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id="toc-Eco-socialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critique_of_capitalist_expansion_and_globalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critique_of_capitalist_expansion_and_globalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Critique of capitalist expansion and globalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critique_of_capitalist_expansion_and_globalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_and_exchange_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_and_exchange_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Use and exchange value</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_and_exchange_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_the_state_and_transnational_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_the_state_and_transnational_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Role of the state and transnational organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_the_state_and_transnational_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critique_of_other_forms_of_green_politics_and_socialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critique_of_other_forms_of_green_politics_and_socialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Critique of other forms of green politics and socialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critique_of_other_forms_of_green_politics_and_socialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_within-system_approaches,_voluntarism,_and_technological_fixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_within-system_approaches,_voluntarism,_and_technological_fixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Opposition to within-system approaches, voluntarism, and technological fixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_within-system_approaches,_voluntarism,_and_technological_fixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critique_of_green_economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critique_of_green_economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Critique of green economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critique_of_green_economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critique_of_deep_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critique_of_deep_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.3</span> <span>Critique of deep ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critique_of_deep_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critique_of_bioregionalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critique_of_bioregionalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.4</span> <span>Critique of bioregionalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critique_of_bioregionalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critique_of_variants_of_eco-feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critique_of_variants_of_eco-feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.5</span> <span>Critique of variants of eco-feminism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critique_of_variants_of_eco-feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critique_of_social_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critique_of_social_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.6</span> <span>Critique of social ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critique_of_social_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critique_of_actually-existing_socialisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critique_of_actually-existing_socialisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.7</span> <span>Critique of actually-existing socialisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critique_of_actually-existing_socialisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Strategies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>Agency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prefiguration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prefiguration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.2</span> <span>Prefiguration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prefiguration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internationalization_of_prefiguration_and_the_eco-socialist_party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internationalization_of_prefiguration_and_the_eco-socialist_party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.3</span> <span>Internationalization of prefiguration and the eco-socialist party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internationalization_of_prefiguration_and_the_eco-socialist_party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eco-socialist_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eco-socialist_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Eco-socialist revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eco-socialist_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transnational_trade_and_capital_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transnational_trade_and_capital_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.1</span> <span>Transnational trade and capital reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transnational_trade_and_capital_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecological_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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.infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Joel Kovel</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Joel_Kovel,_2009_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kovel in 2009"><img alt="Kovel in 2009" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Joel_Kovel%2C_2009_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Joel_Kovel%2C_2009_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Joel_Kovel%2C_2009_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Joel_Kovel%2C_2009_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Joel_Kovel%2C_2009_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Joel_Kovel%2C_2009_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="703" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Kovel in 2009</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Joel Stephen Kovel<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1936-08-27</span>)</span>August 27, 1936<br /><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">April 30, 2018<span style="display:none">(2018-04-30)</span> (aged 81)<br /><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, New York, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Physician, scholar, human rights activist, writer</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150414022639/http://joelkovel.com/">joelkovel.com (archived)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Joel Stephen Kovel</b> (August 27, 1936 – April 30, 2018) was an American psychiatrist, scholar, human rights activist, and author known as a founder of <a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">eco-socialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mondoweiss_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mondoweiss-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DemocracyNow_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DemocracyNow-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kovel became a psychoanalyst, but he abandoned <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a> in 1985. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kovel was born on August 27, 1936, in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn, New York">Brooklyn, New York</a>. His parents, immigrant <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jews</a>, were Louis Kovel (an accountant known for the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovel_Rule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kovel Rule (page does not exist)">Kovel Rule</a>") and Rose Farber. He attended <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_Senior_High_School_(New_York)" title="Baldwin Senior High School (New York)">Baldwin Senior High School (New York)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baldwin,_Nassau_County,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin, Nassau County, New York">Baldwin, Nassau County, New York</a>. In 1957, he received his B.S. <i>summa cum laude</i> from <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>. In 1961, he received his M.D. from the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons" title="Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons">Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons</a> and in 1977 was a graduate of the Psychoanalytic Institute, Downstate Medical Center Institute, Brooklyn, New York.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KovelSite_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KovelSite-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic">Academic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Academic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1977 until 1983, he was Director of Residency Training, Department of Psychiatry, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_College_of_Medicine" title="Albert Einstein College of Medicine">Albert Einstein College of Medicine</a>, where he was also Professor of Psychiatry from 1979 to 1986. From 1980 to 1985, he was an adjunct professor of anthropology at the <a href="/wiki/New_School_for_Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="New School for Social Research">New School for Social Research</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986, Kovel abandoned the field of <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1986 to 1987, he was a visiting professor of Political Science and Communications, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a>. He also held short-term positions as a Visiting Lecturer at <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_State_University" title="San Diego State University">San Diego State University</a> in the spring of 1990 and another visiting professor position at UCSD in Winter 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-KovelSite_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KovelSite-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1988, Kovel was appointed <a href="/wiki/Alger_Hiss" title="Alger Hiss">Alger Hiss</a> Chair of Social Studies, a non-tenured position, at <a href="/wiki/Bard_College" title="Bard College">Bard College</a>. In February 2009, he was informed that his position would not be renewed after the contract ended on June 20, 2009, and that he would be moved to emeritus status at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-state_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kovel argued in a letter sent to the faculty of Bard College that his contract was not renewed due to his political views.<sup id="cite_ref-ihe0219_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ihe0219-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reiterated his argument in a statement posted on his official website that the "termination of service is prejudicial and motivated neither by intellectual nor pedagogic considerations, but by political values, principally stemming from differences between myself and the Bard administration on the issue of Zionism".<sup id="cite_ref-state_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The college president <a href="/wiki/Leon_Botstein" title="Leon Botstein">Leon Botstein</a> responded in a letter sent directly to Kovel by arguing that his termination was not political but part of a larger move by Bard to reduce part-time faculty. Botstein stated: "To take what is self-evidently a result of economic constraint and turn it into a trumped-up case of prejudice and political victimization insults not only your intelligence but the intelligence of your readers."<sup id="cite_ref-ihe0219_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ihe0219-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Kovel called his dismissal illegitimate and vowed to fight the decision, he left Bard permanently per the university's decision in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Mondoweiss_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mondoweiss-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political">Political</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kovel became involved in political activism in the 1960s as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. He began to study <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> which created a "conflict with his identity as a Freudian psychoanalyst",<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and led him to characterize himself as a "Marxist psychoanalyst", two categories which he described as "contrary" to each other.