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id="toc-Risks_and_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ecological_risk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_risk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ecological risk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological_risk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risks_to_local_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risks_to_local_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Risks to local communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risks_to_local_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_risks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_risks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Health risks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_risks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_ecological_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_ecological_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Potential ecological benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_ecological_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Direct_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Direct benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indirect_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indirect_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Indirect benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indirect_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_economic_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_economic_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Potential economic benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_economic_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Direct_benefits_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_benefits_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Direct benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_benefits_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indirect_benefits_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indirect_benefits_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Indirect benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indirect_benefits_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_socio-cultural_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_socio-cultural_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Potential socio-cultural benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_socio-cultural_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Direct_and_indirect_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_and_indirect_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>Direct and indirect benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_and_indirect_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology_and_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology_and_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Terminology and history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terminology_and_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Terminology and history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Terminology_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Related terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sustainable_tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainable_tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Sustainable tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainable_tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Improving_sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Improving_sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Improving sustainability</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Improving_sustainability-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Improving sustainability subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Improving_sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation_and_accreditation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation_and_accreditation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Regulation and accreditation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation_and_accreditation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labels_and_certification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labels_and_certification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Labels and certification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labels_and_certification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guidelines_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guidelines_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Guidelines and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guidelines_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Small_scale,_slow_growth,_and_local_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small_scale,_slow_growth,_and_local_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Small scale, slow growth, and local control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small_scale,_slow_growth,_and_local_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efforts_to_preserve_ecosystems_at_risk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efforts_to_preserve_ecosystems_at_risk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Efforts to preserve ecosystems at risk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efforts_to_preserve_ecosystems_at_risk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_resource_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_resource_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Natural resource management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_resource_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_indigenous_people_and_indigenous_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_indigenous_people_and_indigenous_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Impact on indigenous people and indigenous land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_indigenous_people_and_indigenous_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negative_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Negative impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direct_environmental_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_environmental_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Direct environmental impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_environmental_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Environmental hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Who_benefits?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Who_benefits?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Who benefits?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Who_benefits?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eviction_of_Indigenous_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eviction_of_Indigenous_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Eviction of Indigenous peoples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eviction_of_Indigenous_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mismanagement_by_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mismanagement_by_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Mismanagement by government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mismanagement_by_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Case_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Case studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ecotourism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekotoerisme" title="Ekotoerisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ekotoerisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سياحة بيئية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سياحة بيئية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%27%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AE" title="ইক'টুৰিজম – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইক'টুৰিজম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoturizm" title="Ekoturizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ekoturizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="इकोटूरिज्म – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इकोटूरिज्म" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Екотуризъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Екотуризъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoturizam" title="Ekoturizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ekoturizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turisme_ecol%C3%B2gic" title="Turisme ecològic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Turisme ecològic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoturistika" title="Ekoturistika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ekoturistika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98koturisme" title="Økoturisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Økoturisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96kotourismus" title="Ökotourismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ökotourismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%A1%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%9F%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%9F%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D_Ecotourism" title="སྐྱེ་ལྡན་གནས་སྟངས་ལྟ་བཤལ། Ecotourism – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="སྐྱེ་ལྡན་གནས་སྟངས་ལྟ་བཤལ། Ecotourism" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96koturism" title="Ökoturism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ökoturism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Οικοτουρισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οικοτουρισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turismo_ecol%C3%B3gico" title="Turismo ecológico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Turismo ecológico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoturismo" title="Ekoturismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekoturismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoturismo" title="Ekoturismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekoturismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="طبیعت‌گردی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طبیعت‌گردی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cotourisme" title="Écotourisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Écotourisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%ED%83%9C%EA%B4%80%EA%B4%91" title="생태관광 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생태관광" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Էկոտուրիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էկոտուրիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="पारिस्थितिक पर्यटन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पारिस्थितिक पर्यटन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekolo%C5%A1ki_turizam" title="Ekološki turizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ekološki turizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekowisata" title="Ekowisata – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekowisata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visth%C3%A6f_fer%C3%B0amennska" title="Visthæf ferðamennska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Visthæf ferðamennska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoturismo" title="Ecoturismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ecoturismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%AA" title="תיירות אקולוגית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תיירות אקולוגית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ეკოტურიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეკოტურიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Экологиялық туризм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Экологиялық туризм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Экология туризми – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Экология туризми" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periegesis_oecologica" title="Periegesis oecologica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Periegesis oecologica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekot%C5%ABrisms" title="Ekotūrisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ekotūrisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoturizmas" title="Ekoturizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ekoturizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96koturizmus" title="Ökoturizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ökoturizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="ഇക്കോടൂറിസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇക്കോടൂറിസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ეკოტურიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ეკოტურიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekopelancongan" title="Ekopelancongan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ekopelancongan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duurzaam_toerisme" title="Duurzaam toerisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duurzaam toerisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B3%E3%83%84%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="エコツーリズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エコツーリズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98koturisme" title="Økoturisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Økoturisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98koturisme" title="Økoturisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Økoturisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologik_turizm" title="Ekologik turizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ekologik turizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoturystyka" title="Ekoturystyka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ekoturystyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoturismo" title="Ecoturismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ecoturismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoturism" title="Ecoturism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ecoturism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Экологический туризм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экологический туризм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoturismu" title="Ecoturismu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ecoturismu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoturizmi" title="Ekoturizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ekoturizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ecotourism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoturizem" title="Ekoturizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ekoturizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Екотуризам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Екотуризам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekolo%C5%A1ki_turizam" title="Ekološki turizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ekološki turizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekomatkailu" title="Ekomatkailu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ekomatkailu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoturism" title="Ekoturism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ekoturism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turismong_pang-ekolohiya" title="Turismong pang-ekolohiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Turismong pang-ekolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE" title="சூழலியல் சுற்றுலா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சூழலியல் சுற்றுலா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A8" title="การท่องเที่ยวเชิงนิเวศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การท่องเที่ยวเชิงนิเวศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Табиатгардӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Табиатгардӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoturizm" title="Ekoturizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ekoturizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Екотуризм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Екотуризм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA" title="ماحولیاتی سیاحت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ماحولیاتی سیاحت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a></b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecotourism_Svalbard.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ecotourism_Svalbard.JPG/220px-Ecotourism_Svalbard.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ecotourism_Svalbard.JPG/330px-Ecotourism_Svalbard.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ecotourism_Svalbard.JPG/440px-Ecotourism_Svalbard.