">Nihonga</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japonisme" title="Japonisme">Japonisme</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_style" title="Anglo-Japanese style">Anglo-Japanese style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beuron_school" title="Beuron school">Beuron school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague school">Hague school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peredvizhniki" title="Peredvizhniki">Peredvizhniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Impressionism" title="American Impressionism">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoosier_Group" title="Hoosier Group">Hoosier Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_school_(painting)" title="Boston school (painting)">Boston school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Impressionism" title="Amsterdam Impressionism">Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Impressionism" title="Canadian Impressionism">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidelberg school">Heidelberg school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_pottery" title="Art pottery">Art pottery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadent movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbolist_movement_in_Romania" title="Symbolist movement in Romania">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_symbolism#Visual_arts" title="Russian symbolism">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_school" title="Volcano school">Volcano school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(Impressionism)" title="Luminism (Impressionism)">Luminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont-Aven_School" title="Pont-Aven School">Pont-Aven School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloisonnism" title="Cloisonnism">Cloisonnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetism" title="Synthetism">Synthetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Nabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Nabis">Les Nabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="American Barbizon school">American Barbizon school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_tonalism" class="mw-redirect" title="California tonalism">California tonalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo#Visual_costumbrismo_in_the_Americas" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1900–1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau_in_Milan" title="Art Nouveau in Milan">Art Nouveau in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Impressionism" title="California Impressionism">California Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_(art)" title="Secession (art)">Secessionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Secession" title="Munich Secession">Munich Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Secession" title="Berlin Secession">Berlin Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderbund_westdeutscher_Kunstfreunde_und_K%C3%BCnstler" title="Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler">Sonderbund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Impressionism" title="Pennsylvania Impressionism">Pennsylvania Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_iskusstva" title="Mir iskusstva">Mir iskusstva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_American_Painters" title="Ten American Painters">Ten American Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Werkbund" title="Deutscher Werkbund">Deutscher Werkbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="American Realism">American Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashcan school">Ashcan school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Cubism" title="Proto-Cubism">Proto-Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_(painters)" title="The Eight (painters)">A Nyolcak</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_K%C3%BCnstlervereinigung_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Neue Künstlervereinigung München">Neue Künstlervereinigung München</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_painting" title="Metaphysical painting">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonism" title="Rayonism">Rayonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivism_(art)" title="Productivism (art)">Productivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1915–1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sosaku-hanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosaku-hanga">Sosaku-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Cubism" title="Crystal Cubism">Crystal Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Constructivist_movement" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Constructivism" title="Universal Constructivism">Universal Constructivism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin-hanga" title="Shin-hanga">Shin-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism" title="Purism">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_to_order" title="Return to order">Return to order</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novecento_Italiano" title="Novecento Italiano">Novecento Italiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurative_Constructivism" title="Figurative Constructivism">Figurative Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stupid_(art_movement)" title="Stupid (art movement)">Stupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Progressives" title="Cologne Progressives">Cologne Progressives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeitsrat_f%C3%BCr_Kunst" title="Arbeitsrat für Kunst">Arbeitsrat für Kunst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_Group_(German)" title="November Group (German)">November Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_tonalism" title="Australian tonalism">Australian tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Secession" title="Dresden Secession">Dresden Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_Antrop%C3%B3fago" title="Manifesto Antropófago">Anthropophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingei" title="Mingei">Mingei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven_(artists)" title="Group of Seven (artists)">Group of Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Surrealism_in_Iran" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Surrealism" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_muralism" title="Mexican muralism">Mexican muralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Fauvism" title="Neo-Fauvism">Neo-Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precisionism" title="Precisionism">Precisionism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeropittura" title="Aeropittura">Aeropittura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Revolutionary_Visual_Artists" title="Association of Revolutionary Visual Artists">Asso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuola_Romana" title="Scuola Romana">Scuola Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercle_et_Carr%C3%A9" title="Cercle et Carré">Cercle et Carré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapists" title="Kapists">Kapists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(art)" title="Regionalism (art)">Regionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Scene_Painting" title="California Scene Painting">California Scene Painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Nazi art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_art" title="Concrete art">Concrete art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction-Cr%C3%A9ation" title="Abstraction-Création">Abstraction-Création</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_(Expressionists)" title="The Ten (Expressionists)">The Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art#Dimensionist_manifesto" title="Fourth dimension in art">Dimensionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Expressionism" title="Boston Expressionism">Boston Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_School_of_Painting" title="Leningrad