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He would eventually abandon medicine, psychiatry, and psychoanalysis in 1985. He also worked in defense of the <a href="/wiki/Sandinista_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandinista Revolution">Sandinista Revolution</a> in Nicaragua.<sup id="cite_ref-KovelSite_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KovelSite-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 1980s, he became involved with the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental movement</a>. He then had a brief career with the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party of the United States</a>, under which he ran for the <a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1998 United States Senate election in New York">U.S. Senate in 1998</a> and "<a href="/wiki/2000_Green_National_Convention" title="2000 Green National Convention">sought the party's presidential nomination in Denver in 2000</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Mondoweiss_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mondoweiss-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DemocracyNow_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DemocracyNow-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KovelSite_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KovelSite-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kovel was an advisory editor of <i><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Resistance">Socialist Resistance</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kovel married Virginia Ryan, a nurse, with whom he had a daughter and a son before they divorced. He then married <a href="/wiki/DeeDee_Halleck" title="DeeDee Halleck">DeeDee Halleck</a>, with whom he had a daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kovel died age 81 on April 30, 2018, in New York City from pneumonia and autoimmune encephalitis.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mondoweiss_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mondoweiss-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DemocracyNow_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DemocracyNow-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Joel_Kovel##" title="Talk:Joel Kovel">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Joel+Kovel%22">"Joel Kovel"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Joel+Kovel%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Joel+Kovel%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Joel+Kovel%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Joel+Kovel%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Joel+Kovel%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Eco-socialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2001, Kovel and <a href="/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B6wy" title="Michael Löwy">Michael Löwy</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologist</a> and member of the <a href="/wiki/Trotskyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyist">Trotskyist</a> <a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_(Post-Reunification)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth International (Post-Reunification)">Fourth International</a>, released <i>An Ecosocialist Manifesto.</i> which set out to define <a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">eco-socialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Manifesto_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manifesto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critique_of_capitalist_expansion_and_globalization">Critique of capitalist expansion and globalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Critique of capitalist expansion and globalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kovel was <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-capitalist">anti-capitalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalization">anti-globalization</a>, seeing <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> as a force driven by <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>; in turn, the rapid <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> encouraged by globalization causes acute ecological crises.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that capitalist firms have to continue to generate profit through a combination of continually intensifying exploitation and selling to new markets, meaning that capitalism must grow indefinitely to exist, which seems impossible on a planet of finite resources.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the eco-socialist manifesto, Kovel and Löwy suggested that capitalist expansion causes both "crises of ecology" through "rampant industrialization" and "societal breakdown" that springs "from the form of <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> known as globalization", and that capitalism's expansion "exposes <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>" to <a href="/wiki/Pollutants" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollutants">pollutants</a>, habitat destruction, and <a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">resource depletion</a>, "reducing the sensuous vitality of <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a> to the cold exchangeability required for the accumulation of capital", while submerging "the majority of the world's people to a mere reservoir of <a href="/wiki/Labour_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour (economics)">labor</a> power", as it penetrates communities through "<a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a> and depoliticization".<sup id="cite_ref-Manifesto_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manifesto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Kovel saw the form of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> globalization as "a return to the pure logic of capital" that "has effectively swept away measures which had inhibited capital's aggressivity, replacing them with naked exploitation of humanity and nature"; for Kovel, this "tearing down of boundaries", which was "a deliberate response to a serious accumulation crisis" in the 1970s, has become the definition of modern globalization.<sup id="cite_ref-KovelNSG_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KovelNSG-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As eco-socialists disagree with the elite theories of capitalism, which tend to label a specific class or social group as conspirators who construct a system that satisfies their greed and personal desires, Kovel suggested that the capitalist system itself is self-perpetuating, fuelled by extra-human or impersonal forces. He used the <a href="/wiki/Bhopal_disaster" title="Bhopal disaster">Bhopal Union-Carbide industrial disaster</a> as an example. Many anti-corporation observers would blame the avarice of those at the top of many multi-national corporations. Conversely, Kovel traced systemic impulses. Union Carbide were experiencing a decrease in sales that led to falling profits which, due to stock market conditions, translated into a drop in share values. The depreciation of share value made many shareholders sell their stock, weakening the company, and leading to cost-cutting measures that eroded the safety procedures and mechanisms at the Bhopal site. Though this did not make Bhopal inevitable in Kovel's mind, it showed the effect market forces can have on increasing the likelihood of ecological and social problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_and_exchange_value">Use and exchange value</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Use and exchange value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kovel followed Marx's theories about the contradiction between <a href="/wiki/Use_value" title="Use value">use values</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exchange_value" title="Exchange value">exchange values</a>. As he wrote in <i>The Enemy of Nature</i>, within a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> goods are not produced to meet needs but are produced to be exchanged for money that we then use to acquire other goods. As we have to keep selling in order to keep buying, we must persuade others to buy our goods just to ensure our survival, which leads to the production of goods with no previous use that can be sold to sustain our ability to buy other goods. Kovel stressed that this contradiction has reached a destructive extent, where certain essential activities, such as caring for relatives full-time and basic subsistence, are unrewarded, while unnecessary economic activities earn certain individuals huge fortunes.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_the_state_and_transnational_organisations">Role of the state and transnational organisations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Role of the state and transnational organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Capitalist expansion was seen by Kovel as being "hand in glove" with "corrupt and subservient client states" that repress dissent against the system, governed by <a href="/wiki/International_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="International organisation">international organisations</a> "under the overall supervision of the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western powers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpower</a> United States", which subordinate peripheral nations economically and militarily.<sup id="cite_ref-Manifesto_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manifesto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kovel further said that capitalism itself spurs conflict and ultimately <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>. Kovel stated that the <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a> between <a href="/wiki/Islamist_extremists" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist extremists">Islamist extremists</a> and the United States is caused by "oil imperialism", whereby the capitalist nations require control over sources of <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>, especially oil, which are necessary to continue intensive industrial growth"; in the quest for control of such resources, Kovel argued that the capitalist nations, specifically the United States, have come into conflict with the predominantly <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> nations where oil is often found.