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aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Topography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Cityscape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neighborhoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighborhoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Neighborhoods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighborhoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Performing_arts_and_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts_and_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Performing arts and music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts_and_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums_and_tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_and_tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Museums and tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums_and_tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Parks and recreation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Public safety </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Primary and secondary education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colleges_and_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges_and_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Colleges and universities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleges_and_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Libraries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Utilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_residents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_residents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notable residents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_residents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Buffalo, New York</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 102 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" > 102 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Buffalo, New York" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%ABfal%C5%8D_(N%C4%ABwe_Eoforw%C4%ABc)" title="Būfalō (Nīwe Eoforwīc) – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Būfalō (Nīwe Eoforwīc)" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88_(%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83)" title="بوفالو (نيويورك) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوفالو (نيويورك)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%A8%D5%AC%D6%85" title="Պաֆըլօ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պաֆըլօ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo" title="Buffalo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Buffalo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baffalo" title="Baffalo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Baffalo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="بوفالو، نیویورک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بوفالو، نیویورک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_(New_York)" title="Buffalo (New York) – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Buffalo (New York)" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B,_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="বাফালো, নিউ ইয়র্ক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাফালো, নিউ ইয়র্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_(New_York)" title="Buffalo (New York) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Buffalo (New York)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Буфала – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Буфала" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Бафала – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бафала" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8A%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Бъфало – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бъфало" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo" title="Buffalo – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Buffalo" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_(New_York)" title="Buffalo (New York) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Buffalo (New York)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo" title="Buffalo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Buffalo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_(kapital_sa_kondado_sa_Tinipong_Bansa,_New_York)" title="Buffalo (kapital sa kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, New York) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Buffalo (kapital sa kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo" title="Buffalo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Buffalo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_Efrog_Newydd" title="Buffalo, Efrog Newydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Buffalo, Efrog Newydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo" title="Buffalo – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Buffalo" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_(New_York)" title="Buffalo (New York) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Buffalo (New York)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofflo,_Nei_Yarrick" title="Bofflo, Nei Yarrick – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Bofflo, Nei Yarrick" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo" title="Buffalo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Buffalo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo" title="Buffalo – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Buffalo" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF_(%CE%9D%CE%AD%CE%B1_%CE%A5%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B7)" title="Μπάφαλο (Νέα Υόρκη) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπάφαλο (Νέα Υόρκη)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAfalo_(Nueva_York)" title="Búfalo (Nueva York) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Búfalo (Nueva York)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufalo" title="Bufalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bufalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_(New_York)" title="Buffalo (New York) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Buffalo (New York)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88_(%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9)" title="بوفالو (نیویورک) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوفالو (نیویورک)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo" title="Buffalo – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Buffalo" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_(New_York)" title="Buffalo (New York) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Buffalo (New York)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_(New_York)" title="Buffalo (New York) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Buffalo (New York)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_Nua-Eabhrac" title="Buffalo, Nua-Eabhrac – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Buffalo, Nua-Eabhrac" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_Eabhraig_Nuadh" title="Buffalo, Eabhraig Nuadh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Buffalo, Eabhraig Nuadh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_Nova_York" title="Buffalo, Nova York – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Buffalo, Nova York" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A4_(%D9%86%D9%8A%DB%8A%DB%8C%D8%A4%D8%B1%DA%A9)" title="بافلؤ (نيۊیؤرک) – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="بافلؤ (نيۊیؤرک)" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%84%ED%8E%84%EB%A1%9C_(%EB%89%B4%EC%9A%95%EC%A3%BC)" title="버펄로 (뉴욕주) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="버펄로 (뉴욕주)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%86%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8" title="Բուֆֆալո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բուֆֆալո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B,_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="बफ़ेलो, न्यूयॉर्क – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बफ़ेलो, न्यूयॉर्क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_Nova-York" title="Buffalo, Nova-York – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Buffalo, Nova-York" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Buffalo, New York" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Буффало – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Буффало" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo" title="Buffalo – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Buffalo" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo" title="Buffalo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Buffalo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95" title="באפלו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="באפלו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Buffalo, New York" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B,_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಬಫಲೋ, ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಫಲೋ, ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D_(%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3-%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98)" title="ბუფალო (ნიუ-იორკი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბუფალო (ნიუ-იორკი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_Evrek_Nowydh" title="Buffalo, Evrek Nowydh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Buffalo, Evrek Nowydh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Buffalo, New York" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Buffalo, New York" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_(New_York)" title="Buffalo (New York) – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Buffalo (New York)" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo" title="Buffalo – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Buffalo" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufalo" title="Bufalo – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bufalo" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bafalas" title="Bafalas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bafalas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_(New_York)" title="Buffalo (New York) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Buffalo (New York)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE_(%D0%8A%D1%83%D1%98%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA)" title="Бафало (Њујорк) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бафало (Њујорк)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Buffalo, New York" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B,_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ബഫല്ലോ, ന്യൂയോർക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബഫല്ലോ, ന്യൂയോർക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_(%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95)" title="बफेलो (न्यू यॉर्क) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बफेलो (न्यू यॉर्क)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88_(%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83)" title="بافالو (نيو يورك) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بافالو (نيو يورك)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Buffalo, New York" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_(New_York)" title="Buffalo (New York) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Buffalo (New York)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC_(%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E5%B7%9E)" title="バッファロー (ニューヨーク州) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バッファロー (ニューヨーク州)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Баффало – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Баффало" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo" title="Buffalo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Buffalo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_i_New_York" title="Buffalo i New York – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Buffalo i New York" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_(N%C3%B2va_York)" title="Buffalo (Nòva York) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Buffalo (Nòva York)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo" title="Buffalo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Buffalo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88" title="بوفیلو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بوفیلو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo" title="Buffalo – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Buffalo" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo" title="Buffalo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Buffalo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo" title="Buffalo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Buffalo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Buffalo, New York" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_(New_York)" title="Buffalo (New York) – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Buffalo (New York)" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Буффало – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Буффало" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_(New_York)" title="Buffalo (New York) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Buffalo (New York)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Buffalo, New York" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Buffalo, New York" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Buffalo, New York" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_(New_York)" title="Buffalo (New York) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Buffalo (New York)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo" title="Buffalo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Buffalo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D9%81%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%86" title="بەفاڵۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەفاڵۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE_(%D0%8A%D1%83%D1%98%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA)" title="Буфало (Њујорк) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Буфало (Њујорк)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo" title="Buffalo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Buffalo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo" title="Buffalo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Buffalo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Buffalo, New York" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Buffalo, New York" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D)" title="பஃபலோ (நியூ யோர்க்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பஃபலோ (நியூ யோர்க்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Баффало – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Баффало" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5_(%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81)" title="บัฟฟาโล (รัฐนิวยอร์ก) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บัฟฟาโล (รัฐนิวยอร์ก)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE,_%D0%9D%D1%8E-%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Буффало, Ню-Йорк – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Буффало, Ню-Йорк" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Buffalo, New York" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Баффало – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Баффало" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="بفیلو، نیو یارک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بفیلو، نیو یارک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Buffalo, New York" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_(New_York)" title="Buffalo (New York) – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Buffalo (New York)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Buffalo, New York" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%B3%95%E7%BD%97" title="布法罗 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="布法罗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in New York, United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Buffalo, United States" redirects here. For other places, see <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_(disambiguation)#United_States" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Buffalo (disambiguation)">Buffalo § United States</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in New York, United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Buffalo</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York_(state)#City" title="Administrative divisions of New York (state)">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffalo_Skyline_from_Drone_1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Buffalo_Skyline_from_Drone_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/288px-Buffalo_Skyline_from_Drone_1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Buffalo_Skyline_from_Drone_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/432px-Buffalo_Skyline_from_Drone_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Buffalo_Skyline_from_Drone_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/576px-Buffalo_Skyline_from_Drone_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2751" data-file-height="914" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">Buffalo skyline</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Peace_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Peace_Bridge.jpg/126px-Peace_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Peace_Bridge.jpg/189px-Peace_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Peace_Bridge.jpg/252px-Peace_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2666" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/Peace_Bridge" title="Peace Bridge">Peace Bridge</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:KeyBank_Center_side_view_from_Main_Street_at_Prime_Street,_Buffalo,_New_York_-_20210725.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/KeyBank_Center_side_view_from_Main_Street_at_Prime_Street%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20210725.jpg/158px-KeyBank_Center_side_view_from_Main_Street_at_Prime_Street%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20210725.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/KeyBank_Center_side_view_from_Main_Street_at_Prime_Street%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20210725.jpg/237px-KeyBank_Center_side_view_from_Main_Street_at_Prime_Street%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20210725.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/KeyBank_Center_side_view_from_Main_Street_at_Prime_Street%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20210725.jpg/316px-KeyBank_Center_side_view_from_Main_Street_at_Prime_Street%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20210725.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3682" data-file-height="2209" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/KeyBank_Center" title="KeyBank Center">KeyBank Center</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div style="height:121px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Buffalo_City_Hall_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/View_of_Buffalo_City_Hall_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-View_of_Buffalo_City_Hall_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/View_of_Buffalo_City_Hall_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-View_of_Buffalo_City_Hall_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/View_of_Buffalo_City_Hall_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-View_of_Buffalo_City_Hall_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2006" data-file-height="2033" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_City_Hall" title="Buffalo City Hall">Buffalo City Hall</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:94px;max-width:94px"><div style="height:121px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:20150827_61_NFTA_Light_Rail_at_Fountain_Plaza_(21990211710)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/20150827_61_NFTA_Light_Rail_at_Fountain_Plaza_%2821990211710%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/92px-20150827_61_NFTA_Light_Rail_at_Fountain_Plaza_%2821990211710%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/20150827_61_NFTA_Light_Rail_at_Fountain_Plaza_%2821990211710%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/138px-20150827_61_NFTA_Light_Rail_at_Fountain_Plaza_%2821990211710%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/20150827_61_NFTA_Light_Rail_at_Fountain_Plaza_%2821990211710%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/184px-20150827_61_NFTA_Light_Rail_at_Fountain_Plaza_%2821990211710%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="1470" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/NFTA_Metro_Rail" class="mw-redirect" title="NFTA Metro Rail">NFTA Metro Rail</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:70px;max-width:70px"><div style="height:121px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hayes_Hall_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Hayes_Hall_crop.jpg/68px-Hayes_Hall_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Hayes_Hall_crop.jpg/102px-Hayes_Hall_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Hayes_Hall_crop.jpg/136px-Hayes_Hall_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2161" data-file-height="3857" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">University at Buffalo</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div style="height:97px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:2024.10.10_AKGCampusExteriorDronePhotos-1001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/2024.10.10_AKGCampusExteriorDronePhotos-1001.jpg/158px-2024.10.10_AKGCampusExteriorDronePhotos-1001.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/2024.10.10_AKGCampusExteriorDronePhotos-1001.jpg/237px-2024.10.10_AKGCampusExteriorDronePhotos-1001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/2024.10.10_AKGCampusExteriorDronePhotos-1001.jpg/316px-2024.10.10_AKGCampusExteriorDronePhotos-1001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5464" data-file-height="3371" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_AKG_Art_Museum" title="Buffalo AKG Art Museum">Buffalo AKG Art Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Park-Front_Park_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Delaware Park-Front Park System">Delaware Park</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div style="height:97px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffalo_Central_Terminal,_Paderewski_Drive,_Broadway-Fillmore,_Buffalo,_NY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Buffalo_Central_Terminal%2C_Paderewski_Drive%2C_Broadway-Fillmore%2C_Buffalo%2C_NY.jpg/126px-Buffalo_Central_Terminal%2C_Paderewski_Drive%2C_Broadway-Fillmore%2C_Buffalo%2C_NY.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Buffalo_Central_Terminal%2C_Paderewski_Drive%2C_Broadway-Fillmore%2C_Buffalo%2C_NY.jpg/189px-Buffalo_Central_Terminal%2C_Paderewski_Drive%2C_Broadway-Fillmore%2C_Buffalo%2C_NY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Buffalo_Central_Terminal%2C_Paderewski_Drive%2C_Broadway-Fillmore%2C_Buffalo%2C_NY.jpg/252px-Buffalo_Central_Terminal%2C_Paderewski_Drive%2C_Broadway-Fillmore%2C_Buffalo%2C_NY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3785" data-file-height="2930" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Central_Terminal" title="Buffalo Central Terminal">Buffalo Central Terminal</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Buffalo,_New_York.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Buffalo"><img alt="Flag of Buffalo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Buffalo%2C_New_York.svg/125px-Flag_of_Buffalo%2C_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Buffalo%2C_New_York.svg/188px-Flag_of_Buffalo%2C_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Buffalo%2C_New_York.svg/250px-Flag_of_Buffalo%2C_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="540" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="Flag of Buffalo, New York">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Buffalo,_New_York.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Buffalo"><img alt="Official seal of Buffalo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Seal_of_Buffalo%2C_New_York.svg/100px-Seal_of_Buffalo%2C_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Seal_of_Buffalo%2C_New_York.svg/150px-Seal_of_Buffalo%2C_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Seal_of_Buffalo%2C_New_York.svg/200px-Seal_of_Buffalo%2C_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="386" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="Seal of Buffalo, New York">Seal</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Etymology: Named after the nearby <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_River_(New_York)" title="Buffalo River (New York)">Buffalo Creek</a>, which was named by French and Moravian explorers<a href="#cite_note-Beautiful-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-River-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bison-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Queen City, City of Good Neighbors, City of No Illusions, Nickel City, Queen City of the Lakes, City of Light, The Electric City, City of Trees<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 290px; height: 290px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="290" data-height="290" data-zoom="10" data-lat="42.8864" data-lon="-78.8781" data-overlays="["_3e8ce855af72d650c8f5cd4b99670633ad527905"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/42.8864/-78.8781/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,42.8864,-78.8781,290x290.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Buffalo%2C_New_York&revid=1259120357&groups=_3e8ce855af72d650c8f5cd4b99670633ad527905" width="290" height="290" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,42.8864,-78.8781,290x290@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Buffalo%2C_New_York&revid=1259120357&groups=_3e8ce855af72d650c8f5cd4b99670633ad527905 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Interactive map of Buffalo</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_New_York_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buffalo is located in New York"><img alt="Buffalo is located in New York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/USA_New_York_relief_location_map.svg/250px-USA_New_York_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/USA_New_York_relief_location_map.svg/375px-USA_New_York_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/USA_New_York_relief_location_map.svg/500px-USA_New_York_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1569" data-file-height="1276" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.272%;left:13.517%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Buffalo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Buffalo</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of New York</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Buffalo is located in the United States"><img alt="Buffalo is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/250px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/375px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/500px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.714%;left:77.054%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Buffalo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Buffalo</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of the United States</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Buffalo,_New_York&params=42_53_11_N_78_52_41_W_region:US-NY_type:city(278349)">42°53′11″N 78°52′41″W / 42.88639°N 78.87806°W / 42.88639; -78.87806</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> United States</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Western_New_York" title="Western New York">Western New York</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_statistical_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan statistical areas">Metro</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Buffalo%E2%80%93Niagara_Falls_metropolitan_area" title="Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area">Buffalo–Niagara Falls</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_New_York" title="List of counties in New York">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Erie_County,_New_York" title="Erie County, New York">Erie</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First settled (village)</th><td class="infobox-data">1789; 235 years ago (1789)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1801; 223 years ago (1801)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated (city)</th><td class="infobox-data">1832; 192 years ago (1832)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_River_(New_York)" title="Buffalo River (New York)">Buffalo River</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government#Strong-mayor_government_form" title="Mayor–council government">Strong mayor-council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Common_Council" title="Buffalo Common Council">Buffalo Common Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="List of mayors of Buffalo, New York">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Scanlon" title="Christopher Scanlon">Christopher Scanlon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>) (acting)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Mayor">Deputy Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Rashied McDuffie <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">(D)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Senate" title="New York State Senate">State Senators</a></th><td class="infobox-data">April Baskin & <a href="/wiki/Sean_M._Ryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sean M. Ryan">Sean Ryan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">Assemblymembers</a></th><td class="infobox-data">William Conrad (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>), <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Peoples-Stokes" title="Crystal Peoples-Stokes">Crystal Peoples-Stokes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>), <a href="/wiki/Patrick_B._Burke" title="Patrick B. Burke">Patrick Burke</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>), Patrick Chludzinski (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>), & <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Rivera" title="Jonathan Rivera">Jon Rivera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_26th_congressional_district" title="New York's 26th congressional district">U.S. Rep.</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_M._Kennedy_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy M. Kennedy (politician)">Tim Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-TigerWebMapServer-5">[5]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York_(state)#City" title="Administrative divisions of New York (state)">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">52.48 sq mi (135.92 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">40.38 sq mi (104.58 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">12.10 sq mi (31.34 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-gnis-7">[7]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">600 ft (200 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 United States Census">2020</a>)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York_(state)#City" title="Administrative divisions of New York (state)">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">278,349</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">US: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">81st</a> NY: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_York_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in New York (state)">2nd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">6,893.41/sq mi (2,661.58/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-urban_area-8">[8]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">948,864 (US: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">50th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,786.7/sq mi (1,075.9/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,125,637 (US: <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_statistical_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan statistical areas">49th</a>)<a href="#cite_note-PopEstCBSA-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Combined_statistical_area" title="Combined statistical area">CSA</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,201,500 (US: <a href="/wiki/Combined_statistical_area" title="Combined statistical area">48th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Buffalonian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Buffalo–Niagara Falls (MSA)</th><td class="infobox-data">$84.673 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">UTC−05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Time Zone (North America)">EST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:00" title="UTC−04:00">UTC−04:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Daylight Time">EDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ZIP_code" class="mw-redirect" title="ZIP code">ZIP code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">142XX</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_code_716" class="mw-redirect" title="Area code 716">716</a>, <a href="/wiki/Area_code_624" class="mw-redirect" title="Area code 624">624</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Information Processing Standard">FIPS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">36-11000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">GNIS</a> feature ID</th><td class="infobox-data">0973345<a href="#cite_note-gnis-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buffalony.gov">buffalony.gov</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Buffalo is a <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York_(state)" title="Administrative divisions of New York (state)">city</a> in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and the <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">county seat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Erie_County,_New_York" title="Erie County, New York">Erie County</a>. It lies in <a href="/wiki/Western_New_York" title="Western New York">Western New York</a> at the eastern end of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>, at the head of the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_River" title="Niagara River">Niagara River</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a>. With a population of 278,349 according to the 2020 census, Buffalo is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_New_York" title="List of municipalities in New York">second-most populous city</a> in New York state after <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">81st-most populous city</a> in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-USCensusEst2020-10">[10]</a> Buffalo is the primary city of the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo%E2%80%93Niagara_Falls_metropolitan_area" title="Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area">Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area</a>, which had an estimated population of 1.2 million in 2020, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_statistical_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan statistical areas">49th-largest metro area</a> in the U.S. Before the 17th century, the region was inhabited by nomadic <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a> who were succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Neutral_Confederacy" title="Neutral Confederacy">Neutral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erie_people" title="Erie people">Erie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> nations. In the early 17th century, the French began to explore the region. In the 18th century, Iroquois land surrounding <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_River_(New_York)" title="Buffalo River (New York)">Buffalo Creek</a> was ceded through the <a href="/wiki/Holland_Land_Purchase" class="mw-redirect" title="Holland Land Purchase">Holland Land Purchase</a>, and a small village was established at its headwaters. In 1825, after its harbor was improved, Buffalo was selected as the terminus of the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a>, which led to its incorporation in 1832. The canal stimulated its growth as the primary <a href="/wiki/Inland_port" title="Inland port">inland port</a> between the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean. <a href="/wiki/Transshipment" title="Transshipment">Transshipment</a> made Buffalo the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">grain port</a> of that era. After the coming of railroads greatly reduced the canal's importance, the city became the second-largest railway hub (after <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>). During the mid-19th century, Buffalo transitioned to manufacturing, which came to be dominated by steel production. Later, <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">deindustrialization</a> and the opening of the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Seaway" title="St. Lawrence Seaway">St. Lawrence Seaway</a> saw the city's economy decline and diversify. It developed its <a href="/wiki/Service_industries" title="Service industries">service industries</a>, such as health care, retail, tourism, logistics, and education, while retaining some manufacturing. In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls MSA was $53 billion (~$62.3 billion in 2023). The city's cultural landmarks include the <a href="/wiki/Parks_and_recreation_in_Buffalo,_New_York" title="Parks and recreation in Buffalo, New York">oldest urban parks system</a> in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_AKG_Art_Museum" title="Buffalo AKG Art Museum">Buffalo AKG Art Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_History_Museum" title="Buffalo History Museum">Buffalo History Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra">Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shea%27s_Performing_Arts_Center" title="Shea's Performing Arts Center">Shea's Performing Arts Center</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Museum_of_Science" title="Buffalo Museum of Science">Buffalo Museum of Science</a>, and several <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Buffalo,_New_York" title="List of festivals in Buffalo, New York">annual festivals</a>. Its educational institutions include the <a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">University at Buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_State_University" title="Buffalo State University">Buffalo State University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canisius_University" title="Canisius University">Canisius University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/D%27Youville_University" title="D'Youville University">D'Youville University</a>. Buffalo is also known for its <a href="/wiki/Lake-effect_snow" title="Lake-effect snow">winter weather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_wing" title="Buffalo wing">Buffalo wings</a>, and three major-league <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Buffalo" title="Sports in Buffalo">sports teams</a>: the National Football League's <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bills" title="Buffalo Bills">Buffalo Bills</a>, the National Hockey League's <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Sabres" title="Buffalo Sabres">Buffalo Sabres</a> and the National Lacrosse League's <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bandits" title="Buffalo Bandits">Buffalo Bandits</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="History of Buffalo, New York">History of Buffalo, New York</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="Timeline of Buffalo, New York">Timeline of Buffalo, New York</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Columbian_era_to_European_exploration">Pre-Columbian era to European exploration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-Columbian era to European exploration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wenro_Territory_ca1630_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color map of New York with Wenro territory highlighted from the mouth of Buffalo Creek east to the Genesee River" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Wenro_Territory_ca1630_map-en.svg/220px-Wenro_Territory_ca1630_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Wenro_Territory_ca1630_map-en.svg/330px-Wenro_Territory_ca1630_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Wenro_Territory_ca1630_map-en.svg/440px-Wenro_Territory_ca1630_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>Approximate extent of <a href="/wiki/Wenrohronon" title="Wenrohronon">Wenro</a> territory <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1630</figcaption></figure> Before the <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">arrival of Europeans</a>, nomadic <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a> inhabited the <a href="/wiki/Western_New_York" title="Western New York">western New York</a> region from the <a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">8th millennium BCE</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland period</a> began around 1000 BC, marked by the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois Confederacy</a> and the spread of its tribes throughout the state.