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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:19.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Economy of Albania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Albania"><img alt="Coat of arms of Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Albania" title="Agriculture in Albania">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Albania" title="Bank of Albania">Bank of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Albania" title="List of companies of Albania">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Albania" title="Renewable energy in Albania">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Albania" title="Tourism in Albania">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Albania" title="Transport in Albania">Transport</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telecommunications</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Albanian topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Albania" title="Education in Albania">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Albania" title="Geography of Albania">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Albania" title="Politics of Albania">Politics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_Albania" title="Template:Economy of Albania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_Albania" title="Template talk:Economy of Albania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_Albania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of Albania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Telecommunications in Albania</b> include radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Albania&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 1990, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> was extremely isolated and controlled, and installation and maintenance of a modern system of international and domestic telecommunications was precluded.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Callers previously needed operator assistance even to make domestic long-distance calls.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 1992, Albania's telephone density was the lowest in Europe, at 1.4 units for every 100 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> accounted for about 13,000 of the country's 42,000 direct lines; <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>, the main port city, ranked second with 2,000 lines; the rest were concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr,_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Shkodër, Albania">Shkodër</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr" title="Gjirokastër">Gjirokastër</a>, and other towns.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At one time, each village had a telephone but during the land redistribution of the early 1990s peasants knocked out service to about 1,000 villages by removing telephone wire for fencing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 1992, most of Albania's telephones were obsolete, low-quality East European models, some dating from the 1940s; workers at a Tirana factory assembled a small number of telephones from Italian parts.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1990s, Albania had 240 microwave circuits carrying international calls to Italy and 180 to Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Albanian telephone company had also installed two U-20 <a href="/wiki/Italtel" title="Italtel">Italtel</a> digital exchanges.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exchange in Tirana handled international, national, and local calls; the Durrës exchange handled only local calls.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two United States firms handled direct-dial calls from the United States to Tirana.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At present<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2018)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the land lines are overloaded, and it is difficult to receive a telephone number. As a result, the number of mobile phones has skyrocketed in the bigger cities.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radio_and_television">Radio and television</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Albania&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Radio and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Albania" title="List of radio stations in Albania">List of radio stations in Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Albania" title="Television in Albania">Television in Albania</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">Radio stations</a>: <ul><li>2 public radio networks and roughly 25 private radio stations; several international broadcasters are available (2010);<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFB-Albania-2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFB-Albania-2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>FM 56 (3 national, 53 local), shortwave 1 (2008).</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receiver_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Receiver (radio)">Radios</a>: 1 million (2001).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (January 2014)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television stations</a>: <ul><li>3 public TV networks, one of which transmits by satellite to Albanian-language communities in neighboring countries; more than 60 private TV stations; many viewers can pick up Italian and Greek TV broadcasts via terrestrial reception; cable TV service is available (2010);<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFB-Albania-2014_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFB-Albania-2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>76 (3 national, 73 local); note - 3 cable networks (2008).</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">Television sets</a>: 1 million (2008).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (January 2014)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>The state broadcaster in Albania, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Televizioni_Shqiptar" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Televizioni Shqiptar">Radio Televizioni Shqiptar</a> (RTSh, Albanian Radio and TV), operates national radio and television networks. It has competition from scores of privately owned stations.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCNewsProfile-Albania-Dec2012_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCNewsProfile-Albania-Dec2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2002 survey the broadcaster with the largest audience is <a href="/wiki/TV_Klan" class="mw-redirect" title="TV Klan">TV Klan</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (January 2014)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Television is the most influential medium. Many Albanians watch Italian and Greek stations via terrestrial reception.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCNewsProfile-Albania-Dec2012_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCNewsProfile-Albania-Dec2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a> (103.9 MHz in the capital, <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>), <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale" title="Radio France Internationale">Radio France Internationale</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> are available.