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kovel believed that state or self-<a href="/wiki/Regulatory_economics" title="Regulatory economics">regulation</a> of markets does not solve the crisis "because to do so requires setting limits upon accumulation", which is "unacceptable" for a growth-orientated system, and that <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> and revolutionary impulses cannot be tackled properly "because to do so would mean abandoning the logic of <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empire</a>". Eco-socialists feel that increasing repressive <a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism">counter-terrorism</a> increases <a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">alienation</a> and causes further terrorism and believe that state counter-terrorist methods are, in Kovel and Löwy's words, "evolving into a new and malignant variation of fascism", echoing <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a>'s "stark choice" between "socialism or barbarism", which was believed to be a prediction of the coming of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> and further forms of destructive capitalism at the beginning of the 20th century. Luxemburg was in fact murdered by proto-fascist <a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a> in the revolutionary atmosphere of Germany in 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-Manifesto_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manifesto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critique_of_other_forms_of_green_politics_and_socialism">Critique of other forms of green politics and socialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Critique of other forms of green politics and socialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kovel criticized many within the green movement for not being overtly anti-capitalist, for working within the existing capitalist, <a href="/wiki/Statist" class="mw-redirect" title="Statist">statist</a> system, for <a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">voluntarism</a>, or for reliance on <a href="/wiki/Technological_fix" title="Technological fix">technological fixes</a>. He suggested that eco-socialism differs from <a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">green politics</a> at the most fundamental level because the four pillars of green politics and the "Ten Key Values" of the Green Party of the United States do not include the demand for the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Emancipation of labor">emancipation of labor</a> and the end of the separation between producers and the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposition_to_within-system_approaches,_voluntarism,_and_technological_fixes"><span id="Opposition_to_within-system_approaches.2C_voluntarism.2C_and_technological_fixes"></span>Opposition to within-system approaches, voluntarism, and technological fixes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Opposition to within-system approaches, voluntarism, and technological fixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kovel was highly critical of those within the green movement who favour "working within the system"; while he recognized the ability of within-system approaches to raise awareness, and believe that "the struggle for an <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecologically</a> rational world must include a struggle for the state", he believed that the mainstream green movement is too easily co-opted by the current powerful socio-political forces as it "passes from citizen-based <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">activism</a> to ponderous bureaucracies scuffling for 'a seat at the table'". For Kovel, capitalism is "happy to enlist" the Green movement for "convenience", "control over popular dissent", and "rationalization", and further attacked within-system green initiatives like <a href="/wiki/Carbon_trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon trading">carbon trading</a>, which he saw as a "capitalist shell game" that turns <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> "into a fresh source of profit".<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mondoweiss_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mondoweiss-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kovel criticized the "defeatism" of voluntarism in some local forms of <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a> that do not connect. He suggested that they can be "drawn off into <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>" or co-opted to the demands of capitalism, as in the case of certain <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a> projects, where citizens are "induced to provide free labor" to <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a> industries who are involved in the "capitalization of nature". He labelled the notion of voluntarism "ecopolitics without struggle".<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kovel wrote that "events in nature are reciprocal and multi-determined" and can not be predictably "fixed"; socially, technologies cannot solve social problems because they are not "mechanical". He posits an analysis, developed from Marx, that patterns of production and social organisation are more important than the forms of technology used within a given configuration of society. Under capitalism, he suggested that technology "has been the <i>sine qua non</i> of growth", believing that even in a world with hypothetical "free energy" the effect would be to lower the cost of <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a> production, leading to the massive <a href="/wiki/Overproduction" title="Overproduction">overproduction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vehicle" title="Vehicle">vehicles</a>, "collapsing infrastructure", chronic resource depletion, and the "paving over" of the "remainder of nature". In the modern world, Kovel considered the supposed efficiency of new <a href="/wiki/Post-industrial" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-industrial">post-industrial</a> commodities is a "plain illusion", as <a href="/wiki/Miniaturization" title="Miniaturization">miniaturized</a> components involve many substances and are non-recyclable, and theoretically only simple substances could be retrieved by burning out-of-date equipment, releasing more pollutants. He warned "environmental <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberals</a>" against over-selling the virtues of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energies</a> that cannot meet the mass energy consumption of the era; although he would still support renewable energy projects, he believed it is more important to restructure societies to reduce energy use before relying on renewable energy technologies alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Critique_of_green_economics">Critique of green economics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Critique of green economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kovel thought that eco-socialists must reject at a fundamental level what he called "<a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological economics</a>" or the "ecological wing of mainstream economics" for being "uninterested in social transformation". He further rejected the neo-Smithian school, who believe in <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>'s vision of "a capitalism of small producers, freely exchanging with each other", which is self-regulating and competitive. The school is represented by thinkers like <a href="/wiki/David_Korten" title="David Korten">David Korten</a> who believe in "regulated markets" checked by <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a>; for Kovel, they do not provide a critique of the expansive nature of capitalism away from localized production and ignore "questions of <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">class</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, race or any other category of domination". Kovel also criticized their "fairy-tale" view of history, which refers to the abuse of "<a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">natural capital</a>" by the <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a>, an assumption that, in Kovel's eyes, seems to suggest that "nature had toiled to put the gift of capital into human hands" rather than capitalism being a product of social relations in human history.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other forms of <a href="/wiki/Community-based_economics" title="Community-based economics">community-based economics</a> were also rejected by Kovel, including followers of <a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">E. F. Schumacher</a> and some members of the <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative movement">cooperative movement</a>, for advocating "no more than a very halting and isolated first step". He thought that their principles are "only partially realizable within the institutions of cooperatives in capitalist society" because "the internal cooperation" of cooperatives is "forever hemmed in and compromised" by the need to expand value and compete within the <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">market</a>. For Kovel, community-based economics and green <a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">localism</a> are "a fantasy" because "strict localism belongs to the aboriginal stages of society" and would be an "ecological nightmare at present population levels" due to "heat losses from a multitude of dispersed sites, the squandering of scarce resources, the needless reproduction of effort, and cultural impoverishment". While he felt that small-scale production units are "an essential part of the path towards an ecological society", he saw them not as "an end in itself"; in his view, small enterprises can be either capitalist or <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> in their configuration and therefore must be "consistently anti-capitalist" through recognition and support of the emancipation of labor, and exist "in a dialectic with the whole of things", as human society will need large-scale projects, such as transport infrastructures. He highlighted the work of leading ecological economist and <a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy#Herman_Daly's_concept_of_a_steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">steady-state theorist</a> <a href="/wiki/Herman_Daly" title="Herman Daly">Herman Daly</a>, who exemplifies what eco-socialists see as the good and bad points of ecological economics, while he offered a critique of capitalism and a desire for "workers ownership", saying that he only believes in workers ownership "kept firmly within a capitalist market", ignoring the eco-socialist desire for struggle in the emancipation of labor and hoping that the interests of labor and management today can be improved so that they are "in harmony".<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Critique_of_deep_ecology">Critique of deep ecology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Critique of deep ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kovel has attacked <a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">deep ecology</a> because, like other forms of green politics and <a href="/wiki/Green_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Green economics">green economics</a>, it features "virtuous souls" who have "no internal connection with the critique of capitalism and the emancipation of labor". He was particularly critical about deep ecology and its "fatuous pronouncement" that Green politics is "neither left nor right, but ahead", which, for him, ignores the notion that "that which does not confront the system becomes its instrument".<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kovel suggested that in "its effort to decentre humanity within nature", deep ecologists can "go too far" and argue for the "splitting away of unwanted people", as evidenced by their desire to preserve <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness</a> by removing the groups that have lived there "from time immemorial". Kovel thought that this lends legitimacy to "capitalist elites" like the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, who can make preservation of wilderness a part of their projects that "have added value as sites for <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a>" but remove people from their land. Between 1986 and 1996, Kovel commented that over three million people were displaced by "conservation projects"; in the making of the <a href="/wiki/US_National_Parks" class="mw-redirect" title="US National Parks">United States national parks</a>, three hundred <a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indians</a> were killed in the development of <a href="/wiki/Yosemite" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosemite">Yosemite</a>. Kovel believed that deep ecology has affected the rest of the Green movement and led to calls from restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a>, "often allying with reactionaries in a ... cryptically <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a> quest". He found traces of deep ecology in the "biological reduction" of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, an ideology many "organicist thinkers" have found appealing, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Gruhl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Gruhl (page does not exist)">Herbert Gruhl</a>, a founder of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> (who subsequently left when it became more <a href="/wiki/Left_wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left wing">left wing</a>) and originator of the phrase "neither left nor right, but ahead". Kovel warned that while <a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">ecofascism</a> is confined