School of Painting">Leningrad school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern</a><br />(1945–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1945–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Typographic_Style" title="International Typographic Style">International Typographic Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Color_School" title="Washington Color School">Washington Color School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visionary_art" title="Visionary art">Visionary art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_School_of_Fantastic_Realism" title="Vienna School of Fantastic Realism">Vienna School of Fantastic Realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatialism" title="Spatialism">Spatialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_field" title="Color field">Color field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">Lyrical abstraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tachisme" title="Tachisme">Tachisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Informale" title="Arte Informale">Arte Informale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBRA_(art_movement)" title="COBRA (art movement)">COBRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuagisme" title="Nuagisme">Nuagisme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Ruptura" title="Generación de la Ruptura">Generación de la Ruptura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jikken_K%C5%8Db%C5%8D" title="Jikken Kōbō">Jikken Kōbō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metcalf_Chateau" title="Metcalf Chateau">Metcalf Chateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono-ha" title="Mono-ha">Mono-ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Style" title="Nanyang Style">Nanyang Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_painting" title="Action painting">Action painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Figurative_Expressionism" title="American Figurative Expressionism">American Figurative Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Figurative_Expressionism" title="New York Figurative Expressionism">in New York</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_School_(art)#Visual_arts" title="New York School (art)">New York school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard-edge_painting" title="Hard-edge painting">Hard-edge painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Figurative_Movement" title="Bay Area Figurative Movement">Bay Area Figurative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Plasticiens" title="Les Plasticiens">Les Plasticiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutai_Art_Association" title="Gutai Art Association">Gutai Art Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai_Bijutsu_Kondankai" title="Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai">Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Soviet Nonconformist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_underground" title="Ukrainian underground">Ukrainian underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letterist_International" title="Letterist International">Letterist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Lettrist" title="Ultra-Lettrist">Ultra-Lettrist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Highwaymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Highwaymen">Florida Highwaymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetic_art" title="Cybernetic art">Cybernetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodeans" title="Antipodeans">Antipodeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1960–1969</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otra_Figuraci%C3%B3n" title="Otra Figuración">Otra Figuración</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Presencia" title="Nueva Presencia">Nueva Presencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_(art)" title="Zero (art)">ZERO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happening" title="Happening">Happening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada" title="Neo-Dada">Neo-Dada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada_Organizers" title="Neo-Dada Organizers">Neo-Dada Organizers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op_art" title="Op art">Op art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">Nouveau réalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_tendance" title="Nouvelle tendance">Nouvelle tendance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Povera" title="Arte Povera">Arte Povera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Caribbean_Artists_Movement" title="The Caribbean Artists Movement">The Caribbean Artists Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_art_movement" title="Chicano art movement">Chicano art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Land art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Systems art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_art" title="Video art">Video art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">Generative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-painterly_abstraction" title="Post-painterly abstraction">Post-painterly abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedia" title="Intermedia">Intermedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Psychedelic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_Art" title="Nut Art">Nut Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photorealism" title="Photorealism">Photorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Environmental art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_art" title="Process art">Process art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_critique" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional critique">Institutional critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_and_Space" title="Light and Space">Light and Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Feminist art movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Feminist art movement in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Saqqakhaneh_movement" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Saqqakhaneh movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stars_Art_Group" title="The Stars Art Group">The Stars Art Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">Tropicália</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoru_no_Kai" title="Yoru no Kai">Yoru no Kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">Artificial intelligence art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1970–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-conceptual_art" title="Post-conceptual art">Post-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artscene" class="mw-redirect" title="Artscene">Artscene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_art" title="Endurance art">Endurance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sots_Art" title="Sots Art">Sots Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conceptualists" title="Moscow Conceptualists">Moscow Conceptualists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_and_Decoration" title="Pattern and Decoration">Pattern and Decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliontanism" title="Pliontanism">Pliontanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_visual_art" title="Punk visual art">Punk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-expressionism" title="Neo-expressionism">Neo-expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transavantgarde" title="Transavantgarde">Transavantgarde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art#Saint_Soleil_School" title="Haitian art">Saint Soleil school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_art" title="Guerrilla art">Guerrilla art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowbrow_(art_movement)" title="Lowbrow (art movement)">Lowbrow art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telematic_art" title="Telematic