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson1977_113-120-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Seventeenth-century <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit missionaries">Jesuit missionaries</a> were the first Europeans to visit the area.<a href="#cite_note-Rundell1962_57-96-13">[13]</a> During <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French exploration of the region</a> in 1620, the region was sparsely populated and occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_society" title="Agrarian society">agrarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Erie_people" title="Erie people">Erie people</a> in the south and the <a href="/wiki/Neutral_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral Nation">Neutral Nation</a> in the north, with a relatively small tribe, the <a href="/wiki/Wenrohronon" title="Wenrohronon">Wenrohronon</a>, between and the <a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Senecas</a>, an Iroquois tribe, occupying the land just east of the region.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson1977_113-120-11">[11]</a> The Neutral grew tobacco and <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a> to trade with the Iroquois, who <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">traded furs</a> with the French for European goods.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson1977_113-120-11">[11]</a> The tribes used animal- and war paths to travel and move goods across what today is New York State. (Centuries later, these same paths were gradually improved, then paved, then developed into major modern roads.)<a href="#cite_note-Thompson1977_113-120-11">[11]</a> Traditional Seneca oral legends, as recounted by professional storytellers known as Hagéotâ, were highly participatory. These tales were told only during winter, as they were believed to have the power to put even animals and plants to sleep, which could affect the harvest. At the conclusion, audience members typically offered gifts, such as tobacco, to the storyteller as a sign of appreciation.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> in the mid-17th century the Senecas conquered the Erie and Neutrals in the region.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seneca-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-AmHeritageBk-17">[17]</a> Native Americans did not settle along Buffalo Creek permanently until 1780, when displaced Senecas were relocated from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Niagara" title="Fort Niagara">Fort Niagara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rundell1962_57-96-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Hennepin" title="Louis Hennepin">Louis Hennepin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle" title="René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle">Sieur de La Salle</a> explored the upper Niagara and Ontario regions in the late 1670s.<a href="#cite_note-Becker1906_9-24-18">[18]</a> In 1679, La Salle's ship, <a href="/wiki/Le_Griffon" title="Le Griffon">Le Griffon</a>, became the first to sail above Niagara Falls near <a href="/wiki/Cayuga_Creek" title="Cayuga Creek">Cayuga Creek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis-Armand_de_Lom_d%27Arce_de_Lahontan,_Baron_de_Lahontan" title="Louis-Armand de Lom d'Arce de Lahontan, Baron de Lahontan">Baron de Lahontan</a> visited the site of Buffalo in 1687.<a href="#cite_note-French&Place1860_279-294-20">[20]</a> A small French settlement along Buffalo Creek lasted for only a year (1758). After the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, the region was ruled by Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Rundell1962_57-96-13">[13]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">Province of New York</a>—now a U.S. state—began westward expansion, looking for arable land by following the Iroquois.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson1977_407-423-21">[21]</a> New York and <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> were vying for the territory which included Buffalo, and Massachusetts had the right to purchase all but a one-mile-(1600-meter)-wide portion of land. The rights to the Massachusetts territories were sold to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a> in 1791.<a href="#cite_note-Sprague1882-22">[22]</a> Despite objections from Seneca chief <a href="/wiki/Red_Jacket" title="Red Jacket">Red Jacket</a>, Morris brokered a deal between fellow chief <a href="/wiki/Cornplanter" title="Cornplanter">Cornplanter</a> and the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Dummy_corporation" title="Dummy corporation">dummy corporation</a> <a href="/wiki/Holland_Land_Company" title="Holland Land Company">Holland Land Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldman1983_21-56-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reitano2016_66-96-25">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Holland_Land_Purchase" class="mw-redirect" title="Holland Land Purchase">Holland Land Purchase</a> gave the Senecas three reservations, and the Holland Land Company received 4,000,000 acres (16,000 km2) for about thirty-three cents per acre.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman1983_21-56-24">[23]</a> Permanent white settlers along the creek were prisoners captured during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Becker1906_106-117-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rundell1962_57-96-13">[13]</a> Early landowners were Iroquois interpreter Captain William Johnston, former enslaved man Joseph "Black Joe" Hodges and Cornelius Winney, a Dutch trader who arrived in 1789.<a href="#cite_note-Rundell1962_57-96-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bingham1931_132-142-27">[26]</a> As a result of the war, in which the Iroquois sided with the <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="British Army during the American Revolutionary War">British Army</a>, Iroquois territory was gradually reduced in the late 1700s by European settlers through successive statewide treaties which included the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Stanwix_(1784)" title="Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784)">Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_Treaty_of_Buffalo_Creek" title="First Treaty of Buffalo Creek">First Treaty of Buffalo Creek</a> (1788).<a href="#cite_note-Thompson1977_140-171-28">[27]</a> The Iroquois were moved onto reservations, including <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Creek_Reservation" title="Buffalo Creek Reservation">Buffalo Creek</a>. By the end of the 18th century, only 338 sq mi (216,000 acres; 880 km2; 88,000 ha) of reservations remained.<a href="#cite_note-Brush1901-29">[28]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Big_Tree" title="Treaty of Big Tree">Treaty of Big Tree</a> removed Iroquois title to lands west of the <a href="/wiki/Genesee_River" title="Genesee River">Genesee River</a> in 1797, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellicott" title="Joseph Ellicott">Joseph Ellicott</a> surveyed land at the mouth of Buffalo Creek.<a href="#cite_note-Becker1906_106-117-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bingham1931_143-165-30">[29]</a> In the middle of the village was an intersection of eight streets at present-day <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Square" title="Niagara Square">Niagara Square</a>. Originally named New Amsterdam, its name was soon changed to Buffalo.<a href="#cite_note-Fernald1910-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erie_Canal,_grain_and_commerce">Erie Canal, grain and commerce</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Erie Canal, grain and commerce">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffalo_1813_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sketch of a harbor in the early 1800s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Buffalo_1813_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Buffalo_1813_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Buffalo_1813_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Buffalo_1813_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Buffalo_1813_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Buffalo_1813_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4826" data-file-height="2715" /></a><figcaption>Buffalo in 1813</figcaption></figure> The village of Buffalo was named for <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_River_(New_York)" title="Buffalo River (New York)">Buffalo Creek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum1865-34">[32]</a> British military engineer <a href="/wiki/John_Montresor" title="John Montresor">John Montresor</a> referred to "Buffalo Creek" in his 1764 journal, the earliest recorded appearance of the name.<a href="#cite_note-google-35">[33]</a> A road to <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> from Buffalo was built in 1802 for migrants traveling to the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Western_Reserve" title="Connecticut Western Reserve">Connecticut Western Reserve</a> in Ohio.<a href="#cite_note-French&Place1860_208-217-36">[34]</a> Before an east–west turnpike across the state was completed, traveling from Albany to Buffalo would take a week; a trip from nearby <a href="/wiki/Williamsville,_New_York" title="Williamsville, New York">Williamsville</a> to Batavia could take over three days.<a href="#cite_note-Turner1849-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[c]</a> British forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buffalo" title="Battle of Buffalo">burned Buffalo</a> and the northwestern village of <a href="/wiki/Black_Rock,_Buffalo" title="Black Rock, Buffalo">Black Rock</a> in 1813.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> The battle and subsequent fire was in response to the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lake" title="Niagara-on-the-Lake">Niagara-on-the-Lake</a> by American forces and other skirmishes during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Becker1906_118-132-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rundell1962_57-96-13">[13]</a> Rebuilding was swift, completed in 1815.<a href="#cite_note-Severance1879-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Becker1906_118-132-41">[38]</a> As a remote outpost, village residents hoped that the proposed <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a> would bring prosperity to the area.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman1983_21-56-24">[23]</a> To accomplish this, Buffalo's harbor was expanded with the help of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wilkeson" title="Samuel Wilkeson">Samuel Wilkeson</a>; it was selected as the canal's terminus over the rival Black Rock.<a href="#cite_note-Rundell1962_57-96-13">[13]</a> It opened in 1825, ushering in commerce, manufacturing and <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman1983_21-56-24">[23]</a> By the following year, the 130 sq mi (340 km2) Buffalo Creek Reservation (at the western border of the village) was transferred to Buffalo.<a href="#cite_note-Brush1901-29">[28]</a> Buffalo was incorporated as a city in 1832.<a href="#cite_note-NPSBuffaloTimeline-43">[40]</a> During the 1830s, businessman <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rathbun" title="Benjamin Rathbun">Benjamin Rathbun</a> significantly expanded its business district.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman1983_21-56-24">[23]</a> The city doubled in size from 1845 to 1855. Almost two-thirds of the city's population was foreign-born, largely a mix of unskilled (or educated) <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman1983_72-97-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rundell1962_97-125-45">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a> made their way north to Buffalo during the 1840s.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> Buffalo was a terminus of the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a>, with many free Black people crossing the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_River" title="Niagara River">Niagara River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Erie,_Ontario" title="Fort Erie, Ontario">Fort Erie, Ontario</a>;<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> others remained in Buffalo.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman1983_72-97-44">[41]</a> During this time, Buffalo's port continued to develop. Passenger and commercial traffic expanded, leading to the creation of feeder canals and the expansion of the city's harbor.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman1983_56-71-48">[45]</a> Unloading grain in Buffalo was a laborious job, and grain handlers working on <a href="/wiki/Lake_freighter" title="Lake freighter">lake freighters</a> would make $1.50 a day (equivalent to $49 in 2023<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-49">[46]</a>) in a six-day work week.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman1983_56-71-48">[45]</a> Local inventor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dart" title="Joseph Dart">Joseph Dart</a> and engineer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dunbar" title="Robert Dunbar">Robert Dunbar</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Grain_elevator" title="Grain elevator">grain elevator</a> in 1843, adapting the steam-powered elevator. <a href="/wiki/Dart%27s_Elevator" class="mw-redirect" title="Dart's Elevator">Dart's Elevator</a> initially processed one thousand <a href="/wiki/Bushel" title="Bushel">bushels</a> per hour, speeding global distribution to consumers.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman1983_56-71-48">[45]</a> Buffalo was the transshipment hub of the Great Lakes, and weather, maritime and political events in other Great Lakes cities had a direct impact on the city's economy.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman1983_56-71-48">[45]</a> In addition to grain, Buffalo's primary imports included agricultural products from the Midwest (meat, whiskey, lumber and tobacco), and its exports included leather, ships and iron products. The mid-19th century saw the rise of new manufacturing capabilities, particularly with iron.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman1983_56-71-48">[45]</a> By the 1860s, many railroads terminated in Buffalo; they included the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_Bradford_and_Pittsburgh_Railroad" title="Buffalo, Bradford and Pittsburgh Railroad">Buffalo, Bradford and Pittsburgh Railroad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_and_Erie_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo and Erie Railroad">Buffalo and Erie Railroad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Central_Railroad" title="New York Central Railroad">New York Central Railroad</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_Railroad" title="Lehigh Valley Railroad">Lehigh Valley Railroad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-French&Place1860_279-294-20">[20]</a> During this time, Buffalo controlled one-quarter of all shipping traffic on Lake Erie.<a href="#cite_note-French&Place1860_279-294-20">[20]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, canal traffic began to drop as railroads expanded into Buffalo.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman1983_124-142-50">[47]</a> Unionization began to take hold in the late 19th century, highlighted by <a href="/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877" title="Great Railroad Strike of 1877">the Great Railroad Strike of 1877</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_switchmen%27s_strike" title="Buffalo switchmen's strike">1892 Buffalo switchmen's strike</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman1983_143-175-51">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steel,_challenges,_and_the_modern_era">Steel, challenges, and the modern era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Steel, challenges, and the modern era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pan-American_Exposition,_Buffalo,_1901_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aerial view of the Pan-American Exposition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pan-American_Exposition%2C_Buffalo%2C_1901_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Pan-American_Exposition%2C_Buffalo%2C_1901_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pan-American_Exposition%2C_Buffalo%2C_1901_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Pan-American_Exposition%2C_Buffalo%2C_1901_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pan-American_Exposition%2C_Buffalo%2C_1901_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Pan-American_Exposition%2C_Buffalo%2C_1901_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5471" data-file-height="3910" /></a><figcaption>Pan-American Exposition, 1901</figcaption></figure> At the start of the 20th century, Buffalo was the world's leading grain port and a national flour-milling hub.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman1983_196-223-52">[49]</a> Local mills were among the first to benefit from <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a> generated by the Niagara River. Buffalo hosted the 1901 <a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Exposition" title="Pan-American Exposition">Pan-American Exposition</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, showcasing the nation's advances in art, architecture, and electricity. Its centerpiece was the Electric Tower, with over two million light bulbs, but some exhibits were <a href="/wiki/Jingoistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingoistic">jingoistic</a> and racially charged.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldman1983_3-20-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reitano2016_162-191-55">[52]</a> At the exposition, President <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">assassinated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a> <a href="/wiki/Leon_Czolgosz" title="Leon Czolgosz">Leon Czolgosz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> When McKinley died, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> was sworn in at the <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Inaugural_National_Historic_Site" title="Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site">Wilcox Mansion</a> in Buffalo.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> Attorney <a href="/wiki/John_G._Milburn" title="John G. Milburn">John Milburn</a> and local industrialists convinced the <a href="/wiki/Lackawanna_Iron_and_Steel_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Lackawanna Iron and Steel Company">Lackawanna Iron and Steel Company</a> to relocate from <a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton, Pennsylvania</a> to the town of <a href="/wiki/West_Seneca,_New_York" title="West Seneca, New York">West Seneca</a> in 1904. Employment was competitive, with many Eastern Europeans and Scrantonians vying for jobs.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman1983_124-142-50">[47]</a> From the late 19th century to the 1920s, <a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">mergers and acquisitions</a> led to distant ownership of local companies; this had a negative effect on the city's economy.<a href="#cite_note-Dillaway2006_25-39-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rundell1962_149-172-59">[56]</a> Examples include the acquisition of Lackawanna Steel by <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_Steel" title="Bethlehem Steel">Bethlehem Steel</a> and, later, the relocation of <a href="/wiki/Curtiss-Wright" title="Curtiss-Wright">Curtiss-Wright</a> in the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-Reitano2016-60">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> saw severe unemployment, especially among the working class. <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> relief programs operated in full force, and the city became a stronghold of labor unions and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thornberger_hoists_unloading_ore,_Lackawanna_ore_docks,_Buffalo,_N.Y._LC-D4-32179.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-and-white photograph of iron-ore rail cars at a ship dock" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Thornberger_hoists_unloading_ore%2C_Lackawanna_ore_docks%2C_Buffalo%2C_N.Y._LC-D4-32179.jpg/220px-Thornberger_hoists_unloading_ore%2C_Lackawanna_ore_docks%2C_Buffalo%2C_N.Y._LC-D4-32179.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Thornberger_hoists_unloading_ore%2C_Lackawanna_ore_docks%2C_Buffalo%2C_N.Y._LC-D4-32179.jpg/330px-Thornberger_hoists_unloading_ore%2C_Lackawanna_ore_docks%2C_Buffalo%2C_N.Y._LC-D4-32179.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Thornberger_hoists_unloading_ore%2C_Lackawanna_ore_docks%2C_Buffalo%2C_N.Y._LC-D4-32179.jpg/440px-Thornberger_hoists_unloading_ore%2C_Lackawanna_ore_docks%2C_Buffalo%2C_N.Y._LC-D4-32179.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9424" data-file-height="7621" /></a><figcaption>Iron ore unloaded at Buffalo, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900</figcaption></figure> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Buffalo regained its manufacturing strength as military contracts enabled the city to manufacture steel, chemicals, aircraft, trucks and ammunition.<a href="#cite_note-Reitano2016-60">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_Census#City_rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="1950 United States Census">15th-most-populous US city in 1950</a>, Buffalo's economy relied almost entirely on manufacturing; eighty percent of area jobs were in the sector.<a href="#cite_note-Reitano2016-60">[57]</a> The city also had over a dozen railway terminals, as railroads remained a significant industry.<a href="#cite_note-Rundell1962_149-172-59">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Seaway" title="St. Lawrence Seaway">St. Lawrence Seaway</a> was proposed in the 19th century as a faster shipping route to Europe, and later as part of a bi-national hydroelectric project with Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Reitano2016-60">[57]</a> Its combination with an expanded <a href="/wiki/Welland_Canal" title="Welland Canal">Welland Canal</a> led to a grim outlook for Buffalo's economy. After its 1959 opening, the city's port and barge canal became largely irrelevant. Shipbuilding in Buffalo wound down in the 1960s due to reduced waterfront activity, ending an industry which had been part of the city's economy since 1812.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman1983_242-266-62">[59]</a> Downsizing of the steel mills was attributed to the threat of higher wages and unionization efforts.<a href="#cite_note-Reitano2016-60">[57]</a> Racial tensions culminated in <a href="/wiki/1967_Buffalo_riot" title="1967 Buffalo riot">riots in 1967</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reitano2016-60">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Suburbanization" title="Suburbanization">Suburbanization</a> led to the selection of the town of <a href="/wiki/Amherst,_New_York" title="Amherst, New York">Amherst</a> for the new <a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">University at Buffalo</a> campus by 1970.<a href="#cite_note-Reitano2016-60">[57]</a> Unwilling to modernize its plant, Bethlehem Steel began cutting thousands of jobs in Lackawanna during the mid-1970s before closing it in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-Dillaway2006_25-39-58">[55]</a> The region lost at least 70,000 jobs between 1970 and 1984.<a href="#cite_note-Dillaway2006_25-39-58">[55]</a> Like much of the <a href="/wiki/Rust_Belt" title="Rust Belt">Rust Belt</a>, Buffalo has focused on recovering from the effects of late-20th-century <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">deindustrialization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Deindustrialization-63">[60]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:708px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffalo_waterfront_1880.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of downtown Buffalo and its waterfront in 1880"><img alt="Aerial view of downtown Buffalo and its waterfront in 1880" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Buffalo_waterfront_1880.tif/lossy-page1-700px-Buffalo_waterfront_1880.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Buffalo_waterfront_1880.tif/lossy-page1-1050px-Buffalo_waterfront_1880.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Buffalo_waterfront_1880.tif/lossy-page1-1400px-Buffalo_waterfront_1880.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9778" data-file-height="3259" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffalo_waterfront_1880.tif" title="File:Buffalo waterfront 1880.tif"> </a></div>Panorama of downtown Buffalo and its waterfront in 1880</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Topography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NiagaraRiverNASA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A satellite photo shows two bodies of water and two peninsulas from space" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/NiagaraRiverNASA.jpg/220px-NiagaraRiverNASA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/NiagaraRiverNASA.jpg/330px-NiagaraRiverNASA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/NiagaraRiverNASA.jpg/440px-NiagaraRiverNASA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1877" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Peninsula" title="Niagara Peninsula">Niagara Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Frontier" title="Niagara Frontier">Niagara Frontier</a>; Buffalo is at the lower right.</figcaption></figure> Buffalo is on the eastern end of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a> opposite <a href="/wiki/Fort_Erie,_Ontario" title="Fort Erie, Ontario">Fort Erie, Ontario</a>. It is at the head of the Niagara River, which flows north over <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara Falls</a> into <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a>. The Buffalo metropolitan area is on the Erie/Ontario Lake Plain of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Great_Lakes_Lowlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Great Lakes Lowlands">Eastern Great Lakes Lowlands</a>, a narrow <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plain</a> extending east to <a href="/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica, New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson1977_19-54-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGSMap-65">[62]</a> The city is generally flat, except for elevation changes in the University Heights and Fruit Belt neighborhoods.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Southtowns" title="Southtowns">Southtowns</a> are hillier, leading to the Cattaraugus Hills in the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Plateau" title="Allegheny Plateau">Appalachian Upland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson1977_19-54-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGSMap-65">[62]</a> Several types of shale, limestone and <a href="/wiki/Lagerst%C3%A4tte" title="Lagerstätte">lagerstätten</a> are prevalent in Buffalo and its surrounding area, lining their <a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">stream beds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Fox_Weather" title="Fox Weather">Fox Weather</a>, Buffalo is one of the top five snowiest large cities in the country, receiving, on average, 95 inches of snow annually. Although the city has not experienced any recent or significant <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a>, Buffalo is in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Great_Lakes_Seismic_Zone" title="Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone">Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_tectonic_zone" title="Great Lakes tectonic zone">Great Lakes tectonic zone</a>).<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> Buffalo has four <a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">channels</a> within its boundaries: the Niagara River, Buffalo River (and Creek), <a href="/wiki/Scajaquada_Creek" title="Scajaquada Creek">Scajaquada Creek</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Rock_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Rock Canal">Black Rock Canal</a>, adjacent to the Niagara River.<a href="#cite_note-Smith1884-70">[67]</a> The city's Bureau of Forestry maintains a database of over seventy thousand trees.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, Buffalo has an area of 52.5 sq mi (136 km2); 40.38 sq mi (104.6 km2) is land, and the rest is water.<a href="#cite_note-2019USCensusQuickFacts-72">[69]</a> The city's total area is 22.66 percent water. In 2010, its population density was 6,470.6 per square mile.<a href="#cite_note-2019USCensusQuickFacts-72">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cityscape">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Buffalo,_New_York" title="List of tallest buildings in Buffalo, New York">List of tallest buildings in Buffalo, New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="Architecture of Buffalo, New York">Architecture of Buffalo, New York</a></div> Buffalo's architecture is diverse, with a collection of 19th- and 20th-century buildings.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> Downtown Buffalo landmarks include <a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Louis Sullivan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Prudential_(Guaranty)_Building" title="Prudential (Guaranty) Building">Guaranty Building</a>, an early skyscraper;<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Ellicott_Square_Building" title="Ellicott Square Building">Ellicott Square Building</a>, once one of the largest of its kind in the world;<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_City_Hall" title="Buffalo City Hall">Buffalo City Hall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/McKinley_Monument" title="McKinley Monument">McKinley Monument</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Electric_Tower" title="Electric Tower">Electric Tower</a>. Beyond downtown, the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Central_Terminal" title="Buffalo Central Terminal">Buffalo Central Terminal</a> was built in the <a href="/wiki/Broadway-Fillmore" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadway-Fillmore">Broadway-Fillmore</a> neighborhood in 1929; the <a href="/wiki/Richardson_Olmsted_Complex" title="Richardson Olmsted Complex">Richardson Olmsted Complex</a>, built in 1881, was an <a href="/wiki/Lunatic_asylum" title="Lunatic asylum">insane asylum</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> until its closure in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">Urban renewal</a> from the 1950s to the 1970s spawned the <a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalist</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_City_Court_Building" title="Buffalo City Court Building">Buffalo City Court Building</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seneca_One_Tower" title="Seneca One Tower">Seneca One Tower</a>, the city's tallest building.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> In the city's <a href="/wiki/Parkside_East_Historic_District" title="Parkside East Historic District">Parkside</a> neighborhood, the <a href="/wiki/Darwin_D._Martin_House" title="Darwin D. Martin House">Darwin D. Martin House</a> was designed by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Prairie_School" title="Prairie School">Prairie School</a> style.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> Since 2016, Washington DC real estate developer <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Jemal" title="Douglas Jemal">Douglas Jemal</a> has been acquiring, and redeveloping, iconic properties throughout the city.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:708px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffalo_Skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skyline of Buffalo, looking east from Lake Erie"><img alt="Panorama of downtown Buffalo, NY from Lake Erie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Buffalo_Skyline.jpg/700px-Buffalo_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Buffalo_Skyline.jpg/1050px-Buffalo_Skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Buffalo_Skyline.jpg/1400px-Buffalo_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5485" data-file-height="1013" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffalo_Skyline.jpg" title="File:Buffalo Skyline.jpg"> </a></div>Skyline of Buffalo, looking east from Lake Erie</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Neighborhoods">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_neighborhoods_in_Buffalo,_New_York" title="List of neighborhoods in Buffalo, New York">List of neighborhoods in Buffalo, New York</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AllentownBuffalo1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/AllentownBuffalo1.jpg/220px-AllentownBuffalo1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/AllentownBuffalo1.jpg/330px-AllentownBuffalo1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/AllentownBuffalo1.jpg/440px-AllentownBuffalo1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3862" data-file-height="2582" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Buffalo" title="Allentown, Buffalo">Allentown</a></figcaption></figure> According to Mark Goldman, the city has a "tradition of separate and independent settlements".<a href="#cite_note-Goldman1983_176-195-82">[79]</a> The boundaries of Buffalo's neighborhoods have changed over time. The city is divided into five <a href="/wiki/District" title="District">districts</a>, each containing several neighborhoods, for a total of thirty-five neighborhoods.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Main_Street_(Buffalo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Street (Buffalo)">Main Street</a> divides Buffalo's east and west sides, and the west side was fully developed earlier.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman1983_176-195-82">[79]</a> This division is seen in architectural styles, street names, neighborhood and district boundaries, demographics, and socioeconomic conditions; Buffalo's West Side is generally more affluent than its East Side.<a href="#cite_note-BNMainSt-84">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> Several neighborhoods in Buffalo have had increased investment since the 1990s, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Elmwood_Village" class="mw-redirect" title="Elmwood Village">Elmwood Village</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ElmwoodHertel-86">[83]</a> The 2002 redevelopment of the <a href="/wiki/Larkin_Terminal_Warehouse" title="Larkin Terminal Warehouse">Larkin Terminal Warehouse</a> led to the creation of <a href="/wiki/Larkinville" title="Larkinville">Larkinville</a>, home to several <a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">mixed-use projects</a> and anchored by corporate offices.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> Downtown Buffalo and its <a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">central business district</a> (CBD) had a 10.6-percent increase in residents from 2010 to 2017, as over 1,061 housing units became available;<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> the Seneca One Tower was redeveloped in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> Other revitalized areas include Chandler Street, in the <a href="/wiki/Grant-Amherst" class="mw-redirect" title="Grant-Amherst">Grant-Amherst</a> neighborhood, and Hertel Avenue in Parkside.<a href="#cite_note-ElmwoodHertel-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Common_Council" title="Buffalo Common Council">Buffalo Common Council</a> adopted its Green Code in 2017, replacing <a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">zoning regulations</a> which were over sixty years old. Its emphasis on regulations promoting pedestrian safety and mixed land use received an award at the 2019 Congress for the <a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a> conference.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snow_removal_via_frontloader_on_Cottage_Street_after_December_2019_winter_storm,_Buffalo,_New_York_-_20191211.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Snowy city streets, seen from above" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Snow_removal_via_frontloader_on_Cottage_Street_after_December_2019_winter_storm%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20191211.jpg/220px-Snow_removal_via_frontloader_on_Cottage_Street_after_December_2019_winter_storm%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20191211.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Snow_removal_via_frontloader_on_Cottage_Street_after_December_2019_winter_storm%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20191211.jpg/330px-Snow_removal_via_frontloader_on_Cottage_Street_after_December_2019_winter_storm%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20191211.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Snow_removal_via_frontloader_on_Cottage_Street_after_December_2019_winter_storm%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20191211.jpg/440px-Snow_removal_via_frontloader_on_Cottage_Street_after_December_2019_winter_storm%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20191211.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3569" data-file-height="2676" /></a><figcaption>Buffalo in winter, 2019</figcaption></figure> Buffalo has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate#Hot_summer_subtype" title="Humid continental climate">Dfa</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Peel-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-nws-93">[90]</a> and temperatures have been <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_U.S." class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in the U.S.">warming</a> with the rest of the US.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lake-effect_snow" title="Lake-effect snow">Lake-effect snow</a> is characteristic of Buffalo winters, with <a href="/wiki/Snowsquall#Frontal_snowsquall" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowsquall">snow bands</a> (producing intense snowfall in the city and surrounding area) depending on wind direction off Lake Erie.<a href="#cite_note-SnowBands-95">[92]</a> However, Buffalo is rarely the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Snowball_Award" title="Golden Snowball Award">snowiest city in the state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Blizzard_of_1977" title="Blizzard of 1977">Blizzard of 1977</a> resulted from a combination of high winds and snow which accumulated on land and on the frozen <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> Although snow does not typically impair the city's operation, it can cause significant damage in autumn (as the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Storm_Aphid" title="Lake Storm Aphid">October 2006 storm</a> did).