to a narrow band of <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a> intellectuals and disaffected <a href="/wiki/White_power_skinhead" title="White power skinhead">white power skinheads</a> who involved themselves alongside <a href="/wiki/Far-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-left">far-left</a> groups in the <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">anti-globalization movement</a>, it may be "imposed as a <a href="/wiki/Revolution_from_above" title="Revolution from above">revolution from above</a> to install an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> regime in order to preserve the main workings of the system" in times of crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Critique_of_bioregionalism">Critique of bioregionalism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Critique of bioregionalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bioregionalism" title="Bioregionalism">Bioregionalism</a>, a philosophy developed by writers like <a href="/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Sale" title="Kirkpatrick Sale">Kirkpatrick Sale</a> who believe in the self-sufficiency of "appropriate bioregional boundaries" drawn up by inhabitants of "an area",<sup id="cite_ref-Sale_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sale-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been critiqued by Kovel, who feared that the "vagueness" of the area will lead to conflict and further boundaries between communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Sale cites the bioregional living of Native Americans,<sup id="cite_ref-Sale_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sale-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kovel commented that such ideas are impossible to translate to populations of modern proportions, and evidences the fact that Native Americans held land in <a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">commons</a>, rather than <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>; for eco-socialists, bioregionalism provides no understanding of what is needed to transform society, and what the inevitable "response of the capitalist state" would be to people constructing bioregionalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kovel also attacked the problems of self-sufficiency. Where Sale believes in self-sufficient regions "each developing the energy of its peculiar ecology", such as "wood in the northwest [US]",<sup id="cite_ref-Sale_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sale-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kovel asked "how on earth" these can be made sufficient for regional needs, and commented the environmental damage of converting <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> into a "forest-destroying and smoke-spewing wood-burning" city. Kovel also questioned Sale's insistence on bioregions that do "not require connections with the outside, but within strict limits", and whether this precludes journeys to visit family members and other forms of travel.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Critique_of_variants_of_eco-feminism">Critique of variants of eco-feminism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Critique of variants of eco-feminism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kovel acknowledged the importance of "the gendered bifurcation of nature" and supported the emancipation of gender as it "is at the root of patriarchy and class". Nevertheless, while he believed that "any path out of capitalism must also be eco-feminist", he criticized types of <a href="/wiki/Eco-feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eco-feminism">ecofeminism</a> that are not anti-capitalist and can "essentialize women's closeness to nature and build from there, submerging history into nature", becoming more at place in the "comforts of the <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> Growth Centre". For Kovel, these limitations "keep ecofeminism from becoming a coherent social movement".<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Critique_of_social_ecology">Critique of social ecology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Critique of social ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though Kovel recognized <a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">social ecology</a> as part of a similar radical tradition as eco-socialism, he still distinguished one from the other because social Ecologists see hierarchy "in-itself" as the cause of ecological destruction, whereas eco-socialists focus on gender, class, and race domination embodied in capitalism and recognise that forms of authority that are not "an expropriation of human power for ... self-aggrandizement", such as a student-teacher relationship that is "reciprocal and mutual", are beneficial. In practice, Kovel described social ecology as continuing the <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a> tradition of <a href="/wiki/Non-violent_direct_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-violent direct action">non-violent direct action</a>, which is "necessary" but "not sufficient" because "it leaves unspoken the question of building an ecological society beyond capital". Furthermore, social ecologists and anarchists tend to focus on the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> alone, rather than the class relations behind state domination in the view of Marxists. Kovel feared that this is political, springing from historic hostility to Marxism among anarchists and sectarianism, which he pointed out as a fault of <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a>, the "brilliant" but "dogmatic" founder of social ecology.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Critique_of_actually-existing_socialisms">Critique of actually-existing socialisms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Critique of actually-existing socialisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For Kovel and Löwy, eco-socialism is "the realization of the 'first-epoch' socialisms" by resurrecting the notion of "free development of all producers", distancing themselves from "the attenuated, reformist aims of <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Productivism" title="Productivism">productivist</a> structures of the <a href="/wiki/Bureaucratic_collectivism" title="Bureaucratic collectivism">bureaucratic variations</a> of socialism", such as forms of <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Manifesto_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manifesto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They grounded the failure of past <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> movements in "underdevelopment in the context of hostility by existing capitalist powers", which led to "the denial of internal democracy" and "emulation of capitalist productivism".<sup id="cite_ref-Manifesto_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manifesto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kovel believed that the forms of "actually existing socialism" consisted of "public ownership of the means of production", rather than meeting "the true definition" of socialism as "a free association of producers", with the party–state bureaucracy acting as the "alienating substitute 'public'".<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In analysing the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, Kovel felt that "conspiratorial" revolutionary movements "cut off from the development of society" will "find society an inert mass requiring leadership from above". From this, he commented that the anti-democratic <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Tsarist</a> heritage meant that the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>, who were aided into power by <a href="/wiki/World_War_One" class="mw-redirect" title="World War One">World War One</a>, were a minority who, when faced with a <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-revolution">counter-revolution</a> and invading Western powers, continued "the extraordinary needs of '<a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">war communism</a>'", which "put the seal of authoritarianism" on the revolution; for Kovel, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> "resorted to terror", shut down the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a> (workers' councils), and emulated "capitalist efficiency and productivism as a means of survival", setting the stage for <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Kovel's eyes, Lenin came to oppose the nascent Bolshevik environmentalism and its champion <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Bogdanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Bogdanov">Aleksandr Bogdanov</a>, who was later attacked for "idealism"; Kovel described Lenin's philosophy as "a sharply dualistic materialism, rather similar to the <a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesian</a> separation of matter and consciousness, and perfectly tooled ... to the active working over of the dead, dull matter by the human hand", which led him to want to overcome Russian backwardness through rapid <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>. According to Rovel, this tendency was augmented by a desire to catch-up with the West and the "severe crisis" of the revolution's first years.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Kovel quoted Trotsky, who believed in a communist "superman" who would "learn how to move rivers and mountains".<sup id="cite_ref-Trotsky_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trotsky-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kovel believes that, in <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s "revolution from above" and mass terror in response to the early 1930s economic crisis, Trotsky's writings "were given official imprimatur", despite the fact that Trotsky himself was eventually purged, as Stalinism attacked "the very notion of ecology ... in addition to ecologies". Kovel added that Stalin "would win the gold medal for enmity to nature", and that, in the face of massive <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>, the inflexible <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> bureaucracy became increasingly inefficient and unable to emulate capitalist accumulation, leading to a "vicious cycle" that led to its collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategies">Strategies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kovel advocated the <a href="/wiki/Non-violent" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-violent">non-violent</a> dismantling of capitalism and the state, focusing on collective ownership of the means of production by freely associated producers and restoration of the Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-Manifesto_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manifesto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agency">Agency</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Agency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kovel focused on <a href="/wiki/Working-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Working-class">working-class</a> involvement in the formation of eco-socialist parties or their increased involvement in existing <a href="/wiki/Green_Parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Parties">Green Parties</a>; however, he believed that, unlike many other forms of socialist analysis, "there is no privileged agent" or revolutionary class, and that there is potential for agency in numerous autonomous, grassroots individuals and groups who can build "prefigurative" projects for non-violent radical social change. He defined "prefiguration" as "the potential for the given to contain the lineaments of what is to be", meaning that "a moment toward the future exists embedded in every point of the social organism where a need arises". If "everything has prefigurative potential", Kovel commented that forms of potential ecological production will be "scattered", and suggested that "the task is to free them and connect them". While all "human ecosystems" have "ecosocialist potential", Kovel said that ones such as the World Bank have low potential, whereas internally democratic anti-globalization "affinity groups" have a high potential through a dialectic that involves the "active bringing and holding together of negations", such as the group acting as an alternative institution ("production of an ecological/socialist alternative") and trying to shut down a <a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">G8</a> summit meeting ("resistance to capital"), and "practices that in the same motion enhance <a href="/wiki/Use-value" class="mw-redirect" title="Use-value">use-values</a> and diminish exchange-values are the ideal" for eco-socialists.