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3309" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption>Ecotourism in <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ecotourism</b> is a form of nature-oriented <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> intended to contribute to the <a href="/wiki/Ecological_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological conservation">conservation of the natural environment</a>, generally defined as being minimally impactful, and including providing both contributions to conservation and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">environmental education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definition sometimes also includes being financially beneficial to the host community<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or making conservation financially possible.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a range of different definitions, and the correct definition of the term was an active subject of debate as of 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (August 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> The term is also used more widely by many organizations offering nature tourism, which do not focus on being beneficial to the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1980s, ecotourism has been considered an important endeavor by <a href="/wiki/Environmentalist" title="Environmentalist">environmentalists</a> for conservation reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-Honey_EandSD_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honey_EandSD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33">: 33 </span></sup> Organizations focusing on ecotourism often make direct or indirect contributions to conservation or employ practices or technology that reduce impacts on the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However (according to Buckley), very few organizations make a net-positive impact on the environment overall.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecotourism has also been criticized for often using the same infrastructure and practices of regular tourism under a different name.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like most long-distance travel, ecotourism often depends on <a href="/wiki/Air_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Air transportation">air transportation</a>, which contributes to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally, ecotourism deals with interaction with living parts of natural environments, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Geotourism" title="Geotourism">geotourism</a>, which is associated with geology.<sup id="cite_ref-revues1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revues1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Nature_tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature tourism">nature tourism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">sustainable tourism</a> in general, ecotourism also usually intended to foster a greater appreciation in tourists of <a href="/wiki/Natural_habitat" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural habitat">natural habitats</a> and threats they experience, as well as local culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Responsible ecotourism programs include those that minimize the negative aspects of conventional tourism on the environment and enhance the cultural integrity of local people. Therefore, in addition to evaluating environmental and cultural factors, an integral part of ecotourism is the promotion of <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">energy efficiency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">water conservation</a>, and the creation of economic opportunities for local communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Randall_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risks_and_benefits">Risks and benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Risks and benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%BClgevaatlus,_postipaat_Helge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/H%C3%BClgevaatlus%2C_postipaat_Helge.JPG/220px-H%C3%BClgevaatlus%2C_postipaat_Helge.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/H%C3%BClgevaatlus%2C_postipaat_Helge.JPG/330px-H%C3%BClgevaatlus%2C_postipaat_Helge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/H%C3%BClgevaatlus%2C_postipaat_Helge.JPG/440px-H%C3%BClgevaatlus%2C_postipaat_Helge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4512" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Halichoerus_grypus" class="mw-redirect" title="Halichoerus grypus">Seal</a> watching near Malusi Islands in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarangire_2012_05_28_1837_(7468547974).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tarangire_2012_05_28_1837_%287468547974%29.jpg/220px-Tarangire_2012_05_28_1837_%287468547974%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tarangire_2012_05_28_1837_%287468547974%29.jpg/330px-Tarangire_2012_05_28_1837_%287468547974%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tarangire_2012_05_28_1837_%287468547974%29.jpg/440px-Tarangire_2012_05_28_1837_%287468547974%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Kikoti Safari Camp in <a href="/wiki/Tarangire_National_Park" title="Tarangire National Park">Tarangire National Park</a>, Tanzania.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ecotourism is a sub-component of the field of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">sustainable tourism</a>. Ecotourism must serve to maximize ecological benefits while contributing to the economic, social, and cultural wellbeing of communities living close to ecotourism venues. </p><p>Even while ecotourism is often presented as a responsible form of tourism, it nonetheless carries several risks. Potential ecological, economic, and sociocultural benefits associated with ecotourism are described below.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecological_risk">Ecological risk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ecological risk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ecotourism activities, or merely the presence of travelers in a particular region or location, may negatively impact the ecological integrity of <a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">protected areas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risks_to_local_communities">Risks to local communities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Risks to local communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Local communities may be negatively impacted by ecotourism. For example, as is the case with other forms of tourism, ecotourism may result in <a href="/wiki/Impacts_of_tourism" title="Impacts of tourism">friction</a> between tourists and local community members, and may potentially increase the cost of rent, rates, and <a href="/wiki/Impacts_of_tourism" title="Impacts of tourism">property values</a>, thereby <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">marginalizing</a> local community members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_risks">Health risks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Health risks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ecotourism carries known health risks for tourists and local community members, along with wildlife and ecosystems. Travelers may bring <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> to ecologically sensitive areas, putting wildlife as well as local communities at risk; ecotourism activities may also place travelers at risk of health problems or injuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potential_ecological_benefits">Potential ecological benefits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Potential ecological benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ecotourism may also have positive ecological consequences, and some of them are listed as follows: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Direct_benefits">Direct benefits</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Direct benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Incentive to protect natural environments</li> <li>Incentive to rehabilitate modified environments and lands</li> <li>Provides funds to manage and expand protected areas</li> <li>Ecotourists assist with habitat maintenance and enhancement through their actions</li> <li>Ecotourists serving as watchdogs or guardians who personally intervene in situations where the environment is perceived to be threatened</li> <li>The locals may also learn new skills from the ecotourists</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indirect_benefits">Indirect benefits</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Indirect benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Exposure to ecotourism fosters a broader sense of <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a></li> <li>Communities experience changes in environmental attitude and behavior</li> <li>Areas protected for ecotourism provide environmental benefits</li> <li>sharpens the future of well well-being of the locals</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potential_economic_benefits">Potential economic benefits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Potential economic benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For some decision-makers, economic factors are more compelling than ecological factors in deciding how <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a> should be used. Potential ecotourism economic benefits are presented below: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Direct_benefits_2">Direct benefits</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Direct benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Generates revenue (related to visitor expenditures) and creates employment that is directly related to the sector</li> <li>Provides economic opportunities for peripheral regions</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indirect_benefits_2">Indirect benefits</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Indirect benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>High multiplier effect and indirect revenue employment</li> <li>Supports cultural and <a href="/wiki/Heritage_tourism" title="Heritage tourism">heritage tourism</a>, sectors that are highly compatible with ecotourism.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potential_socio-cultural_benefits">Potential socio-cultural benefits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Potential socio-cultural benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A holistic approach to ecotourism must promote socio-cultural as well as economic and ecological practices. The direct and indirect socio-cultural benefits are outlined as follows: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Direct_and_indirect_benefits">Direct and indirect benefits</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Direct and indirect benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Foster community stability and well-being through economic benefits and local participation</li> <li>Aesthetic and spiritual benefits and enjoyment for locals and tourists</li> <li>Accessible to a broad spectrum of the population</li></ul> <p>When assessing the potential positive impacts of ecotourism, it is necessary to mention that ecotourism can have unintended negative effects as well. Negative impacts can be mitigated through regulations and <a href="/wiki/Code_of_conduct" title="Code of conduct">codes of conduct</a> that effectively and persuasively impart messages about appropriate visitor behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology_and_history">Terminology and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Terminology and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HANGING_BRIDGE_THENMALA.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/HANGING_BRIDGE_THENMALA.JPG/220px-HANGING_BRIDGE_THENMALA.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/HANGING_BRIDGE_THENMALA.JPG/330px-HANGING_BRIDGE_THENMALA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/HANGING_BRIDGE_THENMALA.JPG/440px-HANGING_BRIDGE_THENMALA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A hanging bridge in ecotourism area of <a href="/wiki/Thenmala" title="Thenmala">Thenmala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> - India's first planned ecotourism destination</figcaption></figure> <p>Ecotourism is a late 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> compounded <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eco-" class="extiw" title="wikt:eco-">eco-</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tourism" class="extiw" title="wikt:tourism">tourism</a>. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, <i>ecotour</i> was first recorded in 1973 and <i>ecotourism</i>, "probably after <i>ecotour</i>", in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>ecotour, <i>n</i>. ... A tour of or visit to an area of ecological interest, usually with an educational element; (in later use also) a similar tour or visit designed to have as little detrimental effect on the ecology as possible or undertaken with the specific aim of helping conservation efforts.</li> <li>ecotourism, <i>n</i>. ... Tourism to areas of ecological interest (typically exotic and often threatened natural environments), esp. to support conservation efforts and observe <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a>; spec. access to an endangered environment controlled to have the least possible adverse effect.</li></ul> <p>Some sources suggest the terms were used nearly a decade earlier. Claus-Dieter (Nick) Hetzer, an academic and adventurer from Forum International in <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a>, CA, coined <i>ecotourism</i> in 1965, according to the Contra Costa Times,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ran the first <i>ecotours</i> in the Yucatán during the early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The definition of ecotourism adopted by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecotourism Australia (page does not exist)">Ecotourism Australia</a> is: "Ecotourism is ecologically <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">sustainable tourism</a> with a primary focus on experiencing natural areas that foster environmental and cultural understanding, appreciation and conservation."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Global_Ecotourism_Network_(GEN)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Global Ecotourism Network (GEN) (page does not exist)">The Global Ecotourism Network (GEN)</a> defines ecotourism as "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of the local people, and creates knowledge and understanding through interpretation and education of all involved (visitors, staff, and the visited)". </p><p>Ecotourism is often misinterpreted as any form of tourism that involves nature (see <a href="/wiki/Jungle_tourism" title="Jungle tourism">jungle tourism</a>). Self-proclaimed practitioners and hosts of ecotourism experiences assume it is achieved by simply creating destinations in natural areas. According to critics of this commonplace and assumptive practice, true ecotourism must, above all, sensitize people to the beauty and fragility of nature. These critics condemn some operators as <a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">greenwashing</a> their operations: using the labels of "green" and "eco-friendly", while behaving in environmentally irresponsible ways.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although academics disagree about who can be classified as an ecotourist and there is little statistical data, some estimate that more than five million ecotourists—the majority of the ecotourist population—come from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, with many others from <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuohino_and_Hynonen_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuohino_and_Hynonen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, there are various moves to create national and international ecotourism certification programs. National ecotourism certification programs have been put in place in countries such as Costa Rica,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_terms">Related terms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Related terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sustainable_tourism">Sustainable tourism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sustainable tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Sustainable tourism</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_tourism&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_renowned_Kakum_National_Reserve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_renowned_Kakum_National_Reserve.jpg/320px-The_renowned_Kakum_National_Reserve.