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCNewsProfile-Albania-Dec2012_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCNewsProfile-Albania-Dec2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Telephones">Telephones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Albania&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Telephones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Albania" title="Telephone numbers in Albania">Telephone numbers in Albania</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calling_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Calling code">Calling code</a>: +355<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFB-Albania-2014_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFB-Albania-2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_call_prefixes" title="List of international call prefixes">International call prefixes</a>: 069,068,067<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Main lines: <ul><li>197,690 (2021)</li></ul></li> <li>Mobile cellular: <ul><li>2,635,466 (2021)</li></ul></li> <li>Telephone system: Albania’s small telecom market has experienced some significant changes in recent years;  upgrades were made to the fixed-line infrastructure to support broadband services; fixed-line telephony use and penetration in Albania is declining steadily as subscribers migrate to mobile solutions; the mobile sector is well provided with LTE networks, while operators have invested in 5G; some of these efforts have been made in conjunction with neighboring <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, with the intention of a seamless 5G corridor along the highway connecting the two countries; the country has long sought accession to the European Union (EU) which has benefited its telecoms sector through closer scrutiny of its regulatory regime and through the injection of funding to help modernize infrastructure (2021) <sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFB-Albania-2014_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFB-Albania-2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite earth stations</a>: unknown.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (January 2014)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_submarine_communications_cables" title="List of international submarine communications cables">Communications cables</a>: Submarine cables provide connectivity to Italy, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>; the Trans-Balkan Line, a combination submarine and land fiber-optic system between Albania and Italy, provides additional connectivity to <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (2011).<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFB-Albania-2014_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFB-Albania-2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other cable systems serving Albania are the ADRIA-1 (Croatia, Albania, Greece) and the Italy-Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internet">Internet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Albania&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">Top-level domain</a>: <a href="/wiki/.al" title=".al">.al</a><sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFB-Albania-2014_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFB-Albania-2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of countries by number of Internet users">Internet users</a>: <ul><li>2.291 million users, 132nd in the world; (2021).<sup id="cite_ref-NIUCalc_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIUCalc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ITU-IndividualsUsingTheInternet_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU-IndividualsUsingTheInternet-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_broadband_Internet_subscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by number of broadband Internet subscriptions">Fixed broadband</a>: 148,882 subscriptions, 91st in the world; 5.0% of population, 103rd in the world (2012).<sup id="cite_ref-NIUCalc_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIUCalc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FixedBroadbandITUDynamic2012_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FixedBroadbandITUDynamic2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_broadband_Internet_subscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by number of broadband Internet subscriptions">Wireless broadband</a>: 552,676 subscriptions, 90th in the world; 18.4% of the population, 74th in the world (2012).<sup id="cite_ref-MobleBroadbandITUDynamic2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MobleBroadbandITUDynamic2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_hosts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by number of Internet hosts">Internet hosts</a>: 15,528 hosts, 124th in the world (2012).<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFB-Albania-2014_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFB-Albania-2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_IPv4_address_allocation" title="List of countries by IPv4 address allocation">IPv4</a>: 323,840 addresses allocated, less than 0.05% of the world total, 3.4 addresses per 1000 people (2012).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service providers</a>: 10 ISPs (2001). (2 with national coverage and 8 providers with domestic coverage)</li></ul> <p><b>Providers with national coverage:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Albania" title="One Albania">One Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Albania" title="Vodafone Albania">Vodafone Albania</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct providers:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALBtelecom" title="ALBtelecom">ALBtelecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plus_Communication" title="Plus Communication">Plus</a></li> <li>AMC (part of <a href="/wiki/Cosmote" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmote">Cosmote</a>)</li></ul> <p>Internet broadband services were initiated in 2005, but growth has been slow. Internet cafes are popular in Tirana and have started to spread outside the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFB-Albania-2014_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFB-Albania-2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat" title="Eutelsat">Eutelsat</a> satellite broadband is being used to provide free public Internet access in rural Albanian post offices, schools, and local government offices.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_censorship_and_surveillance">Internet censorship and surveillance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Albania&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Internet censorship and surveillance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitors e-mail or Internet <a href="/wiki/Chat_rooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Chat rooms">chat rooms</a> without appropriate legal authority. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">constitution</a> provides for <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">press</a>, and the government generally respects these rights in practice. However, there are reports that the government and businesses influence and pressure the media. The constitution and law prohibit arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence, and the government generally respects these prohibitions in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Albania&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Albanian_service" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC Albanian service">BBC Albanian service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Albania">Media of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Economy of Albania</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Albania&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/copyright-and-contributors/">public domain material</a> from <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/"><i>The World Factbook</i></a> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.edition=2024&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2014.zip">(Archived 2014 edition.)</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> material from publications of the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU).</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from websites or documents of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudetic1994" class="citation 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"Telecommunications". In Zickel, Raymond E.; Iwaskiw, Walter R. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/93042885/"><i>Albania: a country study</i></a> (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8444-0792-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8444-0792-5"><bdi>0-8444-0792-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29360048">29360048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Telecommunications&rft.btitle=Albania%3A+a+country+study&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=155&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29360048&rft.isbn=0-8444-0792-5&rft.aulast=Sudetic&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F93042885%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe1989" class="citation news cs1">Howe, Marvin (10 December 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/10/travel/a-glimpse-into-albania.html">"A Glimpse into Albania"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Glimpse+into+Albania&rft.date=1989-12-10&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F12%2F10%2Ftravel%2Fa-glimpse-into-albania.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160916045814/http://www.inovacioni.gov.al/files/pages_files/183909149-LIGJI-Nr-97-2013-PER-MEDIAT-AUDIOVIZIVE-NE-REPUBLIKEN-E-SHQIPERISE1.pdf">"Për mediat audiovizive në Republikën e Shqipërisë"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inovacioni.gov.al/files/pages_files/183909149-LIGJI-Nr-97-2013-PER-MEDIAT-AUDIOVIZIVE-NE-REPUBLIKEN-E-SHQIPERISE1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-09-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P%C3%ABr+mediat+audiovizive+n%C3%AB+Republik%C3%ABn+e+Shqip%C3%ABris%C3%AB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inovacioni.gov.al%2Ffiles%2Fpages_files%2F183909149-LIGJI-Nr-97-2013-PER-MEDIAT-AUDIOVIZIVE-NE-REPUBLIKEN-E-SHQIPERISE1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAWFB-Albania-2014-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFB-Albania-2014_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFB-Albania-2014_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFB-Albania-2014_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFB-Albania-2014_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFB-Albania-2014_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFB-Albania-2014_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFB-Albania-2014_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFB-Albania-2014_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/albania/">"Communications: Albania"</a>, <i>World Factbook</i>, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 15 January 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCNewsProfile-Albania-Dec2012-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBCNewsProfile-Albania-Dec2012_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCNewsProfile-Albania-Dec2012_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCNewsProfile-Albania-Dec2012_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17680734">"Albania profile: Media"</a>, <i>BBC News</i>, 20 December 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/opb/sp/T-SP-E.164C-2011-PDF-E.pdf"><i>Dialing Procedures (International Prefix, National (Trunk) Prefix and National (Significant) Number) (in Accordance with ITY-T Recommendation E.164 (11/2010))</i></a>, Annex to ITU Operational Bulletin No. 994-15.XII.2011, International Telecommunication Union (ITU, Geneva), 15 December 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cablemap.info/">"Greg's Cable Map"</a>, Greg Mahlknecht, 19 December 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIUCalc-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIUCalc_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIUCalc_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Calculated using penetration rate and population data from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/rank.php">"Countries and Areas Ranked by Population: 2012"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329060848/https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/rank.php">Archived</a> 2017-03-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Population data, International Programs, U.S. Census Bureau, retrieved 26 June 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITU-IndividualsUsingTheInternet-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ITU-IndividualsUsingTheInternet_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2013/Individuals_Internet_2000-2012.xls">"Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000–2012"</a>, International Telecommunication Union (Geneva), June 2013, retrieved 22 June 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FixedBroadbandITUDynamic2012-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FixedBroadbandITUDynamic2012_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ICTEYE/Reporting/DynamicReportWizard.aspx">"Fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190726064920/http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ICTEYE/Reporting/DynamicReportWizard.aspx">Archived</a> 2019-07-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MobleBroadbandITUDynamic2012-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MobleBroadbandITUDynamic2012_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ICTEYE/Reporting/DynamicReportWizard.aspx">"Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190726064920/http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ICTEYE/Reporting/DynamicReportWizard.aspx">Archived</a> 2019-07-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.countryipblocks.net/country-blocks/select-formats/">Select Formats</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090513033601/http://www.countryipblocks.net/country-blocks/select-formats/">Archived</a> 2009-05-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Country IP Blocks. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Site is said to be updated daily.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html">Population</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004113653/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html">Archived</a> 2018-10-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The World Factbook</i>, United States Central Intelligence Agency. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Data are mostly for 1 July 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130221011418/http://www.eutelsat.com/news/compress/en/2012/html/PR%206112%20Tring-Albania/PR%206112%20Tring-Albania.html">"Eutelsat satellite broadband selected for free public internet access in Albania"</a>, Press release (PR/61/12), Tring Communications, 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.satellitetoday.com/telecom/2012/10/03/eutelsat-wins-significant-government-broadband-contract-in-albania/">"Eutelsat Wins Significant Government Broadband Contract in Albania"</a>, Jeffrey Hill, <i>Via Satellite</i> integrating <i>Satellite Today</i>, 3 October 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204254">"Albania"</a>, <i>Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012</i>, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 18 April 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2014.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Albania&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190620054923/https://akep.al/">Authority of Electronic and Postal Communications</a> (AKEP), <span class="languageicon">(in Albanian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kkrt.gov.al/images/stories/kkrt/files/projekti%20i%20strategjise.pdf"><i>Projekt Strategjia e Republikës së Shqipërisë për kalimin nga transmetimet analoge në ato numerike</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <span class="languageicon">(in Albanian)</span> ("Draft Strategy of the Republic of Albania for the transition from analogue to digital broadcasting"), <i>Këshilli Kombëtar i Radios dhe Televizionit</i> (KKRT) (National Council of Radio and Television). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kkrt.gov.al%2Fimages%2Fstories%2Fkkrt%2Ffiles%2Fprojekti%2520i%2520strategjise.pdf&sandbox=1">English translation</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040823071002/http://www.regulateonline.org/intelecon/2003/July_2003/A-Albania-030704.htm">"Albania enhances telecom sale with mobile license"</a>. <i>Intelecon Research & Consultancy</i>. July 4, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regulateonline.org/intelecon/2003/July_2003/A-Albania-030704.htm">the original</a> on August 23, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intelecon+Research+%26+Consultancy&rft.atitle=Albania+enhances+telecom+sale+with+mobile+license&rft.date=2003-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regulateonline.org%2Fintelecon%2F2003%2FJuly_2003%2FA-Albania-030704.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Template:Telecommunications in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Telecommunications in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Europe">Telecommunications in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Andorra" title="Telecommunications in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Armenia" title="Telecommunications in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Austria" title="Telecommunications in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Azerbaijan" title="Telecommunications in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belarus" title="Telecommunications in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belgium" title="Telecommunications in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bulgaria" title="Telecommunications in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Croatia" title="Telecommunications in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Denmark" title="Telecommunications in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Estonia" title="Telecommunications in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Finland" title="Telecommunications in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_France" title="Telecommunications in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Germany" title="Telecommunications in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Greece" title="Telecommunications in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Hungary" title="Telecommunications in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iceland" title="Telecommunications in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Telecommunications in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kazakhstan" title="Telecommunications in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Latvia" title="Telecommunications in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Liechtenstein" title="Telecommunications in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lithuania" title="Telecommunications in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Luxembourg" title="Telecommunications in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malta" title="Telecommunications in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Moldova" title="Telecommunications in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Montenegro" title="Telecommunications in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Netherlands" title="Telecommunications in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_North_Macedonia" title="Telecommunications in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Norway" title="Telecommunications in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Poland" title="Telecommunications in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Portugal" title="Telecommunications in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_San_Marino" title="Telecommunications in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Serbia" title="Telecommunications in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Slovakia" title="Telecommunications in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Slovenia" title="Telecommunications in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Spain" title="Telecommunications in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sweden" title="Telecommunications in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Switzerland" title="Telecommunications in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ukraine" title="Telecommunications in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Transnistria" title="Telecommunications in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guernsey" title="Telecommunications in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jersey" title="Telecommunications in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_European_Union" title="Telecommunications in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Internet_censorship_and_surveillance_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet_censorship_by_country" title="Template:Internet censorship by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet_censorship_by_country" title="Template talk:Internet censorship by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet_censorship_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet censorship by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Internet_censorship_and_surveillance_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_and_surveillance_by_country" title="Internet censorship and surveillance by country">Internet censorship and surveillance by country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Algeria#Legal_and_regulatory_frameworks" title="Internet in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Angola#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Botswana#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Internet in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Burkina_Faso#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Burundi#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Communications in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cameroon#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Central_African_Republic#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Chad#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Internet_freedom" title="Human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo DR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in the Republic of the Congo">Congo RO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Eritrea#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Ethiopia#Censorship" title="Internet in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Gambia#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ghana#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guinea#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guinea-Bissau#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ivory_Coast#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kenya#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lesotho#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Liberia#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Libya#Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Madagascar#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Malawi" title="Internet censorship in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mauritania#Internet_freedom" title="Human rights in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Morocco" title="Internet censorship in Morocco">Morocco</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Western_Sahara#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mozambique#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Namibia#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Niger#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nigeria#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Rwanda#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Senegal#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sierra_Leone#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Somalia#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Communications in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_South_Africa" title="Internet censorship in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sudan#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Swaziland#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Swaziland">Swaziland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tanzania#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Togo#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Tunisia" title="Internet