art">Telematic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-conceptual_art" title="Neo-conceptual art">Neo-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_European_Painting" title="New European Painting">New European Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_collaborative_painting" title="Tunisian collaborative painting">Tunisian collaborative painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Group" title="Memphis Group">Memphis Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberdelic" title="Cyberdelic">Cyberdelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst" title="Neue Slowenische Kunst">Neue Slowenische Kunst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_video" title="Scratch video">Scratch video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrofuturism" title="Retrofuturism">Retrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_British_Artists" title="Young British Artists">Young British Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfiction" title="Superfiction">Superfiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taring_Padi" title="Taring Padi">Taring Padi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Leipzig_School" title="New Leipzig School">New Leipzig school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artivism" title="Artivism">Artivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Designers_Republic" title="The Designers Republic">The Designers Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge#Graphic_design" title="Grunge">Grunge design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdadism" title="Verdadism">Verdadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">2000–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_pop_art" title="Amazonian pop art">Amazonian pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altermodern" title="Altermodern">Altermodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art" title="Art for art">Art for art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_intervention" title="Art intervention">Art intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandalism" title="Brandalism">Brandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_African_art" title="Contemporary African art">Contemporary African art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Contemporary Indigenous Australian art">Contemporary Indigenous Australian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token#Digital_art" title="Non-fungible token">Crypto art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_art" title="Cyborg art">Cyborg art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excessivism" title="Excessivism">Excessivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictive_art" title="Fictive art">Fictive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_design" title="Flat design">Flat design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_Memphis" title="Corporate Memphis">Corporate Memphis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermodernism_(art)" title="Hypermodernism (art)">Hypermodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperrealism_(visual_arts)" title="Hyperrealism (visual arts)">Hyperrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea_art" title="Idea art">Idea art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_art" title="Internet art">Internet art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Internet" title="Post-Internet">Post-Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_art" title="IPhone art">iPhone art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch_movement" title="Kitsch movement">Kitsch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightpainting" title="Lightpainting">Lightpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massurrealism" title="Massurrealism">Massurrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_European_ink_painting" title="Modern European ink painting">Modern European ink painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern#Artist_group" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosymbolism" title="Neosymbolism">Neosymbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionism" title="Passionism">Passionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-YBAs" title="Post-YBAs">Post-YBAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_art" title="Relational art">Relational art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeuomorph#In_design" title="Skeuomorph">Skeuomorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_art" title="Software art">Software art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_art" title="Sound art">Sound art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuckism" title="Stuckism">Stuckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SoFlo_Superflat" title="SoFlo Superflat">SoFlo Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstroke" title="Superstroke">Superstroke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyism" title="Toyism">Toyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilalianism" title="Unilalianism">Unilalianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_Artists_Network" title="Walking Artists Network">Walking Artists Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-art" title="Anti-art">Anti-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Fantastic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">Folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_genres" title="Hierarchy of genres">Hierarchy of genres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genre_painting" title="Genre painting">Genre painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">History painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Jewish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">Landscape painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_sculpture" title="Modern sculpture">Modern sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art#Europe" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric European art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_art" title="Queer art">Queer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_art" title="Shock art">Shock art</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">Trompe-l'œil</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Western painting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Art_movements" title="Category:Art movements">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture" title="Template:Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture" title="Template talk:Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">Culture of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Andorra" title="Culture of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Armenia" title="Culture of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Austria" title="Culture of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Culture of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belarus" title="Culture of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belgium" title="Culture of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bulgaria" title="Culture of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Croatia" title="Culture of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Culture of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Denmark" title="Culture of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Estonia" title="Culture of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Finland" title="Culture of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary" title="Culture of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iceland" title="Culture of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan" title="Culture of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Latvia" title="Culture of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lithuania" title="Culture of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Luxembourg" title="Culture of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malta" title="Culture