<a href="#cite_note-Arborgeddon-99">[96]</a> In November 2014 (called "<a href="/wiki/November_13%E2%80%9321,_2014_North_American_winter_storm" title="November 13–21, 2014 North American winter storm">Snowvember</a>"), the region had a <a href="/wiki/November_13%E2%80%9321,_2014_North_American_winter_storm" title="November 13–21, 2014 North American winter storm">record-breaking storm</a> which produced over <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>5+1⁄2 ft (66 in; 170 cm) of snow.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> Buffalo's lowest recorded temperature was −20 °F (−29 °C), which occurred twice: on February 9, 1934, and February 2, 1961.<a href="#cite_note-NWSDailyRecords-101">[98]</a> Although the city's summers are drier and sunnier than other cities in the northeastern United States, its vegetation receives enough precipitation to remain hydrated.<a href="#cite_note-nws-93">[90]</a> Buffalo summers are characterized by abundant sunshine, with moderate <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a> and temperatures;<a href="#cite_note-nws-93">[90]</a> the city benefits from cool, southwestern Lake Erie summer breezes which temper warmer temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-nws-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGSMap-65">[62]</a> Temperatures rise above 90 °F (32.2 °C) an average of three times a year.<a href="#cite_note-nws-93">[90]</a> No official recording of 100 °F (37.8 °C) or more has occurred to date, with a maximum temperature of 99 °F (37 °C) reached on August 27, 1948.<a href="#cite_note-NWSDailyRecords-101">[98]</a> Rainfall is moderate, typically falling at night, and cooler lake temperatures hinder storm development in July.<a href="#cite_note-nws-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> August is usually rainier and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/muggier" class="extiw" title="wikt:muggier">muggier</a>, as the warmer lake loses its temperature-controlling ability.<a href="#cite_note-nws-93">[90]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Buffalo (<a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Niagara_International_Airport" title="Buffalo Niagara International Airport">Buffalo Niagara International Airport</a>), 1991–2020 normals,<a href="#cite_note-103">[d]</a> extremes 1871–present<a href="#cite_note-104">[e]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72 (22) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71 (22) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82 (28) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94 (34) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94 (34) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97 (36) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98 (37) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99 (37) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98 (37) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92 (33) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80 (27) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74 (23) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">99 (37) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.4 (13.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.5 (12.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.0 (18.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.9 (25.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.3 (29.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.1 (31.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.5 (31.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.5 (31.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.4 (30.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.9 (25.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.4 (19.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.8 (13.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">91.5 (33.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.1 (0.1) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3 (0.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.8 (5.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.7 (12.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.4 (19.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.6 (24.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.2 (26.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.0 (26.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.3 (22.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.6 (15.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.8 (8.8) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.2 (2.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">56.8 (13.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5 (−3.6) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4 (−3.1) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1 (1.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.6 (7.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.9 (14.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.9 (19.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.7 (22.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.4 (21.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.4 (17.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.7 (10.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.0 (5.0) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4 (−0.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">48.8 (9.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0 (−7.2) </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5 (−6.9) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4 (−3.1) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.5 (2.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.3 (9.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.1 (14.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.1 (17.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.7 (16.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.5 (12.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.9 (6.6) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2 (1.2) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6 (−3.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.9 (4.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 (−17.3) </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 (−16.8) </td> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 (−12.6) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6 (−4.1) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6 (2.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.6 (7.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.8 (11.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.0 (10.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.0 (5.0) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7 (−0.7) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4 (−6.4) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 (−13.1) </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−2.8 (−19.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−16 (−27) </td> <td style="background: #4A4AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−20 (−29) </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7 (−22) </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 (−15) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25 (−4) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35 (2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43 (6) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38 (3) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32 (0) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20 (−7) </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 (−17) </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10 (−23) </td> <td style="background: #4A4AFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−20 (−29) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #80FF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.35 (85) </td> <td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.49 (63) </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.89 (73) </td> <td style="background: #7AFF7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.37 (86) </td> <td style="background: #7EFF7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.37 (86) </td> <td style="background: #7AFF7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.37 (86) </td> <td style="background: #84FF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.23 (82) </td> <td style="background: #84FF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.23 (82) </td> <td style="background: #5EFF5E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.10 (104) </td> <td style="background: #67FF67; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.03 (102) </td> <td style="background: #75FF75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.50 (89) </td> <td style="background: #71FF71; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.75 (95) </td> <td style="background: #7CFF7C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.68 (1,033) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">26.7 (68) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18.1 (46) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.1 (36) </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5 (6.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 (2.3) </td> <td style="background: #0000CA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">7.8 (20) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">25.3 (64) </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">95.4 (242) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 (27) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 (21) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 (19) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 (2.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.25) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 (9.4) </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 (23) </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.5 (39) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) </th> <td style="background: #1212FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19.2 </td> <td style="background: #2929FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.8 </td> <td style="background: #4848FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.8 </td> <td style="background: #5454FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.4 </td> <td style="background: #6161FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.8 </td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 </td> <td style="background: #5151FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.1 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.4 </td> <td style="background: #2424FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.7 </td> <td style="background: #5151FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">165.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) </th> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.4 </td> <td style="background: #4848FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.5 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">59.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #89FF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.0 </td> <td style="background: #8AFF8A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.9 </td> <td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.3 </td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.8 </td> <td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.2 </td> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.6 </td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.1 </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.1 </td> <td style="background: #8DFF8D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.0 </td> <td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.9 </td> <td style="background: #8AFF8A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.8 </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.6 </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">72.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9 (−8.4) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6 (−8.0) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 (−3.8) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4 (0.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.2 (6.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.1 (12.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.0 (15.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.8 (14.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.5 (11.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.7 (5.4) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7 (0.4) </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6 (−5.2) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.2 (3.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #A6A6A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.3 </td> <td style="background: #B5B564; color:#000000;" class="notheme">108.0 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">163.7 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">204.7 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">258.3 </td> <td style="background: #EDED09; color:#000000;" class="notheme">287.1 </td> <td style="background: #F0F00F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">306.7 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">266.4 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">207.6 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">159.4 </td> <td style="background: #9F9F9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.4 </td> <td style="background: #7E7E7E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.0 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,206.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37 </td> <td style="background: #F4F41A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF68; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF63; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55 </td> <td style="background: #F9F926; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25 </td> <td style="background: #FDFD2E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">49 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a> (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)<a href="#cite_note-NWS_Buffalo,_NY_(BUF)-105">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCDC_txt_KBUF-106">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-WMO_1961–90_KBUF-107">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Weather Atlas<a href="#cite_note-Weather_Atlas-108">[103]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="Demographics of Buffalo, New York">Demographics of Buffalo, New York</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Historical Racial composition </th> <th>2020<a href="#cite_note-2019USCensusQuickFacts-72">[69]</a></th> <th>2010<a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a></th> <th>1990<a href="#cite_note-census-110">[105]</a></th> <th>1970<a href="#cite_note-census-110">[105]</a></th> <th>1940<a href="#cite_note-census-110">[105]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White</a> </td> <td>41.9%</td> <td>50.4%</td> <td>64.7%</td> <td>78.7%</td> <td>96.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>—Non-Hispanic </td> <td>39.0%</td> <td>45.8%</td> <td>63.1%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> </td> <td>36.9%</td> <td>38.6%</td> <td>30.7%</td> <td>20.4%</td> <td>3.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (of any race) </td> <td>12.8%</td> <td>10.5%</td> <td>4.9%</td> <td>1.6%<a href="#cite_note-111">[f]</a></td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a> </td> <td>7.6%</td> <td>3.2%</td> <td>1.0%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other race </td> <td>5.3%</td> <td>3.1%</td> <td>2.8%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>n/a </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1810_United_States_census" title="1810 United States census">1810 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,508</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_census" title="1820 United States census">1820 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,095</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+38.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1830_United_States_census" title="1830 United States census">1830 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,668</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+313.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census">1840 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">18,213</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+110.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">42,261</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+132.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">81,129</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+92.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">117,714</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+45.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">155,134</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+31.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">255,664</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+64.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">352,387</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+37.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">423,715</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">506,775</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+19.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">573,076</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">575,901</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">580,132</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">532,759</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−8.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">462,768</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−13.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">357,870</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−22.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">328,123</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−8.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">292,648</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−10.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">261,310</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−10.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">278,349</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.5%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census">United States Census</a> records and <a href="/wiki/Population_Estimates_Program" title="Population Estimates Program">Population Estimates Program</a> data.<a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Buffalo_(5559869161)_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Buffalo_%285559869161%29_%28cropped%29.png/220px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Buffalo_%285559869161%29_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Buffalo_%285559869161%29_%28cropped%29.png/330px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Buffalo_%285559869161%29_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Buffalo_%285559869161%29_%28cropped%29.png/440px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Buffalo_%285559869161%29_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption>Racial distribution in Buffalo in 2010: Each dot represents 25 residents. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>⬤ White <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Black <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Asian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Hispanic <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Other</figcaption></figure> Several hundred Seneca, Tuscarora and other Iroquois tribal peoples were the primary residents of the Buffalo area before 1800, concentrated along Buffalo Creek.<a href="#cite_note-Iroquois-113">[107]</a> After the Revolutionary War, settlers from New England and eastern New York began to move into the area. From the 1830s to the 1850s, they were joined by Irish and German immigrants from Europe, both peasants and working class, who settled in enclaves on the city's south and east sides.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman1983_72-97-44">[41]</a> At the turn of the 20th century, Polish immigrants replaced Germans on the East Side, who moved to newer housing; Italian immigrant families settled throughout the city, primarily on the lower West Side.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman1983_176-195-82">[79]</a> During the 1830s, Buffalo residents were generally intolerant of the small groups of <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black Americans</a> who began settling on the city's East Side.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman1983_72-97-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[g]</a> In the 20th century, wartime and manufacturing jobs attracted <a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_in_the_American_South" title="Black Belt in the American South">Black Americans from the South</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second Great Migrations</a>. In the World War II and postwar years from 1940 to 1970, the city's Black population rose by 433 percent. They replaced most of the Polish community on the East Side, who were moving out to suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-115">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-PPGSegregation-116">[109]</a> However, the effects of <a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">redlining</a>, steering,<a href="#cite_note-Goldman1983_267-291-117">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">social inequality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blockbusting" title="Blockbusting">blockbusting</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">white flight</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldman1983_267-291-117">[110]</a> and other racial policies resulted in the city (and region) becoming one of the most <a href="/wiki/Residential_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Residential segregation in the United States">segregated</a> in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-PPGSegregation-116">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[112]</a> During the 1940s and 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a> migrants arrived en masse, also seeking industrial jobs, settling on the East Side and moving westward.<a href="#cite_note-120">[113]</a> In the 21st century, Buffalo is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Majority_minority" title="Majority minority">majority minority city</a>, with a plurality of residents who are Black and Latino. Buffalo has experienced effects of <a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">urban decay</a> since the 1970s, and also saw population loss to the suburbs and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Belt" title="Sun Belt">Sun Belt</a> states, and experienced job losses from deindustrialization.<a href="#cite_note-121">[114]</a> The city's population peaked at 580,132 in 1950, when Buffalo was the 15th-largest city in the United States – down from the eighth-largest city in 1900, after its growth rate slowed during the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman1983_196-223-52">[49]</a> Buffalo finally saw a population gain of 6.5% in the 2020 census, reversing a decades long trend of population decline. The city has 278,349 residents as of the 2020 census, making it the 76th-largest city in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-USCensusEst2020-10">[10]</a> Its metropolitan area had 1.1 million residents in 2020, the country's 49th-largest.<a href="#cite_note-PopEstCBSA-6">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic_Origins_in_Buffalo,_NY.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ethnic_Origins_in_Buffalo%2C_NY.png/220px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Buffalo%2C_NY.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ethnic_Origins_in_Buffalo%2C_NY.png/331px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Buffalo%2C_NY.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ethnic_Origins_in_Buffalo%2C_NY.png/440px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Buffalo%2C_NY.png 2x" data-file-width="4686" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic origins in Buffalo</figcaption></figure> Compared to other major US metropolitan areas, the number of foreign-born immigrants to Buffalo is low. New immigrants are primarily resettled refugees (especially from war- or disaster-affected nations) and refugees who had previously settled in other U.S. cities.<a href="#cite_note-PPGRefugee1-122">[115]</a> During the early 2000s, most immigrants came from <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Americans" title="Canadian Americans">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Americans" title="Yemeni Americans">Yemen</a>; this shifted in the 2010s to <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burmese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karen_people" title="Karen people">Karen</a>) refugees and <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi people">Bangladeshi</a> immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-PPGRefugee1-122">[115]</a> Between 2008 and 2016, Burmese, <a href="/wiki/Somali_Americans" title="Somali Americans">Somali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Americans" title="Bhutanese Americans">Bhutanese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Americans" title="Iraqi Americans">Iraqi Americans</a> were the four largest ethnic immigrant groups in Erie County.<a href="#cite_note-PPGRefugee1-122">[115]</a> A 2008 report noted that although <a href="/wiki/Food_desert" title="Food desert">food deserts</a> were seen in larger cities and not in Buffalo, the city's neighborhoods of color have access only to smaller grocery stores and lack the supermarkets more typical of newer, white neighborhoods.<a href="#cite_note-PPGDesert-123">[116]</a> A 2018 report noted that over fifty city blocks on Buffalo's East Side lacked adequate access to a supermarket.<a href="#cite_note-PPGSegregation-116">[109]</a> Health disparities exist compared to the rest of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">the state</a>: Erie County's average 2019 lifespan was three years lower (78.4 years); its 17-percent <a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking in the United States">smoking</a> and 30-percent <a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">obesity</a> rates were slightly higher than the state average.<a href="#cite_note-124">[117]</a> According to the Partnership for the Public Good, educational achievement in the city is lower than in the surrounding area; city residents are almost twice as likely as adults in the metropolitan area to lack a high-school diploma.<a href="#cite_note-125">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Burned-over_district" title="Burned-over district">Burned-over district</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_Beth_Zion_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Temple_Beth_Zion_2.jpg/220px-Temple_Beth_Zion_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Temple_Beth_Zion_2.jpg/330px-Temple_Beth_Zion_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Temple_Beth_Zion_2.jpg/440px-Temple_Beth_Zion_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2154" data-file-height="1843" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Temple_Beth_Zion_(Buffalo,_New_York)" title="Temple Beth Zion (Buffalo, New York)">Temple Beth Zion</a></figcaption></figure> During the early 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Seneca_mission" title="Seneca mission">Presbyterian missionaries</a> tried to convert the <a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca people</a> on the Buffalo Creek Reservation to Christianity. Initially resistant, some tribal members set aside their traditions and practices to form their own sect.<a href="#cite_note-126">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Iroquois-113">[107]</a> Later, European immigrants added other faiths. Christianity is the predominant religion in Buffalo and Western New York. <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> (primarily the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>) has a significant presence in the region, with 161 <a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parishes</a> and over 570,000 adherents in the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Buffalo">Diocese of Buffalo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[120]</a> Major <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestant</a> denominations in the area include <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_United_States" title="Baptists in the United States">Baptist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pentecostals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostals">Pentecostals</a> are also significant, and approximately 20,000 persons are <a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">non-denominational</a> adherents.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>]<a href="#cite_note-128">[121]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish</a> community began developing in the city with immigrants from the mid-1800s; about one thousand <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jews">Lithuanian Jews</a> settled in Buffalo before 1880. Buffalo's first <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a>, Temple Beth El, was established in 1847.<a href="#cite_note-BuffaloJewish-129">[122]</a> The city's <a href="/wiki/Temple_Beth_Zion_(Buffalo,_New_York)" title="Temple Beth Zion (Buffalo, New York)">Temple Beth Zion</a> is the region's largest synagogue.<a href="#cite_note-130">[123]</a> With changing demographics and an increased number of refugees from other areas on the city's East Side,<a href="#cite_note-131">[124]</a> Islam and Buddhism have expanded their presence. In this area, new residents have converted empty churches into <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> and Buddhist temples.<a href="#cite_note-132">[125]</a> Hinduism maintains a small, active presence in the area, including the town of Amherst.<a href="#cite_note-133">[126]</a> A 2016 <a href="/wiki/American_Bible_Society" title="American Bible Society">American Bible Society</a> survey reported that Buffalo is the fifth-least "Bible-minded" city in the United States; 13 percent of its residents associate with the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="Economy of Buffalo, New York">Economy of Buffalo, New York</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left; font-size:90%; text-align:center; margin:1em;"> <caption>Top private-sector Buffalo area employers, 2020 Source: Invest Buffalo Niagara<a href="#cite_note-2020PrivateSector-135">[128]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>Employer</th> <th>Employees </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaleida_Health" title="Kaleida Health">Kaleida Health</a></td> <td>8,359 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Health" title="Catholic Health">Catholic Health</a></td> <td>7,623 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%26T_Bank" title="M&T Bank">M&T Bank</a></td> <td>7,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tops_Friendly_Markets" title="Tops Friendly Markets">Tops Friendly Markets</a></td> <td>5,374 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Nation_of_New_York" title="Seneca Nation of New York">Seneca Gaming Corp.</a></td> <td>3,402 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roswell_Park_Cancer_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Roswell Park Cancer Institute">Roswell Park Cancer Institute</a></td> <td>3,328 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/GEICO" title="GEICO">GEICO</a></td> <td>3,250 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wegmans" title="Wegmans">Wegmans</a></td> <td>3,102 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/HSBC_Bank_USA" title="HSBC Bank USA">HSBC Bank USA</a></td> <td>3,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tonawanda_Engine" title="Tonawanda Engine">General Motors</a></td> <td>2,981 </td></tr></tbody></table> The Erie Canal was the impetus for Buffalo's economic growth as a transshipment hub for grain and other agricultural products headed east from the Midwest. Later, manufacturing of steel and automotive parts became central to the city's economy.<a href="#cite_note-FedBankNY-136">[129]</a> When these industries downsized in the region, Buffalo's economy became service-based. Its primary sectors include health care, business services (banking, accounting, and insurance), retail, tourism and <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a>, especially with Canada.<a href="#cite_note-FedBankNY-136">[129]</a> Despite the loss of large-scale manufacturing, some manufacturing of metals, chemicals, machinery, food products, and electronics remains in the region.<a href="#cite_note-LMA2017-137">[130]</a> Advanced manufacturing has increased, with an emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> (R&D) and <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LMA2017-137">[130]</a> In 2019, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Economic_Analysis" title="Bureau of Economic Analysis">Bureau of Economic Analysis</a> valued the <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls MSA at $53 billion (~$62.3 billion in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-Buffalo-MSA-GDP-138">[131]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Civic_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic sector">civic sector</a> is a major source of employment in the Buffalo area, and includes public, non-profit, healthcare and educational institutions.<a href="#cite_note-PPGPublicSector-139">[132]</a> New York State, with over 19,000 employees, is the region's largest employer.<a href="#cite_note-PublicSector2020-140">[133]</a> In the private sector, top employers include the <a href="/wiki/Kaleida_Health" title="Kaleida Health">Kaleida Health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Health" title="Catholic Health">Catholic Health</a> <a href="/wiki/Hospital_network" title="Hospital network">hospital networks</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%26T_Bank" title="M&T Bank">M&T Bank</a>, the sole <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> company headquartered in the city.<a href="#cite_note-141">[134]</a> Most have been the top employers in the region for several decades.<a href="#cite_note-142">[135]</a> Buffalo is home to the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Rich_Products" title="Rich Products">Rich Products</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware_North" title="Delaware North">Delaware North</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Era_Cap_Company" title="New Era Cap Company">New Era Cap Company</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace</a> manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Moog_Inc." title="Moog Inc.">Moog Inc.</a> and toy maker <a href="/wiki/Fisher-Price" title="Fisher-Price">Fisher-Price</a> are based in nearby <a href="/wiki/East_Aurora" class="mw-redirect" title="East Aurora">East Aurora</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Fuel_Gas" title="National Fuel Gas">National Fuel Gas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Life_Storage" title="Life Storage">Life Storage</a> are headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Williamsville,_New_York" title="Williamsville, New York">Williamsville, New York</a>. Buffalo weathered the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> of 2006–09 well in comparison with other U.S. cities, exemplified by increased home prices during this time.<a href="#cite_note-FedNY2019-143">[136]</a> The region's economy began to improve in the early 2010s, adding over 25,000 jobs from 2009 to 2017.<a href="#cite_note-LMA2017-137">[130]</a> With <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Billion" title="Buffalo Billion">state aid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla, Inc.'s</a> <a href="/wiki/Giga_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Giga New York">Giga New York</a> plant opened in South Buffalo in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-144">[137]</a> The effects of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic in the United States</a>, however, increased the local unemployment rate to 7.5 percent by December 2020.<a href="#cite_note-145">[138]</a> The local unemployment rate had been 4.2 percent in 2019,<a href="#cite_note-146">[139]</a> higher than the national average of 3.5 percent.<a href="#cite_note-147">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts_and_music">Performing arts and music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Performing arts and music">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shea%E2%80%99s_Buffalo_Theater,_Main_Street,_Buffalo,_NY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Shea%E2%80%99s_Buffalo_Theater%2C_Main_Street%2C_Buffalo%2C_NY.jpg/220px-Shea%E2%80%99s_Buffalo_Theater%2C_Main_Street%2C_Buffalo%2C_NY.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Shea%E2%80%99s_Buffalo_Theater%2C_Main_Street%2C_Buffalo%2C_NY.jpg/330px-Shea%E2%80%99s_Buffalo_Theater%2C_Main_Street%2C_Buffalo%2C_NY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Shea%E2%80%99s_Buffalo_Theater%2C_Main_Street%2C_Buffalo%2C_NY.jpg/440px-Shea%E2%80%99s_Buffalo_Theater%2C_Main_Street%2C_Buffalo%2C_NY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3803" data-file-height="2852" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shea%27s_Performing_Arts_Center" title="Shea's Performing Arts Center">Shea's Performing Arts Center</a></figcaption></figure> Buffalo is home to over 20 theater companies, with many centered in the downtown <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Theatre_District" title="Buffalo Theatre District">Theatre District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VBATheater-148">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shea%27s_Performing_Arts_Center" title="Shea's Performing Arts Center">Shea's Performing Arts Center</a> is the city's largest theater. Designed by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Comfort_Tiffany" title="Louis Comfort Tiffany">Louis Comfort Tiffany</a> and built in 1926, the theater presents <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway musicals</a> and concerts.<a href="#cite_note-149">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_Delaware_Park" title="Shakespeare in Delaware Park">Shakespeare in Delaware Park</a> has been held outdoors every summer since 1976.<a href="#cite_note-150">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">Stand-up comedy</a> can be found throughout the city and is anchored by Helium Comedy Club, which hosts both local talent and national touring acts. The <a href="/wiki/Nickel_City_Opera" title="Nickel City Opera">Nickel City Opera</a> (known as <a href="/wiki/Nickel_City_Opera" title="Nickel City Opera">NC Opera Buffalo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nickel_City_Opera" title="Nickel City Opera">NCO</a>) is an American <a href="/wiki/Opera_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Opera company">opera company</a> based at <a href="/wiki/Shea%27s_Performing_Arts_Center" title="Shea's Performing Arts Center">Shea's Performing Arts Center</a> in Buffalo and is today one of the leading <a href="/wiki/Operas" class="mw-redirect" title="Operas">operas</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[144]</a> in the United States and, with more than 3,000 seats, one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Opera_house" title="Opera house">opera houses</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-152">[145]</a> Founded in 2004 by <a href="/wiki/Valerian_Ruminski" title="Valerian Ruminski">Valerian Ruminski</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nickel_City_Opera" title="Nickel City Opera">Nickel City Opera</a> has commissioned operas, and has staged world premieres of notable works.<a href="#cite_note-153">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[147]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthias_Manasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthias Manasi (page does not exist)">Matthias Manasi</a> was music director and chief conductor of <a href="/wiki/Nickel_City_Opera" title="Nickel City Opera">NCO</a> from 2017 to 2021,<a href="#cite_note-155">[148]</a> his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ching" title="Michael Ching">Michael Ching</a> was music director and chief conductor of <a href="/wiki/Nickel_City_Opera" title="Nickel City Opera">NCO</a> from 2012 to 2017.