censorship in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Zambia#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Zimbabwe#Legal_and_regulatory_framework" title="Internet in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Argentina#Censorship" title="Communications in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Bahamas#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Barbados#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belize#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bolivia#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Brazil" title="Censorship in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Chile#Internet_freedom" title="Human rights in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Colombia#Censorship" title="Internet in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Costa_Rica#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Cuba" title="Internet censorship in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Dominican_Republic#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ecuador#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_El_Salvador#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Greenland#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guatemala#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guyana#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Haiti#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Honduras#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jamaica#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Mexico#Internet_censorship" title="Internet in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nicaragua#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Panama#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Peru#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Suriname#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_United_States" title="Internet censorship in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Puerto_Rico#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Uruguay#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Venezuela" title="Censorship in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Afghanistan" title="Internet in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bahrain#Internet" title="Human rights in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Bangladesh#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Internet in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Cambodia#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China" title="Internet censorship in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_East_Timor#Censorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Hong_Kong" title="Internet censorship in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_India" title="Internet censorship in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Indonesia" title="Internet censorship in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Iran" title="Internet censorship in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iraq#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Israel#Internet_censorship" title="Internet in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Japan#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Internet in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Jordan#Internet_censorship" title="Human rights in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kuwait#Internet_freedom" title="Human rights in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kyrgyzstan#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Mongolia#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Nepal" title="Internet in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Oman#Internet_rights" title="Human rights in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Pakistan" title="Internet censorship in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_Palestinian_territories#Censorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in the Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Philippines#Internet" title="Censorship in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Qatar#Legal_and_regulatory_framework" title="Internet in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Singapore" title="Internet censorship in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_South_Korea" title="Internet censorship in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Syria" title="Internet censorship in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Taiwan#Internet_censorship" title="Telecommunications in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Tajikistan#Surveillance_and_filtering" title="Internet in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Thailand" title="Internet censorship in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkmenistan" title="Human rights in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates#Internet_censorship" title="Telecommunications in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Vietnam" title="Internet censorship in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Yemen" title="Internet in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Armenia#Censorship" title="Telecommunications in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Austria#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Belgium#Internet_censorship" title="Internet in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Bulgaria#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Internet in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Croatia#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Internet in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cyprus#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_Czech_Republic#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Internet in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Estonia#Internet_surveillance_and_filtering" title="Internet in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_France" title="Internet censorship in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Germany" title="Internet censorship in Germany">Germany</a> (<a href="/wiki/Blocking_of_YouTube_videos_in_Germany" title="Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany">YouTube video blocking</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Greece#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Internet in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Hungary#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Internet censorship in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Kazakhstan" title="Internet in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Latvia#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lithuania#Censorship" title="Telecommunications in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Moldova#Surveillance_and_filtering" title="Internet in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Montenegro#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_North_Macedonia#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Poland#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Internet in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Portugal#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Internet in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Romania" title="Internet censorship in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Russia" title="Internet censorship in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Serbia#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Internet in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Slovakia#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Slovenia#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Internet in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Spain#Internet_censorship_in_Spain" title="Internet in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Sweden#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Internet in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Switzerland" title="Internet censorship