of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Moldova" title="Culture of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Montenegro" title="Culture of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Culture of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Macedonia" title="Culture of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Norway" title="Culture of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Poland" title="Culture of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Portugal" title="Culture of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Romania" title="Culture of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Serbia" title="Culture of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Slovakia" title="Culture of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Slovenia" title="Culture of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Spain" title="Culture of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden" title="Culture of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Switzerland" title="Culture of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ukraine" title="Culture of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Culture of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Abkhazia" title="Culture of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kosovo" title="Culture of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Culture of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_%C3%85land" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Culture of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Gibraltar" title="Culture of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guernsey" title="Culture of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jersey" title="Culture of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Europe_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topics" title="Template:Europe topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topics" title="Template talk:Europe topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Europe_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Europaea" title="Pax Europaea">Pax Europaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_situations_and_unrest_in_Europe_since_2000" title="Crisis situations and unrest in Europe since 2000">Crisis situations and unrest since 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">cron</a> hybrid variant (2020–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation#Europe" title="List of sovereign states by date of formation">Sovereignty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_predecessors_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe">predecessor states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Europe" title="Geography of Europe">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_and_population_of_European_countries" title="Area and population of European countries">Areas and populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area" title="List of European countries by area">Countries by area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_microstates" title="European microstates">European microstates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Europe" title="List of metropolitan areas in Europe">Largest metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cities_in_Europe" title="Lists of cities in Europe">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Europe" title="Climate of Europe">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Europe" title="Extreme points of Europe">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Europe" title="Geology of Europe">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes#Europe" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#Europe" title="List of mountain ranges">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Europe" title="Regions of Europe">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Europe" title="List of rivers of Europe">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Sovereign states and dependent territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe#Population_by_country" title="Demographics of Europe">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Europe" title="List of villages in Europe">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Europe" title="Politics of Europe">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_membership_in_international_organisations" title="List of European countries by membership in international organisations">International organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_in_Europe" title="Law in Europe">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_relations" title="Transatlantic relations">Transatlantic relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe (CoE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community (EPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_statistics" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe statistics">statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-country_economic_relationships_with_the_European_Union" title="Third-country economic relationships with the European Union">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_European_Union" title="Free trade agreements of the European Union">free trade agreements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">European Union Customs Union (EUCU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">enlargement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_statistics" title="European Union statistics">Statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe" title="Economy of Europe">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Europe_(1000_AD%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of Europe (1000 AD–present)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Financial (and social) rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_areas_in_Europe" title="Free trade areas in Europe">Free trade areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Europe" title="Energy in Europe">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_European_Union" title="Telecommunications in the European Union">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Europe" title="Transport in Europe">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Customs Union (EACU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association (EFTA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Sovereign states by</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Average wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_budget_revenues" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues">Budget revenues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_budget_revenues_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)">GDP (nominal)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP)">GDP (PPP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (nominal) per capita">GNI (nominal) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (PPP) per capita">GNI (PPP) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by Human Development Index">HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of European countries by number of Internet users">Internet users (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European countries by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_Press_Freedom_Index" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_health_expense_per_person" title="European countries by health expense per person">Health expense per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_military_expenditure_as_a_percentage_of_government_expenditure" title="European countries by military expenditure as a percentage of government expenditure">Military spending (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_percentage_of_urban_population" title="European countries by percentage of urban population">Urban population (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_electricity_consumption_per_person" title="European