<a href="#cite_note-156">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[150]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nickel_City_Opera" title="Nickel City Opera">NCO</a> collaborates with the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra">Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, producing a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Operas" class="mw-redirect" title="Operas">operas</a>, from 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> and 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Bel_canto" title="Bel canto">Bel canto</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">Minimalism</a> of the 20th century and to contemporary operas of the 20th and 21st centuries. <a href="#cite_note-158">[151]</a> These <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">operas</a> are presented in staged productions that range in style from those with elaborate traditional decors to others that feature modern conceptual designs. The <a href="/wiki/Nickel_City_Opera" title="Nickel City Opera">NCO</a> is based at the 3,019-seat <a href="/wiki/Shea%27s_Performing_Arts_Center" title="Shea's Performing Arts Center">Shea's Performing Arts Center</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Theatre_District" title="Buffalo Theatre District">Buffalo Theatre District</a> of downtown Buffalo.<a href="#cite_note-159">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shea%27s_Performing_Arts_Center" title="Shea's Performing Arts Center">Shea's Performing Arts Center</a> was designed by the well-known <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> firm <a href="/wiki/Rapp_and_Rapp" title="Rapp and Rapp">Rapp and Rapp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[153]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Opera_house" title="Opera house">opera house</a> was modeled in the <a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">style</a> of European operahouses and decorated in a combination of French and Spanish Baroque and Rococo styles.<a href="#cite_note-161">[154]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">interior design</a> was designed by the world-renowned <a href="/wiki/Designer" title="Designer">designer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">artist</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Comfort_Tiffany" title="Louis Comfort Tiffany">Louis Comfort Tiffany</a>, and many of its elements are still there today.<a href="#cite_note-162">[155]</a> Originally there were nearly 4,000 seats, but in the <a href="/wiki/1930s" title="1930s">1930s</a> the number of seats was reduced to the current number of 3,019 seats last but not least to increase the place for the orchestra by increasing the size of the <a href="/wiki/Orchestra_pit" title="Orchestra pit">orchestra pit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[156]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nickel_City_Opera" title="Nickel City Opera">NCO</a> also performs at the <a href="/wiki/Riviera_Theatre_(North_Tonawanda,_New_York)" title="Riviera Theatre (North Tonawanda, New York)">Riviera Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Tonawanda,_New_York" title="North Tonawanda, New York">North Tonawanda</a>, at the Nichols Flickinger Performing Arts Center in Buffalo, at the Artpark Mainstage Theatre and the Artpark Amphitheatre at the <a href="/wiki/Earl_W._Brydges_Artpark_State_Park" title="Earl W. Brydges Artpark State Park">Earl W. Brydges Artpark State Park</a> located on the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Gorge" title="Niagara Gorge">Niagara Gorge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lewiston_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewiston (town), New York">Lewiston</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kleinhans_buffalo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Kleinhans_buffalo.jpg/220px-Kleinhans_buffalo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Kleinhans_buffalo.jpg/330px-Kleinhans_buffalo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Kleinhans_buffalo.jpg/440px-Kleinhans_buffalo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kleinhans_Music_Hall" title="Kleinhans Music Hall">Kleinhans Music Hall</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra">Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra</a> was formed in 1935 and performs at <a href="/wiki/Kleinhans_Music_Hall" title="Kleinhans Music Hall">Kleinhans Music Hall</a>, whose acoustics have been praised.<a href="#cite_note-164">[157]</a> Although the orchestra nearly disbanded during the late 1990s due to a lack of funding, philanthropic contributions and state aid stabilized it.<a href="#cite_note-165">[158]</a> Under the direction of <a href="/wiki/JoAnn_Falletta" title="JoAnn Falletta">JoAnn Falletta</a>, the orchestra has received a number of <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Awards" title="Grammy Awards">Grammy Award</a> nominations and won the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Contemporary_Classical_Composition#2000s" title="Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Classical Composition">Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Classical Composition</a> in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-166">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/KeyBank_Center" title="KeyBank Center">KeyBank Center</a> draws national music acts year-round. <a href="/wiki/Sahlen_Field" title="Sahlen Field">Sahlen Field</a> hosts the annual <a href="/wiki/WYRK" title="WYRK">WYRK</a> Taste of Country music festival every summer with national <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a> acts. <a href="/wiki/Canalside" title="Canalside">Canalside</a> regularly hosts outdoor summer concerts, a tradition that spun off from the defunct <a href="/wiki/Thursday_at_the_Square" title="Thursday at the Square">Thursday at the Square</a> concert series.<a href="#cite_note-167">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smycznski2018_31-84-168">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Colored_Musicians_Club" title="Colored Musicians Club">Colored Musicians Club</a>, an extension of what was a separate musicians'-union chapter, maintains jazz history.<a href="#cite_note-169">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rick_James" title="Rick James">Rick James</a> was born and raised in Buffalo and later lived on a ranch in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Erie_County,_New_York" title="Aurora, Erie County, New York">Town of Aurora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[163]</a> James formed his Stone City Band in Buffalo, and had national appeal with several <a href="/wiki/Crossover_music" title="Crossover music">crossover singles</a> in the <a href="/wiki/R%26B" class="mw-redirect" title="R&B">R&B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a> genres in the late 1970s and early 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-171">[164]</a> Around the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">jazz fusion</a> band <a href="/wiki/Spyro_Gyra" title="Spyro Gyra">Spyro Gyra</a> and jazz <a href="/wiki/Saxophonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxophonist">saxophonist</a> <a href="/wiki/Grover_Washington_Jr." title="Grover Washington Jr.">Grover Washington Jr.</a> also got their start in the city.<a href="#cite_note-172">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[166]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Goo_Goo_Dolls" title="Goo Goo Dolls">Goo Goo Dolls</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a> group which formed in 1986, had 19 top-ten singles. Singer-songwriter and activist <a href="/wiki/Ani_DiFranco" title="Ani DiFranco">Ani DiFranco</a> has released over 20 folk and <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a> albums on <a href="/wiki/Righteous_Babe_Records" title="Righteous Babe Records">Righteous Babe Records</a>, her Buffalo-based label.<a href="#cite_note-174">[167]</a> Underground hip-hop acts in the city partner with Buffalo-based <a href="/wiki/Griselda_Records" title="Griselda Records">Griselda Records</a>, whose artists include <a href="/wiki/Westside_Gunn" title="Westside Gunn">Westside Gunn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conway_the_Machine" title="Conway the Machine">Conway the Machine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benny_the_Butcher" title="Benny the Butcher">Benny the Butcher</a>, who all occasionally refer to Buffalo culture in their lyrics.<a href="#cite_note-175">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffalo_-_Wings_at_Airport_Anchor_Bar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Buffalo wings and celery, with a blue-cheese dip" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buffalo_-_Wings_at_Airport_Anchor_Bar.jpg/220px-Buffalo_-_Wings_at_Airport_Anchor_Bar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buffalo_-_Wings_at_Airport_Anchor_Bar.jpg/330px-Buffalo_-_Wings_at_Airport_Anchor_Bar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buffalo_-_Wings_at_Airport_Anchor_Bar.jpg/440px-Buffalo_-_Wings_at_Airport_Anchor_Bar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Buffalo wings with <a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a> and blue cheese</figcaption></figure> The city's cuisine encompasses a variety of cultures and ethnicities. In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a> ranked Buffalo third on its "World's Top Ten Food Cities" list.<a href="#cite_note-176">[169]</a> Teressa Bellissimo first prepared <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_wing" title="Buffalo wing">Buffalo wings</a> (seasoned chicken wings) at the <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bar" title="Anchor Bar">Anchor Bar</a> in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-177">[170]</a> The Anchor Bar has a crosstown rivalry with <a href="/wiki/Duff%27s_Famous_Wings" title="Duff's Famous Wings">Duff's Famous Wings</a>, but Buffalo wings are served at many bars and restaurants throughout the city (some with unique cooking styles and flavor profiles).<a href="#cite_note-178">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bovino2018_19-108-179">[172]</a> Buffalo wings are traditionally served with <a href="/wiki/Blue_cheese_dressing" title="Blue cheese dressing">blue cheese dressing</a> and celery.<a href="#cite_note-Bovino2018_19-108-179">[172]</a> In 2003, the Anchor Bar received a <a href="/wiki/James_Beard_Foundation_Award" title="James Beard Foundation Award">James Beard Foundation Award</a> in the America's Classics category.<a href="#cite_note-180">[173]</a> The Buffalo area has over 600 pizzerias, estimated at more per capita than New York City.<a href="#cite_note-Bovino2018_109-111-181">[174]</a> Several <a href="/wiki/Craft_brewery_and_microbrewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Craft brewery and microbrewery">craft breweries</a> began opening in the 1990s, and the city's <a href="/wiki/Last_call_(bar_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Last call (bar term)">last call</a> is 4 am.<a href="#cite_note-Bovino2018_303-330-182">[175]</a> Other mainstays of Buffalo cuisine include <a href="/wiki/Beef_on_weck" title="Beef on weck">beef on weck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butter_lamb" title="Butter lamb">butter lambs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-DyngusBroadwayMarket-183">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kielbasa" title="Kielbasa">kielbasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">pierogi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sponge_candy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sponge candy">sponge candy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-184">[177]</a> chicken finger subs (including the stinger - a version that also includes steak), and the <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">fish fry</a> (popular any time of year, but especially during <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Bovino2018_197-202-185">[178]</a> With an influx of refugees and other immigrants to Buffalo, its number of ethnic restaurants (including the West Side Bazaar <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_incubator" title="Kitchen incubator">kitchen incubator</a>) has increased.<a href="#cite_note-186">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bovino2018_273-302-187">[180]</a> Some restaurants use <a href="/wiki/Food_truck" title="Food truck">food trucks</a> to serve customers, and nearly fifty food trucks appeared at Larkin Square in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-188">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bovino2018_273-302-187">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_and_tourism">Museums and tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Museums and tourism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Buffalo,_New_York" title="List of festivals in Buffalo, New York">List of festivals in Buffalo, New York</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albright-Knox_Art_Gallery_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Albright-Knox_Art_Gallery_2.jpg/220px-Albright-Knox_Art_Gallery_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Albright-Knox_Art_Gallery_2.jpg/330px-Albright-Knox_Art_Gallery_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Albright-Knox_Art_Gallery_2.jpg/440px-Albright-Knox_Art_Gallery_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The Albright–Knox Art Gallery, seen from Hoyt Lake in <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Park%E2%80%93Front_Park_System" title="Delaware Park–Front Park System">Delaware Park</a></figcaption></figure> Buffalo was ranked the seventh-best city in the United States to visit in 2021 by <a href="/wiki/Travel_%2B_Leisure" title="Travel + Leisure">Travel + Leisure</a>, which noted the growth and potential of the city's cultural institutions.<a href="#cite_note-189">[182]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Albright%E2%80%93Knox_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Albright–Knox Art Gallery">Albright–Knox Art Gallery</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">modern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">contemporary art</a> museum with a collection of more than 8,000 works, of which only two percent are on display.<a href="#cite_note-190">[183]</a> With a donation from <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Gundlach" title="Jeffrey Gundlach">Jeffrey Gundlach</a>, a three-story addition designed by the Dutch architectural firm <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Metropolitan_Architecture" title="Office for Metropolitan Architecture">OMA</a> opened June 2023 .<a href="#cite_note-191">[184]</a> Across the street, the <a href="/wiki/Burchfield_Penney_Art_Center" title="Burchfield Penney Art Center">Burchfield Penney Art Center</a> contains paintings by <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Burchfield" title="Charles E. Burchfield">Charles E. Burchfield</a> and is operated by <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo State College">Buffalo State College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[185]</a> Buffalo is home to the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Wall" title="Freedom Wall">Freedom Wall</a>, a 2017 art installation commemorating civil-rights activists throughout history.<a href="#cite_note-193">[186]</a> Near both museums is the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_History_Museum" title="Buffalo History Museum">Buffalo History Museum</a>, featuring artwork, literature and exhibits related to the city's history and major events, and the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Museum_of_Science" title="Buffalo Museum of Science">Buffalo Museum of Science</a> is on the city's East Side.<a href="#cite_note-194">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canalside" title="Canalside">Canalside</a>, Buffalo's historic business district and harbor, attracts more than 1.5 million visitors annually.<a href="#cite_note-196">[189]</a> It includes the <a href="/wiki/Explore_%26_More_Children%27s_Museum" title="Explore & More Children's Museum">Explore & More Children's Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_and_Erie_County_Naval_%26_Military_Park" title="Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park">Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/LECOM_Harborcenter" title="LECOM Harborcenter">LECOM Harborcenter</a>, and a number of shops and restaurants. A restored 1924 carousel (now solar-powered) and a replica boathouse were added to Canalside in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-197">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[191]</a> Other city attractions include the Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site, the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Street_Baptist_Church" title="Michigan Street Baptist Church">Michigan Street Baptist Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_RiverWorks" title="Buffalo RiverWorks">Buffalo RiverWorks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seneca_Buffalo_Creek_Casino" title="Seneca Buffalo Creek Casino">Seneca Buffalo Creek Casino</a>, Buffalo Transportation Pierce-Arrow Museum, and the <a href="/wiki/Rev._J._Edward_Nash_Sr._House" title="Rev. J. Edward Nash Sr. House">Nash House Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smycznski2018_31-84-168">[161]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Buffalo_Wing_Festival" title="National Buffalo Wing Festival">National Buffalo Wing Festival</a> is held every <a href="/wiki/Labor_Day" title="Labor Day">Labor Day</a> at <a href="/wiki/Highmark_Stadium_(New_York)" title="Highmark Stadium (New York)">Highmark Stadium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[192]</a> Since 2002, it has served over 4.8 million Buffalo wings and has had a total attendance of 865,000.<a href="#cite_note-200">[193]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Taste_of_Buffalo" title="Taste of Buffalo">Taste of Buffalo</a> is a two-day food festival held in July at Niagara Square, attracting 450,000 visitors annually.<a href="#cite_note-201">[194]</a> Other events include the <a href="/wiki/Allentown_Art_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Allentown Art Festival">Allentown Art Festival</a>, the Polish-American <a href="/wiki/Dyngus_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyngus Day">Dyngus Day</a>, the Elmwood Avenue Festival of the Arts, <a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Park" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Park">Martin Luther King Jr. Park</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Largest_Disco" title="World's Largest Disco">World's Largest Disco</a> in October and <a href="/wiki/Friendship_Festival" title="Friendship Festival">Friendship Festival</a> in summer, which celebrates Canada-US relations.<a href="#cite_note-Smycznski2018_31-84-168">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Buffalo" title="Sports in Buffalo">Sports in Buffalo</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Professional sports teams in Buffalo </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Team</th> <th>Sport</th> <th>League</th> <th>Founded</th> <th>Venue (capacity)</th> <th>Championships </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bills" title="Buffalo Bills">Buffalo Bills</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a></td> <td>1959</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Highmark_Stadium_(New_York)" title="Highmark Stadium (New York)">Highmark Stadium</a> (71,608)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1964_American_Football_League_Championship_Game" title="1964 American Football League Championship Game">1964</a> and <a href="/wiki/1965_American_Football_League_Championship_Game" title="1965 American Football League Championship Game">1965</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[h]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bisons" title="Buffalo Bisons">Buffalo Bisons</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/International_League" title="International League">IL</a></td> <td>1979</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sahlen_Field" title="Sahlen Field">Sahlen Field</a> (16,600)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Association_(1902%E2%80%931997)_champions" title="List of American Association (1902–1997) champions">1997</a>, <a href="/wiki/1998_International_League_season" title="1998 International League season">1998</a>, <a href="/wiki/2004_International_League_season" title="2004 International League season">2004</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_eXtreme" title="Buffalo eXtreme">Buffalo eXtreme</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Basketball_Association_(2000%E2%80%93present)" title="American Basketball Association (2000–present)">ABA</a></td> <td>2023</td> <td>XGen Elite Sports Complex</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Sabres" title="Buffalo Sabres">Buffalo Sabres</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">NHL</a></td> <td>1970</td> <td><a href="/wiki/KeyBank_Center" title="KeyBank Center">KeyBank Center</a> (19,070)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bandits" title="Buffalo Bandits">Buffalo Bandits</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">Lacrosse</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Lacrosse_League" title="National Lacrosse League">NLL</a></td> <td>1992</td> <td><a href="/wiki/KeyBank_Center" title="KeyBank Center">KeyBank Center</a> (19,070)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1992_Major_Indoor_Lacrosse_League_season" title="1992 Major Indoor Lacrosse League season">1992</a>, <a href="/wiki/1993_Major_Indoor_Lacrosse_League_season" title="1993 Major Indoor Lacrosse League season">1993</a>, <a href="/wiki/1996_Major_Indoor_Lacrosse_League_season" title="1996 Major Indoor Lacrosse League season">1996</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008_NLL_season" title="2008 NLL season">2008</a>, <a href="/wiki/2023_NLL_season" title="2023 NLL season">2023</a>, <a href="/wiki/2024_NLL_season" title="2024 NLL season">2024</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FC_Buffalo" title="FC Buffalo">FC Buffalo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Soccer</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/USL_League_Two" title="USL League Two">USL League Two</a></td> <td>2009</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Williamsville_South_High_School" title="Williamsville South High School">Williamsville South High School</a> (2,700)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FC_Buffalo_(UWS)" class="mw-redirect" title="FC Buffalo (UWS)">FC Buffalo Women</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Soccer</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Women%27s_Soccer" title="United Women's Soccer">UWS</a></td> <td>2021</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Williamsville_South_High_School" title="Williamsville South High School">Williamsville South High School</a> (2,700)</td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> Buffalo has two major professional sports teams: the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Sabres" title="Buffalo Sabres">Buffalo Sabres</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bills" title="Buffalo Bills">Buffalo Bills</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a>). The Bills were a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Football_League" title="American Football League">American Football League</a> in 1960, and have played at <a href="/wiki/Highmark_Stadium_(New_York)" title="Highmark Stadium (New York)">Highmark Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Orchard_Park,_New_York" title="Orchard Park, New York">Orchard Park</a> since they moved from <a href="/wiki/War_Memorial_Stadium_(Buffalo,_New_York)" title="War Memorial Stadium (Buffalo, New York)">War Memorial Stadium</a> in 1973. They are the only NFL team based in New York State.<a href="#cite_note-203">[i]</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a> era, the Bills won the <a href="/wiki/American_Football_League_playoffs" title="American Football League playoffs">American Football League Championship</a> in 1964 and 1965. With mixed success throughout their history, the Bills had a <a href="/wiki/Wide_Right_(Buffalo_Bills)" title="Wide Right (Buffalo Bills)">close loss</a> in Super Bowl XXV and returned to consecutive Super Bowls after the 1991, 1992, and 1993 seasons (losing each time).<a href="#cite_note-204">[195]</a> The Sabres, an <a href="/wiki/Expansion_team" title="Expansion team">expansion team</a> in 1970, share <a href="/wiki/KeyBank_Center" title="KeyBank Center">KeyBank Center</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bandits" title="Buffalo Bandits">Buffalo Bandits</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Lacrosse_League" title="National Lacrosse League">National Lacrosse League</a>. The Bandits are the most decorated of the city's professional teams, with six championships.<a href="#cite_note-205">[196]</a> The Bills, Sabres and Bandits are owned by <a href="/wiki/Pegula_Sports_and_Entertainment" title="Pegula Sports and Entertainment">Pegula Sports and Entertainment</a>. Several colleges and universities in the area field intercollegiate sports teams; the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bulls" title="Buffalo Bulls">Buffalo Bulls</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Canisius_Golden_Griffins" title="Canisius Golden Griffins">Canisius Golden Griffins</a> compete in <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">NCAA Division I</a>. The Bulls have 16 varsity sports in the <a href="/wiki/Mid-American_Conference" title="Mid-American Conference">Mid-American Conference</a> (MAC);<a href="#cite_note-206">[197]</a> the Golden Griffins field 15 teams in the <a href="/wiki/Metro_Atlantic_Athletic_Conference" title="Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference">Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference</a> (MAAC), with the men's hockey team part of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Hockey" title="Atlantic Hockey">Atlantic Hockey Association</a> (AHA).<a href="#cite_note-207">[198]</a> The Bulls participate in the <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Bowl_Subdivision" title="NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision">Football Bowl Subdivision</a>, the highest level of college football. Buffalo's minor-league teams include the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bisons" title="Buffalo Bisons">Buffalo Bisons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Triple-A_(baseball)" title="Triple-A (baseball)">Triple-A baseball</a>), who play at <a href="/wiki/Sahlen_Field" title="Sahlen Field">Sahlen Field</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_eXtreme" title="Buffalo eXtreme">Buffalo eXtreme</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Basketball_Association_(2000%E2%80%93present)" title="American Basketball Association (2000–present)">American Basketball Association</a>), who play at XGen Elite Sports Complex in <a href="/wiki/West_Seneca,_New_York" title="West Seneca, New York">West Seneca</a>. <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:628px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_Yankees_@_Toronto_Blue_Jays,_Sahlen_Field,_Buffalo,_New_York_-_20210617_-_02_-_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sahlen Field, home of the Buffalo Bisons since 1988"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/New_York_Yankees_%40_Toronto_Blue_Jays%2C_Sahlen_Field%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20210617_-_02_-_panorama.jpg/620px-New_York_Yankees_%40_Toronto_Blue_Jays%2C_Sahlen_Field%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20210617_-_02_-_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="620" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/New_York_Yankees_%40_Toronto_Blue_Jays%2C_Sahlen_Field%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20210617_-_02_-_panorama.jpg/930px-New_York_Yankees_%40_Toronto_Blue_Jays%2C_Sahlen_Field%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20210617_-_02_-_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/New_York_Yankees_%40_Toronto_Blue_Jays%2C_Sahlen_Field%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20210617_-_02_-_panorama.jpg/1240px-New_York_Yankees_%40_Toronto_Blue_Jays%2C_Sahlen_Field%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20210617_-_02_-_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8358" data-file-height="2405" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_Yankees_@_Toronto_Blue_Jays,_Sahlen_Field,_Buffalo,_New_York_-_20210617_-_02_-_panorama.jpg" title="File:New York Yankees @ Toronto Blue Jays, Sahlen Field, Buffalo, New York - 20210617 - 02 - panorama.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Sahlen_Field" title="Sahlen Field">Sahlen Field</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bisons" title="Buffalo Bisons">Buffalo Bisons</a> since 1988</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parks_and_recreation">Parks and recreation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Parks and recreation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parks_and_recreation_in_Buffalo,_New_York" title="Parks and recreation in Buffalo, New York">Parks and recreation in Buffalo, New York</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TifftNaturePreserve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Boardwalk through a marsh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/TifftNaturePreserve.jpg/220px-TifftNaturePreserve.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/TifftNaturePreserve.jpg/330px-TifftNaturePreserve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/TifftNaturePreserve.jpg/440px-TifftNaturePreserve.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4692" data-file-height="3136" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tifft_Nature_Preserve" title="Tifft Nature Preserve">Tifft Nature Preserve</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted" title="Frederick Law Olmsted">Frederick Law Olmsted</a> described Buffalo as being "the best planned city [...] in the United States, if not the world".<a href="#cite_note-OldestParks-208">[199]</a> With encouragement from city stakeholders, he and <a href="/wiki/Calvert_Vaux" title="Calvert Vaux">Calvert Vaux</a> augmented the city's grid plan by <a href="/wiki/Haussmann%27s_renovation_of_Paris" title="Haussmann's renovation of Paris">drawing inspiration from Paris</a> and introducing <a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">landscape architecture</a> with aspects of the countryside.<a href="#cite_note-Olmsted-209">[200]</a> Their plan would introduce <a href="/wiki/Park_system" title="Park system">a system</a> of interconnected parks, <a href="/wiki/Parkway" title="Parkway">parkways</a> and trails, unlike the singular <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Olmsted-209">[200]</a> The largest would be <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Park%E2%80%93Front_Park_System" title="Delaware Park–Front Park System">Delaware Park</a>, across <a href="/wiki/Forest_Lawn_Cemetery_(Buffalo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo)">Forest Lawn Cemetery</a> to amplify the amount of open space.<a href="#cite_note-Olmsted-209">[200]</a> With construction of the system finishing in 1876, it is regarded as the country's oldest; however, some of Olmsted's plans were never fully realized.<a href="#cite_note-OldestParks-208">[199]</a> Some parks later diminished and succumbed to diseases, highway construction, and weather events such as Lake Storm Aphid in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-Arborgeddon-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olmsted-209">[200]</a> The non-profit Buffalo Olmsted Park Conservancy was created in 2004 to help preserve the 850 acres (340 ha) of parkland.<a href="#cite_note-210">[201]</a> Olmsted's work in Buffalo inspired similar efforts in cities such as San Francisco, Chicago, and Boston.<a href="#cite_note-Olmsted-209">[200]</a> The city's Division of Parks and Recreation manages over 180 parks and facilities, seven recreational centers, twenty-one pools and <a href="/wiki/Splash_pad" title="Splash pad">splash pads</a>, and three ice rinks.<a href="#cite_note-211">[202]</a> The 350-acre (140 ha) Delaware Park features the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Zoo" title="Buffalo Zoo">Buffalo Zoo</a>, Hoyt Lake, a golf course, and playing fields. Buffalo collaborated with its sister city <a href="/wiki/Kanazawa" title="Kanazawa">Kanazawa</a> to create the park's Japanese Garden in 1970, where <a href="/wiki/Cherry_blossom" title="Cherry blossom">cherry blossoms</a> bloom in the spring.<a href="#cite_note-212">[203]</a> Opening in 1976, <a href="/wiki/Tifft_Nature_Preserve" title="Tifft Nature Preserve">Tifft Nature Preserve</a> in South Buffalo is on 264 acres (107 ha) of remediated industrial land. The preserve is an <a href="/wiki/Important_Bird_Area" title="Important Bird Area">Important Bird Area</a>, including a meadow with trails for hiking and <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing" title="Cross-country skiing">cross-country skiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshland</a> and fishing.<a href="#cite_note-213">[204]</a> The Olmsted-designed <a href="/wiki/Cazenovia_Park%E2%80%93South_Park_System" title="Cazenovia Park–South Park System">Cazenovia and South Parks</a>, the latter home to the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_and_Erie_County_Botanical_Gardens" title="Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens">Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens</a>, are also in South Buffalo.<a href="#cite_note-214">[205]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Trust_for_Public_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="The Trust for Public Land">the Trust for Public Land</a>, Buffalo's 2022 ParkScore ranking had high marks for access to parks, with 89 percent of city residents living within a ten-minute walk from a park. The city ranked lower in acreage, however; nine percent of city land is devoted to parks, compared with the national median of about fifteen percent.<a href="#cite_note-215">[206]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canalside_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Canalside_2.jpg/220px-Canalside_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Canalside_2.jpg/330px-Canalside_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Canalside_2.jpg/440px-Canalside_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Looking down <a href="/wiki/Canalside" title="Canalside">Canalside</a>'s Central Wharf</figcaption></figure> Efforts to convert Buffalo's former industrial waterfront into recreational space have attracted national attention, with some writers comparing its appeal to that of Niagara Falls.<a href="#cite_note-Lubin-216">[207]</a> Redevelopment of the waterfront began in the early 2000s, with the reconstruction of historically aligned canals on the site of the former <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Memorial_Auditorium" title="Buffalo Memorial Auditorium">Buffalo Memorial Auditorium</a>. <a href="/wiki/Placemaking" title="Placemaking">Placemaking</a> initiatives would lead to the area's popularity, rather than permanent buildings and attractions.<a href="#cite_note-PPGCanalside-217">[208]</a> Under Mayor <a href="/wiki/Byron_Brown" title="Byron Brown">Byron Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canalside" title="Canalside">Canalside</a> was cited by the Brookings Institution as an example of waterfront revitalization for other U.S. cities to follow.<a href="#cite_note-218">[209]</a> Summer events have included <a href="/wiki/Pedalo" title="Pedalo">paddle-boating</a> and fitness classes, and the frozen canals permit <a href="/wiki/Ice_skating" title="Ice skating">ice skating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">curling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ice_cycle" title="Ice cycle">ice cycling</a> in winter.<a href="#cite_note-Lubin-216">[207]</a> Its success spurred the state to create <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Harbor_State_Park" title="Buffalo Harbor State Park">Buffalo Harbor State Park</a> in 2014; the park has trails, open recreation areas, bicycle paths and piers.<a href="#cite_note-OuterHarbor-219">[210]</a> The park's Gallagher Beach, the city's only public beach, has prohibited swimming due to high bacteria levels and other environmental concerns.<a href="#cite_note-220">[211]</a> The Shoreline Trail passes through Buffalo near the Outer Harbor, Centennial Park, and the Black Rock Canal.<a href="#cite_note-221">[212]</a> The North Buffalo–<a href="/wiki/Tonawanda_(town),_New_York" title="Tonawanda (town), New York">Tonawanda</a> <a href="/wiki/Rail_trail" title="Rail trail">rail trail</a> begins in Shoshone Park, near the <a href="/wiki/LaSalle_station_(Buffalo_Metro_Rail)" title="LaSalle station (Buffalo Metro Rail)">LaSalle metro station</a> in North Buffalo.<a href="#cite_note-222">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_and_government_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="Politics and government of Buffalo, New York">Politics and government of Buffalo, New York</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="List of mayors of Buffalo, New York">List of mayors of Buffalo, New York</a>; <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Police_Department" title="Buffalo Police Department">Buffalo Police Department</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Fire_Department" title="Buffalo Fire Department">Buffalo Fire Department</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffalo_City_Hall,_Interior,_thirteenth_floor,_council_chamber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buffalo_City_Hall%2C_Interior%2C_thirteenth_floor%2C_council_chamber.jpg/220px-Buffalo_City_Hall%2C_Interior%2C_thirteenth_floor%2C_council_chamber.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buffalo_City_Hall%2C_Interior%2C_thirteenth_floor%2C_council_chamber.jpg/330px-Buffalo_City_Hall%2C_Interior%2C_thirteenth_floor%2C_council_chamber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buffalo_City_Hall%2C_Interior%2C_thirteenth_floor%2C_council_chamber.jpg/440px-Buffalo_City_Hall%2C_Interior%2C_thirteenth_floor%2C_council_chamber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4476" data-file-height="3535" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Common_Council" title="Buffalo Common Council">Common Council</a> Chamber, <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_City_Hall" title="Buffalo City Hall">Buffalo City Hall</a></figcaption></figure> Buffalo has a <a href="/wiki/Strong_Mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong Mayor">Strong mayor–council government</a>. As the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">chief executive</a> of city government, the mayor oversees the heads of the city's departments, participates in ceremonies, boards and commissions, and is as the liaison between the city and local cultural institutions.<a href="#cite_note-223">[214]</a> Some agencies, including utilities, urban renewal and <a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">public housing</a>, are state- and federally-funded <a href="/wiki/New_York_state_public-benefit_corporations" title="New York state public-benefit corporations">public benefit-corporations</a> semi-independent of city government.<a href="#cite_note-224">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Scanlon" title="Christopher Scanlon">Christopher Scanlon</a> has served as acting mayor since 2024, following the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Byron_Brown" title="Byron Brown">Byron Brown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-x172-225">[216]</a> No Republican has been mayor of Buffalo since <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Kowal" title="Chester A. Kowal">Chester A. Kowal</a> in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-226">[217]</a> With its nine districts, the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Common_Council" title="Buffalo Common Council">Buffalo Common Council</a> enacts laws, levies taxes, and approves mayoral appointees and the city budget.