in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Ukraine#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Internet in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Internet censorship in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Australia" title="Internet censorship in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Fiji#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_New_Zealand" title="Internet censorship in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Papua_New_Guinea#Censorship" title="Communications in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Albania_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Albania_topics" title="Template:Albania topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Albania_topics" title="Template talk:Albania topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Albania_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Albania topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Albania_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanoi" title="Albanoi">Albanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantes_(tribe)" title="Amantes (tribe)">Amantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantini" title="Amantini">Amantini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaites" title="Balaites">Balaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bylliones" title="Bylliones">Bylliones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassaretii" title="Dassaretii">Dassaretii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchele" title="Enchele">Enchele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labeatae" title="Labeatae">Labeatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthini" title="Parthini">Parthini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulantii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_principalities" title="Albanian principalities">Middle Ages</a><br />(1190–1385)<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Arbanon" title="Principality of Arbanon">Principality of Arbanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">Kingdom of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Arta" title="Despotate of Arta">Despotate of Arta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kastrioti" title="House of Kastrioti">House of Kastrioti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman period</a><br />(1385–1912)<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion" title="Skanderbeg's rebellion">Skanderbeg's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABni_Council" title="Arbëni Council">Arbëni Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Albania" title="Islamization of Albania">Islamization of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Pashaliks" title="Albanian Pashaliks">Albanian Pashaliks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Albanian_Beys" title="Massacre of the Albanian Beys">Massacre of the Albanian Beys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolts_of_1833%E2%80%931839" title="Albanian revolts of 1833–1839">Revolts of 1833–1839</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Dervish_Cara" title="Uprising of Dervish Cara">Uprising of Dervish Cara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">Albanian National Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Manastir" title="Congress of Manastir">Congress of Manastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">Revolt of 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">Malissori uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksim_meeting" title="Taksim meeting">Taksim meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Revolt of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimza_Government" title="Kimza Government">Kimza Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">Independence</a><br />(1912–present)<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Albanian Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himni_i_Flamurit" title="Himni i Flamurit">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Albania" title="Provisional Government of Albania">Provisional Government of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Albania during the Balkan Wars">Albania during the Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Central_Albania" title="Republic of Central Albania">Republic of Central Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania" title="Principality of Albania">Principality of Albania (1914–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_Albania" title="World War I in Albania">World War I in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Autonomous Province of Korçë">Autonomous Province of Korçë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_over_Albania" title="Italian protectorate over Albania">Italian protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mirdita" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Mirdita">Republic of Mirdita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Republic_(1925%E2%80%931928)" title="Albanian Republic (1925–1928)">Albanian Republic (1925–1928)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Union with Italian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">German Nazi occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">The Holocaust in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albanian resistance during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Communist Albania (1946–91)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthography_Congress" title="Albanian Orthography Congress">Orthography Congress (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Post-Communist_Albania" title="History of Post-Communist Albania">Post-Communist Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Albanian_civil_unrest" title="1997 Albanian civil unrest">1997 Civil Unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Albania–NATO relations">NATO membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">EU Accession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Albanian_history" title="Timeline of Albanian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archives_in_Albania" title="List of archives in Albania">Archives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Albania" title="Geography of Albania">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Landscape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Albania" title="List of mountains in Albania">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Albania" title="List of rivers of Albania">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Albania" title="List of lakes of Albania">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Albania" title="List of islands of Albania">Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Albania" title="Environment of Albania">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Albania" title="Climate of Albania">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Albania" title="Biodiversity of Albania">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Albania" title="Category:Fauna of Albania">Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Albania" title="Protected areas of Albania">Protected areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Albania" title="Politics of Albania">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Albania)" title="Council of Ministers (Albania)">Government</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Category:Government_agencies_of_Albania" title="Category:Government agencies of Albania">agencies</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">Head of state</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Albania" title="List of heads of state of Albania">list</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Albania" title="Foreign relations of Albania">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Albania" title="List of political parties in Albania">Political parties</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Albania" title="Category:Treaties of Albania">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Albania" title="Visa policy of