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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="الشتات الصومالي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الشتات الصومالي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A1spora_somal%C3%AD" title="Diáspora somalí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diáspora somalí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora_Somali" title="Diaspora Somali – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Diaspora Somali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_diaspora" title="Somali diaspora – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Somali diaspora" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurbajoogta_Soomaaliyeed" title="Qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalien_diaspora" title="Somalien diaspora – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Somalien diaspora" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliska_diasporan" title="Somaliska diasporan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Somaliska diasporan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7559161#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Somali diaspora</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><br /><i>Qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed</i><br /></div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">1,998,764 (2015 UN estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-UN2015_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="United States"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">221,000 (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">176,000 (2018 ONS estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-UK_2018_estimate_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK_2018_estimate-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="United Arab Emirates"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">101,000 (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-UAEData_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UAEData-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Sweden"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">70,170<sup id="cite_ref-SVD_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SVD-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Canada"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">62,550<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Yemen"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">46,750<sup id="cite_ref-Gramer_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gramer-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Norway"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">43,616<sup id="cite_ref-NorwayCensus_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NorwayCensus-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="South Africa"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">27,000-40,000<sup id="cite_ref-Mhiahlusiilrj_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mhiahlusiilrj-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Netherlands"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">39,465<sup id="cite_ref-NetherlandsCensus_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NetherlandsCensus-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">38,675<sup id="cite_ref-GermanyCensus_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GermanyCensus-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Saudi Arabia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">34,000<sup id="cite_ref-SDRD_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDRD-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Finland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">24,365 (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-Statsfin_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statsfin-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Denmark"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">21,210<sup id="cite_ref-DenmarkCensus_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DenmarkCensus-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Australia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">16,169<sup id="cite_ref-AustraliaCensus_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AustraliaCensus-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Italy"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">8,228<sup id="cite_ref-ItalyCensus_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ItalyCensus-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Austria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">7,101<span style="position: relative; top: 0.6em;"><sup id="cite_ref-AustriaCensus_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AustriaCensus-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Switzerland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">7,025<sup id="cite_ref-SwissCensus_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SwissCensus-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Belgium"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">2,627<span style="position: relative; top: 0.6em;"><sup id="cite_ref-Jan_Hertogen_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jan_Hertogen-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Pakistan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">2,500<span style="position: relative; top: 0.6em;"><sup id="cite_ref-Fakhr_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fakhr-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Libya"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">2,500<span style="position: relative; top: 0.6em;"><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="New Zealand"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">1,617<sup id="cite_ref-NewZealandCensus_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewZealandCensus-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Ireland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">1,495<span style="position: relative; top: 0.6em;"><sup id="cite_ref-IrelandCensus_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IrelandCensus-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> (<small>mother tongue</small>), <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> (<small>working language</small>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Vast majority: <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Somali diaspora</b> or <b>Qurbajoogta</b> refers to <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a> who were born in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a> and reside in areas of the world that they were not born in. The <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">civil war</a> in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> greatly increased the size of the Somali <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>, as many Somalis moved from <a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a> primarily to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. There are also small Somali populations in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UN estimates that in 2015, approximately 2 million people from Somalia were living outside of the country's borders. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_distribution">Global distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_diaspora&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Global distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The distribution of Somalis abroad is uncertain, primarily due to confusion between the number of ethnic Somalis and the number of Somalia nationals. Whereas most recent Somali migrants in the diaspora emigrated as <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asylum_seeker" title="Asylum seeker">asylum seekers</a>, many have since obtained either <a href="/wiki/Permanent_residency" title="Permanent residency">permanent residence</a> or <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a>. A 2008 publication estimated the ethnic Somali international migrant population as 1,010,000, including around 300,000 in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, 250,000 in the United States and Canada, 250,000 in Europe, 200,000 in the Middle East, and 10,000 in Australia, New Zealand and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the start of the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(2015%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a>, the number of Somalis in Yemen was estimated to be 500,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Gramer_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gramer-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>UN migration estimates of the international migrant stock 2015 suggest that 1,998,764 people from Somalia were living abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-UN2015_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 31 March 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somali_diaspora&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the number of refugees from Somalia registered with the <a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a> was 763,933. This is down from a peak of almost 990,000 in June 2013. The majority of these individuals were registered in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> (256,408), <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> (253,755) and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (198,670).<sup id="cite_ref-Unhcrreg_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unhcrreg-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/USAID" class="mw-redirect" title="USAID">USAID</a>, many of the displaced persons in these adjacent territories are <a href="/wiki/Bantus_(Somalia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantus (Somalia)">Bantus</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minorities</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_diaspora&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Kenya" title="Somalis in Kenya">Somalis in Kenya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_South_Africa" title="Somalis in South Africa">Somalis in South Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somgirlegyhs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Somgirlegyhs.jpg/220px-Somgirlegyhs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Somgirlegyhs.jpg/330px-Somgirlegyhs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Somgirlegyhs.jpg/440px-Somgirlegyhs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a> high school student in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>About two thirds of all Somalis who live outside Somalia live in the neighbouring countries of <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>. Kenya hosted more than 313,000 in April 2017. About 255,000 were registered as refugees in Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides their traditional areas of inhabitation in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a> (the former <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">French Somaliland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Province_(Kenya)" title="North Eastern Province (Kenya)">Northeastern Kenya</a>), a Somali community mainly consisting of businesspeople, academics and students also exists in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smmtsdairid_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smmtsdairid-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swsie_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swsie-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, there is a historical Somali community in the general <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> area. Primarily concentrated in the north and <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, the expatriate community mainly consists of students, as well as some businesspeople.<sup id="cite_ref-Thoscitsstfww_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thoscitsstfww-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, Somali entrepreneurs have also established themselves in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, where they provide most of the retail trade in informal settlements around the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a> province.<sup id="cite_ref-Sasc_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sasc-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_diaspora&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the distribution of Somalis per country in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> is difficult to measure since the Somali expatriate community on the continent has grown so quickly in recent years, there are significant Somali communities in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: 108,000 (2018);<sup id="cite_ref-UK_2018_estimate_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK_2018_estimate-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>: 66,369 (2016);<sup id="cite_ref-SCB_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCB-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>: 43,196 (2016);<sup id="cite_ref-NorwayCensus_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NorwayCensus-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: 39,465 (2016);<sup id="cite_ref-NetherlandsCensus_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NetherlandsCensus-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: 38,675 (2016);<sup id="cite_ref-GermanyCensus_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GermanyCensus-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: 21,050 (2016);<sup id="cite_ref-DenmarkCensus_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DenmarkCensus-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>: 24,365 (2022).