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prefiguration">Prefiguration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Prefiguration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For Kovel, the main prefigurative steps "are that people ruthlessly criticize the capitalist system ... and that they include in this a consistent attack on the widespread belief that there can be no alternative to it", which will then "deligitimate the system and release people into struggle". Kovel justified this by stating that "radical criticism of the given ... can be a material force", even without an alternative, "because it can seize the mind of the masses of people", leading to "dynamic" and "exponential", rather than "incremental" and "linear", victories that spread rapidly. He advocated the expansion of the dialectical eco-socialist potential of groups through sustaining the confrontation and internal cohesion of <a href="/wiki/Human_ecosystem" title="Human ecosystem">human ecosystems</a>, leading to an "activation" of potentials in others that will "spread across the whole social field" as "a new set of orienting principles" that define an <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> or "'party-life' formation".<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the short-term, Kovel advocated activities that have the "promise of breaking down the commodity form". This includes organizing labor, which is a "reconfiguring of the use-value of labor power"; forming <a href="/wiki/Cooperatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperatives">cooperatives</a>, allowing "a relatively free association of labor"; forming localized currencies, which he saw as "undercutting the value-basis of money"; and supporting "radical media" that, in his eyes, involve an "undoing of the fetishism of commodities". He advocated economic localisation in the same vein as many in the green movement, although only as a prefigurative step rather than an end in itself. He also advised political parties attempting to "democratize the state" that there should be "dialogue but no compromise" with established political parties, and that there must be "a continual association of electoral work with movement work" to avoid "being sucked back into the system". He believed that such parties should focus on "the local rungs of the political system" first, before running national campaigns that "challenge the existing system by the elementary means of exposing its broken promises".<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kovel believed in building prefigurations around forms of production based on use values, which will provide a practical vision of a <a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">post-capitalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">post-statist</a> system. Such projects include <a href="/wiki/Indymedia" title="Indymedia">Indymedia</a> ("a democratic rendering of the use-values of new technologies such as the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, and a continual involvement in wider struggle"), <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Public libraries">public libraries</a>, and many other initiatives, especially those developed within the <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalisation_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalisation movement">anti-globalisation movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internationalization_of_prefiguration_and_the_eco-socialist_party">Internationalization of prefiguration and the eco-socialist party</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Internationalization of prefiguration and the eco-socialist party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Jewish-born Kovel "experiencd in his later years what he called a Christian spiritual conversion"<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was baptized.<sup id="cite_ref-Mondoweiss_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mondoweiss-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kovel believed that examples like the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Bruderhof_Communities" title="Bruderhof Communities">Bruderhof Communities</a> (despite elements of <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchy</a> that he attacks) show that "communistic" organizations can "survive rather well in a heavily industrialized market" if they are "protected" from the dependence on the market by "anti-capitalist intentionality".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further posited that <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a> is "internationalized in the face of globalization", as evidenced by a wave of <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strikes</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a> in the first half of the year 2000; he wrote that "labor's most cherished values are already immanently ecocentric", and thought that these universalizing tendencies must lead to the formation of "a consciously 'Ecosocialist Party'" that is neither like a parliamentary or vanguardist party. Kovel advocated a form of <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> "grounded in communities of resistance", where delegates from these communities form the core of the party's activists, and these delegates and the "open and transparent" assembly they form are subject to <a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">recall</a> and regular rotation of members. He held up the <a href="/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation" title="Zapatista Army of National Liberation">Zapatista Army of National Liberation</a> (EZLN) and the <a href="/wiki/Gaviotas" title="Gaviotas">Gaviotas</a> movement as examples of such communities, which "are produced outside capitalist circuits" and show that "there can be no single way valid for all peoples". Nonetheless, he also believed in connecting these movements, stating that "ecosocialism will be international or it will be nothing" and hoping that the Ecosocialist Party can retain the autonomy of local communities while supporting them materially. With an ever-expanding party, Kovel hoped that "defections" by capitalists will occur, leading eventually to the <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces">armed forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a> who, in joining the <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a>, will signify that "the turning point is reached".<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eco-socialist_revolution">Eco-socialist revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Eco-socialist revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kovel used the term "eco-socialist revolution" to describe the transition to an eco-socialist world society. In the immediate socio-political transition, he believed that four groups will emerge from the revolution: revolutionaries, those "whose productive activity is directly compatible with ecological production" (such as nurses, schoolteachers, librarians, independent farmers and many other examples), those "whose pre-revolutionary practice was given over to capital" (including the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>, advertising executives and more) and "the workers whose activity added surplus value to capitalist commodities". In terms of political organisation, he advocated an "interim assembly" made up of the revolutionaries that can "devise incentives to make sure that vital functions are maintained" (such as short-term continuation of "differential remuneration" for labor), "handle the redistribution of social roles and assets", convene "in widespread locations", and send delegates to regional, state, national and international organisations, where every level has an "executive council" that is rotated and can be recalled. From there, he wrote that "productive communities" will "form the political as well as economic unit of society" and "organize others" to make a transition to eco-socialist production; he added that people will be allowed to be members of any community they choose with "associate membership" of others, such as a <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">doctor</a> having main membership of healthcare communities as a doctor and associate membership of child-rearing communities as a father. In Kovel's eyes, each locality would require one community that administered the areas of jurisdiction through an elected assembly. High-level assemblies would have additional "supervisory" roles over localities to monitor the development of ecosystemic integrity, and administer "society-wide services" like transport in "state-like functions", before the interim assembly can transfer responsibilities to "the level of the society as a whole through appropriate and democratically responsive committees".<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transnational_trade_and_capital_reform">Transnational trade and capital reform</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Transnational trade and capital reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For Kovel, part of the eco-socialist transition is the reforming <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a> to retain its use in "enabling exchanges", while reducing its functions as "a commodity in its own right" and "repository of value". He argued for directing money to "enhancement of use-values" through a "subsidization of use-values" that "preserves the functioning core of the economy while gaining time and space for rebuilding it". Internationally, he believed in the immediate cessation of <a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">speculation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currencies</a> ("breaking down the function of money as commodity, and redirecting funds on use-values"), the cancellation of the debt of the Global South ("breaking the back of the value function" of money), and the redirecting the "vast reservoir of mainly phony value" to reparations and "ecologically sound development". He suggested the end of military aid and other forms of support to "<a href="/wiki/Comprador" title="Comprador">comprador</a> elites in the South" will eventually "lead to their collapse".<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>, Kovel advocated a World People's Trade Organization (WPTO), "responsible to a confederation of popular bodies", in which "the degree of control over trade is ... proportional to involvement with production", meaning that "farmers would have a special say over food trade" and so on. He posited that the WPTO should have an elected council that will oversee a reform of prices in favour of an ecological price (EP) "determined by the difference between actual use-values and fully realized ones", having low <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> for forms of ecological production like <a href="/wiki/Organic_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic agriculture">organic agriculture</a>; he also envisaged the high tariffs on non-ecological production providing subsidies to ecological production units. The EP would also internalize the costs of current <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">externalities</a> like pollution and "would be set as a function of the distance traded", reducing the effects of long-distance transport like <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon emissions">carbon emissions</a> and increased <a href="/wiki/Packaging" title="Packaging">packaging</a> of goods. He thought that this will provide a "standard of transformation" for non-ecological industries, like the <a href="/wiki/Automobile_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile industry">automobile industry</a>, spurring changes towards ecological production.