<a href="#cite_note-227">[218]</a> Bryan Bollman has been the Common Council president since 2024.<a href="#cite_note-c687-228">[219]</a> Generally reflecting the city's electorate, all nine councilmen are members of the Democratic Party. Buffalo is the <a href="/wiki/Erie_County,_New_York" title="Erie County, New York">Erie County</a> seat, and is within five of the county's eleven legislative districts.<a href="#cite_note-229">[220]</a> The city is part of the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_New_York_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of New York (state)">Eighth Judicial District</a>. Court cases handled at the city level include <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">misdemeanors</a>, violations, housing matters, and claims under $15,000; more severe cases are handled at the county level.<a href="#cite_note-230">[221]</a> Buffalo is represented by members of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Senate" title="New York State Senate">New York State Senate</a>. At the federal level, the city takes up most of <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_26th_congressional_district" title="New York's 26th congressional district">New York's 26th congressional district</a> and has been represented by Democrat <a href="/wiki/Tim_Kennedy_(politician)" title="Tim Kennedy (politician)">Tim Kennedy</a> since 2024. Federal offices in the city include the Buffalo District of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">United States Army Corps of Engineers'</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_and_Ohio_River_Division" title="Great Lakes and Ohio River Division">Great Lakes and Ohio River Division</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_FBI_field_offices#New_York" title="List of FBI field offices">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-231">[222]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_New_York" title="United States District Court for the Western District of New York">United States District Court for the Western District of New York</a>. In 2020, the city spent $519 million (~$602 million in 2023) on the effects of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_(state)" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state)">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[223]</a> The city in 2024 is hampered with a severe <a href="/wiki/Budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget deficit">budget deficit</a> attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Byron_Brown" title="Byron Brown">Byron Brown</a> administration.<a href="#cite_note-y062-233">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_safety">Public safety</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Public safety">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="white-space: nowrap; background-color:#660000;color:white;padding:.2em;">Buffalo, New York</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="white-space: nowrap; background-color:#CCCCCC;color:#000000;">Crime rates* (2019<a href="#cite_note-234">[225]</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="white-space: nowrap; background-color:#CCCCCC;color:#000000;">Violent crimes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></th><td class="infobox-data">47</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></th><td class="infobox-data">121</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></th><td class="infobox-data">802</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Aggravated_assault" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggravated assault">Aggravated assault</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,563</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Violent_crime" title="Violent crime">Total violent crime</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,533 <img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="white-space: nowrap; background-color:#CCCCCC;color:#000000;">Property crimes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Burglary" title="Burglary">Burglary</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,609</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Larceny-theft" class="mw-redirect" title="Larceny-theft">Larceny-theft</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,008</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_theft" title="Motor vehicle theft">Motor vehicle theft</a></th><td class="infobox-data">678</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Property_crime" title="Property crime">Total property crime</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8,295 <img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; font-size:88%;"><div style="float: left;">Notes</div> <div style="float: left;">*Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population.</div> <div style="float: left;">Arson data not provided; 2019 est. population: 255,244</div> Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.criminaljustice.ny.gov/crimnet/ojsa/greenbook.pdf">Buffalo City Police Department</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Buffalo is served by the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Police_Department" title="Buffalo Police Department">Buffalo Police Department</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Police_commissioner" title="Police commissioner">police commissioner</a> is Byron Lockwood, who was appointed by Mayor Byron Brown in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-235">[226]</a> Although some criminal activity in the city remains higher than the national average, total crimes have decreased since the 1990s; one reason may be the <a href="/wiki/Gun_buyback_program" title="Gun buyback program">gun buyback program</a> implemented by the Brown administration in the mid-2000s.<a href="#cite_note-CrimeEncyclopedia-236">[227]</a> Before this, the city was part of the nationwide <a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Crack epidemic in the United States">crack epidemic of the 1980s and 1990s</a> and its accompanying record-high crime levels.<a href="#cite_note-CrimeEncyclopedia-236">[227]</a> In 2018, city police began wearing 300 <a href="/wiki/Police_body_camera" title="Police body camera">body cameras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[228]</a> A 2021 Partnership for the Public Good report noted that the BPD, which had a 2020–21 budget of about $145.7 million, had an above-average police-to-citizen ratio of 28.9 officers per 10,000 residents in 2020 – higher than peer cities <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PPGPolice2021-238">[229]</a> The force had a roster of 740 officers during the year, about two-thirds of whom handled emergency requests, road patrol and other non-office assignments.<a href="#cite_note-PPGPolice2021-238">[229]</a> The department has been criticized for <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality_in_the_United_States" title="Police brutality in the United States">misconduct and brutality</a>, including the 2004 wrongful termination of officer Cariol Horne for opposing police brutality toward a suspect<a href="#cite_note-239">[230]</a> and a 2020 <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_police_shoving_incident" title="Buffalo police shoving incident">protest-shoving incident</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[231]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Fire_Department" title="Buffalo Fire Department">Buffalo Fire Department</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Response" title="American Medical Response">American Medical Response</a> (AMR) handle fire-protection and <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">emergency medical services</a> (EMS) calls in the city.<a href="#cite_note-241">[232]</a> The fire department has about 710 firefighters<a href="#cite_note-242">[233]</a> and thirty-five <a href="/wiki/Fire_station" title="Fire station">stations</a>, including twenty-three <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_firefighting#E" title="Glossary of firefighting">engine companies</a> and twelve <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_firefighting#L" title="Glossary of firefighting">ladder companies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[234]</a> The department also operates the <a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Cotter_(fireboat)" title="Edward M. Cotter (fireboat)">Edward M. Cotter</a>, considered the world's oldest active <a href="/wiki/Fireboat" title="Fireboat">fireboat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[235]</a> With vacant and abandoned homes prone to <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_United_States" title="Prostitution in the United States">prostitution</a> and other criminal activities, the fire and police department's resources were overburdened before the 2010s. Buffalo ranked second nationwide to <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> for vacant homes per capita in 2007, and the city began a five-year program to demolish five thousand vacant, damaged and abandoned homes.<a href="#cite_note-245">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[237]</a> On <a href="/wiki/2022_Buffalo_shooting" title="2022 Buffalo shooting">May 14, 2022, there was a mass shooting</a> in a Tops supermarket on the East Side of Buffalo where 13 victims were shot in a racially motivated attack by a <a href="/wiki/White_supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacist">white supremacist</a> who was not a Buffalo native. Ten victims, all of whom were black, were murdered and three were injured.<a href="#cite_note-247">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Buffalo,_New_York" title="Media in Buffalo, New York">Media in Buffalo, New York</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_buffalo_news_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/The_buffalo_news_building.jpg/220px-The_buffalo_news_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/The_buffalo_news_building.jpg/330px-The_buffalo_news_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/The_buffalo_news_building.jpg/440px-The_buffalo_news_building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2853" data-file-height="1631" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Buffalo_News" title="The Buffalo News">The Buffalo News</a> headquarters</figcaption></figure> Buffalo's major daily newspaper is <a href="/wiki/The_Buffalo_News" title="The Buffalo News">The Buffalo News</a>. Established in 1880 as the Buffalo Evening News, the newspaper is estimated to have a daily circulation of 87,000 and 125,000 on Sundays (down from a high of 300,000).<a href="#cite_note-249">[240]</a> The newspaper announced a pending sale of its building in February 2023, and the relocation of its printing operations to <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[242]</a> Other newspapers in the Buffalo area include the Black-focused <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Criterion" title="Buffalo Criterion">Buffalo Criterion</a> and Challenger Community News, The Record of Buffalo State University,<a href="#cite_note-252">[243]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Spectrum_(University_at_Buffalo)" title="The Spectrum (University at Buffalo)">The Spectrum</a> of the University at Buffalo,<a href="#cite_note-253">[244]</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals" title="American City Business Journals">Buffalo Business First</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[245]</a> Eighteen radio stations are licensed in Buffalo, including an FM station at Buffalo State College.<a href="#cite_note-255">[246]</a> Over ninety FM and AM radio signals can be received throughout the city.<a href="#cite_note-256">[247]</a> Eight full-power television outlets serve the city. Major stations include <a href="/wiki/WKBW-TV" title="WKBW-TV">WKBW-TV</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>), <a href="/wiki/WIVB-TV" title="WIVB-TV">WIVB-TV</a> (<a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>), <a href="/wiki/WGRZ" title="WGRZ">WGRZ</a> (<a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>), <a href="/wiki/WUTV" title="WUTV">WUTV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a>, received in parts of Southern Ontario), and <a href="/wiki/WNED-TV" title="WNED-TV">WNED-TV</a> (<a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>); WNED reported that most of the station's members live in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Greater Toronto Area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[248]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_Media_Research" title="Nielsen Media Research">Nielsen Media Research</a>, the Buffalo television market was the 51st largest in the United States as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[249]</a> Movies shooting significant footage in Buffalo include <a href="/wiki/Hide_in_Plain_Sight" title="Hide in Plain Sight">Hide in Plain Sight</a> (1980),<a href="#cite_note-BN_BuffMov-259">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tuck_Everlasting_(1981_film)" title="Tuck Everlasting (1981 film)">Tuck Everlasting</a> (1981),<a href="#cite_note-BN_BuffMov-259">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/Best_Friends_(1982_film)" title="Best Friends (1982 film)">Best Friends</a> (1982),<a href="#cite_note-BN_BuffMov-259">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Natural_(film)" title="The Natural (film)">The Natural</a> (1984),<a href="#cite_note-BN_BuffMov-259">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vamping" title="Vamping">Vamping</a> (1984),<a href="#cite_note-BN_BuffMov-259">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Bacon" title="Canadian Bacon">Canadian Bacon</a> (1995),<a href="#cite_note-BN_BuffMov-259">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_%2766" title="Buffalo '66">Buffalo '66</a> (1998),<a href="#cite_note-BN_BuffMov-259">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manna_from_Heaven_(film)" title="Manna from Heaven (film)">Manna from Heaven</a> (2002),<a href="#cite_note-BN_BuffMov-259">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Almighty" title="Bruce Almighty">Bruce Almighty</a> (2003),<a href="#cite_note-WKBW_BuffMov-260">[251]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Savages_(film)" title="The Savages (film)">The Savages</a> (2007),<a href="#cite_note-BN_BuffMov-259">[250]</a> Slime City Massacre (2010), <a href="/wiki/Henry%27s_Crime" title="Henry's Crime">Henry's Crime</a> (2011),<a href="#cite_note-BN_BuffMov-259">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharknado_2:_The_Second_One" title="Sharknado 2: The Second One">Sharknado 2: The Second One</a> (2014),<a href="#cite_note-WKBW_BuffMov-260">[251]</a> <a href="/wiki/Killer_Rack" title="Killer Rack">Killer Rack</a> (2015), <a href="/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles:_Out_of_the_Shadows" title="Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows">Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows</a> (2016),<a href="#cite_note-261">[252]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marshall_(film)" title="Marshall (film)">Marshall</a> (2016),<a href="#cite_note-WKBW_BuffMov-260">[251]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_American_Side" title="The American Side">The American Side</a> (2017),<a href="#cite_note-262">[253]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_First_Purge" title="The First Purge">The First Purge</a> (2018),<a href="#cite_note-263">[254]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_True_Adventures_of_Wolfboy" title="The True Adventures of Wolfboy">The True Adventures of Wolfboy</a> (2019)<a href="#cite_note-264">[255]</a> and <a href="/wiki/A_Quiet_Place_Part_II" title="A Quiet Place Part II">A Quiet Place Part II</a> (2021).<a href="#cite_note-265">[256]</a> Although higher Buffalo production costs led to some films being finished elsewhere, tax credits and other economic incentives have enabled new film studios and production facilities to open.<a href="#cite_note-BN_filmcosts-266">[257]</a> In 2021, several studio projects were in the planning stages.<a href="#cite_note-FilmStudios-267">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Buffalo,_New_York" title="List of colleges and universities in Buffalo, New York">List of colleges and universities in Buffalo, New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Public_Schools" title="Buffalo Public Schools">Buffalo Public Schools</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_education">Primary and secondary education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City_Honors_frontview.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Multi-story school building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/City_Honors_frontview.JPG/220px-City_Honors_frontview.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/City_Honors_frontview.JPG/330px-City_Honors_frontview.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/City_Honors_frontview.JPG/440px-City_Honors_frontview.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/City_Honors_School" title="City Honors School">City Honors School</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Public_Schools" title="Buffalo Public Schools">Buffalo Public Schools</a> have about thirty-four thousand students enrolled in their <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary</a> schools.<a href="#cite_note-269">[260]</a> The district administers about sixty <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (government funded)">public schools</a>, including thirty-six <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary schools</a>, five <a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">middle high schools</a>, fourteen <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">high schools</a> and three <a href="/wiki/Alternative_school" title="Alternative school">alternative schools</a>, with a total of about 3,500 teachers.<a href="#cite_note-270">[261]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Board_of_education" title="Board of education">board of education</a>, authorized by the state, has nine elected members who select the superintendent and oversee the budget, curriculum, personnel, and facilities.<a href="#cite_note-271">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[263]</a> In 2020, the graduation rate was seventy-six percent.<a href="#cite_note-273">[264]</a> The public <a href="/wiki/City_Honors_School" title="City Honors School">City Honors School</a> was ranked the top high school in the city and 178th nationwide by <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a> in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-274">[265]</a> There are twenty <a href="/wiki/Charter_school" title="Charter school">charter schools</a> in Buffalo, with some oversight by the district.<a href="#cite_note-275">[266]</a> The city has over a dozen private schools, including <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Timon_%E2%80%93_St._Jude_High_School" title="Bishop Timon – St. Jude High School">Bishop Timon – St. Jude High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canisius_High_School" title="Canisius High School">Canisius High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Mercy_Academy_(Buffalo,_New_York)" title="Mount Mercy Academy (Buffalo, New York)">Mount Mercy Academy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nardin_Academy" title="Nardin Academy">Nardin Academy</a>—<a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Buffalo" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Buffalo">all Roman Catholic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Darul_Uloom_Al-Madania" title="Darul Uloom Al-Madania">Darul Uloom Al-Madania</a> and Universal School of Buffalo (both Islamic schools); <a href="/wiki/Nonsectarian" title="Nonsectarian">nonsectarian</a> options include <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Seminary" title="Buffalo Seminary">Buffalo Seminary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nichols_School" title="Nichols School">Nichols School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and universities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Colleges and universities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BuffaloStateOverhead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BuffaloStateOverhead.jpg/220px-BuffaloStateOverhead.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BuffaloStateOverhead.jpg/330px-BuffaloStateOverhead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BuffaloStateOverhead.jpg/440px-BuffaloStateOverhead.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5471" data-file-height="3647" /></a><figcaption>The quad at <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo State College">Buffalo State College</a></figcaption></figure> Founded by <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">University at Buffalo</a> (UB) is one of the <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York" title="State University of New York">State University of New York</a>'s two flagship universities and the state's largest public university. A <a href="/wiki/Research_I_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Research I university">Research I university</a>,<a href="#cite_note-277">[268]</a> over 32,000 undergraduate, graduate and professional students attend its thirteen schools and colleges.<a href="#cite_note-278">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[270]</a> Two of UB's three campuses (the South and Downtown Campuses) are in the city, but most university functions take place at the large North Campus in Amherst.<a href="#cite_note-280">[271]</a> In 2020, <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking">U.S. News & World Report</a> ranked UB the 34th-best public university and 88th in national universities.<a href="#cite_note-281">[272]</a> <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo State College">Buffalo State College</a>, founded as a <a href="/wiki/Normal_school" title="Normal school">normal school</a>, is one of SUNY's thirteen comprehensive colleges.<a href="#cite_note-282">[273]</a> The city's four-year private institutions include <a href="/wiki/Canisius_University" title="Canisius University">Canisius University</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%27Youville_University" title="D'Youville University">D'Youville University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medaille_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Medaille University">Medaille University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trocaire_College" title="Trocaire College">Trocaire College</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Villa_Maria_College" title="Villa Maria College">Villa Maria College</a>. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Erie" title="SUNY Erie">SUNY Erie</a>, the county's two-year public higher-education institution, and the <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_colleges" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary colleges">for-profit</a> <a href="/wiki/Bryant_%26_Stratton_College" title="Bryant & Stratton College">Bryant & Stratton College</a> have small downtown campuses.<a href="#cite_note-283">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries">Libraries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Libraries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reading_Park,_Central_Library,_Buffalo,_New_York_-_20190907_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A park with chairs fronting a library in a downtown area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Reading_Park%2C_Central_Library%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20190907_-_01.jpg/220px-Reading_Park%2C_Central_Library%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20190907_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Reading_Park%2C_Central_Library%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20190907_-_01.jpg/330px-Reading_Park%2C_Central_Library%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20190907_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Reading_Park%2C_Central_Library%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20190907_-_01.jpg/440px-Reading_Park%2C_Central_Library%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20190907_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3892" data-file-height="2919" /></a><figcaption>Reading Park at Buffalo's Central Library</figcaption></figure> Established in 1835, Buffalo's main library is the Central Library of the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_%26_Erie_County_Public_Library" title="Buffalo & Erie County Public Library">Buffalo & Erie County Public Library</a> system. Rebuilt in 1964, it contains an auditorium, the original manuscript of the <a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_Huckleberry_Finn" title="Adventures of Huckleberry Finn">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</a> (donated by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>), and a collection of about two million books.<a href="#cite_note-284">[275]</a> Its Grosvenor Room maintains a special-collections listing of nearly five hundred thousand resources for researchers.<a href="#cite_note-285">[276]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Pocket_park" title="Pocket park">pocket park</a> funded by <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Airlines" title="Southwest Airlines">Southwest Airlines</a> opened in 2020, and brought landscaping improvements and seating to Lafayette Square.<a href="#cite_note-286">[277]</a> The system's free library cards are valid at the city's eight branch libraries and at member libraries throughout Erie County.<a href="#cite_note-287">[278]</a><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Healthcare">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roswell_Park_Cancer_Institute,_Buffalo,_New_York_-_20191009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Roswell_Park_Cancer_Institute%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20191009.jpg/220px-Roswell_Park_Cancer_Institute%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20191009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Roswell_Park_Cancer_Institute%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20191009.jpg/330px-Roswell_Park_Cancer_Institute%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20191009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Roswell_Park_Cancer_Institute%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20191009.jpg/440px-Roswell_Park_Cancer_Institute%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20191009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2189" data-file-height="1641" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roswell_Park_Comprehensive_Cancer_Center" title="Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center">Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center</a></figcaption></figure> Nine hospitals are operated in the city: <a href="/wiki/John_R._Oishei_Children%27s_Hospital" title="John R. Oishei Children's Hospital">Oishei Children's Hospital</a> and Buffalo General Medical Center by <a href="/wiki/Kaleida_Health" title="Kaleida Health">Kaleida Health</a>, Mercy Hospital and <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity_Hospital_(Buffalo)" title="Sisters of Charity Hospital (Buffalo)">Sisters of Charity Hospital</a> (Catholic Health), <a href="/wiki/Roswell_Park_Comprehensive_Cancer_Center" title="Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center">Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center</a>, the county-run <a href="/wiki/Erie_County_Medical_Center" title="Erie County Medical Center">Erie County Medical Center</a> (ECMC), Buffalo VA Medical Center, BryLin (Psychiatric) Hospital and the state-operated Buffalo Psychiatric Center.<a href="#cite_note-288">[279]</a> John R. Oishei Children's Hospital, built in 2017, is adjacent to Buffalo General Medical Center on the 120-acre (49 ha) <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Niagara_Medical_Campus" title="Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus">Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus</a> north of downtown;<a href="#cite_note-289">[280]</a> its <a href="/wiki/Gates_Vascular_Institute" title="Gates Vascular Institute">Gates Vascular Institute</a> specializes in acute <a href="/wiki/Stroke_recovery" title="Stroke recovery">stroke recovery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-290">[281]</a> The medical campus includes the <a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">University at Buffalo</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacobs_School_of_Medicine_and_Biomedical_Sciences" title="Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences">Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hauptman-Woodward_Medical_Research_Institute" title="Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute">Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute</a> and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, ranked the 14th-best cancer-treatment center in the United States by U.S. News & World Report.<a href="#cite_note-291">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Buffalo,_New_York" title="Transportation in Buffalo, New York">Transportation in Buffalo, New York</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Flyer_Xcelsior_CHARGE_NG_electric_bus_being_road-tested_on_NFTA_Metro_route_12,_Buffalo,_New_York_-_20230215.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/New_Flyer_Xcelsior_CHARGE_NG_electric_bus_being_road-tested_on_NFTA_Metro_route_12%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20230215.jpg/220px-New_Flyer_Xcelsior_CHARGE_NG_electric_bus_being_road-tested_on_NFTA_Metro_route_12%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20230215.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/New_Flyer_Xcelsior_CHARGE_NG_electric_bus_being_road-tested_on_NFTA_Metro_route_12%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20230215.jpg/330px-New_Flyer_Xcelsior_CHARGE_NG_electric_bus_being_road-tested_on_NFTA_Metro_route_12%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20230215.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/New_Flyer_Xcelsior_CHARGE_NG_electric_bus_being_road-tested_on_NFTA_Metro_route_12%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20230215.jpg/440px-New_Flyer_Xcelsior_CHARGE_NG_electric_bus_being_road-tested_on_NFTA_Metro_route_12%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20230215.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2669" data-file-height="1779" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Frontier_Transportation_Authority" title="Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority">Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority</a> electric bus in <a href="/wiki/Elmwood_Village,_Buffalo" title="Elmwood Village, Buffalo">Elmwood Village</a></figcaption></figure> Growth and changing transportation needs altered Buffalo's <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid plan</a>, which was developed by Joseph Ellicott in 1804. His plan laid out streets like the spokes of a wheel, naming them after Dutch landowners and Native American tribes.<a href="#cite_note-292">[283]</a> City streets expanded outward, denser in the west and spreading out east of <a href="/wiki/Main_Street_(Buffalo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Street (Buffalo)">Main Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-293">[284]</a> Buffalo is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border_crossings" title="List of Canada–United States border crossings">port of entry with Canada</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Bridge" title="Peace Bridge">Peace Bridge</a> crosses the Niagara River and links the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Thruway" class="mw-redirect" title="Niagara Thruway">Niagara Thruway</a> (I-190) and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Way" title="Queen Elizabeth Way">Queen Elizabeth Way</a>.<a href="#cite_note-294">[285]</a> I-190, <a href="/wiki/NY_5" class="mw-redirect" title="NY 5">NY 5</a> and <a href="/wiki/NY_33" class="mw-redirect" title="NY 33">NY 33</a> are the primary <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">expressways</a> serving the city, carrying a total of over 245,000 vehicles daily.<a href="#cite_note-295">[j]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[286]</a> NY 5 carries traffic to the Southtowns, and NY 33 carries traffic to the eastern suburbs and the Buffalo Airport.<a href="#cite_note-297">[287]</a> The east-west Scajacquada Expressway (<a href="/wiki/NY_198" class="mw-redirect" title="NY 198">NY 198</a>) bisects Delaware Park, connecting I-190 with the Kensington Expressway (NY 33) on the city's East Side to form a partial <a href="/wiki/Beltway" class="mw-redirect" title="Beltway">beltway</a> around the city center.<a href="#cite_note-298">[288]</a> The Scajacquada and Kensington Expressways and the Buffalo Skyway (NY 5) have been targeted for <a href="/wiki/Freeway_removal_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeway removal in the United States">redesign or removal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[289]</a> Other major highways include <a href="/wiki/US_62_in_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="US 62 in NY">US 62</a> on the city's East Side;<a href="#cite_note-300">[290]</a> <a href="/wiki/NY_354" class="mw-redirect" title="NY 354">NY 354</a> and a portion of <a href="/wiki/NY_130" class="mw-redirect" title="NY 130">NY 130</a>, both east–west routes;<a href="#cite_note-301">[291]</a> and <a href="/wiki/NY_265" class="mw-redirect" title="NY 265">NY 265</a>, <a href="/wiki/NY_266" class="mw-redirect" title="NY 266">NY 266</a> and <a href="/wiki/NY_384" class="mw-redirect" title="NY 384">NY 384</a>, all north–south routes on the city's West Side.<a href="#cite_note-302">[292]</a> Buffalo has a higher-than-average percentage of households without a car: 30 percent in 2015, decreasing to 28.2 percent in 2016; the 2016 national average was 8.7 percent. Buffalo averaged 1.03 cars per household in 2016, compared to the national average of 1.8.<a href="#cite_note-303">[293]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AmherstStStation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Passengers entering a subway train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/AmherstStStation.jpg/220px-AmherstStStation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/AmherstStStation.jpg/330px-AmherstStStation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/AmherstStStation.jpg/440px-AmherstStStation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5574" data-file-height="3725" /></a><figcaption>Buffalo Metro Rail train at the <a href="/wiki/Amherst_Street_station" title="Amherst Street station">Amherst Street station</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Frontier_Transportation_Authority" title="Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority">Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority</a> (NFTA) operates the region's public transit, including its airport, light-rail system, buses, and harbors. The NFTA operates 323 buses on 61 lines throughout Western New York.<a href="#cite_note-304">[294]</a> <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Metro_Rail" title="Buffalo Metro Rail">Buffalo Metro Rail</a> is a 6.4 mi-long (10.3 km) line which runs from Canalside to the <a href="/wiki/University_Heights,_Buffalo" title="University Heights, Buffalo">University Heights</a> district. The line's downtown section, south of the <a href="/wiki/Fountain_Plaza_station" title="Fountain Plaza station">Fountain Plaza station</a>, runs at grade and is free of charge.<a href="#cite_note-305">[295]</a> The Buffalo area ranks twenty-third nationwide in transit ridership, with thirty trips per capita per year.<a href="#cite_note-APTA-306">[296]</a> <a href="/wiki/Proposed_expansion_of_the_Buffalo_Metro_Rail" title="Proposed expansion of the Buffalo Metro Rail">Expansions have been proposed</a> since Buffalo Metro Rail's inception in the 1980s, with the latest plan (in the late 2010s) reaching the town of Amherst.<a href="#cite_note-307">[297]</a> <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Niagara_International_Airport" title="Buffalo Niagara International Airport">Buffalo Niagara International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cheektowaga_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheektowaga (town), New York">Cheektowaga</a> has daily scheduled flights by domestic, charter and regional carriers.<a href="#cite_note-308">[298]</a> The airport handled nearly five million passengers in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-309">[299]</a> It received a <a href="/wiki/J.D._Power" title="J.D. Power">J.D. Power</a> award in 2018 for customer satisfaction at a mid-sized airport,<a href="#cite_note-310">[300]</a> and underwent a $50 million expansion in 2020–21.<a href="#cite_note-311">[301]</a> The airport, light rail, small-boat harbor and buses are monitored by the NFTA's <a href="/wiki/Transit_police" title="Transit police">transit police</a>.<a href="#cite_note-312">[302]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ReddyRackBuffalo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Row of red rental bicycles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/ReddyRackBuffalo.jpg/220px-ReddyRackBuffalo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/ReddyRackBuffalo.jpg/330px-ReddyRackBuffalo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/ReddyRackBuffalo.jpg/440px-ReddyRackBuffalo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2818" data-file-height="2114" /></a><figcaption>Reddy Bikeshare at <a href="/wiki/250_Delaware_Avenue" class="mw-redirect" title="250 Delaware Avenue">250 Delaware Avenue</a></figcaption></figure> Buffalo has an <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> intercity train station, <a href="/wiki/Buffalo%E2%80%93Exchange_Street_station" title="Buffalo–Exchange Street station">Buffalo–Exchange Street station</a>, which was rebuilt in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-313">[303]</a> The city's eastern suburbs are served by Amtrak's <a href="/wiki/Buffalo%E2%80%93Depew_station" title="Buffalo–Depew station">Buffalo–Depew station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Depew,_New_York" title="Depew, New York">Depew</a>, which was built in 1979. Buffalo was a major stop on through routes between Chicago and New York City through the lower <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Peninsula" title="Ontario Peninsula">Ontario Peninsula</a>; trains stopped at <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Central_Terminal" title="Buffalo Central Terminal">Buffalo Central Terminal</a>, which operated from 1929 to 1979.<a href="#cite_note-drury-314">[304]</a> Intercity buses depart and arrive from the NFTA's <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Metropolitan_Transportation_Center" title="Buffalo Metropolitan Transportation Center">Metropolitan Transportation Center</a> on Ellicott Street.<a href="#cite_note-315">[305]</a> Since Buffalo adopted a <a href="/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">complete streets</a> policy in 2008, efforts have been made to accommodate cyclists and pedestrians into new infrastructure projects. Improved corridors have <a href="/wiki/Bike_lane" title="Bike lane">bike lanes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-316">[306]</a> and Niagara Street received <a href="/wiki/Cycle_track" title="Cycle track">separate bike lanes</a> in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-317">[307]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walk_Score" title="Walk Score">Walk Score</a> gave Buffalo a "somewhat walkable" rating of 68 out of 100, with Allentown and downtown considered more walkable than other areas of the city.<a href="#cite_note-318">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilities">Utilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Utilities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albany_County_DPW_vehicles_assisting_with_snow_removal_in_the_aftermath_of_the_December_2022_blizzard,_Michigan_Avenue,_Buffalo,_New_York_-_20221228.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Albany_County_DPW_vehicles_assisting_with_snow_removal_in_the_aftermath_of_the_December_2022_blizzard%2C_Michigan_Avenue%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20221228.jpg/220px-Albany_County_DPW_vehicles_assisting_with_snow_removal_in_the_aftermath_of_the_December_2022_blizzard%2C_Michigan_Avenue%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20221228.