Albania">Visa policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Albania" title="Judiciary of Albania">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vetting_Institutions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Vetting Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Appellate_College_(Albania)" title="Special Appellate College (Albania)">KPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Public_Commissioners_(Albania)" title="Institution of Public Commissioners (Albania)">IKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monitoring_Operation_(Albania)" title="International Monitoring Operation (Albania)">ONM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Qualification_Commission_(Albania)" title="Independent Qualification Commission (Albania)">KPK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Albania" title="Corruption in Albania">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EURALIUS" title="EURALIUS">EURALIUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPAK" class="mw-redirect" title="SPAK">SPAK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutor_General_(Albania)" title="Prosecutor General (Albania)">Prosecutor General</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Albania" title="Administrative divisions of Albania">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Albania" title="NUTS statistical regions of Albania">NUTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Albania" title="Counties of Albania">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Albania" title="Municipalities of Albania">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Albania" title="List of cities and towns in Albania">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Albania" title="Communes of Albania">Communes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villages_of_Albania" title="Villages of Albania">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maps_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Maps of Albania">Maps</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Albania" title="Elections in Albania">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania" title="Parliament of Albania">Assembly</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Albania" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Albania">speakers</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_members_of_the_Parliament_of_Albania" title="Category:Lists of members of the Parliament of Albania">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Albania)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Albania)">Opposition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Albania" title="Human rights in Albania">Human rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Albania" title="Abortion in Albania">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Albania" title="Capital punishment in Albania">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinations_in_Albania" title="List of assassinations in Albania">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Albania">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avokati_i_Popullit" title="Avokati i Popullit">Ombudsman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Armed_Forces" title="Albanian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Police_(Albania)" title="State Police (Albania)">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_mafia" title="Albanian mafia">Organized crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Albania" title="Prisons in Albania">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_crossings_of_Albania" title="Border crossings of Albania">Border crossings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Albania" title="Banking in Albania">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_lek" title="Albanian lek">Lek <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Albania" title="Taxation in Albania">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Albania" title="Trade unions in Albania">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Supreme_Audit_(Albania)" title="State Supreme Audit (Albania)">State Supreme Audit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Retail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Albania" title="List of shopping malls in Albania">Shopping centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_Albania" title="List of supermarket chains in Albania">Supermarkets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Albania" title="Agriculture in Albania">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Albania" title="Healthcare in Albania">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Albania" title="List of companies of Albania">Companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Albania" title="Renewable energy in Albania">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Operators" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Operators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Power_Corporation" title="Albanian Power Corporation">KESH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_System_Operator_(Albania)" title="Transmission System Operator (Albania)">OST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operatori_i_Shp%C3%ABrndarjes_s%C3%AB_Energjis%C3%AB_Elektrike" title="Operatori i Shpërndarjes së Energjisë Elektrike">OSHEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Regulatory_Authority_(Albania)" title="Energy Regulatory Authority (Albania)">ERE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Albania" title="List of power stations in Albania">Hydropower plants</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Natural resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_and_gas_fields_in_Albania" title="List of oil and gas fields in Albania">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mining_in_Albania" title="Category:Mining in Albania">Mining</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Albania" title="Highways in Albania">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Albania" title="List of airports in Albania">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Albania" title="List of ports in Albania">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Albania" title="Rail transport in Albania">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Albania" title="List of bridges in Albania">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tunnels_in_Albania" title="List of tunnels in Albania">Tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Albania" title="List of tallest buildings in Albania">Highrises</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Albania" title="List of tallest structures in Albania">structures</a>)</i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posta_Shqiptare" title="Posta Shqiptare">Posta Shqiptare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Albania" title="Squatting in Albania">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Albania" title="Tourism in Albania">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monuments" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Albania" title="List of archaeological sites in Albania">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Albania" title="List of castles in Albania">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Albania" title="List of mosques in Albania">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tekkes_in_Albania" title="List of tekkes in Albania">Tekkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Albania" title="List of churches in Albania">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Albania" title="List of lighthouses in Albania">Lighthouses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Adriatic_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast">Adriatic Sea Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Ionian_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Ionian Sea Coast">Ionian Sea Coast</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Albanian_Riviera" title="Albanian Riviera">riviera</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Albania" title="List of beaches in