<sup id="cite_ref-Statsfin_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statsfin-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_diaspora&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Denmark" title="Somalis in Denmark">Somalis in Denmark</a></div> <p>Most Somalis in Denmark emigrated from <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> following the start of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> (1986-), in the period between 1995 and 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Fogedperi_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fogedperi-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Denmark" title="Statistics Denmark">Statistics Denmark</a>, as of 2017, there are a total 21,204 persons of Somali origin living in Denmark. Of those individuals, 11,832 are Somalia-born immigrants and 9,372 are descendants of Somalia-born persons.<sup id="cite_ref-Popt_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popt-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 8,852 individuals are citizens of Somalia (4,730 men, 4,122 women).<sup id="cite_ref-Popcz_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popcz-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 2008 and 2013, employment among Somalis fell from 38% to 26%.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By December 2018, nearly 1000 Somalis in Denmark lost their residence permits after the <a href="/wiki/Danish_Immigration_Service" title="Danish Immigration Service">Danish Immigration Service</a> started a review of the permits in 2017. The permits were revoked as parts of Somalia are safe enough for refugees to return.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, analysis showed about 44% of Somalis in Denmark live in a <a href="/wiki/Parallel_society" title="Parallel society">parallel society</a><sup id="cite_ref-Parallelsamfund_i_Danmark_p13_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parallelsamfund_i_Danmark_p13-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were the immigrant group which were lagging behind the most in terms of integration into Danish society.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, nearly 50% were in long-term unemployment (4 years or more).<sup id="cite_ref-Parallelsamfund_i_Danmark_p27_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parallelsamfund_i_Danmark_p27-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_diaspora&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somali_community_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali community in Finland">Somali community in Finland</a></div> <p>Somalis are one of the largest ethnic minorities in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, and the largest group of people of non-European origin. In 2009, there were 5,570 Somali citizens, but an equal number may have received <a href="/wiki/Finnish_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish citizen">Finnish citizenship</a>. In 2014 there were 16,721 <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> speakers in Finland.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to the Finnish newspaper <a href="/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat" title="Helsingin Sanomat">Helsingin Sanomat</a>, the number of Somali-speaking people in Finland in 2010 rose by nearly 10% in a year.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, there were 24,365 people resident in Finland with a Somali background.<sup id="cite_ref-Statsfin_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statsfin-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_diaspora&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Germany" title="Somalis in Germany">Somalis in Germany</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Germany" title="Somalis in Germany">Somalis in Germany</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somalis_in_Germany&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somali_population_relative_to_total_Somali_population_in_Germany_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Somali_population_relative_to_total_Somali_population_in_Germany_2021.svg/220px-Somali_population_relative_to_total_Somali_population_in_Germany_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Somali_population_relative_to_total_Somali_population_in_Germany_2021.svg/330px-Somali_population_relative_to_total_Somali_population_in_Germany_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Somali_population_relative_to_total_Somali_population_in_Germany_2021.svg/440px-Somali_population_relative_to_total_Somali_population_in_Germany_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="1253" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Somali citizens in Germany (2021)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Germany" title="Somalis in Germany">Somalis in Germany</a> are citizens and residents of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> who are of <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somali</a> descent. According to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Statistical_Office_of_Germany" title="Federal Statistical Office of Germany">Federal Statistical Office of Germany</a>, as of 2020, there are a total 47,495 <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>-born immigrants living in Germany. <sup id="cite_ref-Somalis_in_Germany_Popt_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Somalis_in_Germany_Popt-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_diaspora&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_the_Netherlands" title="Somalis in the Netherlands">Somalis in the Netherlands</a></div> <p>From 1989 to 1998, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> was the second-most common European destination for Somali immigrants, only slightly behind the United Kingdom and more than double the total of the next-most common destination, Denmark.<sup id="cite_ref-FernandesMendes_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FernandesMendes-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2000 and 2005, there was a significant exodus of Somalis from the Netherlands to the United Kingdom, unofficially estimated to be as large as 20,000 people. The exodus was partly the result of anti-Muslim sentiments in the Netherlands in the wake of the rise of and assassination of right-wing politician <a href="/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn" title="Pim Fortuyn">Pim Fortuyn</a>. According to the Somali European Forum, the exodus started earlier due to the Somalis not wanting to adapt to the assimilation process Dutch authorities imposed on them which they felt tried to change their culture.