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_renowned_Kakum_National_Reserve.jpg/480px-The_renowned_Kakum_National_Reserve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_renowned_Kakum_National_Reserve.jpg/640px-The_renowned_Kakum_National_Reserve.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>A canopy walkway at <a href="/wiki/Kakum_National_Park" title="Kakum National Park">Kakum National Park</a> in Ghana, ensuring that tourists have least direct impact on the surrounding ecology. The visitor park received the Global Tourism for Tomorrow Award in 1998.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ecotourism</a>.</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Sustainable tourism</a> is a concept that covers the complete tourism experience, including concern for <a href="/wiki/Impacts_of_tourism" title="Impacts of tourism">economic, social, and environmental issues</a> as well as attention to improving tourists' experiences and addressing the needs of host communities.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sustainable tourism should embrace concerns for <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a>, social equity, and the quality of life, cultural diversity, and a dynamic, viable economy delivering jobs and prosperity for all.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has its roots in <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> and there can be some confusion as to what "sustainable tourism" means.<sup id="cite_ref-Sustainable_tourism_:3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sustainable_tourism_:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> There is now broad consensus that tourism should be <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainable</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, all forms of tourism have the potential to be sustainable if planned, developed and managed properly.<sup id="cite_ref-Sustainable_tourism_:3_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sustainable_tourism_:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tourist development organizations are promoting sustainable tourism practices in order to mitigate negative effects caused by the growing <a href="/wiki/Impacts_of_tourism" title="Impacts of tourism">impact of tourism</a>, for example its environmental impacts. </p> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_World_Tourism_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations World Tourism Organization">United Nations World Tourism Organization</a> emphasized these practices by promoting sustainable tourism as part of the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a>, through programs like the <a href="/wiki/International_Year_for_Sustainable_Tourism_for_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="International Year for Sustainable Tourism for Development">International Year for Sustainable Tourism for Development</a> in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a direct link between sustainable tourism and several of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).<sup id="cite_ref-Sustainable_tourism_:3_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sustainable_tourism_:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> Tourism for SDGs focuses on how <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_8" title="Sustainable Development Goal 8">SDG 8</a> ("decent work and economic growth"), <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_12" title="Sustainable Development Goal 12">SDG 12</a> ("responsible consumption and production") and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_14" title="Sustainable Development Goal 14">SDG 14</a> ("life below water") implicate tourism in <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">creating a sustainable economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the World Travel & Tourism Travel, tourism constituted "10.3 percent to the global gross domestic product, with international tourist arrivals hitting 1.5 billion marks (a growth of 3.5 percent) in 2019" and generated $1.7 trillion export earnings yet, improvements are expected to be gained from suitable management aspects and including sustainable tourism as part of a broader <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Improving_sustainability">Improving sustainability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Improving sustainability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principles">Principles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ecotourism in both <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_ecosystem" title="Terrestrial ecosystem">terrestrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine ecosystems</a> can benefit conservation, provided the complexities of history, culture, and ecology in the affected regions are successfully navigated.<sup id="cite_ref-Macdonald_2017_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdonald_2017-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catherine Macdonald and colleagues identify the factors that determine conservation outcomes, namely whether: animals and their habits are sufficiently protected; conflict between people and wildlife is avoided or at least suitably mitigated; there is good outreach and education of the local population into the benefits of ecotourism; there is effective collaboration with stakeholders in the area; and there is proper use of the money generated by ecotourism to conserve the local ecology.<sup id="cite_ref-Macdonald_2017_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdonald_2017-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They conclude that ecotourism works best to conserve predators when the tourism industry is supported both politically and by the public, and when it is monitored and controlled at local, national, and international levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Macdonald_2017_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdonald_2017-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulation_and_accreditation">Regulation and accreditation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Regulation and accreditation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because the regulations of ecotourism may be poorly implemented, ecologically destructive greenwashed operations like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_hotel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Underwater hotel (page does not exist)">underwater hotels</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helicopter_tour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helicopter tour (page does not exist)">helicopter tours</a> can be categorized as ecotourism along with canoeing, camping, photography, and wildlife observation. The failure to acknowledge responsible, low-impact ecotourism puts legitimate ecotourism companies at a competitive disadvantage. </p><p>Management strategies to mitigate destructive operations include but are not limited to establishing a carrying capacity, site hardening, sustainable design, visitation quotas, fees, access restrictions, and visitor education. </p><p>Many environmentalists have argued for a global standard that can be used for <a href="/wiki/Certification" title="Certification">certification</a>, differentiating ecotourism companies based on their level of environmental commitment, creating a standard to follow. A national or international regulatory board would enforce <a href="/wiki/Accreditation" title="Accreditation">accreditation</a> procedures, with representation from various groups including governments, hotels, tour operators, travel agents, guides, airlines, local authorities, conservation organizations, and non-governmental organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-Elper-Wood_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elper-Wood-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decisions of the board would be sanctioned by governments so that non-compliant companies would be legally required to disassociate themselves from the use of the ecotourism brand. </p><p>In 1998, Crinion suggested a Green Stars System, based on criteria including a management plan, benefits for the local community, small group interaction, education value, and staff training.<sup id="cite_ref-Crinion_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crinion-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecotourists who consider their choices would be confident of a genuine ecotourism experience when they see the higher star rating. </p><p>In 2008 the Global Sustainable Tourism Council Criteria was launched at the IUCN World Conservation Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Criteria, managed by the Global Sustainable Tourism Council, created a global standard for sustainable travel and tourism and includes criteria and performance indicators for destinations, tour operators and hotels.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GSTC provides accreditation through a third party to Certification Bodies to legitimize claims of sustainability.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessments</a> could also be used as a form of accreditation. Feasibility is evaluated on a scientific basis, and recommendations could be made to optimally plan infrastructure, set tourist capacity, and manage the ecology. This form of accreditation is more sensitive to site-specific conditions. </p><p>Some countries have their certification programs for ecotourism. Costa Rica, for example, runs the GSTC-Recognized Certification of Sustainable Tourism (CST) program, which is intended to balance the effect that business has on the local environment. The CST program focuses on a company's interaction with natural and cultural resources, the improvement of quality of life within local communities, and the economic contribution to other programs of national development. CST uses a rating system that categorizes a company based on how sustainable its operations are. CST evaluates the interaction between the company and the surrounding habitat; the management policies and operation systems within the company; how the company encourages its clients to become active contributors towards sustainable policies; and the interaction between the company and local communities/the overall population. Based upon these criteria, the company is evaluated for the strength of its sustainability. The measurement index goes from 0 to 5, with 0 being the worst and 5 being the best.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labels_and_certification">Labels and certification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Labels and certification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over 50 ecolabels on tourism exist.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include (but are not limited to): </p> <ul><li>Austrian Ecolabel for Tourism</li> <li>Asian Ecotourism Standard for Accommodations (AESA)</li> <li>Eco-certification Malta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EarthCheck" title="EarthCheck">EarthCheck</a></li> <li>Ecotourism Australia</li> <li>Ecotourism Ireland</li> <li>Ecotourism Kenya</li> <li>European Ecotourism Labelling Standard (EETLS)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Korean Ecotourism Standard</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guidelines_and_education">Guidelines and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Guidelines and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_Sarasota_Adventure_Kayak_Guided_Tour_Cormorant_among_the_Fleet_04_FRD_9405.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/2017_Sarasota_Adventure_Kayak_Guided_Tour_Cormorant_among_the_Fleet_04_FRD_9405.jpg/220px-2017_Sarasota_Adventure_Kayak_Guided_Tour_Cormorant_among_the_Fleet_04_FRD_9405.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/2017_Sarasota_Adventure_Kayak_Guided_Tour_Cormorant_among_the_Fleet_04_FRD_9405.jpg/330px-2017_Sarasota_Adventure_Kayak_Guided_Tour_Cormorant_among_the_Fleet_04_FRD_9405.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/2017_Sarasota_Adventure_Kayak_Guided_Tour_Cormorant_among_the_Fleet_04_FRD_9405.jpg/440px-2017_Sarasota_Adventure_Kayak_Guided_Tour_Cormorant_among_the_Fleet_04_FRD_9405.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3853" data-file-height="2065" /></a><figcaption>Ecotour guide stands on a <a href="/wiki/Kayaking" title="Kayaking">kayak</a> spotting <a href="/wiki/Dolphins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolphins">dolphins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manatees" class="mw-redirect" title="Manatees">manatees</a>, around <a href="/wiki/Lido_Key" title="Lido Key">Lido Key</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An environmental protection strategy must address the issue of ecotourists removed from the cause-and-effect of their actions on the environment. More initiatives should be carried out to improve their awareness, sensitize them to environmental issues, and care about the places they visit.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuohino_and_Hynonen_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuohino_and_Hynonen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tour guides are an obvious and direct medium to communicate awareness. With the confidence of ecotourists and intimate knowledge of the environment, tour guides can actively discuss conservation issues. Informing ecotourists about how their actions on the trip can negatively impact their environment and the local people. A tour guide training program in Costa Rica's <a href="/wiki/Tortuguero_National_Park" title="Tortuguero National Park">Tortuguero National Park</a> has helped mitigate negative environmental impacts by providing information and regulating tourists on the parks' beaches used by nesting <a href="/wiki/Endangered_sea_turtles" title="Endangered sea turtles">endangered sea turtles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobson_and_Robles_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobson_and_Robles-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-weaver_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weaver-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small_scale,_slow_growth,_and_local_control"><span id="Small_scale.2C_slow_growth.2C_and_local_control"></span>Small scale, slow growth, and local control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Small scale, slow growth, and local control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Underdevelopment" title="Underdevelopment">underdevelopment</a> theory of tourism describes a new form of <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> by <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational corporations</a> that control ecotourism resources. These corporations finance and profit from the development of large-scale ecotourism that causes excessive environmental degradation, loss of traditional culture and way of life, and exploitation of local labor. In <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> and Nepal's Annapurna region, where underdevelopment is taking place, more than 90 percent of ecotourism revenues are expatriated to the parent countries, and less than 5 percent go into local communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Ziffer_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ziffer-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lack of sustainability highlights the need for small-scale, slow-growth, and locally-based ecotourism. Local peoples have a vested interest in the well-being of their community and are therefore more accountable to environmental protection than multinational corporations, though they receive very little of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Profit_(economy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Profit (economy) (page does not exist)">profits</a>. The lack of control, <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">westernization</a>, adverse impacts to the environment, and loss of culture and traditions outweigh the benefits of establishing large-scale ecotourism. Additionally, culture loss can be attributed to cultural <a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">commodification</a>, in which local cultures are commodified to make a profit.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The increased contributions of communities to locally managed ecotourism create viable economic opportunities, including high-level management positions, and reduce environmental issues associated with poverty and unemployment. Because the ecotourism experience is marketed to a different lifestyle from large-scale ecotourism, the development of facilities and infrastructure does not need to conform to corporate Western tourism standards, and can be much simpler and less expensive.