Albania">Beaches</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:High-contrast-camera-photo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/17px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/26px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/34px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photographs_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Photographs of Albania">Images of Albania</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Albania" title="Category:Society of Albania">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Albania" title="Demographics of Albania">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Albania" title="Census in Albania">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_tribes" title="Albanian tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nobility" title="Albanian nobility">Noble families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_diaspora" title="Albanian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Albania" title="Women in Albania">Women</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_art" title="Albanian art">Art</a> <small><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_galleries_in_Albania" title="List of art galleries in Albania">(galleries)</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Albania" title="Architecture of Albania">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Albania" title="List of museums in Albania">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Albania" title="List of theatres in Albania">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Albania" title="Education in Albania">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_scripts" title="Category:Albanian scripts">scripts</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abetare" title="Abetare">Abetare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_literature" title="Albanian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Research_institutes_in_Albania" title="Category:Research institutes in Albania">Research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Albania" title="List of libraries in Albania">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Albania" title="List of universities in Albania">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_publishing_companies_of_Albania" title="List of publishing companies of Albania">Publishers</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiquote page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Albanian_proverbs" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Albanian proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanology" title="Albanology">Albanology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Tradition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Folk beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besa_(Albanian_culture)" title="Besa (Albanian culture)">Besa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_(Albania)" title="Oda (Albania)">Oda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Albania" title="Secularism in Albania">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevruz_in_Albania" title="Nevruz in Albania">Nevruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Sworn virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Albanian_clothing" title="Traditional Albanian clothing">Costumes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qeleshe" title="Qeleshe">Qeleshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustanella" title="Fustanella">Fustanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhubleta" title="Xhubleta">Xhubleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brez_(clothing)" title="Brez (clothing)">Brez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinga" title="Opinga">Opinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhamadan" title="Xhamadan">Xhamadan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gjell%C3%AB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:gjellë">Gjellë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tav%C3%AB_kosi" title="Tavë kosi">Tavë kosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabuni" title="Kabuni">Kabuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">Raki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer in Albania">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_wine" title="Albanian wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognac_Sk%C3%ABnderbeu" title="Cognac Skënderbeu">Cognac Skënderbeu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Football</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania_national_football_team" title="Albania national football team">National team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Albania" title="List of football clubs in Albania">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Albania_international_footballers" title="List of Albania international footballers">Players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums_in_Albania" title="List of stadiums in Albania">Stadiums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Weightlifting_Federation" title="Albanian Weightlifting Federation">Weightlifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Athletics_Federation" title="Albanian Athletics Federation">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Cycling_Federation" title="Albanian Cycling Federation">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Basketball_Federation" title="Albanian Basketball Federation">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Volleyball_Federation" title="Albanian Volleyball Federation">Volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Swimming_Federation" title="Albanian Swimming Federation">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania_at_the_Olympics" title="Albania at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indoor_arenas_in_Albania" title="List of indoor arenas in Albania">Indoor arenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Albania" title="Television in Albania">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Albania" title="List of radio stations in Albania">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Albania" title="Cinema of Albania">Cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Symbols_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Symbols of Albania">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_heraldry" title="Albanian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Albania" title="Flag of Albania">Flag</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Albanian_flags" title="List of Albanian flags">list</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania" title="Coat of arms of Albania">Coat of arms</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Albania" title="Armorial of Albania">armorial</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitaph_of_Gllavenica" title="Epitaph of Gllavenica">Epitaph of Gllavenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Sign_Language" title="Albanian Sign Language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations_and_medals_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders, decorations and medals of Albania">Orders, decorations and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_passport" title="Albanian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.al" title=".al">.al</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Albania" title="Public holidays in Albania">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Albania" title="Smoking in Albania">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Albania" title="Copyright law of Albania">Copyright law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Albania" title="Bibliography of Albania">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albania" title="Category:Albania">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Albania&oldid=1218931729">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Albania&oldid=1218931729</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Albania" title="Category:Telecommunications in 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