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ecological_production">Ecological production</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ecological production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kovel pursued "ecological production" that goes beyond the socialist vision of the emancipation of labor to "the realization of use-values and the appropriation of intrinsic value". He envisioned a form of production in which "the making of a thing becomes part of the thing made" so that, using a high quality meal as an analogy, "pleasure would obtain for the cooking of the meal"; activities "reserved as hobbies under capitalism" would "compose the fabric of everyday life" under eco-socialism. For Kovel, this is achieved if labor is "freely chosen and developed ... with a fully realized use-value" achieved by a "negation" of <a href="/wiki/Exchange-value" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange-value">exchange-value</a>, and he exemplified the <a href="/wiki/Food_Not_Bombs" title="Food Not Bombs">Food Not Bombs</a> project for adopting this. He believed that the notion of "mutual recognition ... for the process as well as the product" will avoid <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchy</a>. With production allowing humanity to "live more directly and receptively embedded in nature", Kovel predicted that "a reorientation of human need" will occur that recognises ecological limits and sees <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> as "fully participant in the life of <a href="/wiki/Eco-system" class="mw-redirect" title="Eco-system">eco-systems</a>", removing it from profit-making exercises.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the course on an eco-socialist revolution, Kovel advocated the "rapid conversion to ecosocialist production" for all enterprises, followed by "restoring ecosystemic integrity to the workplace" through steps like workers ownership. He believed that the new enterprises can build "socially developed plans" of production for societal needs, such as efficient light-rail transport components. At the same time, Kovel argued for the transformation of essential but under capitalism non-productive labor, such as child care, into productive labor, "thereby giving reproductive labour a status equivalent to productive labour". During such a transition, he believed that income should be guaranteed and that money will still be used under "new conditions of value ... according to use and to the degree to which ecosystem integrity is developed and advanced by any particular production". Within this structure, Kovel said that markets will become unnecessary, although "market phenomena" in personal exchanges and other small instances might be adopted, and communities and elected assemblies will democratically decide on the allocation of resources.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kovel stated that the focus on "production" does not mean that there will be an increase in production and labor under eco-socialism. He thought that the emancipation of labor and the realization of use-value will allow "the spheres of work and culture to be reintegrated". He cited the example of <a href="/wiki/Guarani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Guarani people">Paraguayan Indian</a> communities organized by <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> in the 18th century who made sure that all community members learned musical instruments, and had laborers take musical instruments to the fields and takes turns playing music or harvesting.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commons,_property,_and_usufruct"><span id="Commons.2C_property.2C_and_usufruct"></span>Commons, property, and usufruct</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Commons, property, and usufruct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kovel focused on a modified version of the notion of <a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">usufruct</a> to replace capitalist <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">private property</a> arrangements. As a legal term, usufruct refers to the legal right to use and derive profit or benefit from property that belongs to another person, as long as the property is not damaged. According to Kovel, a modern interpretation of the idea is "where one uses, enjoys – and through that, improves – another's property", as its <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> etymology "condenses the two meanings of use – as in use-value, and enjoyment – and as in the gratification expressed in freely associated labour". According to Kovel, the idea has roots in the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a> and was first mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> "where it applied to ambiguities between masters and slaves with respect to property"; it also features in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> law, <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> law and the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleonic Code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kovel highlighted the fact that Marx mentioned the idea when he stated that human beings are no more than the planet's "usufructaries, and, like <i>boni patres familias</i>, they must hand it down to succeeding generations in an improved condition".<sup id="cite_ref-Capital3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capital3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kovel took on this reading, saying that in an eco-socialist society "everyone will have ... rights of use and ownership over those means of production necessary to express the creativity of human nature", namely "a place of one's own" to decorate to personal taste, some personal possessions, the body and its attendant sexual and <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive rights</a>; however, Kovel saw property as "self-contradictory" because individuals emerge "in a tissue of social relations" and "nested circles", with the self at the centre and extended circles where "issues of sharing arise from early childhood on". He believed that "the full self is enhanced more by giving than by taking" and that eco-socialism is realized when material possessions weigh "lightly" upon the self, and restoration of use-value allows things to be taken "concretely and sensuously" but "lightly, since things are enjoyed for themselves and not as buttresses for a shaky ego". For Kovel, this reversed what Marxists see as the <a href="/wiki/Commodity_fetishism" title="Commodity fetishism">commodity fetishism</a> and atomization of individuals through the "unappeasable craving" for "having and excluding others from having" under capitalism. Under eco-socialism, he believed that enhancement of use-value will lead to differentiated ownership between the individual and the collective, where there are "distinct limits on the amount of property individuals control" and no-one can take control of resources that "would permit the alienation of means of production from another". He hoped that the "hubris" of the notion of "ownership of the planet" will be replaced with usufruct.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-violence">Non-violence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Non-violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kovel wrote that "violence is the rupturing of ecosystems" and is therefore "deeply contrary to ecosocialist values". He believed that revolutionary movements must prepare for post-revolutionary violence from counter-revolutionary sources by "prior development of the democratic sphere" within the movement because "to the degree that people are capable of self-government, so will they turn away from violence and retribution" for "a self-governed people cannot be pushed around by any alien government". In Kovel's view, it is essential that the revolution "takes place in" or spreads quickly to the United States, which "is capital's gendarme and will crush any serious threat", and that revolutionaries reject the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a> and retribution against former opponents or counter-revolutionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovel_10-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Writing in <i><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_Nature_Socialism" title="Capitalism Nature Socialism">Capitalism Nature Socialism</a></i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doug_Boucher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doug Boucher (page does not exist)">Doug Boucher</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Caplan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Caplan (page does not exist)">Peter Caplan</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Schwartzman" title="David Schwartzman">David Schwartzman</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Zara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jane Zara (page does not exist)">Jane Zara</a> criticised eco-socialists in general, and Kovel in particular, for a deterministic "<a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">catastrophism</a>" that overlooks "the countervailing tendencies of both popular struggles and the efforts of capitalist governments to rationalize the system" and the "accomplishments of the <a href="/wiki/Labor_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor movement">labor movement</a>" that "demonstrate that despite the interests and desires of capitalists, progress toward <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> is possible". They argued that an ecological socialism must be "built on hope, not fear".<sup id="cite_ref-CNSCritics_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNSCritics-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overcoming_Zionism_controversy"><i>Overcoming Zionism</i> controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Overcoming Zionism controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press#Controversies" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press § Controversies</a></div> <p>In June 2008, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a> severed ties with the British independent publishing firm <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>, for which it served as the American distributor.<sup id="cite_ref-ihedrop_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ihedrop-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-daily_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daily-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-districlients_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-districlients-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision came after a series of events tied to the distribution of Kovel's 2007 book <i>Overcoming Zionism</i>, which argued that "the creation of Israel was a mistake and urges adoption of the "one state" solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in which Israelis and Palestinians would form a new country, without a Jewish character."<sup id="cite_ref-ihe0907_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ihe0907-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2007 interview on <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i>, Kovel said: </p> <blockquote><p>I feel that the notion of Zionism, as that there is this kind of destiny of the Jewish people to have their own state, is just a wrong idea. And it's an idea that requires signing on to imperialism. It means signing on to ethnic cleansing. It means—despite everything that has been said about it, it means basically becoming a racist situation, where you're oppressing an indigenous population and depriving them of their right to existence, and then thinking that somehow you can go ahead and have a decent life on that basis. And you can't, in my view. And I join hands with those people who feel that the time has come to basically think of Israel in the same category as <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, as a state that just has gone wrong and needs replacement.<sup id="cite_ref-DemocracyNow_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DemocracyNow-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to University Spokeswoman Kelly Cunningham, the University of Michigan Press stopped distributing the book in the fall of 2007 after "serious questions" were raised about the book by "members of the university community."<sup id="cite_ref-ihe0907_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ihe0907-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in September, the University of Michigan Press announced that it would resume distribution of <i>Overcoming Zionism</i> after receiving complaints that it was conducting censorship.