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a greater <a href="/wiki/Fractional-reserve_banking" title="Fractional-reserve banking">multiplier effect</a> on the economy, because local products, materials, and labor are used. Profits accrue locally and <a href="/wiki/Import" title="Import">import</a> leakages are reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Cater_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cater-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Great Barrier Reef Park in Australia reported over half of a billion dollars of indirect income in the area and added thousands of indirect jobs between 2004 and 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-weaver_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weaver-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, even this form of tourism may require foreign investment for promotion or start-up. When such investments are required, communities must find a company or non-governmental organization that reflects the philosophy of ecotourism; is sensitive to their concerns, and is willing to cooperate at the expense of profit. The basic assumption of the multiplier effect is that the economy starts with unused resources, for example, that many workers are cyclically unemployed and much of industrial capacity is sitting idle or incompletely used. By increasing demand in the economy, it is then possible to boost production. If the economy was already at full employment, with only structural, frictional, or other supply-side types of unemployment, any attempt to boost demand would only lead to inflation. For various laissez-faire schools of economics which embrace Say's Law and deny the possibility of Keynesian inefficiency and under-employment of resources, therefore, the multiplier concept is irrelevant or wrong-headed. </p><p>As an example, consider the government increasing its expenditure on roads by $1  million, without a corresponding increase in taxation. This sum would go to the road builders, who would hire more workers and distribute the money as wages and profits. The households receiving these incomes will save part of the money and spend the rest on consumer goods. These expenditures, in turn, will generate more jobs, wages, profits, and so on with the income and spending circulating the economy. </p><p>The multiplier effect arises because of the induced increases in consumer spending which occur due to the increased incomes – and because of the feedback into increasing business revenues, jobs, and income again. This process does not lead to an economic explosion not only because of the supply-side barriers at potential output (full employment) but because at each "round", the increase in consumer spending is less than the increase in consumer incomes. That is, the <a href="/wiki/Marginal_propensity_to_consume" title="Marginal propensity to consume">marginal propensity to consume</a> (MPC) is less than one so that each round some extra income goes into saving, leaking out of the cumulative process. Each increase in spending is thus smaller than that of the previous round, preventing an explosion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Efforts_to_preserve_ecosystems_at_risk">Efforts to preserve ecosystems at risk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Efforts to preserve ecosystems at risk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the world's most exceptional biodiversity is located in the Galapagos Islands. These islands were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1979, then added to UNESCO's List of World Heritage in Danger in 2007. IGTOA is a non-profit dedicated to preserving this unique living laboratory against the challenges of invasive species, human impact, and tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For travelers who want to be mindful of the environment and the impact of tourism, it is recommended to use an operator that is endorsed by a reputable ecotourism organization. In the case of the Galapagos, IGTOA has a list<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the world's premiere Galapagos Islands tour companies dedicated to the lasting protection and preservation of the destination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_resource_management">Natural resource management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Natural resource management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Natural resource management can be used as a specialized tool for the development of ecotourism. There are several places throughout the world where several natural resources are abundant, but with human encroachment and habitats, these resources are depleting. Without the sustainable use of certain resources, they are destroyed, and floral and fauna species are becoming extinct. Ecotourism programs can be introduced for the conservation of these resources. Several plans and proper management programs can be introduced so that these resources remain untouched, and there are many organizations–including nonprofits–and scientists working on this field. </p><p>Natural resources of hill areas like Kurseong in West Bengal are plenty in number with various flora and fauna, but tourism for business purpose poised the situation. Researchers from Jadavpur University are presently working in this area for the development of ecotourism to be used as a tool for natural resource management. </p><p>In Southeast Asia government and nongovernmental organizations are working together with academics and industry operators to spread the economic benefits of tourism into the kampungs and villages of the region. A recently formed alliance, the South-East Asian Tourism Organization (SEATO), is bringing together these diverse players to discuss resource management concerns. </p><p>A 2002, summit held in Quebec led to the 2008 Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria–a collaborative effort between the UN Foundation and other advocacy groups. The criteria, which are voluntary, involve the following standards: "effective sustainability planning, maximum social and economic benefits for local communities, minimum negative impacts on cultural heritage, and minimum negative impacts on the environment."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (May 2016)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>There is no enforcing agency or system of punishments for summit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_indigenous_people_and_indigenous_land">Impact on indigenous people and indigenous land</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Impact on indigenous people and indigenous land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Valorization of the Indigenous territories can be important for designation as a <a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">protected area</a>, which can deter threats such as <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecotourism can help bring in revenue for Indigenous peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, there needs to be a proper business plan and organizational structure, which helps to ensure that the generated money from ecotourism indeed flows towards the Indigenous peoples themselves, and the protection of the Indigenous territory.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Debates around ecotourism focus on how profits off of Indigenous lands are enjoyed by international tourist companies, who do not share back with the people to whom those lands belong. Ecotourism offers a tourist-appealing experience of the landscape and environment, one that is different from the experience of the residents; it commodifies the lives of Indigenous people and their land which is not fair to its inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_territory_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Indigenous territory (disambiguation)">Indigenous territories</a> are managed by governmental services (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_do_%C3%8Dndio" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundação Nacional do Índio">FUNAI in Brazil</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ...) and these governmental services can thus decide whether or not to implement ecotourism in these Indigenous territories. </p><p>Ecotourism can also bring in <a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">employment</a> to the local people (which may be Indigenous people). Protected areas for instance require park rangers, and staff to maintain and operate the ecolodges and accommodation used by tourists. Also, the traditional culture can act as a tourist attraction, and can create a source of revenue by asking payment for the showing of <a href="/wiki/Performer" class="mw-redirect" title="Performer">performances</a> (i.e., traditional dance, ...)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecotourism can also help mitigate deforestation that happens when local residents, under economic stress, clear lands and create smallholder plots to grow cash crops.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such land clearing hurts the environment. Ecotourism can be a sustainable and job-creating alternative for local populations. </p><p>Depending on how protected areas are set up and handled, it can lead to local people losing their homes, usually with no compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamuaro2007_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamuaro2007-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pushing people onto marginal lands with harsh climates, poor soils, lack of water, and infested with livestock and disease does little to enhance livelihoods even when a proportion of ecotourism profits are directed back into the community. Harsh survival realities and deprivation of traditional use of land and natural resources by local people can occur. Local Indigenous people may also feel strong resentment towards the change, especially if tourism has been allowed to develop with virtually no controls. Without sufficient control mechanisms, too many lodges may be built, and tourist vehicles may drive off-track and harass the wildlife. Vehicle use may <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erode</a> and <a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">degrade the land</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Kamuaro2007_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamuaro2007-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a longstanding failure by the Peruvian government to acknowledge and protect Indigenous lands, and therefore the Indigenous peoples have been forced to protect their own land. The land has a better chance of staying safe and free from deforestation if the people who care about the land are the ones maintaining it.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the continuum of tourism activities that stretch from conventional tourism to ecotourism, there has been a lot of contention to the limit at which biodiversity preservation, local social-economic benefits, and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact">environmental impact</a> can be considered "ecotourism". For this reason, environmentalists, special interest groups, and governments define ecotourism differently. Environmental organizations have generally insisted that ecotourism is nature-based, sustainably managed, conservation supporting, and environmentally educated.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuohino_and_Hynonen_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuohino_and_Hynonen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buckley_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tourist_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist industry">tourist industry</a> and governments, however, focus more on the product aspect, treating ecotourism as equivalent to any sort of tourism based in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuohino_and_Hynonen_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuohino_and_Hynonen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a further complication, many terms are used under the rubric of ecotourism.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuohino_and_Hynonen_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuohino_and_Hynonen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nature tourism, low impact tourism, green tourism, bio-tourism, ecologically responsible tourism, and others have been used in literature and <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>, although they are not necessarily synonymous with ecotourism.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuohino_and_Hynonen_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuohino_and_Hynonen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The problems associated with defining ecotourism have often led to confusion among tourists and academics. Many problems are also subject of considerable public controversy and concern because of <a href="/wiki/Green_wash" class="mw-redirect" title="Green wash">green washing</a>, a trend towards the commercialization of tourism schemes disguised as sustainable, nature based, and <a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">environmentally friendly</a> ecotourism.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuohino_and_Hynonen_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuohino_and_Hynonen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to McLaren,<sup id="cite_ref-McLaren_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLaren-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these schemes are environmentally destructive, economically exploitative, and culturally insensitive at its worst. They are also morally disconcerting because they mislead tourists and manipulate their concerns for the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Barkin_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barkin-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development and success of such large scale, energy intensive, and ecologically unsustainable schemes are a testament to the tremendous profits associated with being labeled as ecotourism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negative_impact">Negative impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Negative impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ecotourism has become one of the fastest-growing sectors of the tourism industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (May 2016)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One definition of ecotourism is "the practice of low-impact, educational, ecologically and <a href="/wiki/Culturally_sensitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Culturally sensitive">culturally sensitive</a> travel that benefits local communities and host countries".<sup id="cite_ref-Honey_EandSD_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honey_EandSD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 71">: 71 </span></sup> Many of the ecotourism projects are not meeting these standards. Even if some of the guidelines are being executed, the local communities are still facing many of the negative impacts.The other negative side of ecotourism is that it transforms nature and the environment into commodities people are interested in paying and visiting. When the environment becomes a product with economic value, people try to advertise and sell it. Some of the ecotourism sites are turning to private sectors, and the government cut off their funding. Hence, they are obligated to make money on their own. Private natural parks and sites are looking for their own advantage by advertising the soundness of natural parks or coastal marines in the Caribbean. They try to show they are protecting nature and attract people interested in ecotourism. However, they will focus on the phenomenon that might be more interesting for tourists and neglect other aspects of nature when they prioritize their profits. Consequently, this policy will result in abandoning rich ecological sites or destroying those valuable sites. For example, in Montego Bay, hotel staff cut the seagrass that appeared to drive back tourists; conversely, they are crucial for local nutrient cycles. </p><p>The other problem is that the companies try to hide the truth behind the ecotourism to maintain their profit. They do not cover the fact that traveling from other countries to the natural sites burns extensive amounts of aircraft fuel. In Montego Bay and Negril, a considerable amount of run-off is released to the coastal water produced directly or indirectly by ecotourists. Hotels in Jamaica release much more wastewater than a city. The tourists generate a lot of waste that ends up in the coastal water. The indirect effect of ecotourism in Jamaica is that many people migrated to the town near the natural site because of the more job opportunities due to construction increase, resulting in destroying the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> is one of the countries that is reaping significant economic benefits from ecotourism, but the negative effects far outweigh the positive—including forcing people to leave their homes, gross violations of fundamental rights, and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_hazard" title="Environmental hazard">environmental hazards</a>—far outweigh the medium-term economic benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2018)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A tremendous amount of money and human resources continue to be used for ecotourism despite unsuccessful outcomes, and even more, money is put into public relation campaigns to dilute the effects of criticism. Ecotourism channels resources away from other projects that could contribute more sustainable and realistic solutions to pressing social and environmental problems. "The money tourism can generate often ties parks and managements to ecotourism".