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Albany_County_DPW_vehicles_assisting_with_snow_removal_in_the_aftermath_of_the_December_2022_blizzard%2C_Michigan_Avenue%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20221228.jpg/330px-Albany_County_DPW_vehicles_assisting_with_snow_removal_in_the_aftermath_of_the_December_2022_blizzard%2C_Michigan_Avenue%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20221228.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Albany_County_DPW_vehicles_assisting_with_snow_removal_in_the_aftermath_of_the_December_2022_blizzard%2C_Michigan_Avenue%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20221228.jpg/440px-Albany_County_DPW_vehicles_assisting_with_snow_removal_in_the_aftermath_of_the_December_2022_blizzard%2C_Michigan_Avenue%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20221228.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2945" data-file-height="1767" /></a><figcaption>Erie County snow removal vehicles in Masten Park neighborhood, following the <a href="/wiki/December_2022_North_American_winter_storm" title="December 2022 North American winter storm">Blizzard of 2022</a></figcaption></figure> Buffalo's water system is operated by <a href="/wiki/Veolia_Water" title="Veolia Water">Veolia Water</a>, and water treatment begins at the Colonel Francis G. Ward Pumping Station.<a href="#cite_note-Veolia-319">[309]</a> When it opened in 1915, the station's capacity was second only to Paris.<a href="#cite_note-320">[310]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">Wastewater</a> is treated by the Buffalo Sewer Authority, its coverage extending to the eastern suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-321">[311]</a> <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Mohawk_Power_Corporation" title="Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation">National Grid</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Electric_%26_Gas" title="New York State Electric & Gas">New York State Electric & Gas</a> (NYSEG) provide electricity, and <a href="/wiki/National_Fuel_Gas" title="National Fuel Gas">National Fuel Gas</a> provides natural gas.<a href="#cite_note-Utilities-322">[312]</a> The city's primary telecommunications provider is <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_(TV_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectrum (TV service)">Spectrum</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Utilities-322">[312]</a> <a href="/wiki/Verizon_Fios" title="Verizon Fios">Verizon Fios</a> serves the North Park neighborhood. A 2018 report by <a href="/wiki/Ookla" class="mw-redirect" title="Ookla">Ookla</a> noted that Buffalo was one of the bottom five U.S. cities in average download speeds at 66 <a href="/wiki/Megabits_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Megabits per second">megabits per second</a>.<a href="#cite_note-323">[313]</a> The city's Department of Public Works manages Buffalo's <a href="/wiki/Snow_removal" title="Snow removal">snow</a> and trash removal and <a href="/wiki/Street_cleaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Street cleaner">street cleaning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-324">[314]</a> Snow removal generally operates from November 15 to April 1. A <a href="/wiki/Snow_emergency" title="Snow emergency">snow emergency</a> is declared by the National Weather Service after a snowstorm, and the city's roads, major sidewalks and bridges are cleared by over seventy <a href="/wiki/Snowplow" title="Snowplow">snowplows</a> within 24 hours.<a href="#cite_note-CitySnow-325">[315]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rock_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock salt">Rock salt</a> is the principal agent for preventing snow accumulation and melting ice. Snow removal may coincide with driving bans and parking restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-326">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[317]</a> The area along the Outer Harbor is the most dangerous driving area during a snowstorm;<a href="#cite_note-CitySnow-325">[315]</a> when weather conditions dictate, the Buffalo Skyway is closed by the city's police department.<a href="#cite_note-328">[318]</a> To prevent <a href="/wiki/Ice_jam" title="Ice jam">ice jams</a> which may impact hydroelectric plants in Niagara Falls, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Power_Authority" title="New York Power Authority">New York Power Authority</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Power_Generation" title="Ontario Power Generation">Ontario Power Generation</a> began installing an ice <a href="/wiki/Boom_(containment)" title="Boom (containment)">boom</a> annually in 1964. The boom's installation date is temperature-dependent,<a href="#cite_note-329">[319]</a> and it is removed on April 1 unless there is more than 650 km2 (250 sq mi) of ice remaining on eastern Lake Erie.<a href="#cite_note-330">[320]</a> It stretches 2,680 m (8,790 ft) from the outer <a href="/wiki/Breakwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Breakwall">breakwall</a> at the Buffalo Outer Harbor to the Canadian shore near Fort Erie.<a href="#cite_note-331">[321]</a> Originally made of wood, the boom now consists of steel <a href="/wiki/Float_(nautical)" title="Float (nautical)">pontoons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-332">[322]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:628px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Steel_Winds_2007.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Steel Winds, a local wind farm, with city of Buffalo seen in background across Lake Erie"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Steel_Winds_2007.png/620px-Steel_Winds_2007.png" decoding="async" width="620" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Steel_Winds_2007.png/930px-Steel_Winds_2007.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Steel_Winds_2007.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="415" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Steel_Winds_2007.png" title="File:Steel Winds 2007.png"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Steel_Winds" title="Steel Winds">Steel Winds</a>, a local <a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">wind farm</a>, with city of Buffalo seen in background across <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_residents">Notable residents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notable residents">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Buffalo,_New_York" title="List of people from Buffalo, New York">List of people from Buffalo, New York</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sister cities">edit</a>]</div> Buffalo has eighteen <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">sister cities</a>:<a href="#cite_note-333">[323]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Aboadze" title="Aboadze">Aboadze</a>, Ghana</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic"><img alt="Dominican Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ban%C3%AD" title="Baní">Baní</a>, Dominican Republic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a>, Turkey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coast" title="Cape Coast">Cape Coast</a>, Ghana (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Changzhou" title="Changzhou">Changzhou</a>, China (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a>, Germany (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Drohobych" title="Drohobych">Drohobych</a>, Ukraine (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Horlivka" title="Horlivka">Horlivka</a>, Ukraine (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kanazawa" title="Kanazawa">Kanazawa</a>, Japan (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Gat" title="Kiryat Gat">Kiryat Gat</a>, Israel (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>, France (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w" title="Rzeszów">Rzeszów</a>, Poland (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica"><img alt="Jamaica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Ann_Parish" title="Saint Ann Parish">Saint Ann</a>, Jamaica (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a>, Italy (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Torremaggiore" title="Torremaggiore">Torremaggiore</a>, Italy (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a>, United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m,_Bursa" title="Yıldırım, Bursa">Yıldırım</a>, Turkey (2010)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/48px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/64px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_York_(state)" title="Portal:New York (state)">New York (state) portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="Architecture of Buffalo, New York">Architecture of Buffalo, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_buffalo_Buffalo_buffalo_buffalo_buffalo_Buffalo_buffalo" title="Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo">Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_crime_family" title="Buffalo crime family">Buffalo crime family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_wing" title="Buffalo wing">Buffalo wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="History of Buffalo, New York">History of Buffalo, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_New_York_(state)%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of New York (state)–related articles">Index of New York (state)–related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland Northern American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_City_of_Buffalo_landmarks_and_historic_districts" title="List of City of Buffalo landmarks and historic districts">List of City of Buffalo landmarks and historic districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="List of mayors of Buffalo, New York">List of mayors of Buffalo, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Buffalo,_New_York" title="List of people from Buffalo, New York">List of people from Buffalo, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_routes_of_City_of_Buffalo_streetcars" title="List of routes of City of Buffalo streetcars">List of routes of City of Buffalo streetcars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Buffalo,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Buffalo, New York">National Register of Historic Places listings in Buffalo, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Buffalo" title="Sports in Buffalo">Sports in Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_and_government_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="Politics and government of Buffalo, New York">Politics and government of Buffalo, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="Timeline of Buffalo, New York">Timeline of Buffalo, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Buffalo" title="USS Buffalo">USS Buffalo</a>, 4 ships</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Foreign entities were not allowed to own land in New York State until 1798 (Goldman 1983a, p. 27). </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Sources disagree on the creek's etymology.<a href="#cite_note-Beautiful-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-River-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bison-3">[3]</a> Although its name possibly originated from French fur traders and Native Americans calling the creek Beau Fleuve (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> for "beautiful river"),<a href="#cite_note-Beautiful-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-River-2">[2]</a> Buffalo Creek may have been named after the <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American buffalo</a> (whose range may have extended into Western New York).<a href="#cite_note-Bison-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bison_range-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sprague1882-22">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> When traveling with an ox and wagon team. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Official records for Buffalo kept January 1871 to June 1943 at downtown and at Buffalo Niagara Int'l since July 1943. For more information, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://threadex.rcc-acis.org">Threadex</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> From a 15-percent sample. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> An exception before the mid-20th century was Jewish residents of the East Side during the 1920s, although they left the neighborhood through the 1960s (Goldman 1983b, p. 215). </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> The Buffalo Bills' championships in 1964 and 1965 were with the <a href="/wiki/American_Football_League" title="American Football League">American Football League</a>, prior to the <a href="/wiki/AFL-NFL_Merger" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL-NFL Merger">AFL-NFL Merger</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Jets" title="New York Jets">New York Jets</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Giants" title="New York Giants">New York Giants</a> play at <a href="/wiki/MetLife_Stadium" title="MetLife Stadium">MetLife Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Rutherford,_New_Jersey" title="East Rutherford, New Jersey">East Rutherford, New Jersey</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Average_annual_daily_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Average annual daily traffic">Average annual daily traffic</a>, 2019. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Beautiful-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beautiful_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beautiful_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beautiful_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStefaniuk1992" class="citation news cs1">Stefaniuk, Walter (September 24, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/436693160">"You asked us: the 868-3900 line to your desk at The Star: how Buffalo got its name"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a>. Toronto, Ont. p. A7. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/436693160">436693160</a>. Retrieved May 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=You+asked+us%3A+the+868-3900+line+to+your+desk+at+The+Star%3A+how+Buffalo+got+its+name&rft.pages=A7&rft.date=1992-09-24&rft.aulast=Stefaniuk&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F436693160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-River-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-River_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-River_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-River_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkun1993" class="citation news cs1">Okun, Janice (March 19, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/380815267">"Worldy setting, sophisticated choices, atmosphere at Beau Fleuve"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Buffalo_News" title="The Buffalo News">The Buffalo News</a>. p. G32. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/380815267">380815267</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141126153049/http://search.proquest.com/docview/380815267">Archived</a> from the original on November 26, 2014. Retrieved May 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Buffalo+News&rft.atitle=Worldy+setting%2C+sophisticated+choices%2C+atmosphere+at+Beau+Fleuve&rft.pages=G32&rft.date=1993-03-19&rft.aulast=Okun&rft.aufirst=Janice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F380815267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bison-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bison_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bison_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bison_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff1993" class="citation news cs1">Staff (July 21, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/381587989">"'Beau Fleuve' story doesn't wash"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Buffalo_News" title="The Buffalo News">The Buffalo News</a>. p. B9. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/381587989">381587989</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210527025137/https://www.proquest.com/docview/381587989">Archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2021. Retrieved May 29, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Buffalo+News&rft.atitle=%27Beau+Fleuve%27+story+doesn%27t+wash&rft.pages=B9&rft.date=1993-07-21&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F381587989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeville2009" class="citation web cs1">Neville, Anne (August 16, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buffalonews.com/news/who-are-we-queen-city-flour-city-nickel-city-whats-with-all-the-nicknames-for/article_7b5d66ea-f4b5-5a9a-ac5c-089f7b3f41e7.html">"Who are we? Queen City, Flour City, Nickel City ... what's with all the nicknames for Buffalo?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Buffalo_News" title="The Buffalo News">The Buffalo News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210622041718/https://buffalonews.com/news/who-are-we-queen-city-flour-city-nickel-city-whats-with-all-the-nicknames-for/article_7b5d66ea-f4b5-5a9a-ac5c-089f7b3f41e7.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Buffalo+News&rft.atitle=Who+are+we%3F+Queen+City%2C+Flour+City%2C+Nickel+City+...+what%27s+with+all+the+nicknames+for+Buffalo%3F&rft.date=2009-08-16&rft.aulast=Neville&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuffalonews.com%2Fnews%2Fwho-are-we-queen-city-flour-city-nickel-city-whats-with-all-the-nicknames-for%2Farticle_7b5d66ea-f4b5-5a9a-ac5c-089f7b3f41e7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TigerWebMapServer-5"><a href="#cite_ref-TigerWebMapServer_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer">"ArcGIS REST Services Directory"</a>. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ArcGIS+REST+Services+Directory&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftigerweb.geo.census.gov%2Farcgis%2Frest%2Fservices%2FTIGERweb%2FPlaces_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD%2FMapServer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopEstCBSA-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PopEstCBSA_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopEstCBSA_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/technical-documentation/research/evaluation-estimates/2020-evaluation-estimates/2010s-totals-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html">"Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals: 2010–2020"</a>. 2020 Population Estimates. <a href="/wiki/US_Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="US Census Bureau">US Census Bureau</a>, Population Division. Retrieved June 28, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2020+Population+Estimates&rft.atitle=Metropolitan+and+Micropolitan+Statistical+Areas+Population+Totals%3A+2010%E2%80%932020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fpopest%2Ftechnical-documentation%2Fresearch%2Fevaluation-estimates%2F2020-evaluation-estimates%2F2010s-totals-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gnis-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gnis_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gnis_7-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/973345">U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Buffalo, New York</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-urban_area-8"><a href="#cite_ref-urban_area_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html">"List of 2020 Census Urban Areas"</a>. census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=census.gov&rft.atitle=List+of+2020+Census+Urban+Areas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fgeography%2Fguidance%2Fgeo-areas%2Furban-rural.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP15380">"Total Gross Domestic Product for Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, NY (MSA)"</a>. fred.stlouisfed.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fred.stlouisfed.org&rft.atitle=Total+Gross+Domestic+Product+for+Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara+Falls%2C+NY+%28MSA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffred.stlouisfed.org%2Fseries%2FNGMP15380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USCensusEst2020-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USCensusEst2020_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USCensusEst2020_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/buffalocitynewyork/POP010220">"QuickFacts: Buffalo city, New York"</a>. 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(1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sketchesofearlyb00beck">"La Salle and The Griffon"</a>. Sketches of early Buffalo and the Niagara region. Buffalo, N.Y.: McLaughlin Press. pp. 9–24. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12629461">12629461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+Salle+and+The+Griffon&rft.btitle=Sketches+of+early+Buffalo+and+the+Niagara+region&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=9-24&rft.pub=McLaughlin+Press&rft.date=1906&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12629461&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Sophie+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsketchesofearlyb00beck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrady2019" class="citation web cs1">Brady, Erik (July 8, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buffalonews.com/news/local/le-griffon-never-made-it-to-port-but-lives-on-in-a-buffalo-park-and/article_3f8ad5cb-4331-5bae-98b7-ed4da422c0e5.html">"Le Griffon never made it to port but lives on in a Buffalo park and the Canisius mascot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Buffalo_News" title="The Buffalo News">The Buffalo News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606062653/https://buffalonews.com/news/local/le-griffon-never-made-it-to-port-but-lives-on-in-a-buffalo-park-and/article_3f8ad5cb-4331-5bae-98b7-ed4da422c0e5.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved June 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Buffalo+News&rft.atitle=Le+Griffon+never+made+it+to+port+but+lives+on+in+a+Buffalo+park+and+the+Canisius+mascot&rft.date=2019-07-08&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuffalonews.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fle-griffon-never-made-it-to-port-but-lives-on-in-a-buffalo-park-and%2Farticle_3f8ad5cb-4331-5bae-98b7-ed4da422c0e5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-French&Place1860_279-294-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-French&Place1860_279-294_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-French&Place1860_279-294_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-French&Place1860_279-294_20-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrenchPlace1860" class="citation book cs1">French, J. H.; Place, Frank (1860). 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Buffalo, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo Historical Society">Buffalo Historical Society</a>. pp. 132–142. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuva.x000743988">2027/uva.x000743988</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/364308016">364308016</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210622041720/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x000743988">Archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Captain+William+Johnston&rft.btitle=The+cradle+of+the+Queen+city%3A+a+history+of+Buffalo+to+the+incorporation+of+the+city&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+N.Y.&rft.series=Publications%2C+Buffalo+Historical+Society%2Cv.+31&rft.pages=132-142&rft.pub=Buffalo+Historical+Society&rft.date=1931&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuva.x000743988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F364308016&rft.aulast=Bingham&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fuva.x000743988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson1977_140-171-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson1977_140-171_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1977" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, John H. (1977). "Geography of Expansion". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/geographyofnewyo00thom">Geography of New York State</a>. Syracuse, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. pp. 140–171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815621829" title="Special:BookSources/9780815621829"><bdi>9780815621829</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/77004337">77004337</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2874807">2874807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Geography+of+Expansion&rft.btitle=Geography+of+New+York+State&rft.place=Syracuse%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=140-171&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2874807&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F77004337&rft.isbn=9780815621829&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fgeographyofnewyo00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brush1901-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brush1901_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brush1901_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrush1901" class="citation book cs1">Brush, Edward H. (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iroquoispastpres00brus">Iroquois Past and Present</a>. Buffalo, N.Y.: Baker, Jones & Co. p. 87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iroquois+Past+and+Present&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Baker%2C+Jones+%26+Co.&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Brush&rft.aufirst=Edward+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firoquoispastpres00brus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bingham1931_143-165-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Bingham1931_143-165_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBingham1931" class="citation book cs1">Bingham, Robert W. (1931). "The Holland Land Company". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uva.x000743988">The cradle of the Queen city: a history of Buffalo to the incorporation of the city</a>. Publications, Buffalo Historical Society,v. 31. Buffalo, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo Historical Society">Buffalo Historical Society</a>. pp. 132–143. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuva.x000743988">2027/uva.x000743988</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/364308016">364308016</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210622041720/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x000743988">Archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Holland+Land+Company&rft.btitle=The+cradle+of+the+Queen+city%3A+a+history+of+Buffalo+to+the+incorporation+of+the+city&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+N.Y.&rft.series=Publications%2C+Buffalo+Historical+Society%2Cv.+31&rft.pages=132-143&rft.pub=Buffalo+Historical+Society&rft.date=1931&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuva.x000743988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F364308016&rft.aulast=Bingham&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fuva.x000743988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernald1910-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Fernald1910_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernald1910" class="citation book cs1">Fernald, Frederik Atherton (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indexguidetobuff00fern">The index guide to Buffalo and Niagara Falls</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="The Library of Congress">The Library of Congress</a>. 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Washington D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Printing Office">Government Printing Office</a>. pp. 385–386. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924203028/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17748/17748-h/17748-h.htm#ii_geographical_distribution">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Geographic+Distribution&rft.btitle=The+Extermination+of+the+American+Bison&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pages=385-386&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Hornaday&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F17748%2F17748-h%2F17748-h.htm%23ii_geographical_distribution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum1865-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum1865_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKetchum1865" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Ketchum_(mayor)" title="William Ketchum (mayor)">Ketchum, William</a> (1865). "Origin of the Name of Buffalo". 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In <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo Historical Society">Buffalo Historical Society</a> (ed.). Buffalo Historical Society Publications. Buffalo, NY: Bigelow Brothers. p. 15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150916180643/https://books.google.com/books?id=pBs8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA15">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Achievements+of+Captain+John+Montresor&rft.btitle=Buffalo+Historical+Society+Publications&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+NY&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Bigelow+Brothers&rft.date=1902&rft.au=Severance%2C+Frank+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpBs8AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-French&Place1860_208-217-36"><a href="#cite_ref-French&Place1860_208-217_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrenchPlace1860" class="citation book cs1">French, J. H.; Place, Frank (1860). "Chautauque County". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gazetteerofstate04fren">Gazetteer of the State of New York</a>. Syracuse, N.Y.: R. Pearsall Smith. pp. 208–217. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/682410715">682410715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chautauque+County&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+the+State+of+New+York&rft.place=Syracuse%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=208-217&rft.pub=R.+Pearsall+Smith&rft.date=1860&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F682410715&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rft.au=Place%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgazetteerofstate04fren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner1849-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Turner1849_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1849" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Orsamus (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pioneerhistoryof1849inturn">Pioneer history of the Holland Purchase of western New York</a>. Buffalo, N.Y.: Jewett, Thomas & Co. pp. 401, 439, 494–495, 498. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14246512">14246512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pioneer+history+of+the+Holland+Purchase+of+western+New+York&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=401%2C+439%2C+494-495%2C+498&rft.pub=Jewett%2C+Thomas+%26+Co.&rft.date=1849&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14246512&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Orsamus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpioneerhistoryof1849inturn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuimby1997" class="citation book cs1">Quimby, Robert (1997). 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Buffalo, N.Y.: McLaughlin Press. pp. 118–132. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12629461">12629461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Burning+of+Buffalo&rft.btitle=Sketches+of+early+Buffalo+and+the+Niagara+region&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=118-132&rft.pub=McLaughlin+Press&rft.date=1906&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12629461&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Sophie+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsketchesofearlyb00beck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Severance1879-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Severance1879_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeverance1879" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Severance" title="Frank Severance">Severance, Frank H.</a> (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/publicationsofbu09seve">"Papers relating to the Burning of Buffalo"</a>. 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Buffalo: Bigelow Bros. pp. 334–356.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Papers+relating+to+the+Burning+of+Buffalo&rft.btitle=Publications+of+the+Buffalo+Historical+Society&rft.place=Buffalo&rft.pages=334-356&rft.pub=Bigelow+Bros.&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Severance&rft.aufirst=Frank+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpublicationsofbu09seve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPSBuffaloTimeline-43"><a href="#cite_ref-NPSBuffaloTimeline_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/thri/buffalotimeline.htm">"A Brief Chronology of the Development of the City of Buffalo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141104091901/http://www.nps.gov/thri/buffalotimeline.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=A+Brief+Chronology+of+the+Development+of+the+City+of+Buffalo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fthri%2Fbuffalotimeline.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldman1983_72-97-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman1983_72-97_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman1983_72-97_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman1983_72-97_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman1983_72-97_44-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman1983" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Mark (1983). "Ethnics: Germans, Irish and Blacks". High hopes: the rise and decline of Buffalo, New York. Albany, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. pp. 72–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873957342" title="Special:BookSources/9780873957342"><bdi>9780873957342</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/09110713">09110713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnics%3A+Germans%2C+Irish+and+Blacks&rft.btitle=High+hopes%3A+the+rise+and+decline+of+Buffalo%2C+New+York&rft.place=Albany%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=72-97&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F09110713&rft.isbn=9780873957342&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rundell1962_97-125-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Rundell1962_97-125_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRundellStein1962" class="citation book cs1">Rundell, Edwin F.; Stein, Charles W. (1962). "Buffalo Becomes a Great City". Buffalo: your city (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_and_Erie_County_Public_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo and Erie County Public Library">Buffalo and Erie County Public Library</a>: Henry Stewart, Incorporated. pp. 97–125. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3023258">3023258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Buffalo+Becomes+a+Great+City&rft.btitle=Buffalo%3A+your+city&rft.place=Buffalo+and+Erie+County+Public+Library&rft.pages=97-125&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Henry+Stewart%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3023258&rft.aulast=Rundell&rft.aufirst=Edwin+F.&rft.au=Stein%2C+Charles+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesley1944" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Wesley" title="Charles H. Wesley">Wesley, Charles H.</a> (January 1944). "The Participation of Negroes in Anti-Slavery Political Parties". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Negro_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of Negro History">The Journal of Negro History</a>. 29 (1): 43–44, 51–52, 55, 65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2714753">10.2307/2714753</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2714753">2714753</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149675414">149675414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Negro+History&rft.atitle=The+Participation+of+Negroes+in+Anti-Slavery+Political+Parties&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-44%2C+51-52%2C+55%2C+65&rft.date=1944-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149675414%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2714753%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2714753&rft.aulast=Wesley&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwitala2014" class="citation book cs1">Switala, William J. (May 14, 2014). Underground Railroad in New York and New Jersey. <a href="/wiki/Stackpole_Books" title="Stackpole Books">Stackpole Books</a>. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780811746298" title="Special:BookSources/9780811746298"><bdi>9780811746298</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Underground+Railroad+in+New+York+and+New+Jersey&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2014-05-14&rft.isbn=9780811746298&rft.aulast=Switala&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldman1983_56-71-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman1983_56-71_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman1983_56-71_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman1983_56-71_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman1983_56-71_48-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman1983_56-71_48-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman1983" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Mark (1983). "The Impact of Commerce and Manufacturing on Mid-Nineteenth Century Buffalo". High hopes: the rise and decline of Buffalo, New York. Albany, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. pp. 56–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873957342" title="Special:BookSources/9780873957342"><bdi>9780873957342</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/09110713">09110713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+Commerce+and+Manufacturing+on+Mid-Nineteenth+Century+Buffalo&rft.btitle=High+hopes%3A+the+rise+and+decline+of+Buffalo%2C+New+York&rft.place=Albany%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=56-71&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F09110713&rft.isbn=9780873957342&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-49"><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_49-0">^</a> 1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a>. Retrieved February 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldman1983_124-142-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman1983_124-142_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman1983_124-142_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman1983" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Mark (1983). "The Coming of Industry". High hopes: the rise and decline of Buffalo, New York. Albany, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. pp. 124–142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873957342" title="Special:BookSources/9780873957342"><bdi>9780873957342</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/09110713">09110713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Coming+of+Industry&rft.btitle=High+hopes%3A+the+rise+and+decline+of+Buffalo%2C+New+York&rft.place=Albany%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=124-142&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F09110713&rft.isbn=9780873957342&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldman1983_143-175-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Goldman1983_143-175_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman1983" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Mark (1983). "The Response to Industrialization: Life and Labor, Values and Beliefs". High hopes: the rise and decline of Buffalo, New York. Albany, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. pp. 143–175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873957342" title="Special:BookSources/9780873957342"><bdi>9780873957342</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/09110713">09110713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Response+to+Industrialization%3A+Life+and+Labor%2C+Values+and+Beliefs&rft.btitle=High+hopes%3A+the+rise+and+decline+of+Buffalo%2C+New+York&rft.place=Albany%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=143-175&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F09110713&rft.isbn=9780873957342&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldman1983_196-223-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman1983_196-223_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman1983_196-223_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman1983b" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Mark (1983b). "Ethnics and the Economy During World War I and the 1920s". High hopes: the rise and decline of Buffalo, New York. Albany, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. pp. 196–223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873957342" title="Special:BookSources/9780873957342"><bdi>9780873957342</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/09110713">09110713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnics+and+the+Economy+During+World+War+I+and+the+1920s&rft.btitle=High+hopes%3A+the+rise+and+decline+of+Buffalo%2C+New+York&rft.place=Albany%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=196-223&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F09110713&rft.isbn=9780873957342&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBewley2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bewley, Michele Ryan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23183322">"The New World in Unity: Pan-America Visualized at Buffalo in 1901"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_History" class="mw-redirect" title="New York History">New York History</a>. 