<sup id="cite_ref-ihe090712_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ihe090712-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The executive board of the University of Michigan Press said in a statement that though it "has deep reservations about <i>Overcoming Zionism</i>, it would be a blow against free speech to remove the book from distribution on that basis. We conclude that we should not fail to honor our distribution agreement based on our reservations about the content of a single book. Such a course raises both First Amendment issues and concerns about the appearance of censorship. As members of the university community dedicated to academic freedom and open debate among differing views, the Executive Board stands firmly for freedom of expression, and against even the appearance of censorship. In this instance, both legal and value considerations lead us to the decision to resume distribution of the book."<sup id="cite_ref-ihe090712_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ihe090712-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the University of Michigan Press also stated that "had the manuscript gone through the standard review process used by the University of Michigan Press, the board would not have recommended publication. But the arrangement with Pluto Press is for distribution only; the UM Press never intended to review individually every title published by Pluto (or any other press for which it holds distribution rights). By resuming distribution, the board in no way endorses the content of the book."<sup id="cite_ref-ihe090712_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ihe090712-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kovel's book <i>White Racism</i> (1970) received a nomination for the <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award" title="National Book Award">National Book Award</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His works include <i>A Complete Guide to Therapy</i> (1979), <i>The Age of Desire</i> (1982), <i>Against the State of Nuclear Terror</i> (1982), <i>In Nicaragua</i> (1986), <i>The Radical Spirit: Essays on Psychoanalysis and Society</i> (1988), <i>History and Spirit</i> (1991), <i>Red Hunting in the Promised Land</i> (1994), <i>The Enemy of Nature</i> (2002), and <i>Overcoming Zionism</i> (2007). He was the editor-in-chief of <i><a href="/wiki/Capitalism,_Nature,_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalism, Nature, Socialism">Capitalism, Nature, Socialism</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-KovelSite_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KovelSite-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His last work, published in 2017, was a memoir entitled <i>The Lost Traveller's Dream</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mondoweiss_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mondoweiss-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Overcoming Zionism: Creating a Single Democratic State in Israel/Palestine</i> (Pluto Press, February 2007), <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7453-2569-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7453-2569-6">0-7453-2569-6</a>.</li> <li><i>The Enemy of Nature: The End of Capitalism or the End of the World?</i> 1st edition, (London: Zed Books, 2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84277-081-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-84277-081-0">1-84277-081-0</a>, 2nd edition, (London: Zed Books, 2007), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84277-871-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84277-871-4">1-84277-871-4</a>;</li> <li><i>Red Hunting in the Promised Land</i> (New York: Basic Books, 1994), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-00364-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-00364-8">0-465-00364-8</a>.</li> <li><i>History and Spirit</i> (Boston: Beacon Press, 1991), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8070-2916-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8070-2916-5">0-8070-2916-5</a>.</li> <li><i>The Radical Spirit: Essays on Psychoanalysis and Society</i> (London: <a href="/wiki/Free_Association_Books" title="Free Association Books">Free Association Books</a>, 1989), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946960-57-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-946960-57-7">0-946960-57-7</a>.</li> <li><i>In Nicaragua</i> (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946960-90-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-946960-90-9">0-946960-90-9</a>.</li> <li><i>White Racism: A Psychohistory</i> (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-05797-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-05797-0">0-231-05797-0</a>.</li> <li><i>Against the State of Nuclear Terror</i> (Boston: South End Press, 1984), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89608-220-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-89608-220-2">0-89608-220-2</a>.</li> <li><i>The Age of Desire: Case Histories of a Radical Psychoanalyst</i> (New York: Pantheon, 1981), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-50818-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-50818-1">0-394-50818-1</a>.</li> <li><i>A Complete Guide to Therapy</i> (New York: Pantheon, 1976), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-48992-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-48992-6">0-394-48992-6</a>.</li> <li>"Therapy in Late Capitalism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telospress.com/"><i>Telos</i></a> 30 (Winter 1976–1977). (New York: Telos Press).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kovel&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NYTobit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2018" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Roberts_(newspaper_journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Roberts (newspaper journalist)">Roberts, Sam</a> (May 4, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/04/obituaries/dr-joel-kovel-a-founder-of-ecosocialism-is-dead-at-81.html">"Dr. Joel Kovel, a Founder of Ecosocialism, Is Dead at 81"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dr.+Joel+Kovel%2C+a+Founder+of+Ecosocialism%2C+Is+Dead+at+81&rft.date=2018-05-04&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F05%2F04%2Fobituaries%2Fdr-joel-kovel-a-founder-of-ecosocialism-is-dead-at-81.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoel+Kovel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mondoweiss-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mondoweiss_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mondoweiss_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mondoweiss_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mondoweiss_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mondoweiss_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mondoweiss_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mondoweiss_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2018" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Weiss" title="Philip Weiss">Weiss, Philip</a> (May 3, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mondoweiss.net/2018/05/remembering-restless-explorer/">"Remembering Joel Kovel, a restless explorer"</a>. Mondoweiss<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Remembering+Joel+Kovel%2C+a+restless+explorer&rft.date=2018-05-03&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmondoweiss.net%2F2018%2F05%2Fremembering-restless-explorer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoel+Kovel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DemocracyNow-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DemocracyNow_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DemocracyNow_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DemocracyNow_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DemocracyNow_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.democracynow.org/2018/5/1/headlines/scholar_and_activist_joel_kovel_dies_at_81_in_new_york_city">"Scholar and Activist Joel Kovel Dies at 81 in New York City"</a>. <i>Democracy Now!</i>. May 1, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democracy+Now%21&rft.atitle=Scholar+and+Activist+Joel+Kovel+Dies+at+81+in+New+York+City&rft.date=2018-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2018%2F5%2F1%2Fheadlines%2Fscholar_and_activist_joel_kovel_dies_at_81_in_new_york_city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoel+Kovel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KovelSite-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KovelSite_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KovelSite_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KovelSite_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KovelSite_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KovelSite_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://environment-ecology.com/academicians/437-joel-kovel.html">"Joel Kovel"</a>. <i>Environment and Ecology</i>. environment-ecology.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Environment+and+Ecology&rft.atitle=Joel+Kovel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenvironment-ecology.com%2Facademicians%2F437-joel-kovel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoel+Kovel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-state-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-state_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-state_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovel" class="citation web cs1">Kovel, Joel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joelkovel.com/archives.html#bardstatement">"Statement of Joel Kovel Regarding His Termination from Bard College"</a>. joelkovel.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+of+Joel+Kovel+Regarding+His+Termination+from+Bard+College&rft.pub=joelkovel.com&rft.aulast=Kovel&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.joelkovel.com%2Farchives.html%23bardstatement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoel+Kovel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ihe0219-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ihe0219_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ihe0219_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaschik2009" class="citation web cs1">Jaschik, scott (February 19, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2009/02/19/kovel">"Anti-Israel Prof Loses Post at Bard"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Inside_Higher_Ed" title="Inside Higher Ed">Inside Higher Ed</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anti-Israel+Prof+Loses+Post+at+Bard&rft.pub=Inside+Higher+Ed&rft.date=2009-02-19&rft.aulast=Jaschik&rft.aufirst=scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidehighered.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2F02%2F19%2Fkovel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoel+Kovel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovel1982" class="citation book cs1">Kovel, Joel (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofdesirerefle00koverich"><i>The Age of Desire</i></a></span>. Pantheon Books. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-50818-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-50818-1"><bdi>0-394-50818-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Desire&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-394-50818-1&rft.aulast=Kovel&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofdesirerefle00koverich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoel+Kovel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090208121017/http://socialistresistance.org/?page_id=2">"About : Socialist Resistance: Fourth International in Britain"</a>. Socialist Resistance. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialistresistance.org/?page_id=2">the original</a> on February 8, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+%3A+Socialist+Resistance%3A+Fourth+International+in+Britain&rft.pub=Socialist+Resistance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsocialistresistance.org%2F%3Fpage_id%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoel+Kovel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manifesto-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manifesto_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manifesto_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manifesto_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manifesto_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manifesto_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manifesto_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manifesto_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovel,_J.Löwy,_M.2001" class="citation book cs1">Kovel, J.; Löwy, M. 