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But there is a tension in this relationship because ecotourism often causes conflict and changes in <a href="/wiki/Land-use" class="mw-redirect" title="Land-use">land-use</a> rights, fails to deliver promises of community-level benefits, damages environments, and has many other social impacts. Indeed, many argue repeatedly that ecotourism is neither ecologically nor socially beneficial, yet it persists as a strategy for conservation and development<sup id="cite_ref-West2006_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2006-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to the large profits. While several studies are being done on ways to improve the ecotourism structure, some argue that these examples provide a rationale for stopping it altogether. However, there are some positive examples, among them the <a href="/wiki/Kavango-Zambezi_Transfrontier_Conservation_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area">Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area</a> (KAZA) and the <a href="/wiki/Virunga_National_Park" title="Virunga National Park">Virunga National Park</a>, as judged by WWF.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ecotourism system exercises tremendous financial and political influence. The evidence above shows that a strong case exists for restraining such activities in certain locations. Funding could be used for field studies aimed at finding alternative solutions to tourism and the diverse problems Africa faces in result of <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a> of agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamuaro2007_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamuaro2007-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the local level, ecotourism has become a source of conflict over <a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Control of land (page does not exist)">control of land</a>, resources, and tourism profits. In this case, ecotourism has harmed the environment and local people and has led to conflicts over profit distribution. Very few regulations or laws stand in place as boundaries for the investors in ecotourism. Calls have been made for more efforts toward educating tourists of the environmental and social effects of their travels, and for laws to prohibit the promotion of unsustainable ecotourism projects and materials which project false images of destinations and demean local and Indigenous cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamuaro2007_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamuaro2007-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though conservation efforts in East Africa are indisputably serving the interests of tourism in the region it is important to make the distinction between conservation acts and the tourism industry.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eastern African communities are not the only of developing regions to experience economic and social harms from conservation efforts. Conservation in the Southwest <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> Region of China has similarly brought drastic changes to traditional land use in the region. Prior to logging restrictions imposed by the Chinese Government the industry made up 80 percent of the regions revenue. Following a complete ban on commercial logging the Indigenous people of the Yunnan region now see little opportunity for economic development.<sup id="cite_ref-Yunnan_expedition_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yunnan_expedition-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecotourism may provide solutions to the economic hardships suffered from the loss of industry to conservation in the Yunnan in the same way that it may serve to remedy the difficulties faced by the Maasai. As stated, the ecotourism structure must be improved to direct more money into host communities by reducing leakages for the industry to be successful in alleviating poverty in developing regions, but it provides a promising opportunity.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drumm and Moore (2002) discuss the price increase and economic leakage in their paper; saying that prices might augment since the visitors are more capable to pay higher rates for goods and services in opposition to the locals.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, they have mentioned two solutions regarding the previous issue: (1) either a two pricing system represented as two separate price lists (the first for the locals and the second for the tourists with respect to the local's purchase power ability); (2) design unique goods and services subject only or the tourists' consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leakage appears when international investors import foreign products instead of using local resources; thus, the tourists will be using international products and in-turn contributing to the outside economy rather than the local one (Drumm & Moore, 2002).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_environmental_impacts">Direct environmental impacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Direct environmental impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ecotourism operations occasionally fail to live up to conservation ideals. It is sometimes overlooked that ecotourism is a highly consumer-centered activity, and that <a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">environmental conservation</a> is a means to further <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamauro_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamauro-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although ecotourism is intended for small groups, even a modest increase in population, however temporary, puts extra pressure on the local environment and necessitates the development of additional infrastructure and amenities. The construction of <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Water treatment plant">water treatment plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> facilities, and lodges come with the exploitation of <a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-renewable energy">non-renewable energy</a> sources and the use of already <a href="/wiki/Scarcity" title="Scarcity">limited</a> local resources.<sup id="cite_ref-Vivanco_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vivanco-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conversion of natural land to such tourist infrastructure is implicated in deforestation and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat_deterioration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Habitat deterioration (page does not exist)">habitat deterioration</a> of butterflies in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squirrel_monkeys" class="mw-redirect" title="Squirrel monkeys">squirrel monkeys</a> in <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Isaacs_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaacs-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other cases, the environment suffers because local communities are unable to meet the infrastructure demands of ecotourism. The lack of adequate sanitation facilities in many East African parks results in the disposal of campsite sewage in rivers, contaminating the wildlife, livestock, and people who draw drinking water from it.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuohino_and_Hynonen_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuohino_and_Hynonen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aside from <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> with tourist infrastructure, population pressures from ecotourism also leaves behind garbage and pollution associated with the Western lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-McLaren_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLaren-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of this is seen with <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Antarctica" title="Tourism in Antarctica">ecotourism in Antarctica</a>. Since it is such a remote location, it takes a lot of fuel to get there; resulting in ships producing large pollution through waste disposal and green house gas emissions. Additionally, there is a potential for oil spills from damaged ships traversing through aggressive waters filled with natural obstacles such as icebergs.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although ecotourists claim to be educationally sophisticated and environmentally concerned, they rarely understand the ecological consequences of their visits and how their day-to-day activities append physical impacts on the environment. As one scientist observes, they "rarely acknowledge how the meals they eat, the toilets they flush, the water they drink, and so on, are all part of broader regional economic and ecological systems they are helping to reconfigure with their very activities."<sup id="cite_ref-Tuohino_and_Hynonen_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuohino_and_Hynonen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nor do ecotourists recognize the great consumption of non-renewable energy required to arrive at their destination, which is typically more remote than conventional tourism destinations. For instance, an exotic journey to a place 10,000 kilometers away consumes about 700 liters of fuel per person.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ecotourism activities are, in and of themselves, issues in environmental impact because they may disturb fauna and flora. Ecotourists believe that because they are only taking pictures and leaving footprints, they keep ecotourism sites pristine, but even harmless-sounding activities such as nature hikes can be ecologically destructive. In the <a href="/wiki/Annapurna" title="Annapurna">Annapurna</a> Circuit in Nepal, ecotourists have worn down the marked trails and created alternate routes, contributing to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_impaction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soil impaction (page does not exist)">soil impaction</a>, erosion, and plant damage.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuohino_and_Hynonen_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuohino_and_Hynonen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where the ecotourism activity involves wildlife viewing, it can scare away animals, disrupt their feeding and nesting sites,<sup id="cite_ref-Tuohino_and_Hynonen_16-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuohino_and_Hynonen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or acclimate them to the presence of people.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuohino_and_Hynonen_16-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuohino_and_Hynonen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Kenya, wildlife-observer disruption drives <a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">cheetahs</a> off their reserves, increasing the risk of inbreeding and further endangering the species.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuohino_and_Hynonen_16-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuohino_and_Hynonen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a study done from 1995 to 1997 off the Northwestern coast of Australia, scientists found that whale sharks' tolerance for divers and swimmers decreased. The whale sharks showed an increase in behaviors over the course of the study, such as diving, porpoising, banking, and eye rolling that are associated with distress and attempt to avoid the diver. The average time the whale sharks spent with the divers in 1995 was 19.3 minutes, but in 1997 the average time the whale sharks spent with the divers was 9.5 minutes. There was also an increase in recorded behaviors from 56% of the sharks showing any sort of diving, porpoising, eye rolling or banking in 1995 to 70.7% in 1997. Some whale sharks were also observed to have scars that were consistent with being struck by a boat.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_hazards">Environmental hazards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Environmental hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> practices of human society are having a serious impact on the environment. Ecotourism is now also considered to be playing a role in environmental depletion including <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, disruption of ecological life systems and various forms of <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>, all of which contribute to <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>. For example, the number of motor vehicles crossing a park increases as tour drivers search for rare species. The number of roads disrupts the grass cover, which has serious consequences on plant and animal species. These areas also have a higher rate of <a href="/wiki/Ecological_disturbance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological disturbance">disturbances</a> and <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> due to increasing <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of transport">traffic</a> off of the beaten path into new, undiscovered areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamuaro2007_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamuaro2007-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecotourism also has an effect on species through the value placed on them. "Certain species have gone from being little known or valued by local people to being highly valued commodities. The <a href="/wiki/Commodification_of_nature" title="Commodification of nature">commodification of plants</a> may erase their social value and lead to <a href="/wiki/Overproduction" title="Overproduction">overproduction</a> within protected areas. Local people and their images can also be turned into commodities".<sup id="cite_ref-West2006_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2006-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kamuaro points out the relatively obvious contradiction that any commercial venture into unspoiled, pristine land inevitably means a higher pressure on the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamuaro2007_52-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamuaro2007-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The people who live in the areas now becoming ecotourism spots have very different lifestyles than those who come to visit. Ecotourism has created many debates based on if the economic benefits are worth the possible environmental sacrifices.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Who_benefits?"><span id="Who_benefits.3F"></span>Who benefits?</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Who benefits?"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most forms of ecotourism are owned by foreign investors and corporations that provide few benefits to the local people. An overwhelming majority of profits are put into the pockets of investors instead of reinvestment into the local economy or environmental protection leading to further environmental degradation. The limited numbers of local people who are employed in the economy enter at its lowest level and are unable to live in tourist areas because of meager wages and a two-market system.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuohino_and_Hynonen_16-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuohino_and_Hynonen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases, the resentment by local people results in environmental degradation. As a highly publicized case, the <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a> nomads in Kenya killed wildlife in national parks but are now helping the national park to save the wildlife to show aversion to unfair compensation terms and displacement from traditional lands.<sup id="cite_ref-Cater_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cater-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of economic opportunities for local people also constrains them to degrade the environment as a means of sustenance.