84 (2): 179–203. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0146-437X">0146-437X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23183322">23183322</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608081958/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23183322">Archived</a> from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+History&rft.atitle=The+New+World+in+Unity%3A+Pan-America+Visualized+at+Buffalo+in+1901&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-203&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23183322%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0146-437X&rft.aulast=Bewley&rft.aufirst=Michele+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23183322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldman1983_3-20-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Goldman1983_3-20_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman1983" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Mark (1983). "The Pan American Exposition: World's Fair as Historical Metaphor". High hopes: the rise and decline of Buffalo, New York. 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City of Buffalo Bureau of Forestry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526060957/https://buffalony.treekeepersoftware.com/index.cfm?deviceWidth=2133">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2021. 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Retrieved September 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Saving+Buffalo%27s+Untold+Beauty&rft.date=2008-11-14&rft.aulast=Ouroussoff&rft.aufirst=Nicolai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F11%2F16%2Farts%2Fdesign%2F16ouro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamin2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Blair_Kamin" title="Blair Kamin">Kamin, Blair</a> (September 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925090648/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-09-01/news/ct-met-kamin-sullivanbuffalo-0901-20130902_1_skyscrapers-auditorium-building-wainwright-building">"Louis Sullivan still has a skyscraper in Buffalo, but Chicago has none"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-09-01/news/ct-met-kamin-sullivanbuffalo-0901-20130902_1_skyscrapers-auditorium-building-wainwright-building">the original</a> on September 25, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Louis+Sullivan+still+has+a+skyscraper+in+Buffalo%2C+but+Chicago+has+none&rft.date=2013-09-01&rft.aulast=Kamin&rft.aufirst=Blair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.chicagotribune.com%2F2013-09-01%2Fnews%2Fct-met-kamin-sullivanbuffalo-0901-20130902_1_skyscrapers-auditorium-building-wainwright-building&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Kaplan1989" class="citation web cs1">E. Kaplan, Marilyn (June 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/tech-notes/Tech-Notes-Mechanical01.pdf">"Preservation Tech Notes: Guaranty Building"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113194900/http://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/tech-notes/Tech-Notes-Mechanical01.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 13, 2016. 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Branden Books. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8283-2188-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8283-2188-4"><bdi>978-0-8283-2188-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210622041737/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_American_Skyscraper_1850_1940/JVzYO1TyZ6AC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ellicott+square+building+largest&pg=PA213&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Skyscraper%2C+1850-1940%3A+A+Celebration+of+Height&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Branden+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8283-2188-4&rft.aulast=Korom&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJVzYO1TyZ6AC%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOchsner1982" class="citation book cs1">Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl (1982). H. H. 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Retrieved September 26, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Buffalo+News&rft.atitle=Preparing+for+38+floors+of+emptiness+at+One+Seneca+Tower&rft.date=2013-11-17&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Melinda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buffalonews.com%2Fcity-region%2Fdowntown-waterfront%2Fpreparing-for-38-floors-of-emptiness-at-one-seneca-tower-20131117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parks.ny.gov/historic-sites/darwinmartinhouse/details.aspx">"Darwin Martin House State Historic Site"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Parks,_Recreation_and_Historic_Preservation" title="New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation">New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation</a>. <a href="/wiki/State_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="State of New York">State of New York</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116092839/https://parks.ny.gov/historic-sites/darwinmartinhouse/details.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+State+Office+of+Parks%2C+Recreation+and+Historic+Preservation&rft.atitle=Darwin+Martin+House+State+Historic+Site&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparks.ny.gov%2Fhistoric-sites%2Fdarwinmartinhouse%2Fdetails.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buffalonews.com/business/local/douglas-jemal-moves-full-speed-ahead-on-bevy-of-buffalo-projects/article_cab12e4c-ce20-11eb-a68d-afcda413165a.html">"Douglas Jemal moves 'full speed ahead' on bevy of Buffalo projects"</a>. October 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Douglas+Jemal+moves+%27full+speed+ahead%27+on+bevy+of+Buffalo+projects&rft.date=2021-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuffalonews.com%2Fbusiness%2Flocal%2Fdouglas-jemal-moves-full-speed-ahead-on-bevy-of-buffalo-projects%2Farticle_cab12e4c-ce20-11eb-a68d-afcda413165a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldman1983_176-195-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman1983_176-195_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman1983_176-195_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman1983_176-195_82-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman1983" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Mark (1983). "The Changing Structure of the City: Neighborhoods and the Rise of Downtown". High hopes: the rise and decline of Buffalo, New York. Albany, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. pp. 176–195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873957342" title="Special:BookSources/9780873957342"><bdi>9780873957342</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/09110713">09110713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Changing+Structure+of+the+City%3A+Neighborhoods+and+the+Rise+of+Downtown&rft.btitle=High+hopes%3A+the+rise+and+decline+of+Buffalo%2C+New+York&rft.place=Albany%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=176-195&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F09110713&rft.isbn=9780873957342&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewey2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Caitlin_Dewey" title="Caitlin Dewey">Dewey, Caitlin</a> (March 17, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buffalonews.com/news/local/fruit-belt-fights-for-its-name-over-fears-big-tech-is-erasing-it/article_4e4f3089-c594-55ba-b859-694ce1f16bdf.html">"Fruit Belt fights for its name over fears big tech is erasing it"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Buffalo_News" title="The Buffalo News">The Buffalo News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130112012/https://buffalonews.com/news/local/fruit-belt-fights-for-its-name-over-fears-big-tech-is-erasing-it/article_4e4f3089-c594-55ba-b859-694ce1f16bdf.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Buffalo+News&rft.atitle=Fruit+Belt+fights+for+its+name+over+fears+big+tech+is+erasing+it&rft.date=2019-03-17&rft.aulast=Dewey&rft.aufirst=Caitlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuffalonews.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Ffruit-belt-fights-for-its-name-over-fears-big-tech-is-erasing-it%2Farticle_4e4f3089-c594-55ba-b859-694ce1f16bdf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuffalo_Urban_Renewal_Agency" class="citation web cs1">Buffalo Urban Renewal Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.buffalony.gov/stories/s/a235-4wxj">"Neighborhood Profile"</a>. Open Data Buffalo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511205447/https://data.buffalony.gov/stories/s/a235-4wxj">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Data+Buffalo&rft.atitle=Neighborhood+Profile&rft.au=Buffalo+Urban+Renewal+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.buffalony.gov%2Fstories%2Fs%2Fa235-4wxj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BNMainSt-84"><a href="#cite_ref-BNMainSt_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerko1993" class="citation web cs1">Herko, Carl (March 14, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buffalonews.com/news/one-street-different-worlds-all-along-main-a-barrier-between-the-haves-and-the-have/article_b0b0d87d-10e5-5d65-86a5-396697945110.html">"One street, different worlds all along Main, a barrier between the haves and the have-nots"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Buffalo_News" title="The Buffalo News">The Buffalo News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210622041740/https://buffalonews.com/news/one-street-different-worlds-all-along-main-a-barrier-between-the-haves-and-the-have/article_b0b0d87d-10e5-5d65-86a5-396697945110.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Buffalo+News&rft.atitle=One+street%2C+different+worlds+all+along+Main%2C+a+barrier+between+the+haves+and+the+have-nots&rft.date=1993-03-14&rft.aulast=Herko&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuffalonews.com%2Fnews%2Fone-street-different-worlds-all-along-main-a-barrier-between-the-haves-and-the-have%2Farticle_b0b0d87d-10e5-5d65-86a5-396697945110.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewyn2000" class="citation book cs1">Lewyn, Michael (2000). "The City of Buffalo And Its Neighborhoods". Car-free in Buffalo: a guide to Buffalo's neighborhoods, suburbs and public transportation. San Jose: Writers Club Press. pp. 35–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0595127053" title="Special:BookSources/0595127053"><bdi>0595127053</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+City+of+Buffalo+And+Its+Neighborhoods&rft.btitle=Car-free+in+Buffalo%3A+a+guide+to+Buffalo%27s+neighborhoods%2C+suburbs+and+public+transportation&rft.place=San+Jose&rft.pages=35-64&rft.pub=Writers+Club+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0595127053&rft.aulast=Lewyn&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ElmwoodHertel-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ElmwoodHertel_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElmwoodHertel_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommer2018" class="citation web cs1">Sommer, Mark (April 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buffalonews.com/news/local/elmwood-grapples-with-growth-but-theres-harmony-on-hertel/article_9c975157-323c-50d2-b112-9ca3720e622e.html">"Elmwood grapples with growth, but there's harmony on Hertel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Buffalo_News" title="The Buffalo News">The Buffalo News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523001826/https://buffalonews.com/news/local/elmwood-grapples-with-growth-but-theres-harmony-on-hertel/article_9c975157-323c-50d2-b112-9ca3720e622e.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 23, 2021. Retrieved May 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Buffalo+News&rft.atitle=Elmwood+grapples+with+growth%2C+but+there%27s+harmony+on+Hertel&rft.date=2018-04-10&rft.aulast=Sommer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuffalonews.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Felmwood-grapples-with-growth-but-theres-harmony-on-hertel%2Farticle_9c975157-323c-50d2-b112-9ca3720e622e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaya2014" class="citation web cs1">Caya, Chris (March 24, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.wbfo.org/post/brewerys-choice-typifies-growth-larkinville">"Brewery's choice typifies growth of Larkinville"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WBFO" title="WBFO">WBFO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803182150/https://news.wbfo.org/post/brewerys-choice-typifies-growth-larkinville">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WBFO&rft.atitle=Brewery%27s+choice+typifies+growth+of+Larkinville&rft.date=2014-03-24&rft.aulast=Caya&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.wbfo.org%2Fpost%2Fbrewerys-choice-typifies-growth-larkinville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2013" class="citation web cs1">Schneider, Keith (July 31, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/31/realestate/commercial/once-a-punch-line-buffalo-fights-back.html">"Once Just a Punch Line, Buffalo Fights Back"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522235951/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/31/realestate/commercial/once-a-punch-line-buffalo-fights-back.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2021. Retrieved May 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Once+Just+a+Punch+Line%2C+Buffalo+Fights+Back&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F07%2F31%2Frealestate%2Fcommercial%2Fonce-a-punch-line-buffalo-fights-back.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Downtown-Buffalo-Looking-Ahead-With-a-Clear-View-1.pdf">"Downtown Buffalo: Looking Ahead With A Clearer View"</a> (PDF). Buffalo Niagara Partnership. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210622041740/https://www.thepartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Downtown-Buffalo-Looking-Ahead-With-a-Clear-View-1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved May 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buffalo+Niagara+Partnership&rft.atitle=Downtown+Buffalo%3A+Looking+Ahead+With+A+Clearer+View&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepartnership.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F05%2FDowntown-Buffalo-Looking-Ahead-With-a-Clear-View-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein2021" class="citation web cs1">Epstein, Jonathan D. (January 28, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buffalonews.com/exclusive/prospectus/after-years-of-inaction-downtown-development-is-a-bustling-scene/article_f13c352c-3b07-11eb-96b2-13b222f8d1d5.html">"After years of inaction, downtown development is a bustling scene"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Buffalo_News" title="The Buffalo News">The Buffalo News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210131064522/https://buffalonews.com/exclusive/prospectus/after-years-of-inaction-downtown-development-is-a-bustling-scene/article_f13c352c-3b07-11eb-96b2-13b222f8d1d5.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved May 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Buffalo+News&rft.atitle=After+years+of+inaction%2C+downtown+development+is+a+bustling+scene&rft.date=2021-01-28&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuffalonews.com%2Fexclusive%2Fprospectus%2Fafter-years-of-inaction-downtown-development-is-a-bustling-scene%2Farticle_f13c352c-3b07-11eb-96b2-13b222f8d1d5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNews_Editorial_Board2019" class="citation web cs1">News Editorial Board (November 1, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buffalonews.com/opinion/editorial/editorial-u-turn-on-chandler-street/article_88b70d00-2ed0-5cbe-b007-7fb411e29f82.html">"Editorial: U-turn on Chandler Street"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Buffalo_News" title="The Buffalo News">The Buffalo News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522235951/https://buffalonews.com/opinion/editorial/editorial-u-turn-on-chandler-street/article_88b70d00-2ed0-5cbe-b007-7fb411e29f82.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2021. Retrieved May 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Buffalo+News&rft.atitle=Editorial%3A+U-turn+on+Chandler+Street&rft.date=2019-11-01&rft.au=News+Editorial+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuffalonews.com%2Fopinion%2Feditorial%2Feditorial-u-turn-on-chandler-street%2Farticle_88b70d00-2ed0-5cbe-b007-7fb411e29f82.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeaman2019" class="citation web cs1">Teaman, Rachel (July 9, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ap.buffalo.edu/news/2019/greencode_driehaus.html">"Buffalo Green Code, with a national award, builds on 20 years of planning for place-based urban regeneration"</a>. University at Buffalo School of Architecture and Planning. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190821140103/http://ap.buffalo.edu/news/2019/greencode_driehaus.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2019. Retrieved May 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+at+Buffalo+School+of+Architecture+and+Planning&rft.atitle=Buffalo+Green+Code%2C+with+a+national+award%2C+builds+on+20+years+of+planning+for+place-based+urban+regeneration&rft.date=2019-07-09&rft.aulast=Teaman&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fap.buffalo.edu%2Fnews%2F2019%2Fgreencode_driehaus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peel-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Peel_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeel,_M._C.Finlayson_B._L.McMahon,_T._A.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Peel, M. C.; Finlayson B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf">"Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification"</a> (PDF). Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11 (5): 1633–1644. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007HESS...11.1633P">2007HESS...11.1633P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007">10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1027-5606">1027-5606</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191202204538/https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2019. 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Retrieved May 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weather+and+Forecasting&rft.atitle=Winter+Weather+Forecasting+throughout+the+Eastern+United+States.+Part+IV%3A+Lake+Effect+Snow&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-66&rft.date=1995-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0434%281995%29010%3C0061%3AWWFTTE%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995WtFor..10...61N&rft.aulast=Niziol&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rft.au=Snyder%2C+Warren+R.&rft.au=Waldstreicher%2C+Jeff+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ametsoc.org%2Fdownloadpdf%2Fjournals%2Fwefo%2F2%2F4%2F1520-0434_1987_002_0310_ofoles_2_0_co_2.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlechmen1996" class="citation journal cs1">Blechmen, Jerome B. 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Syracuse, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. pp. 107, 111–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0547-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0547-8"><bdi>978-0-8156-0547-8</bdi></a>. 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"Of Silo Dreams and Deviant Houses: Uneven Geographies of Abandonment in Buffalo, New York". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/2713056/pdf">Buffalo at the crossroads: the past, present, and future of American urbanism</a>. Ithaca: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. pp. 74–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501749797" title="Special:BookSources/9781501749797"><bdi>9781501749797</bdi></a>. 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Partnership for the Public Good. pp. 3, 4, 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101064651/https://ppgbuffalo.org/files/documents/data-demographics-history/a_city_divided__a_brief_history_of_segregation_in_the_city_of_buffalo.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 1, 2020. 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Partnership for the Public Good. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511050301/https://ppgbuffalo.org/files/documents/data-demographics-history/populations_and_cultural_groups/datademographicshistory-_from_puerto_rico_to_buffalo_pdf.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 11, 2021. 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Retrieved May 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Buffalo+News&rft.atitle=Covid-19+or+not%2C+Western+New+York+has+serious+health+issues&rft.date=2020-03-27&rft.aulast=Scanlon&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuffalonews.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fcovid-19-or-not-western-new-york-has-serious-health-issues%2Farticle_32271838-1b7a-5d8a-a7b1-3e61626e184d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartnership_for_the_Public_Good" class="citation web cs1">Partnership for the Public Good. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ppgbuffalo.org/files/documents/education/public_education_in_buffalo_and_the_region_buffalo_brief_may_2018.pdf">"Public Education In Buffalo And The Region"</a> (PDF). Partnership for the Public Good. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210524170246/https://ppgbuffalo.org/files/documents/education/public_education_in_buffalo_and_the_region_buffalo_brief_may_2018.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 24, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Partnership+for+the+Public+Good&rft.atitle=Public+Education+In+Buffalo+And+The+Region&rft.au=Partnership+for+the+Public+Good&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fppgbuffalo.org%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Feducation%2Fpublic_education_in_buffalo_and_the_region_buffalo_brief_may_2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas2006" class="citation journal cs1">Nicholas, Mark A. 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Retrieved May 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Buffalo+News&rft.atitle=Facing+huge+debts%2C+Buffalo+Diocese+studies+possible+mergers+of+churches%2C+schools&rft.date=2020-05-23&rft.aulast=Herbeck&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuffalonews.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Feducation%2Ffacing-huge-debts-buffalo-diocese-studies-possible-mergers-of-churches-schools%2Farticle_e0b46896-069b-5d92-b2a4-d82d3b4e56e3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">2010 U.S. religion census: religious congregations & membership study: an enumeration by nation, state, and county based on data reported for 236 religious groups. 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Retrieved July 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Top+Ten+Food+Cities&rft.date=2015-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.nationalgeographic.com%2Ftravel%2Ftop-10%2Ffood-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrillin1980" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Trillin" title="Calvin Trillin">Trillin, Calvin</a> (August 25, 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1980/08/25/an-attempt-to-compile-a-short-history-of-the-buffalo-chicken-wing">"An attempt to compile the short history of the Buffalo chicken wing"</a>. The New Yorker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140216095046/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1980/08/25/1980_08_25_082_TNY_CARDS_000331411?currentPage=1">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2014. Retrieved May 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=An+attempt+to+compile+the+short+history+of+the+Buffalo+chicken+wing&rft.date=1980-08-25&rft.aulast=Trillin&rft.aufirst=Calvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F1980%2F08%2F25%2Fan-attempt-to-compile-a-short-history-of-the-buffalo-chicken-wing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalarneau2014" class="citation web cs1">Galarneau, Andrew Z. (May 2, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buffalonews.com/entertainment/dining/at-50-the-buffalo-style-chicken-wing-has-conquered-the-world/article_a270a770-adcd-50d9-a362-3c50a0b71752.html">"At 50, the Buffalo-style chicken wing has conquered the world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Buffalo_News" title="The Buffalo News">The Buffalo News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309172247/https://buffalonews.com/entertainment/dining/at-50-the-buffalo-style-chicken-wing-has-conquered-the-world/article_a270a770-adcd-50d9-a362-3c50a0b71752.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Buffalo+News&rft.atitle=At+50%2C+the+Buffalo-style+chicken+wing+has+conquered+the+world&rft.date=2014-05-02&rft.aulast=Galarneau&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuffalonews.com%2Fentertainment%2Fdining%2Fat-50-the-buffalo-style-chicken-wing-has-conquered-the-world%2Farticle_a270a770-adcd-50d9-a362-3c50a0b71752.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelany2018" class="citation web cs1">Delany, Alex (July 30, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bonappetit.com/story/best-wings-in-buffalo">"Who Serves the Best Wings in Buffalo? I Ate at 12 Spots to Find Out"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bon_App%C3%A9tit" title="Bon Appétit">Bon Appétit</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast" title="Condé Nast">Condé Nast</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205152158/https://www.bonappetit.com/story/best-wings-in-buffalo">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bon+App%C3%A9tit&rft.atitle=Who+Serves+the+Best+Wings+in+Buffalo%3F+I+Ate+at+12+Spots+to+Find+Out&rft.date=2018-07-30&rft.aulast=Delany&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bonappetit.com%2Fstory%2Fbest-wings-in-buffalo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bovino2018_19-108-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bovino2018_19-108_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bovino2018_19-108_179-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBovino2018" class="citation book cs1">Bovino, Arthur (2018). "Buffalo Wings in Buffalo: A World of Difference in Wings". Buffalo Everything: A Guide to Eating in "The Nickel City". <a href="/wiki/The_Countryman_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Countryman Press">The Countryman Press</a>. pp. 19–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68268-123-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68268-123-7"><bdi>978-1-68268-123-7</bdi></a>. <q>For the record, Duff's beat Anchor on Travel Channel's Food Wars in 2010, and when President Obama visited the city, he visited Duff's [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Buffalo+Wings+in+Buffalo%3A+A+World+of+Difference+in+Wings&rft.btitle=Buffalo+Everything%3A+A+Guide+to+Eating+in+%22The+Nickel+City%22&rft.pages=19-108&rft.pub=The+Countryman+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-68268-123-7&rft.aulast=Bovino&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanson2003" class="citation web cs1">Swanson, Stevenson (May 14, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2003-05-14-0305140118-story.html">"Star grazing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523163644/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2003-05-14-0305140118-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 23, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Star+grazing&rft.date=2003-05-14&rft.aulast=Swanson&rft.aufirst=Stevenson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fct-xpm-2003-05-14-0305140118-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bovino2018_109-111-181"><a href="#cite_ref-Bovino2018_109-111_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBovino2018" class="citation book cs1">Bovino, Arthur (2018). "Buffalo: America's Most Underrated Pizza City?". Buffalo Everything: A Guide to Eating in "The Nickel City". <a href="/wiki/The_Countryman_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Countryman Press">The Countryman Press</a>. pp. 109–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68268-123-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68268-123-7"><bdi>978-1-68268-123-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Buffalo%3A+America%27s+Most+Underrated+Pizza+City%3F&rft.btitle=Buffalo+Everything%3A+A+Guide+to+Eating+in+%22The+Nickel+City%22&rft.pages=109-111&rft.pub=The+Countryman+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-68268-123-7&rft.aulast=Bovino&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bovino2018_303-330-182"><a href="#cite_ref-Bovino2018_303-330_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBovino2018" class="citation book cs1">Bovino, Arthur (2018). "Boozing Up Buffalo: Last Call, 4 AM". Buffalo Everything: A Guide to Eating in "The Nickel City". <a href="/wiki/The_Countryman_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Countryman Press">The Countryman Press</a>. pp. 303–330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68268-123-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68268-123-7"><bdi>978-1-68268-123-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boozing+Up+Buffalo%3A+Last+Call%2C+4+AM&rft.btitle=Buffalo+Everything%3A+A+Guide+to+Eating+in+%22The+Nickel+City%22&rft.pages=303-330&rft.pub=The+Countryman+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-68268-123-7&rft.aulast=Bovino&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DyngusBroadwayMarket-183"><a href="#cite_ref-DyngusBroadwayMarket_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerMcHale2013" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Elizabeth; McHale, Ellen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/956402">"Foodways"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/book/26419">New York State Folklife Reader: Diverse Voices</a>. Jackson: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi" title="University Press of Mississippi">University Press of Mississippi</a>. pp. 235–237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62103-967-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62103-967-9"><bdi>978-1-62103-967-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210510141803/https://muse.jhu.edu/book/26419">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2021. 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Retrieved May 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buffalo+Business+First&rft.atitle=Sweet+deal%3A+How+Ted+Marks+grew+Fowler%27s+Chocolates&rft.date=2019-09-27&rft.aulast=Fink&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Fbuffalo%2Fnews%2F2019%2F09%2F27%2Fsweet-deal-how-ted-marks-grew-fowlers-chocolates.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarey2011" class="citation web cs1">Carey, Elizabeth (February 22, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bizjournals.com/buffalo/blog/stay_tuned/2011/02/buffalo-sponge-candy-makes-national-tv.html">"Buffalo sponge candy makes national TV"</a>. Buffalo Business First. <a href="/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals" title="American City Business Journals">American City Business Journals</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110225154406/http://www.bizjournals.com/buffalo/blog/stay_tuned/2011/02/buffalo-sponge-candy-makes-national-tv.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2011. Retrieved May 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buffalo+Business+First&rft.atitle=Buffalo+sponge+candy+makes+national+TV&rft.date=2011-02-22&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Fbuffalo%2Fblog%2Fstay_tuned%2F2011%2F02%2Fbuffalo-sponge-candy-makes-national-tv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bovino2018_197-202-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Bovino2018_197-202_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBovino2018" class="citation book cs1">Bovino, Arthur (2018). "Buffalo is Just One Big Fish Fry". Buffalo Everything: A Guide to Eating in "The Nickel City". <a href="/wiki/The_Countryman_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Countryman Press">The Countryman Press</a>. pp. 197–202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68268-123-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68268-123-7"><bdi>978-1-68268-123-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Buffalo+is+Just+One+Big+Fish+Fry&rft.btitle=Buffalo+Everything%3A+A+Guide+to+Eating+in+%22The+Nickel+City%22&rft.pages=197-202&rft.pub=The+Countryman+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-68268-123-7&rft.aulast=Bovino&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsujimoto2019" class="citation web cs1">Tsujimoto, Ben (October 10, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buffalonews.com/entertainment/dining/buffalo-ethnic-food-incubator-west-side-bazaar-picks-new-location/article_2cfdf357-4fc8-58be-97c5-6d46fb524f19.html">"Buffalo ethnic food incubator West Side Bazaar picks new location"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Buffalo_News" title="The Buffalo News">The Buffalo News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210407232440/https://buffalonews.com/entertainment/dining/buffalo-ethnic-food-incubator-west-side-bazaar-picks-new-location/article_2cfdf357-4fc8-58be-97c5-6d46fb524f19.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Buffalo+News&rft.atitle=Buffalo+ethnic+food+incubator+West+Side+Bazaar+picks+new+location&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft.aulast=Tsujimoto&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuffalonews.com%2Fentertainment%2Fdining%2Fbuffalo-ethnic-food-incubator-west-side-bazaar-picks-new-location%2Farticle_2cfdf357-4fc8-58be-97c5-6d46fb524f19.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bovino2018_273-302-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bovino2018_273-302_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bovino2018_273-302_187-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBovino2018" class="citation book cs1">Bovino, Arthur (2018). "Eating Out in Buffalo: Beyond Wings, Weck, and Pizza". 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Retrieved May 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Buffalo+News&rft.atitle=Albright-Knox+expansion+kicks+off+with+%2410M+more+from+Gundlach&rft.date=2019-11-22&rft.aulast=Sommer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuffalonews.com%2Fentertainment%2Farts-and-theatre%2Falbright-knox-expansion-kicks-off-with-10m-more-from-gundlach%2Farticle_614ea763-3d94-5721-a628-1f7bddf9231a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wgrz.com/article/entertainment/akg-opening-approaching-buffalo-art-museum/71-00d1b80a-0f61-4ec0-bc2f-823ea7e24228">"AKG Art Museum to open to the public today"</a>. WGRZ. May 8, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WGRZ&rft.atitle=AKG+Art+Museum+to+open+to+the+public+today&rft.date=2023-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wgrz.com%2Farticle%2Fentertainment%2Fakg-opening-approaching-buffalo-art-museum%2F71-00d1b80a-0f61-4ec0-bc2f-823ea7e24228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennicott2020" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kennicott" title="Philip Kennicott">Kennicott, Philip</a> (January 2, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/i-grew-up-in-upstate-new-york-it-took-the-art-of-charles-burchfield-to-help-me-rediscover-the-beauty-of-its-winters/2020/01/01/3bcdd438-2b46-11ea-bcd4-24597950008f_story.html">"Perspective | I grew up in Upstate New York. It took the art of Charles Burchfield to help me rediscover the beauty of its winters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201119065958/https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/i-grew-up-in-upstate-new-york-it-took-the-art-of-charles-burchfield-to-help-me-rediscover-the-beauty-of-its-winters/2020/01/01/3bcdd438-2b46-11ea-bcd4-24597950008f_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved May 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Perspective+%7C+I+grew+up+in+Upstate+New+York.+It+took+the+art+of+Charles+Burchfield+to+help+me+rediscover+the+beauty+of+its+winters.&rft.date=2020-01-02&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Kennicott&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmuseums%2Fi-grew-up-in-upstate-new-york-it-took-the-art-of-charles-burchfield-to-help-me-rediscover-the-beauty-of-its-winters%2F2020%2F01%2F01%2F3bcdd438-2b46-11ea-bcd4-24597950008f_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuaintance2018" class="citation journal cs1">Quaintance, Hannah (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.muse.jhu.edu/article/724542">"The Freedom Wall: Public Art and Negotiations of African American Heritage in Buffalo, New York"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Future_Anterior" title="Future Anterior">Future Anterior</a>. 15 (1). <a href="/wiki/Project_MUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MUSE">Project MUSE</a>: 16–29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200814151128/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/724542">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Future+Anterior&rft.atitle=The+Freedom+Wall%3A+Public+Art+and+Negotiations+of+African+American+Heritage+in+Buffalo%2C+New+York.&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16-29&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Quaintance&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.muse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F724542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2017" class="citation web cs1">Goldman, Mary Kunz (November 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buffalonews.com/entertainment/100-plus-things-buffalo-history-museum/article_07e3b679-b635-50dc-9f12-46c37679959d.html">"100-Plus Things: Buffalo History Museum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Buffalo_News" title="The Buffalo News">The Buffalo News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210510141730/https://subscribe.buffalonews.com/e/limit-reached-bn?returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Fbuffalonews.com%2Fentertainment%2F100-plus-things-buffalo-history-museum%2Farticle_07e3b679-b635-50dc-9f12-46c37679959d.