countries by electricity consumption per person">Electricity use per capita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Europe" title="Category:Society of Europe">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in Europe">Ages of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Europe" title="Etiquette in Europe">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Social (and financial) rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_Europe" title="List of endangered languages in Europe">endangered</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_European_countries" title="Legal status of tattooing in European countries">Tattooing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_universities" title="History of European universities">Universities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">Erasmus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Europe" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture#Europe" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">Capital of Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Europe" title="Cinema of Europe">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_festivals_in_Europe" title="List of film festivals in Europe">film festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_dances" title="European dances">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Europe" title="Sport in Europe">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Europe" title="Symbols of Europe">Symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Europe" title="Armorial of Europe">Armorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Europe" title="Flags of Europe">Flags</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe" title="Demographics of Europe">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageing_of_Europe" title="Ageing of Europe">Ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_percent_of_population_aged_0-14" title="European countries by percent of population aged 0-14">Childhood population (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">genetic history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Europe" title="Immigration to Europe">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European regions by life expectancy">by region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_in_Europe" title="Retirement in Europe">Retirement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_present-day_countries_and_dependencies" title="Maps of present-day countries and dependencies">Maps</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe" title="Template talk:History of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_world_and_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_world" title="Template:Western world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_world" title="Template talk:Western world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_world_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Roman legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">European Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">high</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Revolution" title="Age of Revolution">Age of Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post–Cold War era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">Diet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_tradition" title="Classical tradition">Classical tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" title="History of Western fashion">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dance_(Europe_and_North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western dance (Europe and North America)">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_education" title="Western education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_astrology" title="Western astrology">Astrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_folklore" title="European folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Western_world" title="Immigration to the Western world">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurolinguistics" title="Eurolinguistics">Eurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Average_European" title="Standard Average European">Standard Average European</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_media" title="Western media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_folk_music_traditions" title="List of European folk music traditions">Folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="European mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_Western_painting" title="20th-century Western painting">contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_(Western_philosophy)" title="Values (Western philosophy)">Values</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_physical_culture" title="Western physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_sports" title="Western sports">Sport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Christianity_in_the_Western_world" title="Decline of Christianity in the Western world">Decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Ancient Roman philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Tolerance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_tolerance" title="Paradox of tolerance">Paradox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peritrope" title="Peritrope">Peritrope</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">Sovereigntism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_values" title="Western values">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_values" title="European values">European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br />integration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABCANZ_Armies" title="ABCANZ Armies">ABCANZ Armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_European_Regions" title="Assembly of European Regions">AER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Portuguese Alliance">Anglo-Portuguese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUK" title="ANZUK">ANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUSCANNZUKUS" title="AUSCANNZUKUS">AUSCANNZUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly">Baltic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">BSEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Nine" title="Bucharest Nine">Bucharest Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CANZUK" title="CANZUK">CANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">CBSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">CEFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craiova_Group" title="Craiova Group">Craiova Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Group" title="Eastern European Group">Eastern European Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">EPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">EU Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">EU–UK TCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Treaties" title="Lancaster House Treaties">Lancaster House Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Triangle" title="Lublin Triangle">Lublin Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">OAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_the_Progress_and_Integration_of_South_America" title="Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America">PROSUR/PROSUL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Seas_Initiative" title="Three Seas Initiative">Three Seas Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UKUSA_Agreement" title="UKUSA Agreement">UKUSA Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">USMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nordic_Council" title="West Nordic Council">West Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_and_Others_Group" title="Western European and Others Group">Western European and Others Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li></ul> 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