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuohino_and_Hynonen_16-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuohino_and_Hynonen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of affluent ecotourists encourage the development of destructive markets in wildlife souvenirs, such as the sale of coral trinkets on tropical islands and animal products in Asia, contributing to illegal harvesting and <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a> from the environment. In <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, sea turtle reserves use a very large portion of their budget to guard against these destructive activities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eviction_of_Indigenous_peoples">Eviction of Indigenous peoples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Eviction of Indigenous peoples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fortress_conservation" title="Fortress conservation">Fortress conservation</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fortress_conservation" title="Fortress conservation">Fortress conservation</a> is a conservation model based on the belief that biodiversity protection is best achieved by creating protected areas where ecosystems can function in isolation from human disturbance.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is argued that money generated from ecotourism is the motivating factor to drive Indigenous inhabitants off the land.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up to 250,000 people worldwide have been forcibly evicted from their homes to make way for conservation projects since 1990, according to the UN special rapporteur on the rights of Indigenous peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian1120_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian1120-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mismanagement_by_government">Mismanagement by government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Mismanagement by government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While governments are typically entrusted with the administration and enforcement of environmental protection, they often lack the commitment or capability to manage ecotourism sites. The regulations for environmental protection may be vaguely defined, costly to implement, hard to enforce, and uncertain in effectiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-Baumol_and_Oates_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumol_and_Oates-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government regulatory agencies, are susceptible to making decisions that spend on politically beneficial but environmentally unproductive projects. Because of prestige and conspicuousness, the construction of an attractive visitor center at an ecotourism site may take precedence over more pressing environmental concerns like acquiring habitat, protecting endemic species, and removing invasive ones.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuohino_and_Hynonen_16-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuohino_and_Hynonen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, influential groups can <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">pressure, and sway</a> the interests of the government to their favor. The government and its regulators can become vested in the benefits of the ecotourism industry which they are supposed to regulate, causing restrictive environmental regulations and enforcement to become more lenient. </p><p>Management of ecotourism sites by private ecotourism companies offers an alternative to the cost of regulation and deficiency of government agencies. It is believed that these companies have a self-interest in limited environmental degradation because tourists will pay more for pristine environments, which translates to higher profit. However, theory indicates that this practice is not economically feasible and will fail to manage the environment. </p><p>The model of <a href="/wiki/Monopolistic_competition" title="Monopolistic competition">monopolistic competition</a> states that distinctiveness will entail profits, but profits will promote imitation. A company that protects its ecotourism sites is able to charge a premium for the novel experience and pristine environment. But when other companies view the success of this approach, they also enter the market with similar practices, increasing competition and reducing demand. Eventually, the demand will be reduced until the economic profit is zero. A cost-benefit analysis shows that the company bears the cost of environmental protection without receiving the gains. Without economic incentive, the whole premise of self-interest through environmental protection is quashed; instead, ecotourism companies will minimize environment related expenses and maximize tourism demand.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuohino_and_Hynonen_16-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuohino_and_Hynonen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">tragedy of the commons</a> offers another model for economic unsustainability from environmental protection, in ecotourism sites used by many companies.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardin_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardin-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there is a communal incentive to protect the environment, maximizing the benefits in the long run, a company will conclude that it is in their best interest to use the ecotourism site beyond its sustainable level. By increasing the number of ecotourists, for instance, a company gains all the economic benefit while paying only a part of the environmental cost. In the same way, a company recognizes that there is no incentive to actively protect the environment; they bear all the costs, while the benefits are shared by all other companies. The result, again, is mismanagement. </p><p>Taken together, the mobility of foreign investment and lack of economic incentive for environmental protection means that ecotourism companies are disposed to establishing themselves in new sites once their existing one is sufficiently degraded. </p><p>In addition, the systematic literature review conducted by Cabral and Dhar (2019) have identified several challenges due to slow progression of ecotourism initiatives such as (a) economic leakages, (b) lack of government involvement, (c) skill deficiency among the local communities, (d) absence of disseminating environmental education, (e) sporadic increase in pollution, (f) conflict between tourism management personnel and local communities and (g) inadequate infrastructure development.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Case_studies">Case studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Case studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The purpose of ecotourism is to engage tourists in low impact, non-consumptive and locally oriented environments to maintain species and habitats – especially in underdeveloped regions. While some ecotourism projects, including some found in the United States, can support such claims, many projects have failed to address some of the fundamental issues that nations face in the first place. Consequently, ecotourism may not generate the very benefits it is intended to provide to these regions and their people, and in some cases leaving economies in a state worse than before.<sup id="cite_ref-Fennell,_David_A._79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fennell,_David_A.-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following case studies illustrate the rising complexity of ecotourism and its impacts, both positive and negative, on the environment and economies of various regions in the world. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Ecotourism in Costa Rica">Ecotourism in Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism_in_Jordan" title="Ecotourism in Jordan">Ecotourism in Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism_in_South_Africa" title="Ecotourism in South Africa">Ecotourism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism_in_the_United_States" title="Ecotourism in the United States">Ecotourism in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism_routes_in_Europe" title="Ecotourism routes in Europe">Ecotourism routes in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomuseum" title="Ecomuseum">Ecomuseum</a> – Museum focused on the identity of a place</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental movement</a> – Movement for addressing environmental issues</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a> – Practice of protecting the natural environment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotourism" title="Geotourism">Geotourism</a> – Tourism associated with geological attractions and destinations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_hunting" title="Green hunting">Green hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_tourism" title="Jungle tourism">Jungle tourism</a> – Tourism around the jungles of the world</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_tourism" title="Shark tourism">Shark tourism</a> – Tourism industry based on viewing wild sharks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a> – Mode of human development</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtourism" title="Overtourism">Overtourism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2009" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, Ralf (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ecotourismprinci0000buck/mode/2up"><i>Ecotourism : principles and practices</i></a>. Internet Archive. Cambridge, Mass. : CABI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-457-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-457-6"><bdi>978-1-84593-457-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecotourism+%3A+principles+and+practices&rft.pub=Cambridge%2C+Mass.+%3A+CABI&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84593-457-6&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Ralf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fecotourismprinci0000buck%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcotourism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unwto.org/sustainable-development/ecotourism-and-protected-areas">"Ecotourism and Protected areas"</a>. <i>UN Tourism</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+Tourism&rft.atitle=Ecotourism+and+Protected+areas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unwto.org%2Fsustainable-development%2Fecotourism-and-protected-areas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcotourism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.integrallc.com/ecotourism-vs-sustainable-tourism/">"Ecotourism vs Sustainable Tourism"</a>. <i>Integra: developing impact from opportunity</i>. September 1, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210901114026/https://www.integrallc.com/ecotourism-vs-sustainable-tourism/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Integra%3A+developing+impact+from+opportunity&rft.atitle=Ecotourism+vs+Sustainable+Tourism&rft.date=2021-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.integrallc.com%2Fecotourism-vs-sustainable-tourism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcotourism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Honey_EandSD-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Honey_EandSD_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Honey_EandSD_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoney2008" class="citation book cs1">Honey, Martha (2008). <i>Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise?</i> (Second ed.). Washington, DC: Island Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59726-125-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59726-125-8"><bdi>978-1-59726-125-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecotourism+and+Sustainable+Development%3A+Who+Owns+Paradise%3F&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59726-125-8&rft.aulast=Honey&rft.aufirst=Martha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcotourism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stabler, M. J. (eds.) (1997, page 45) <i>Tourism and Sustainability: Principles to Practice</i>. CAB International: Wallingford.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardenas2023" class="citation web cs1">Cardenas, Julieta (2023-07-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/even-better/23792484/sustainable-travel-ecotourism-respect-tips">"What is ecotourism? A guide on how to travel sustainably"</a>. <i>Vox</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=What+is+ecotourism%3F+A+guide+on+how+to+travel+sustainably.&rft.date=2023-07-26&rft.aulast=Cardenas&rft.aufirst=Julieta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Feven-better%2F23792484%2Fsustainable-travel-ecotourism-respect-tips&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcotourism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-revues1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-revues1_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFṢadrī2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ṣadrī, Bahrām Nikūʼī (2010). <i>مبانى زمين‌گردشگرى با تأکيد بر ايران</i> [<i>Fundamentals of Geotourism With a Special Emphasis on Iran</i>] (in Persian). Tehran: SAMT. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-964-530-415-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-964-530-415-5"><bdi>978-964-530-415-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/889667013">889667013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89+%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%89+%D8%A8%D8%A7+%D8%AA%D8%A3%DA%A9%D9%8A%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86&rft.place=Tehran&rft.pub=SAMT&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F889667013&rft.isbn=978-964-530-415-5&rft.aulast=%E1%B9%A2adr%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Bahr%C4%81m+Nik%C5%AB%CA%BC%C4%AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcotourism" class="Z3988"></span> Introduction available in English at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadry" class="citation web cs1">Sadry, Bahram N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/physio-geo/4873?file=1">"Introduction to Fundamentals of Geotourism With a Special Emphasis on Iran"</a>. <i>OpenEdition Journals</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OpenEdition+Journals&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Fundamentals+of+Geotourism+With+a+Special+Emphasis+on+Iran&rft.aulast=Sadry&rft.aufirst=Bahram+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fphysio-geo%2F4873%3Ffile%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcotourism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Randall-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Randall_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall1987" class="citation book cs1">Randall, A. (1987). <i>Resource economics</i> (Second ed.). 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Wiley. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470813041" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470813041"><bdi>978-0470813041</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecotourism%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.pages=8&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0470813041&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcotourism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2008" class="citation book cs1">Weaver, David (2008). <i>Ecotourism, 2nd edition</i> (2nd ed.). 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"Ecotourism research in India: from an integrative literature review to a future research framework". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Ecotourism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Ecotourism (page does not exist)">Journal of Ecotourism</a></i>. <b>19</b>: 23–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14724049.2019.1625359">10.1080/14724049.2019.1625359</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1472-4049">1472-4049</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:197805541">197805541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ecotourism&rft.atitle=Ecotourism+research+in+India%3A+from+an+integrative+literature+review+to+a+future+research+framework&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=23-49&rft.date=2019-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A197805541%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1472-4049&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14724049.2019.1625359&rft.aulast=Cabral&rft.aufirst=Clement&rft.au=Dhar%2C+Rajib+Lochan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcotourism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fennell,_David_A.-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fennell,_David_A._79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFennell1999" class="citation book cs1">Fennell, David A. (1999). <i>Ecotourism: An Introduction</i>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203457481" title="Special:BookSources/9780203457481"><bdi>9780203457481</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51036894">51036894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecotourism%3A+An+Introduction.