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, unemployment was particularly high among Somali immigrants at 37%, while unemployment for all non-Western population was at 16%. According to official statistics on immigrants, Somalis had higher unemployment and dependence on social welfare while the crime rate of young male Somalis was high. Unemployment among immigrants rose higher than for the indigenous population in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2018 report using 2015 data, Islam takes a central role in the lives of nearly all Somalis and in many ways their religiosity increased from the already high levels in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_diaspora&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Norway" title="Somalis in Norway">Somalis in Norway</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Norway" title="Somalis in Norway">Somalis in Norway</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somalis_in_Norway&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Norway" title="Somalis in Norway">Somalis in Norway</a> are citizens and residents of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> who are of <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somali</a> descent. They are the biggest <a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Norway" title="African immigration to Norway">African migration group</a> in Norway. 36.5% of Somalis in Norway live in the capital <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost all Somali in Norway have come to Norway as <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Somalis_in_Norway_Popinc_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Somalis_in_Norway_Popinc-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, Somalis were the largest non-European migrant group in Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_diaspora&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Sweden" title="Somalis in Sweden">Somalis in Sweden</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Sweden" title="Somalis in Sweden">Somalis in Sweden</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somalis_in_Sweden&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Personer_i_Sverige_f%C3%B6dda_i_Somalia_2022.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Personer_i_Sverige_f%C3%B6dda_i_Somalia_2022.png/220px-Personer_i_Sverige_f%C3%B6dda_i_Somalia_2022.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Personer_i_Sverige_f%C3%B6dda_i_Somalia_2022.png/330px-Personer_i_Sverige_f%C3%B6dda_i_Somalia_2022.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Personer_i_Sverige_f%C3%B6dda_i_Somalia_2022.png/440px-Personer_i_Sverige_f%C3%B6dda_i_Somalia_2022.png 2x" data-file-width="2332" data-file-height="3336" /></a><figcaption>By birth as a percentage of county population <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00aeff; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span>  >1.5% (<a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_County" title="Södermanland County">Södermanland</a>)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#66ccff; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 1–1.5%</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#99ddff; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 0.75–0.99%</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cceeff; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 0.5–0.74%</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e5f5ff; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <0.5%</div></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Sweden" title="Somalis in Sweden">Somalis in Sweden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Somalier i Sverige</i>; <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>: <i lang="so">Soomaalida Iswiidhan</i>) are citizens and residents of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> who are of <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somali</a> ancestry or are <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somali</a> citizens. A large proportion of Somalis in Sweden emigrated to Sweden due to the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Somalis_in_Sweden_Fritzes1316c_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Somalis_in_Sweden_Fritzes1316c-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Somalis_in_Sweden_johnsdotter2010_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Somalis_in_Sweden_johnsdotter2010-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Somalis in Sweden arrived to the country after the year 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_diaspora&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Somalis in the United Kingdom">Somalis in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poplar,_Follett_Street,_E14_(1)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_934243.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Poplar%2C_Follett_Street%2C_E14_%281%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_934243.jpg/220px-Poplar%2C_Follett_Street%2C_E14_%281%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_934243.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Poplar%2C_Follett_Street%2C_E14_%281%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_934243.jpg/330px-Poplar%2C_Follett_Street%2C_E14_%281%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_934243.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Poplar%2C_Follett_Street%2C_E14_%281%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_934243.jpg/440px-Poplar%2C_Follett_Street%2C_E14_%281%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_934243.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>A Somali community center in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>'s <a href="/wiki/East_End" class="mw-redirect" title="East End">East End</a> (yellow brick building in the middle).</figcaption></figure> <p>Although most Somalis in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> are recent arrivals, the first Somalis to arrive were seamen and traders who settled in port cities in the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Apituk_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apituk-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dissanayake_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dissanayake-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2001, the UK census reported 43,532 Somali-born residents,<sup id="cite_ref-Census2001_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2001-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making the Somali community in Britain the largest Somali expatriate population in Europe. The Office for National Statistics (ONS) estimate of 2018 indicates that 108,000 Somalis live in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-UK_2018_estimate_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK_2018_estimate-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has also been some <a href="/wiki/Internal_migration#Secondary_migration" title="Internal migration">secondary migration</a> of Somalis from <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">mainland European</a> countries to the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kleist_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleist-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 2011 UK Census, 71.5% of Somalia-born residents in England and Wales hold a UK passport.