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(1982)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProyect2018" class="citation web cs1">Proyect, Louis (May 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://louisproyect.org/2018/05/02/joel-kovel-1936-2018-an-appreciation/">"Joel Kovel (1936–2018): An appreciation"</a>. <i>Louis Proyect: The Unrepentant Marxist</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Louis+Proyect%3A+The+Unrepentant+Marxist&rft.atitle=Joel+Kovel+%281936%E2%80%932018%29%3A+An+appreciation&rft.date=2018-05-02&rft.aulast=Proyect&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flouisproyect.org%2F2018%2F05%2F02%2Fjoel-kovel-1936-2018-an-appreciation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoel+Kovel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leftbusinessobserver.com/Radio_1.html"><i>Overcoming Zionism</i></a>: An interview with Kovel on the psychopolitics of Zionism on Doug Henwood's radio show <i>Behind the News</i> (June 14, 2007).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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colspan="2" style="background:#17aa5c; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Green Party of the United States"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Green Party of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Green Party of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Green_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (United States)"><span style="color:#fff;">Green Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Green_Party_presidential_tickets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Green Party presidential tickets">Presidential tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Ralph Nader 1996 presidential campaign">1996</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Nader</a>/<a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">LaDuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Ralph Nader 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Nader</a>/<a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">LaDuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cobb_2004_presidential_campaign" title="David Cobb 2004 presidential campaign">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/David_Cobb_(activist)" title="David Cobb (activist)">Cobb</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pat_LaMarche" title="Pat LaMarche">LaMarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_McKinney_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Cynthia McKinney 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_McKinney" title="Cynthia McKinney">McKinney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Rosa_Clemente" title="Rosa Clemente">Clemente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Jill Stein 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Stein</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cheri_Honkala" title="Cheri Honkala">Honkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Jill Stein 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Stein</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ajamu_Baraka" title="Ajamu Baraka">Baraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howie_Hawkins_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Howie Hawkins 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Howie_Hawkins" title="Howie Hawkins">Hawkins</a>/<a href="/wiki/Angela_Nicole_Walker" title="Angela Nicole Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Jill Stein 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Stein</a>/<a href="/wiki/Butch_Ware" title="Butch Ware">Ware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential primaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Green Party presidential primaries">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Green Party presidential primaries">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Green Party presidential primaries">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Green Party presidential primaries">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Green Party presidential primaries">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Green_National_Convention" title="Green National Convention">Convention</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Green_National_Convention" title="2000 Green National Convention">2000 (Denver)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Green_National_Convention" title="2004 Green National Convention">2004 (Milwaukee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Green_National_Convention" title="2008 Green National Convention">2008 (Chicago)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Green_National_Convention" title="2012 Green National Convention">2012 (Baltimore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Green_National_Convention" title="2016 Green National Convention">2016 (Houston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Green_National_Convention" title="2020 Green National Convention">2020 (Detroit/<i>Virtual</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Green_National_Convention" title="2024 Green National Convention">2024 (<i>Virtual</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_Green_Parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of state Green Parties in the United States">Parties by state<br />and territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Green_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama Green Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_Green_Parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of state Green Parties in the United States">Alaska</a><sup>a</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Green_Party" title="Arizona Green Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Green Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_California" title="Green Party of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Colorado" title="Green Party of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Green_Party" title="Connecticut Green Party">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Delaware" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D.C._Statehood_Green_Party" title="D.C. Statehood Green Party">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Florida" title="Green Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_Green_Parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of state Green Parties in the United States">Georgia</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Green Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Green_Party" title="Idaho Green Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Green_Party" title="Illinois Green Party">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Green_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiana Green Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Green_Party" title="Iowa Green Party">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Green_Party" title="Kansas Green Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Green_Party" title="Kentucky Green Party">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Green Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Green_Independent_Party" title="Maine Green Independent Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Green_Party" title="Maryland Green Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-Rainbow_Party" title="Green-Rainbow Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Michigan" title="Green Party of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Green Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Mississippi" title="Green Party of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Green_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana Green Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Green_Party" title="Nebraska Green Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_New_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_New_Jersey" title="Green Party of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Green Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_New_York" title="Green Party of New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Green_Party" title="North Carolina Green Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_North_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Ohio" title="Green Party of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Oklahoma" title="Green Party of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Green_Party" title="Pacific Green Party">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Pennsylvania" title="Green Party of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_Green_Parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of state Green Parties in the United States">Rhode Island</a><sup>c</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Green_Party" title="South Carolina Green Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Green_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="South Dakota Green Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Texas" title="Green Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Green_Party" title="Vermont Green Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Virginia" title="Green Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Washington_State" title="Green Party of Washington State">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Party" title="Mountain Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Green_Party" title="Wisconsin Green Party">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Wyoming" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Greens" title="Global Greens">Global Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Green_Parties_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation of the Green Parties of the Americas">Green Parties of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_National_Committee" title="Green National Committee">Green National Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Green Senatorial Campaign Committee">Green Senatorial Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greens/Green_Party_USA" title="Greens/Green Party USA">Greens/Green Party USA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="History of the Green Party of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_State_Green_Parties" title="Association of State Green Parties">Association of State Green Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="History of the Green Party of the United States">Overview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Green_politicians_who_have_held_office_in_the_United_States" title="List of Green politicians who have held office in the United States">Office-holding politicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>a</sup>As of January 2021, the original <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Alaska" title="Green Party of Alaska">GPAK</a> is no longer affiliated to the GPUS, following disagreements with the national party during the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 presidential election</a> <br /> <sup>b</sup>As of July 2021, the original <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Green_Party" title="Georgia Green Party">GGP</a> is no longer affiliated to the GPUS, following disagreements over amendments passed in the GGP party platform <br /> <sup>c</sup>As of December 2020, the original <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Rhode_Island" title="Green Party of Rhode Island">GPRI</a> is no longer affiliated to the GPUS, following disagreements with the national party during the 2020 presidential election</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6213656#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067847447">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007277278905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14126976">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/133622673">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span 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