&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51036894&rft.isbn=9780203457481&rft.aulast=Fennell&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcotourism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurger2000" class="citation journal cs1">Burger, Joanna (2000). "Landscapes, tourism, and conservation". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_of_the_Total_Environment" title="Science of the Total Environment">Science of the Total Environment</a></i>. <b>249</b> (1–3): 39–49. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ScTEn.249...39B">2000ScTEn.249...39B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0048-9697%2899%2900509-4">10.1016/s0048-9697(99)00509-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10813445">10813445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Landscapes%2C+tourism%2C+and+conservation&rft.volume=249&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=39-49&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10813445&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0048-9697%2899%2900509-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000ScTEn.249...39B&rft.aulast=Burger&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcotourism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ceballos-Lascurain, H. 1996. Tourism, Ecotourism, and Protected Areas.</li> <li>Larkin, T. and K. N. Kähler. 2011. "Ecotourism." <i>Encyclopedia of Environmental Issues.</i> Rev. ed. Pasadena: Salem Press. Vol. 2, pp. 421–424. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58765-737-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58765-737-5">978-1-58765-737-5</a></li> <li>IUCN. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature. 301 pp.</li> <li>Ceballos-Lascurain, H. 1998. Ecoturismo. Naturaleza y Desarrollo Sostenible.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy2000" class="citation journal cs1">Duffy, Rosaleen (2000). "Shadow players: Ecotourism development, corruption and state politics in Belize". <i><a href="/wiki/Third_World_Quarterly" title="Third World Quarterly">Third World Quarterly</a></i>. <b>21</b> (3): 549–565. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F713701038">10.1080/713701038</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153634543">153634543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Shadow+players%3A+Ecotourism+development%2C+corruption+and+state+politics+in+Belize&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=549-565&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F713701038&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153634543%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Rosaleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcotourism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutzwillerAnderson1999" class="citation journal cs1">Gutzwiller, Kevin J.; Anderson, Stanley H. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1370001">"Spatial Extent of Human-Intrusion Effects on Subalpine Bird Distributions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ornithological_Applications" title="Ornithological Applications">The Condor</a></i>. <b>101</b> (2): 378–389. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1370001">10.2307/1370001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1370001">1370001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Condor&rft.atitle=Spatial+Extent+of+Human-Intrusion+Effects+on+Subalpine+Bird+Distributions&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=378-389&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1370001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1370001%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gutzwiller&rft.aufirst=Kevin+J.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Stanley+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F1370001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcotourism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOramsNowaczek2010" class="citation journal cs1">Orams, Mark B.; Nowaczek, Agnes M.K. (2010). "Ecotourism: Principles and Practices". <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Tourism_Research" title="Annals of Tourism Research">Annals of Tourism Research</a></i>. <b>37</b>: 270–271. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.annals.2009.10.007">10.1016/j.annals.2009.10.007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Tourism+Research&rft.atitle=Ecotourism%3A+Principles+and+Practices&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=270-271&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.annals.2009.10.007&rft.aulast=Orams&rft.aufirst=Mark+B.&rft.au=Nowaczek%2C+Agnes+M.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcotourism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrams2000" class="citation journal cs1">Orams, Mark B. (2000). "Tourists getting close to whales, is it what whale-watching is all about?". <i>Tourism Management</i>. <b>21</b> (6): 561–569. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0261-5177%2800%2900006-6">10.1016/s0261-5177(00)00006-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tourism+Management&rft.atitle=Tourists+getting+close+to+whales%2C+is+it+what+whale-watching+is+all+about%3F&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=561-569&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0261-5177%2800%2900006-6&rft.aulast=Orams&rft.aufirst=Mark+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcotourism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Reguero Oxide, M. del. 1995. Ecoturismo. Nuevas Formas de Turismo en el Espacio rural. Ed. Bosch Turismo</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheyvens1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Regina_Scheyvens" title="Regina Scheyvens">Scheyvens, Regina</a> (1999). "Ecotourism and the empowerment of local communities". <i>Tourism Management</i>. <b>20</b> (2): 245–249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0261-5177%2898%2900069-7">10.1016/s0261-5177(98)00069-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tourism+Management&rft.atitle=Ecotourism+and+the+empowerment+of+local+communities&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=245-249&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0261-5177%2898%2900069-7&rft.aulast=Scheyvens&rft.aufirst=Regina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcotourism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2011" class="citation journal cs1">Buckley, Ralf (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-environ-041210-132637">"Tourism and Environment"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Environment_and_Resources" title="Annual Review of Environment and Resources">Annual Review of Environment and Resources</a></i>. <b>36</b> (1): 397–416. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-environ-041210-132637">10.1146/annurev-environ-041210-132637</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Environment+and+Resources&rft.atitle=Tourism+and+Environment&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=397-416&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-environ-041210-132637&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Ralf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-environ-041210-132637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcotourism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotourism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Ecotourism</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ecotourism" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ecotourism">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ecotourism" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Ecotourism">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecotourism" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Ecotourism">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecotourism" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Ecotourism">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecotourism" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Ecotourism">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecotourism" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Ecotourism">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Ecotourism_by_country&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Ecotourism by country (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ecotourism_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ecotourism by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ecotourism_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ecotourism by country</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecotourism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecotourism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Ecotourism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecotourism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecotourism in Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecotourism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism_in_Jordan" title="Ecotourism in Jordan">Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecotourism in Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism_in_Mexico" title="Ecotourism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism_in_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecotourism in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecotourism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism_in_Paraguay" title="Ecotourism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecotourism in Peru">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism_in_South_Africa" title="Ecotourism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism_in_the_United_States" title="Ecotourism in the United States">United States</a></li></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Adventure_travel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adventure_travel" title="Template:Adventure travel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adventure_travel" title="Template talk:Adventure travel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adventure_travel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adventure travel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Adventure_travel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Adventure_travel" title="Adventure travel">Adventure travel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_tourism" title="Accessible tourism">Accessible tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adjectival_tourisms" title="List of adjectival tourisms">Adjectival tourisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_recreation" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventure recreation">Adventure recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agritourism" title="Agritourism">Agritourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backpacking_(travel)" title="Backpacking (travel)">Backpacking (travel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backpacking_(hiking)" title="Backpacking (hiking)">Backpacking (hiking)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_touring" title="Bicycle touring">Bicycle touring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camping" title="Camping">Camping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism" title="Cultural tourism">Cultural tourism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ecotourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_tourism" title="Extreme tourism">Extreme tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freighthopping" title="Freighthopping">Freighthopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamping" title="Glamping">Glamping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">Hiking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiking" title="Hitchhiking">Hitchhiking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_tourism" title="Jungle tourism">Jungle tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kloofing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kloofing">Kloofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overlanding" title="Overlanding">Overlanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picnic" title="Picnic">Picnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogaining" title="Rogaining">Rogaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari" title="Safari">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slum_tourism" title="Slum tourism">Slum tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramping_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Tramping in New Zealand">Tramping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel" title="Travel">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultralight_backpacking" title="Ultralight backpacking">Ultralight backpacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_exploration" title="Urban exploration">Urban exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteer_travel" class="mw-redirect" title="Volunteer travel">Volunteer travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_tourism" title="Wildlife tourism">Wildlife tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climbing" title="Climbing">Climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocaching" title="Geocaching">Geocaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geohashing" title="Geohashing">Geohashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hang_gliding" title="Hang gliding">Hang gliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_biking" title="Mountain biking">Mountain biking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">Mountaineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism" title="Naturism">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_recreation" title="Nude recreation">Nude recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragliding" title="Paragliding">Paragliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafting" title="Rafting">Rafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_trekking" title="River trekking">River trekking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">Scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zip_line" title="Zip line">Zip-lining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tourism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tourism" title="Template:Tourism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tourism" title="Template talk:Tourism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tourism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tourism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tourism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">Tourism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_tourism" title="Category:Types of tourism">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_tourism" title="Accessible tourism">Accessible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_travel" title="Adventure travel">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agritourism" title="Agritourism">Agritourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_tourism" title="Alternative tourism">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_tourism" title="Atomic tourism">Atomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backpacking_(travel)" title="Backpacking (travel)">Backpacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachgoing" title="Beachgoing">Beachgoing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_touring" title="Bicycle touring">Bicycle touring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_tourism" title="Birth tourism">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_tourism" title="Business tourism">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_tourism" title="Culinary tourism">Culinary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enotourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Enotourism">Enotourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism" title="Cultural tourism">Cultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_tourism" title="Archaeological tourism">Archaeological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_tourism" title="Film tourism">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_tourism" title="Literary tourism">Literary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookstore_tourism" title="Bookstore tourism">Bookstore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_tourism" title="Tolkien tourism">Tolkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_tourism" title="Music tourism">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-culture_tourism" title="Pop-culture tourism">Pop-culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_tourism" title="Dark