<sup id="cite_ref-Dcbnaftcew_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dcbnaftcew-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Established Somali communities are found in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, and newer ones have formed in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Born_abroad_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Born_abroad-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Somali population in London alone accounts for roughly 78% of Britain's Somali residents.<sup id="cite_ref-UKCensus_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKCensus-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_America">North America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_diaspora&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elecmontwholsom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Elecmontwholsom.jpg/220px-Elecmontwholsom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Elecmontwholsom.jpg/330px-Elecmontwholsom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Elecmontwholsom.jpg/440px-Elecmontwholsom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A Somali strip mall in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_diaspora&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somali_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali American">Somali American</a></div> <p>The earliest ethnic Somali immigrants to the United States were sailors who arrived in the 1920s, mainly from <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a>. In the late 1970s, more Somali immigrants followed. Not until the 1990s when the civil war broke out in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> did the majority of Somalis come to the US. </p><p>The heaviest concentrations are in the <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis-St._Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis-St. Paul">Twin Cities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul</a>), followed by <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a>; <a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta, Georgia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>; <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>; <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_Maine" title="Lewiston, Maine">Lewiston, Maine</a>; <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>; <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento, California</a>; <a href="/wiki/Shelbyville,_Tennessee" title="Shelbyville, Tennessee">Shelbyville, Tennessee</a>; and especially <a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a> Metro areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_diaspora&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somali_Canadians" title="Somali Canadians">Somali Canadians</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> hosts one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a> populations in the Western world, with the 2011 National Household Survey reporting 44,995 people claiming Somali descent,<sup id="cite_ref-Nhscan_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nhscan-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though an unofficial estimate placed the figure as high as 150,000 residents.<sup id="cite_ref-Omescp_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omescp-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Somalis tend to be concentrated in the southern part of the province of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> areas. The <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Albertan</a> cities of <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a> have also seen a significant increase in their respective Somali communities over the past five years. In addition, the neighbourhood of <a href="/wiki/Rexdale" title="Rexdale">Rexdale</a> in the Toronto borough of <a href="/wiki/Etobicoke" title="Etobicoke">Etobicoke</a> has one of the largest Somali populations in the country. Statistics Canada's 2006 Census ranks people of Somali descent as the 69th largest ethnic group in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-STATSCANCensus_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STATSCANCensus-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_diaspora&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a sizable Somali community in the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>. Somali-owned businesses line the streets of <a href="/wiki/Deira,_Dubai" title="Deira, Dubai">Deira</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> city centre,<sup id="cite_ref-Sciodb_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sciodb-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with only <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranians</a> exporting more products from the city at large.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relations between the modern-day territories of Somalia and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> stretch back to antiquity. A number of Somali clans trace descent to the latter region.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the colonial period, disgruntled Yemenis from the Hadhrami wars sought and received asylum in various Somali towns.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yemen in turn unconditionally opened its borders to Somali nationals following the outbreak of the civil war in Somalia in the early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Wrsuscr_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrsuscr-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, after the Saudi-led <a href="/wiki/2015_military_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 military intervention in Yemen">military intervention in Yemen</a>, many returning Somali expatriates as well as various foreign nationals began emigrating from Yemen to <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grfylibt_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grfylibt-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_diaspora&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Somalia" title="Portal:Somalia">Somalia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Somalia" title="Immigration to Somalia">Immigration to Somalia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_diaspora&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UN2015-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN2015_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN2015_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockByOriginAndDestination_2015.xlsx">"Table 16. Total migrant stock at mid-year by origin and by major area, region, country or area of destination, 2015"</a>. <i>Trends in International Migrant Stock: Migrants by Destination and Origin</i>. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+International+Migrant+Stock%3A+Migrants+by+Destination+and+Origin&rft.atitle=Table+16.+Total+migrant+stock+at+mid-year+by+origin+and+by+major+area%2C+region%2C+country+or+area+of+destination%2C+2015&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fdevelopment%2Fdesa%2Fpopulation%2Fmigration%2Fdata%2Festimates2%2Fdata%2FUN_MigrantStockByOriginAndDestination_2015.