tourism">Dark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_tourism" title="Disaster tourism">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_tourism" title="Holocaust tourism">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_tourism" title="War tourism">War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_tourism" title="Domestic tourism">Domestic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ecotourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shark_tourism" title="Shark tourism">Shark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiential_travel" title="Experiential travel">Experiential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_tourism" title="Extreme tourism">Extreme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_tourism" title="Fashion tourism">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tourism" title="Garden tourism">Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_tourism" title="Genealogy tourism">Genealogy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_tourism" title="Heritage tourism">Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_tourism" title="Identity tourism">Identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotourism" title="Geotourism">Geotourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_tourism" title="Industrial tourism">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_tourism" title="International tourism">International</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_volunteering" title="International volunteering">Volunteering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_tourism" title="Jungle tourism">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_tourism" title="Justice tourism">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT tourism">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MICE_tourism" title="MICE tourism">MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, Exhibitions)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_tourism" title="Nautical tourism">Nautical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphanage_tourism" title="Orphanage tourism">Orphanage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_tourism" title="Recreational drug tourism">Recreational drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_tourism" title="Red tourism">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_tourism" title="Religious tourism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tourism" title="Christian tourism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halal_tourism" title="Halal tourism">Halal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tourism" title="Kosher tourism">Kosher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_tourism" title="Rural tourism">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_tourism" title="Science tourism">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_tourism" title="Sensory tourism">Sensory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slum_tourism" title="Slum tourism">Slum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_tourism" title="Smart tourism">Smart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_on_the_Moon" title="Tourism on the Moon">Lunar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_tourism" title="Sports tourism">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_tourism" title="Urban tourism">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_tour" title="Virtual tour">Virtual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visiting_friends_and_relatives" title="Visiting friends and relatives">Visiting friends and relatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellness_tourism" title="Wellness tourism">Wellness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_tourism" title="Wildlife tourism">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safari" title="Safari">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_tourism" title="Scuba diving tourism">Scuba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_tourism" title="Yoga tourism">Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_industry" title="Hospitality industry">Hospitality industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bed_and_breakfast" title="Bed and breakfast">Bed and breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boutique_hotel" title="Boutique hotel">Boutique hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_center" title="Convention center">Convention center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">Cruise ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destination_spa" title="Destination spa">Destination spa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptionist" title="Receptionist">Front desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_house" title="Guest house">Guest house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_ranch" title="Guest ranch">Guest ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuhotel" title="Heuhotel">Heuhotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestay" title="Homestay">Homestay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_management_studies" title="Hospitality management studies">Hospitality management studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostel" title="Hostel">Hostel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">Hotel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_manager" title="Hotel manager">Manager</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inn" title="Inn">Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motel" title="Motel">Motel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_(lodging)" title="Pension (lodging)">Pension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referral_chain" title="Referral chain">Referral chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resort" title="Resort">Resort</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resort_hotel" title="Resort hotel">Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resort_island" title="Resort island">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaside_resort" title="Seaside resort">Seaside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_resort" title="Ski resort">Ski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resort_town" title="Resort town">Town</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">Restaurant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_tour" title="College tour">College tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(meeting)" title="Convention (meeting)">Convention (meeting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destination_marketing_organization" title="Destination marketing organization">Destination marketing organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escorted_tour" title="Escorted tour">Escorted tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excursion" title="Excursion">Excursion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_tour" title="Factory tour">Factory tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_shop" title="Gift shop">Gift shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiday" title="Holiday">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeymoon" title="Honeymoon">Honeymoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermobility_(travel)" title="Hypermobility (travel)">Hypermobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_planner" title="Journey planner">Journey planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_tour" title="Package tour">Package tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_traveler" title="Perpetual traveler">Perpetual traveler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_trip" title="Road trip">Road trip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadside_attraction" title="Roadside attraction">Roadside attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souvenir" title="Souvenir">Souvenir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staycation" title="Staycation">Staycation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_bus_service" title="Tour bus service">Tour bus service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_guide" title="Tour guide">Tour guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_operator" title="Tour operator">Tour operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_geography" title="Tourism geography">Tourism geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_minister" title="Tourism minister">Tourism minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_region" title="Tourism region">Tourism region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_attraction" title="Tourist attraction">Tourist attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_gateway" title="Tourist gateway">Tourist gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_trap" title="Tourist trap">Tourist trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touron" title="Touron">Touron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel" title="Travel">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_agency" title="Travel agency">Travel agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_behavior" title="Travel behavior">Travel behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_document" title="Travel document">Travel document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_insurance" title="Travel insurance">Travel insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_medicine" title="Travel medicine">Travel medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_survey" title="Travel survey">Travel survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_technology" title="Travel technology">Travel technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">Travel visa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_warning" title="Travel warning">Travel warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_website" title="Travel website">Travel website</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacation" title="Vacation">Vacation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitor_center" title="Visitor center">Visitor center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">Travel literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guide_book" title="Guide book">Guide book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_literature" title="Outdoor literature">Outdoor literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourism_journals" title="List of tourism journals">Tourism journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_travel_magazines" title="List of travel magazines">Travel magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikivoyage" title="Wikivoyage">Wikivoyage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">Trade associations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Bus_Association" title="American Bus Association">American Bus Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Hotel_and_Lodging_Association" title="American Hotel and Lodging Association">American Hotel and Lodging Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Hotel_%26_Lodging_Educational_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute">American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BEST_Education_Network" title="BEST Education Network">BEST Education Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Tourism_Organization" title="Caribbean Tourism Organization">Caribbean Tourism Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Travel_Commission" title="European Travel Commission">European Travel Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Archive_on_Tourism" title="Historical Archive on Tourism">Historical Archive on Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Beyond_Tourism" title="Life Beyond Tourism">Life Beyond Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musement" title="Musement">Musement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia_Travel_Association" title="Pacific Asia Travel Association">Pacific Asia Travel Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_Tourism_Organisation" title="South-East Asian Tourism Organisation">South-East Asian Tourism Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_Radio" title="Tourism Radio">Tourism Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_and_Tourism_Competitiveness_Report" title="Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report">Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIJET" title="FIJET">World Federation of Travel Journalists and Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Tourism Organization">World Tourism Organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings" title="World Tourism rankings">World Tourism rankings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Travel_and_Tourism_Council" title="World Travel and Tourism Council">World Travel and Tourism Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Travel_Monitor" title="World Travel Monitor">World Travel Monitor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade fair">Trade fairs</a> and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akwaaba_African_Travel_Market" title="Akwaaba African Travel Market">Akwaaba African Travel Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Travel_Market" title="Arabian Travel Market">Arabian Travel Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_of_the_Kings" title="Cruise of the Kings">Cruise of the Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_del_Viaggio" title="Festival del Viaggio">Festival del Viaggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFEMA" title="IFEMA">FITUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITB_Berlin" title="ITB Berlin">ITB Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_Day" title="World Tourism Day">World Tourism Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_commodification" title="Heritage commodification">Heritage commodification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_tourism" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impacts_of_tourism" title="Impacts of tourism">Impacts of tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leakage_effect" title="Leakage effect">Leakage effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtourism" title="Overtourism">Overtourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_improvement_district" title="Tourism improvement district">Tourism improvement district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_tax" title="Tourist tax">Tourist tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adjectival_tourisms" title="List of adjectival tourisms">Adjectival tourisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_tourist_attractions" title="Lists of tourist attractions">Attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_tourism" title="Bibliography of tourism">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_casino_hotels" title="List of casino hotels">Casino hotels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_casinos" title="List of casinos">Casinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_international_visitors" title="List of cities by international visitors">Cities by international visitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_convention_and_exhibition_centers" title="List of convention and exhibition centers">Convention and exhibition centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cruise_lines" title="List of cruise lines">Cruise lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lists_of_hotels" title="List of lists of hotels">Hotels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_hotels" title="List of largest hotels">Largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_motels" title="List of motels">Motels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_passenger_airlines" title="List of passenger airlines">Passenger airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_by_country" title="World Heritage Sites by country">World Heritage Sites by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Tourism" title="Category:Tourism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tourism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tourism">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Travel_and_Tourism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Travel and Tourism">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187449#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187449#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187449#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4372085-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00998647">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ekoturistika"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph119840&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000092530&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=16808">Encyclopedia of Modern 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