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2023/2020-census-detailed-dhc-file-a.html">"2020 Census Detailed Demographic and Housing Characteristics File A to be Released on May 25"</a>. <i>U.S. Census Bureau</i>. U.S. Department of Commerce. 2023-05-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=2020+Census+Detailed+Demographic+and+Housing+Characteristics+File+A+to+be+Released+on+May+25&rft.date=2023-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fnewsroom%2Fpress-releases%2F2023%2F2020-census-detailed-dhc-file-a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UK_2018_estimate-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UK_2018_estimate_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UK_2018_estimate_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UK_2018_estimate_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/datasets/populationoftheunitedkingdombycountryofbirthandnationality/januarytodecember2018/populationbycountryofbirthandnationalityjan18todec18.xls">"Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom, excluding some residents in communal establishments, by sex, by country of birth, January 2018 to December 2018"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. 24 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+1.3%3A+Overseas-born+population+in+the+United+Kingdom%2C+excluding+some+residents+in+communal+establishments%2C+by+sex%2C+by+country+of+birth%2C+January+2018+to+December+2018&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2019-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Ffile%3Furi%3D%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Finternationalmigration%2Fdatasets%2Fpopulationoftheunitedkingdombycountryofbirthandnationality%2Fjanuarytodecember2018%2Fpopulationbycountryofbirthandnationalityjan18todec18.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span> Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95% <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval">confidence intervals</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UAEData-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UAEData_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/AE">"Ethnologue United Arab Emirates"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Ethnologue+United+Arab+Emirates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FAE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SVD-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SVD_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCederblad/Tt2021" class="citation news cs1">Cederblad/Tt, Johanna (23 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svd.se/a/0K598M/vi-ar-fast-vi-kommer-inte-harifran">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Vi är fast, vi kommer inte härifrån"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Svenska Dagbladet</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Svenska+Dagbladet&rft.atitle=%22Vi+%C3%A4r+fast%2C+vi+kommer+inte+h%C3%A4rifr%C3%A5n%22&rft.date=2021-05-23&rft.aulast=Cederblad%2FTt&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svd.se%2Fa%2F0K598M%2Fvi-ar-fast-vi-kommer-inte-harifran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1">"Census Profile, 2016 Census - Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]"</a>. 2017-02-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Profile%2C+2016+Census+-+Canada+%26%2391%3BCountry%26%2393%3B+and+Canada+%26%2391%3BCountry%26%2393%3B&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DPR%26Code1%3D01%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D01%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DCanada%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DEthnic%2520origin%26TABID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gramer-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gramer_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gramer_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalaf2023" class="citation news cs1">Khalaf, Mysa (17 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unrefugees.org/news/somalia-refugee-crisis-explained/">"Somalia Refugee Crisis Explained"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Somalia+Refugee+Crisis+Explained&rft.date=2023-07-17&rft.aulast=Khalaf&rft.aufirst=Mysa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unrefugees.org%2Fnews%2Fsomalia-refugee-crisis-explained%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NorwayCensus-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NorwayCensus_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NorwayCensus_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/innvandring-og-innvandrere/faktaside/innvandring">"Statistics Norway - Foreign-born and born in Norway"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+Norway+-+Foreign-born+and+born+in+Norway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Finnvandring-og-innvandrere%2Ffaktaside%2Finnvandring&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mhiahlusiilrj-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mhiahlusiilrj_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJinnah" class="citation web cs1">Jinnah, Zaheera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JSSA/JSSA-01-0-000-10-Web/JSSA-01-0-000-10-PDF/JSSA-01-1-2-091-10-012-Jinnah-Z/JSSA-01-1-2-091-10-012-Jinnah-Z-Tt.pdf">"Making Home in a Hostile Land: Understanding Somali Identity, Integration, Livelihood and Risks in Johannesburg"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>J Sociology Soc Anth, 1 (1-2): 91-99 (2010)</i>. 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Statcan. 2013-06-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Household+Survey+%28NHS%29+Profile%2C+2011&rft.pub=Statcan&rft.date=2013-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fnhs-enm%2F2011%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DPR%26Code1%3D01%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DCanada%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26A1%3DAll%26B1%3DAll%26Custom%3D%26TABID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Omescp-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Omescp_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiiraan.com/news2/2006/nov/ontario_municipal_election_somali_canadian_prospective.aspx">"Ontario Municipal Election: Somali Canadian Prospective"</a>. <i>Hiiraan Online</i>. 10 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hiiraan+Online&rft.atitle=Ontario+Municipal+Election%3A+Somali+Canadian+Prospective&rft.date=2006-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hiiraan.com%2Fnews2%2F2006%2Fnov%2Fontario_municipal_election_somali_canadian_prospective.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span>; *N.B. 44,995 individuals reported Somali ethnicity in 2011 National Household Survey - c.f. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-STATSCANCensus-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-STATSCANCensus_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723224016/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/index-eng.cfm">"Statistics Canada - Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada Highlight Tables, 2006 Census"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000">the original</a> on 2013-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+Canada+-+Ethnocultural+Portrait+of+Canada+Highlight+Tables%2C+2006+Census&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.ca%2Fenglish%2Fcensus06%2Fdata%2Fhighlights%2Fethnic%2Fpages%2FPage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo%3DPR%26Code%3D01%26Data%3DCount%26Table%3D2%26StartRec%3D1%26Sort%3D3%26Display%3DAll%26CSDFilter%3D5000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sciodb-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sciodb_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170107163723/http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4535642.stm">"Somalis cash in on Dubai boom"</a>. BBC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4535642.stm">the original</a> on 7 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Somalis+cash+in+on+Dubai+boom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsvote.bbc.co.uk%2Fmpapps%2Fpagetools%2Fprint%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F4535642.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/-/2558/914994/-/view/printVersion/-/yvxnho/-/index.html">"Forget piracy, Somalia's whole 'global' economy is booming - to Kenya's benefit"</a>. TEA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Forget+piracy%2C+Somalia%27s+whole+%27global%27+economy+is+booming+-+to+Kenya%27s+benefit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theeastafrican.co.ke%2Fnews%2F-%2F2558%2F914994%2F-%2Fview%2FprintVersion%2F-%2Fyvxnho%2F-%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisSaid_Samatar1999" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, I. M.; Said Samatar (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L2vXPfRsf04C"><i>A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa</i></a>. LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster. pp. <span class="nowrap">11–</span>13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8258-3084-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-8258-3084-5"><bdi>3-8258-3084-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pastoral+Democracy%3A+A+Study+of+Pastoralism+and+Politics+Among+the+Northern+Somali+of+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+Berlin-Hamburg-M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=3-8258-3084-5&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rft.au=Said+Samatar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL2vXPfRsf04C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._J._Gavin1975" class="citation book cs1">R. 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Hurst. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adenunderbritish0000gavi/page/198">198</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-903983-14-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-903983-14-3"><bdi>978-0-903983-14-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aden+under+British+rule%2C+1839%E2%80%931967&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-903983-14-3&rft.au=R.+J.+Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadenunderbritish0000gavi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wrsuscr-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wrsuscr_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>World Refugee Survey</i>. United States Committee for Refugees. 1997. p. 169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Refugee+Survey&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=United+States+Committee+for+Refugees&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grfylibt-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grfylibt_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=12416">"Refugees from Yemen Landed In Berabera Town"</a>. Goobjoog. 31 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Refugees+from+Yemen+Landed+In+Berabera+Town&rft.date=2015-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoobjoog.com%2Fenglish%2F%3Fp%3D12416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_diaspora&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bjork, Stephanie R and Kusow, Abdi M, <i>From Mogadishu to Dixon: The Somali Diaspora in a Global Context</i>, (Africa World Free Press, 1997)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_diaspora&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://somalidiaspora.net">Somali Diaspora Official Website</a> Somali Diaspora Culture And Sports Association</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Somali_diaspora" title="Template talk:Somali diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Somali_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Somali diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Somalia&#124;link=Somalia_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Djibouti&#124;link=Djibouti_Somali_diaspora264" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti"><img alt="Djibouti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Somali diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Ethiopia" title="Somalis in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Kenya" title="Somalis in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_South_Africa" title="Somalis in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Canadians" title="Somali Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Americans" title="Somali Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Somalis_in_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Somalis in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Somalis_in_Minneapolis-Saint_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Somalis in Minneapolis-Saint Paul">Minneapolis-St. Paul</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expatriates_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates#Somalis" title="Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Yemen" title="Somalis in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_India" title="Somalis in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Pakistan" title="Somalis in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somalis_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somalis in the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Denmark" title="Somalis in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Germany" title="Somalis in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_community_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali community in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_people_in_Italy" title="Somali people in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_the_Netherlands" title="Somalis in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Norway" title="Somalis in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Sweden" title="Somalis in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Somalis in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> 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