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Buffalo+News&rft.atitle=100-Plus+Things%3A+Buffalo+History+Museum&rft.date=2017-11-17&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Mary+Kunz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuffalonews.com%2Fentertainment%2F100-plus-things-buffalo-history-museum%2Farticle_07e3b679-b635-50dc-9f12-46c37679959d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorkupstate.com/buffalo/2016/01/buffalo_museum_of_science_hours_admission_and_more_info.html">"Buffalo Museum of Science: Hours, admission and more info"</a>. NYUp.com. <a href="/wiki/Advance_Publications" title="Advance Publications">Advance Publications</a>. January 20, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210510141726/https://www.newyorkupstate.com/buffalo/2016/01/buffalo_museum_of_science_hours_admission_and_more_info.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NYUp.com&rft.atitle=Buffalo+Museum+of+Science%3A+Hours%2C+admission+and+more+info&rft.date=2016-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorkupstate.com%2Fbuffalo%2F2016%2F01%2Fbuffalo_museum_of_science_hours_admission_and_more_info.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewey2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Caitlin_Dewey" title="Caitlin Dewey">Dewey, Caitlin</a> (July 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buffalonews.com/news/local/how-canalside-once-a-wasteland-became-buffalos-pride/article_b225b231-6b9e-58a9-a6c9-02eb052d8729.html">"How Canalside, once a wasteland, became Buffalo's pride"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Buffalo_News" title="The Buffalo News">The Buffalo News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108043733/https://buffalonews.com/news/local/how-canalside-once-a-wasteland-became-buffalos-pride/article_b225b231-6b9e-58a9-a6c9-02eb052d8729.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2020. 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History of Buffalo's big game appearances"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sporting_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporting News">Sporting News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210217034815/https://www.sportingnews.com/us/nfl/news/buffalo-bills-super-bowl-history/1lav6zcoj685b1velfgqg1hsca">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2021. 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Retrieved May 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsday&rft.atitle=This+John+Tavares+is+a+lacrosse+legend&rft.date=2016-05-07&rft.aulast=Baumbach&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsday.com%2Fsports%2Fhockey%2Fislanders%2Fjohn-tavares-islanders-star-s-uncle-is-a-lacrosse-legend-1.11773407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buffalo.edu/home/ub_at_a_glance/the-buffalo-niagara-region/things_to_do/sports_central.html">"Sports"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">University at Buffalo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123142203/https://www.buffalo.edu/home/ub_at_a_glance/the-buffalo-niagara-region/things_to_do/sports_central.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2021. 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Retrieved May 9, 2021. <q>In 2016, Lisa Lubin of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a> wrote, 'The famous Niagara Falls are just down river from [Canalside]. But now [ ... ] you can take a day trip [here] instead of the other way around.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Buffalo%27s+reborn+Canalside+pulses+with+energy+year-round&rft.date=2016-11-24&rft.aulast=Lubin&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Ftravel%2Fct-buffalo-reborn-canalside-travel-1211-20161122-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PPGCanalside-217"><a href="#cite_ref-PPGCanalside_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao" class="citation web cs1">Zhao, Michelle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/73548/Taking_the_High_Road_to_Canalside__How_Community_Activism_Has_Shaped_Buffalo_s_Waterfront.pdf">"Taking the High Road to Canalside: How Community Activism Has Shaped Buffalo's Waterfront"</a> (PDF). Partnership for the Public Good. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516083007/https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/73548/Taking_the_High_Road_to_Canalside__How_Community_Activism_Has_Shaped_Buffalo_s_Waterfront.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Partnership+for+the+Public+Good&rft.atitle=Taking+the+High+Road+to+Canalside%3A+How+Community+Activism+Has+Shaped+Buffalo%27s+Waterfront&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecommons.cornell.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1813%2F73548%2FTaking_the_High_Road_to_Canalside__How_Community_Activism_Has_Shaped_Buffalo_s_Waterfront.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarkness2017" class="citation web cs1">Harkness, Alaina J. (March 16, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/metropolitan-revolution/2017/03/16/mayors-can-lead-the-way-on-waterfront-revitalization/">"Mayors can lead the way on waterfront revitalization"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509051525/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/metropolitan-revolution/2017/03/16/mayors-can-lead-the-way-on-waterfront-revitalization/">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brookings+Institution&rft.atitle=Mayors+can+lead+the+way+on+waterfront+revitalization&rft.date=2017-03-16&rft.aulast=Harkness&rft.aufirst=Alaina+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fblog%2Fmetropolitan-revolution%2F2017%2F03%2F16%2Fmayors-can-lead-the-way-on-waterfront-revitalization%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OuterHarbor-219"><a href="#cite_ref-OuterHarbor_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagavern2019" class="citation web cs1">Magavern, Sam (August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ppgbuffalo.org/files/documents/environment/buffalos_outer_harbor_the_right_place_for_a_world-class_park.pdf">"Buffalo's Outer Harbor: The Right Place for a World-Class Park"</a> (PDF). Partnership for the Public Good. pp. 5, 19–20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001202950/https://ppgbuffalo.org/files/documents/environment/buffalos_outer_harbor_the_right_place_for_a_world-class_park.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Partnership+for+the+Public+Good&rft.atitle=Buffalo%27s+Outer+Harbor%3A+The+Right+Place+for+a+World-Class+Park&rft.pages=5%2C+19-20&rft.date=2019-08&rft.aulast=Magavern&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fppgbuffalo.org%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fenvironment%2Fbuffalos_outer_harbor_the_right_place_for_a_world-class_park.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommer2016" class="citation web cs1">Sommer, Mark (March 2, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buffalonews.com/news/local/state-rules-out-swimming-at-gallagher-beach/article_b889174d-fe77-5130-9c64-449f126a546f.html">"State rules out swimming at Gallagher Beach"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Buffalo_News" title="The Buffalo News">The Buffalo News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509053040/https://buffalonews.com/news/local/state-rules-out-swimming-at-gallagher-beach/article_b889174d-fe77-5130-9c64-449f126a546f.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Buffalo+News&rft.atitle=State+rules+out+swimming+at+Gallagher+Beach&rft.date=2016-03-02&rft.aulast=Sommer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuffalonews.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fstate-rules-out-swimming-at-gallagher-beach%2Farticle_b889174d-fe77-5130-9c64-449f126a546f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrell2019" class="citation web cs1">Farrell, Michael (September 5, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buffalonews.com/entertainment/stashing-your-bike-after-summer-not-so-fast---here-are-9-great-fall/article_77c70a98-fda4-55e7-99fe-0a73bce745c5.html">"Stashing your bike after summer? Not so fast - here are 9 great fall rides"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Buffalo_News" title="The Buffalo News">The Buffalo News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210524170348/https://subscribe.buffalonews.com/e/limit-reached-bn?returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Fbuffalonews.com%2Fentertainment%2Fstashing-your-bike-after-summer-not-so-fast---here-are-9-great-fall%2Farticle_77c70a98-fda4-55e7-99fe-0a73bce745c5.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Buffalo+News&rft.atitle=Stashing+your+bike+after+summer%3F+Not+so+fast+-+here+are+9+great+fall+rides&rft.date=2019-09-05&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuffalonews.com%2Fentertainment%2Fstashing-your-bike-after-summer-not-so-fast---here-are-9-great-fall%2Farticle_77c70a98-fda4-55e7-99fe-0a73bce745c5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopiolkowski2016" class="citation web cs1">Popiolkowski, Joseph (August 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buffalonews.com/news/local/10-interesting-things-to-know-about-the-new-tonawanda-rails-to-trails/article_26d717f6-52bd-5cbb-8e93-6c6c44210f02.html">"10 interesting things to know about the new Tonawanda Rails to Trails"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Buffalo_News" title="The Buffalo News">The Buffalo News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210622041748/https://buffalonews.com/news/local/10-interesting-things-to-know-about-the-new-tonawanda-rails-to-trails/article_26d717f6-52bd-5cbb-8e93-6c6c44210f02.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Buffalo+News&rft.atitle=10+interesting+things+to+know+about+the+new+Tonawanda+Rails+to+Trails&rft.date=2016-08-11&rft.aulast=Popiolkowski&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuffalonews.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F10-interesting-things-to-know-about-the-new-tonawanda-rails-to-trails%2Farticle_26d717f6-52bd-5cbb-8e93-6c6c44210f02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecode360.com/13551108">"Article 4, Duties and Powers"</a>. City of Buffalo Charter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151022064338/http://ecode360.com/13551108">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Buffalo+Charter&rft.atitle=Article+4%2C+Duties+and+Powers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecode360.com%2F13551108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroeder2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_J._F._Schroeder" title="Mark J. F. Schroeder">Schroeder, Mark J. F.</a> (June 30, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buffalony.gov/Archive/ViewFile/Item/232">"City of Buffalo Comprehensive Annual Financial Report"</a>. City of Buffalo. pp. 35–37. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508012809/https://www.buffalony.gov/Archive/ViewFile/Item/232">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Buffalo&rft.atitle=City+of+Buffalo+Comprehensive+Annual+Financial+Report&rft.pages=35-37&rft.date=2016-06-30&rft.aulast=Schroeder&rft.aufirst=Mark+J.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buffalony.gov%2FArchive%2FViewFile%2FItem%2F232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-x172-225"><a href="#cite_ref-x172_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuke2024" class="citation web cs1">Duke, Adam (October 15, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wivb.com/news/local-news/buffalo/chris-scanlon-assumes-role-as-acting-mayor-of-buffalo-an-incredible-responsibility/">"Chris Scanlon assumes role as acting mayor of Buffalo: "An incredible responsibility""</a>. News 4 Buffalo. Retrieved October 17, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+4+Buffalo&rft.atitle=Chris+Scanlon+assumes+role+as+acting+mayor+of+Buffalo%3A+%22An+incredible+responsibility%22&rft.date=2024-10-15&rft.aulast=Duke&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wivb.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Fbuffalo%2Fchris-scanlon-assumes-role-as-acting-mayor-of-buffalo-an-incredible-responsibility%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2006" class="citation web cs1">McCarthy, Bob (April 2, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buffalonews.com/news/local-gop-cant-go-it-alone/article_26988633-5fd8-5127-aec0-600f7fbe5461.html">"Local GOP can't go it alone"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Buffalo_News" title="The Buffalo News">The Buffalo News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507211546/https://buffalonews.com/news/local-gop-cant-go-it-alone/article_26988633-5fd8-5127-aec0-600f7fbe5461.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021. <q>Who was the last Republican elected mayor? The answer, for those needing help on the cocktail party circuit, is Chester Kowal, in 1961. Since then the Republican Party in Buffalo has largely proven irrelevant.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Buffalo+News&rft.atitle=Local+GOP+can%27t+go+it+alone&rft.date=2006-04-02&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuffalonews.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-gop-cant-go-it-alone%2Farticle_26988633-5fd8-5127-aec0-600f7fbe5461.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyeNortonHawthorne2019" class="citation web cs1">Dye, Alana Barrington; Norton, Schyler; Hawthorne, Edward (February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ppgbuffalo.org/files/documents/government/local_government_bodies/buffalo_common_council_2019.pdf">"Buffalo Common Council Fact Sheet"</a> (PDF). Partnership for the Public Good. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210510141728/https://ppgbuffalo.org/files/documents/government/local_government_bodies/buffalo_common_council_2019.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Partnership+for+the+Public+Good&rft.atitle=Buffalo+Common+Council+Fact+Sheet&rft.date=2019-02&rft.aulast=Dye&rft.aufirst=Alana+Barrington&rft.au=Norton%2C+Schyler&rft.au=Hawthorne%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fppgbuffalo.org%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fgovernment%2Flocal_government_bodies%2Fbuffalo_common_council_2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-c687-228"><a href="#cite_ref-c687_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorello2024" class="citation web cs1">Morello, Dillon (October 2, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wivb.com/news/local-news/buffalo/councilman-bryan-bollman-ready-to-become-buffalo-common-council-president/">"Councilman Bryan Bollman 'ready' to become Buffalo Common Council president"</a>. 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Erie County Board of Elections. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507221242/https://elections.erie.gov/MapPdf/CNTY-LEG-24X30_2017.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Erie+County+Board+of+Elections&rft.atitle=Erie+County+Legislative+Districts&rft.date=2017-02&rft.au=Erie+County+Board+of+Elections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felections.erie.gov%2FMapPdf%2FCNTY-LEG-24X30_2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErie_County_Board_of_Elections2017" class="citation web cs1">Erie County Board of Elections (February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elections.erie.gov/MapPdf/Buffalo_Legislative-11_2017.pdf">"City of Buffalo Legislative Districts"</a> (PDF). Erie County Board of Elections. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210510141725/https://elections.erie.gov/MapPdf/Buffalo_Legislative-11_2017.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Erie+County+Board+of+Elections&rft.atitle=City+of+Buffalo+Legislative+Districts&rft.date=2017-02&rft.au=Erie+County+Board+of+Elections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felections.erie.gov%2FMapPdf%2FBuffalo_Legislative-11_2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww2.nycourts.gov/courts/8jd/structure.shtml">"Court Structure - NYCOURTS.GOV"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_New_York_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of New York (state)">NYCOURTS.gov</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210325181745/http://ww2.nycourts.gov/courts/8jd/structure.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on March 25, 2021. 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Retrieved May 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Partnership+for+the+Public+Good&rft.atitle=Buffalo%27s+Demolition+Strategy&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fppgbuffalo.org%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fhousing_neighborhoods%2Fhousing_conditions_and_repairs%2Fhousingneighborhoods-_buffalos_demolition_strategy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220523131309/https://www.npr.org/2022/05/21/1100560941/the-youngest-of-the-10-buffalo-shooting-victims-was-laid-to-rest">"The youngest of the 10 people killed in the Buffalo shooting was laid to rest"</a>. NPR. May 21, 2022. 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Buffalo News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220514205116/https://buffalonews.com/news/local/ten-killed-in-mass-shooting-at-jefferson-avenue-supermarket-shooter-in-custody/article_6e8132fa-d3b7-11ec-a714-2b3fbeaf848c.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2022. 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Buffalo Spree. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507121647/https://www.buffalospree.com/wny_life/city_buzz/buffalos-only-daily-faces-an-uphill-battle/article_80f24905-8a17-546b-bf52-1d6b8d4accdb.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buffalo+Spree&rft.atitle=Buffalo%27s+only+daily+faces+an+uphill+battle&rft.date=2020-04-04&rft.aulast=Heaney&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buffalospree.com%2Fwny_life%2Fcity_buzz%2Fbuffalos-only-daily-faces-an-uphill-battle%2Farticle_80f24905-8a17-546b-bf52-1d6b8d4accdb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetro2023" class="citation web cs1">Petro, Mike (February 20, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buffalonews.com/news/local/buffalo-news-plans-to-close-downtown-production-facility-move-printing-to-cleveland/article_94ee0dca-b12c-11ed-a16a-73c8d722aade.html">"Buffalo News plans to close downtown production facility, move printing to Cleveland"</a>. 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The Record. <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo State College">Buffalo State College</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227182557/https://buffstaterecord.com/about/">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Record&rft.atitle=About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuffstaterecord.com%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ubspectrum.com/page/about">"About"</a>. The Spectrum. <a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">University at Buffalo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517034116/https://www.ubspectrum.com/page/about">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectrum&rft.atitle=About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ubspectrum.com%2Fpage%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKicey" class="citation web cs1">Kicey, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.lib.buffalo.edu/c.php?g=540390&p=3702822">"Research Guides: Newspaper Research: Western New York News"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">University at Buffalo</a> Research Library (Lockwood). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117161218/https://research.lib.buffalo.edu/c.php?g=540390&p=3702822">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+at+Buffalo+Research+Library+%28Lockwood%29&rft.atitle=Research+Guides%3A+Newspaper+Research%3A+Western+New+York+News&rft.aulast=Kicey&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.lib.buffalo.edu%2Fc.php%3Fg%3D540390%26p%3D3702822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiolineup.com/locate/Buffalo-NY">"Radio stations in Buffalo, New York - Radio Lineup"</a>. www.radiolineup.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508055047/https://www.radiolineup.com/locate/Buffalo-NY">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.radiolineup.com&rft.atitle=Radio+stations+in+Buffalo%2C+New+York+-+Radio+Lineup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiolineup.com%2Flocate%2FBuffalo-NY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radio-locator.com/cgi-bin/locate?select=city&city=Buffalo&state=NY">"Radio Stations in Buffalo, New York"</a>. radio-locator.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113144733/http://radio-locator.com/cgi-bin/locate?select=city&city=Buffalo&state=NY">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved May 8, 2021. <q>There are 92 radio stations that may be within distant listening range of Buffalo, New York.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=radio-locator.com&rft.atitle=Radio+Stations+in+Buffalo%2C+New+York.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradio-locator.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Flocate%3Fselect%3Dcity%26city%3DBuffalo%26state%3DNY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wned.org/about/commitment-to-canada/">"Buffalo Toronto Public Media's Commitment to Canada"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WNED-TV" title="WNED-TV">WNED-TV</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130200130/https://www.wned.org/about/commitment-to-canada/">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2021. <q>More than half of Buffalo Toronto Public Media's membership is Canadian.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WNED-TV&rft.atitle=Buffalo+Toronto+Public+Media%27s+Commitment+to+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wned.org%2Fabout%2Fcommitment-to-canada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Nielsen_Company2019" class="citation web cs1">The Nielsen Company (September 28, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nielsen.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/09/2019-20-dma-ranker.pdf">"Local Television Market Universe Estimates"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_Media_Research" title="Nielsen Media Research">Nielsen</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204203838/https://www.nielsen.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/09/2019-20-dma-ranker.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved May 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nielsen&rft.atitle=Local+Television+Market+Universe+Estimates&rft.date=2019-09-28&rft.au=The+Nielsen+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nielsen.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F3%2F2019%2F09%2F2019-20-dma-ranker.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BN_BuffMov-259">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BN_BuffMov_259-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BN_BuffMov_259-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BN_BuffMov_259-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BN_BuffMov_259-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BN_BuffMov_259-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BN_BuffMov_259-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BN_BuffMov_259-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BN_BuffMov_259-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BN_BuffMov_259-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BN_BuffMov_259-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon,_Jeff2011" class="citation web cs1">Simon, Jeff (April 17, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buffalonews.com/news/buffalos-star-turn/article_c7cfb11d-973f-5d32-b596-a4e798e09cc2.html">"Buffalo's star turn"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Buffalo_News" title="The Buffalo News">The Buffalo News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160927091820/http://www.buffalonews.com/buffaloaposs_star_turn.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2016. 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Retrieved September 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WIVB-TV&rft.atitle=Buffalo+to+be+taken+over+by+Teenage+Mutant+Ninja+Turtles+for+two+weeks&rft.date=2016-04-15&rft.aulast=Belcher&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwivb.com%2F2015%2F04%2F15%2Fbuffalo-opens-up-for-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-2-but-shuts-down-some-roads%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley" class="citation news cs1">Buckley, Eileen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.wbfo.org/post/locally-shot-american-side-premiere-buffalo">"Locally-shot 'The American Side' to premiere in Buffalo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WBFO" title="WBFO">WBFO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923002823/http://news.wbfo.org/post/locally-shot-american-side-premiere-buffalo">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2017. 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Retrieved May 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+at+Buffalo&rft.atitle=Academics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buffalo.edu%2Facademics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buffalo.edu/home/ub_at_a_glance.html">"UB at a Glance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">University at Buffalo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210430070633/http://www.buffalo.edu/home/ub_at_a_glance.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2021. 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New York State Office of Mental Health - Buffalo Psychiatric Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224041513/https://www.omh.ny.gov/omhweb/facilities/bupc/doc/inpatienthandbook_11_2012.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 24, 2016. 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Retrieved May 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+at+Buffalo+School+of+Medicine%2C+Department+of+Neurology&rft.atitle=Gates+Vascular+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedicine.buffalo.edu%2Fdepartments%2Fneurology%2Feducation%2Fadult-neurology%2Ftraining-sites%2Fgates-vascular.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/ny/roswell-park-cancer-institute-6211120/cancer">"Cancer Scorecard"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210521045741/https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/ny/roswell-park-cancer-institute-6211120/cancer">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2021. 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Problems of an Expanding Population". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/2179072">Joseph Ellicott and the Holland Land Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fbook.61263">10.1353/book.61263</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781684450022" title="Special:BookSources/9781684450022"><bdi>9781684450022</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv64h6xr">j.ctv64h6xr</a>. Retrieved May 20, 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Project_MUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MUSE">Project MUSE</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VI.+Problems+of+an+Expanding+Population&rft.btitle=Joseph+Ellicott+and+the+Holland+Land+Company&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv64h6xr%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fbook.61263&rft.isbn=9781684450022&rft.aulast=Chazanof&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fchapter%2F2179072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2010" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Mark (October 29, 2010). City on the Lake: The Challenge of Change in Buffalo, New York. <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Books" title="Prometheus Books">Prometheus Books</a>. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61592-392-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61592-392-2"><bdi>978-1-61592-392-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+on+the+Lake%3A+The+Challenge+of+Change+in+Buffalo%2C+New+York&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2010-10-29&rft.isbn=978-1-61592-392-2&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/dir/I-190,+Buffalo,+NY+14201/42.9084466,-78.9180701/@42.906305,-78.9119525,14.04z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m10!1m1!1s0x89d313a5a82868b9:0xc37a69b35b449c73!2m2!1d-78.8974803!2d42.898158!3m4!1m2!1d-78.9175898!2d42.9084453!3s0x89d313784265274f:0xde19bb8938242928!1m0!3e0">"Interstate 190 in Buffalo to Queen Elizabeth Way in Fort Erie"</a> (Map). <a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a>. Retrieved May 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft.atitle=Interstate+190+in+Buffalo+to+Queen+Elizabeth+Way+in+Fort+Erie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fdir%2FI-190%2C%2BBuffalo%2C%2BNY%2B14201%2F42.9084466%2C-78.9180701%2F%4042.906305%2C-78.9119525%2C14.04z%2Fdata%3D%214m14%214m13%211m10%211m1%211s0x89d313a5a82868b9%3A0xc37a69b35b449c73%212m2%211d-78.8974803%212d42.898158%213m4%211m2%211d-78.9175898%212d42.9084453%213s0x89d313784265274f%3A0xde19bb8938242928%211m0%213e0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNYSDOT" class="citation web cs1">NYSDOT. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/hds-respository/NYSDOT_2019TrafficVolumeReport-Routes.pdf">"2019 Traffic Volume Report - Routes"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Transportation" title="New York State Department of Transportation">New York State Department of Transportation</a>. pp. 8, 227, 125. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520034312/https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/hds-respository/NYSDOT_2019TrafficVolumeReport-Routes.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+State+Department+of+Transportation&rft.atitle=2019+Traffic+Volume+Report+-+Routes&rft.pages=8%2C+227%2C+125&rft.au=NYSDOT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dot.ny.gov%2Fdivisions%2Fengineering%2Ftechnical-services%2Fhds-respository%2FNYSDOT_2019TrafficVolumeReport-Routes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/dir/42.8861395,-78.8798914/42.8339551,-78.8539607/@42.8850309,-78.8859263,12.72z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0">"NY 5 in Buffalo from Niagara Square"</a> (Map). <a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a>. Retrieved May 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft.atitle=NY+5+in+Buffalo+from+Niagara+Square&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fdir%2F42.8861395%2C-78.8798914%2F42.8339551%2C-78.8539607%2F%4042.8850309%2C-78.8859263%2C12.72z%2Fdata%3D%214m2%214m1%213e0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/dir/42.8928749,-78.8668008/42.9331026,-78.7990235/@42.9078516,-78.8716677,12.72z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0">"NY 33 in Buffalo"</a> (Map). <a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a>. Retrieved May 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft.atitle=NY+33+in+Buffalo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fdir%2F42.8928749%2C-78.8668008%2F42.9331026%2C-78.7990235%2F%4042.9078516%2C-78.8716677%2C12.72z%2Fdata%3D%214m2%214m1%213e0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/dir/42.8913475,-78.8673269/42.8809784,-78.8708095/@42.9070764,-78.9073493,13z/am=t/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m10!3m4!1m2!1d-78.8965902!2d42.9289827!3s0x89d3133b676af6fb:0x3e2c4100558384a8!3m4!1m2!1d-78.8726616!2d42.8767793!3s0x89d312309a08bc51:0x70920247ca865816!1m0!3e0">"NY 33 to NY 198 to I-190 in Buffalo"</a> (Map). <a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a>. Retrieved May 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft.atitle=NY+33+to+NY+198+to+I-190+in+Buffalo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fdir%2F42.8913475%2C-78.8673269%2F42.8809784%2C-78.8708095%2F%4042.9070764%2C-78.9073493%2C13z%2Fam%3Dt%2Fdata%3D%213m1%214b1%214m14%214m13%211m10%213m4%211m2%211d-78.8965902%212d42.9289827%213s0x89d3133b676af6fb%3A0x3e2c4100558384a8%213m4%211m2%211d-78.8726616%212d42.8767793%213s0x89d312309a08bc51%3A0x70920247ca865816%211m0%213e0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirst2021" class="citation web cs1">Kirst, Sean (May 16, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buffalonews.com/news/local/should-the-skyway-stay-or-go-in-buffalo-a-community-responds/article_aa8ff6a8-b268-11eb-802e-8fc6ab6a88bf.html">"Should the Skyway stay or go? In Buffalo, a community responds"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Buffalo_News" title="The Buffalo News">The Buffalo News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520034311/https://buffalonews.com/news/local/should-the-skyway-stay-or-go-in-buffalo-a-community-responds/article_aa8ff6a8-b268-11eb-802e-8fc6ab6a88bf.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Buffalo+News&rft.atitle=Should+the+Skyway+stay+or+go%3F+In+Buffalo%2C+a+community+responds&rft.date=2021-05-16&rft.aulast=Kirst&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuffalonews.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fshould-the-skyway-stay-or-go-in-buffalo-a-community-responds%2Farticle_aa8ff6a8-b268-11eb-802e-8fc6ab6a88bf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/dir/42.959792,-78.8139887/2501-2521+US-62,+Buffalo,+NY+14220/@42.8906356,-78.8764653,12.96z/am=t/data=!4m11!4m10!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x89d30e3a5e525137:0xd0c2cdccef5f9b7e!2m2!1d-78.8239121!2d42.8317675!2m1!1b1!3e0">"US 62 in Buffalo"</a> (Map). <a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a>. Retrieved May 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft.atitle=US+62+in+Buffalo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fdir%2F42.959792%2C-78.8139887%2F2501-2521%2BUS-62%2C%2BBuffalo%2C%2BNY%2B14220%2F%4042.8906356%2C-78.8764653%2C12.96z%2Fam%3Dt%2Fdata%3D%214m11%214m10%211m0%211m5%211m1%211s0x89d30e3a5e525137%3A0xd0c2cdccef5f9b7e%212m2%211d-78.8239121%212d42.8317675%212m1%211b1%213e0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/dir/42.8969348,-78.8140088/2046-2036+NY-130,+Buffalo,+NY+14212/@42.8996083,-78.8639415,13.28z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x89d30d06c4238bb9:0xf3d5d311895f9d32!2m2!1d-78.7995607!2d42.8987313!3e0">"NY 130 in Buffalo"</a> (Map). <a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a>. Retrieved May 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft.atitle=NY+130+in+Buffalo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fdir%2F42.8969348%2C-78.8140088%2F2046-2036%2BNY-130%2C%2BBuffalo%2C%2BNY%2B14212%2F%4042.8996083%2C-78.8639415%2C13.28z%2Fdata%3D%214m9%214m8%211m0%211m5%211m1%211s0x89d30d06c4238bb9%3A0xf3d5d311895f9d32%212m2%211d-78.7995607%212d42.8987313%213e0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/dir/42.8858524,-78.8716828/42.8717378,-78.7997522/@42.9036993,-78.8727293,13.08z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m10!3m4!1m2!1d-78.863835!2d42.8837297!3s0x89d31240f58e50db:0x7d489aeb3405d5b5!3m4!1m2!1d-78.8577281!2d42.8825345!3s0x89d3126b2ff41459:0x31a120b51348ee80!1m0!3e0">"NY 354 in Buffalo"</a> (Map). <a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a>. Retrieved May 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft.atitle=NY+354+in+Buffalo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fdir%2F42.8858524%2C-78.8716828%2F42.8717378%2C-78.7997522%2F%4042.9036993%2C-78.8727293%2C13.08z%2Fdata%3D%214m14%214m13%211m10%213m4%211m2%211d-78.863835%212d42.8837297%213s0x89d31240f58e50db%3A0x7d489aeb3405d5b5%213m4%211m2%211d-78.8577281%212d42.8825345%213s0x89d3126b2ff41459%3A0x31a120b51348ee80%211m0%213e0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/dir/42.9566426,-78.9120174/42.8928545,-78.8842519/@42.9248086,-78.9330377,13z/am=t/data=!3m1!4b1!4m24!4m23!1m20!3m4!1m2!1d-78.9079506!2d42.9471277!3s0x89d36cb50c75e383:0xdc81f2ed8e28d708!3m4!1m2!1d-78.9047975!2d42.9394796!3s0x89d31336724a44c9:0x8d9b9aa4e9ac3d0b!3m4!1m2!1d-78.9019593!2d42.9339801!3s0x89d31339de4ff315:0x33e064d09dfadf10!3m4!1m2!1d-78.8902903!2d42.8992906!3s0x89d313aeb4597201:0x861f6afba08a398f!1m0!3e0">"NY 266 in Buffalo"</a> (Map). <a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a>. Retrieved May 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft.atitle=NY+266+in+Buffalo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fdir%2F42.9566426%2C-78.9120174%2F42.8928545%2C-78.8842519%2F%4042.9248086%2C-78.9330377%2C13z%2Fam%3Dt%2Fdata%3D%213m1%214b1%214m24%214m23%211m20%213m4%211m2%211d-78.9079506%212d42.9471277%213s0x89d36cb50c75e383%3A0xdc81f2ed8e28d708%213m4%211m2%211d-78.9047975%212d42.9394796%213s0x89d31336724a44c9%3A0x8d9b9aa4e9ac3d0b%213m4%211m2%211d-78.9019593%212d42.9339801%213s0x89d31339de4ff315%3A0x33e064d09dfadf10%213m4%211m2%211d-78.8902903%212d42.8992906%213s0x89d313aeb4597201%3A0x861f6afba08a398f%211m0%213e0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988">, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/dir/42.9293514,-78.8974098/42.9585706,-78.8892616/@42.9589899,-78.9199288,13z/am=t/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!4m1!3e0">"NY 265 in Buffalo"</a> (Map). <a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a>. Retrieved May 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft.atitle=NY+265+in+Buffalo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fdir%2F42.9293514%2C-78.8974098%2F42.9585706%2C-78.8892616%2F%4042.9589899%2C-78.9199288%2C13z%2Fam%3Dt%2Fdata%3D%213m1%214b1%214m2%214m1%213e0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/dir/42.8838519,-78.8789718/42.9586739,-78.8696122/@42.9211684,-78.9069589,13z/am=t/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m10!3m4!1m2!1d-78.8674291!2d42.9219328!3s0x89d312c20918220d:0x23184edb4300f9fb!3m4!1m2!1d-78.868053!2d42.9437599!3s0x89d36d33a2a30abf:0xafa14f8fb82ff654!1m0!3e0">"NY 384 in Buffalo"</a> (Map). <a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a>. Retrieved May 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft.atitle=NY+384+in+Buffalo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fdir%2F42.8838519%2C-78.8789718%2F42.9586739%2C-78.8696122%2F%4042.9211684%2C-78.9069589%2C13z%2Fam%3Dt%2Fdata%3D%213m1%214b1%214m14%214m13%211m10%213m4%211m2%211d-78.8674291%212d42.9219328%213s0x89d312c20918220d%3A0x23184edb4300f9fb%213m4%211m2%211d-78.868053%212d42.9437599%213s0x89d36d33a2a30abf%3A0xafa14f8fb82ff654%211m0%213e0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaciag2014" class="citation journal cs1">Maciag, Mike (December 9, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.governing.com/gov-data/car-ownership-numbers-of-vehicles-by-city-map.html">"Car Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Governing_(magazine)" title="Governing (magazine)">Governing</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180511162014/http://www.governing.com/gov-data/car-ownership-numbers-of-vehicles-by-city-map.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2018. Retrieved May 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Governing&rft.atitle=Car+Ownership+in+U.S.+Cities+Data+and+Map&rft.date=2014-12-09&rft.aulast=Maciag&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.governing.com%2Fgov-data%2Fcar-ownership-numbers-of-vehicles-by-city-map.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metro.nfta.com/media/xefnkvjb/2019-metro_annual_performance_report.pdf">"2018 - 2019 Annual Performance Report"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Frontier_Transportation_Authority" title="Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority">Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority</a>. March 31, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200324144150/https://metro.nfta.com/media/xefnkvjb/2019-metro_annual_performance_report.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 24, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Niagara+Frontier+Transportation+Authority&rft.atitle=2018+-+2019+Annual+Performance+Report&rft.date=2019-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmetro.nfta.com%2Fmedia%2Fxefnkvjb%2F2019-metro_annual_performance_report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metro.nfta.com/media/u5ojl0a3/nfta-system-map-downtown-20190523.pdf">"NFTA-Metro Downtown System Map"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Frontier_Transportation_Authority" title="Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority">Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201212132613/https://metro.nfta.com/media/u5ojl0a3/nfta-system-map-downtown-20190523.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 12, 2020. 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American Public Transport Association. p. 26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210318165837/https://www.apta.com/wp-content/uploads/Resources/resources/statistics/Documents/FactBook/2018-APTA-Fact-Book.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 18, 2021. 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(April 24, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buffalonews.com/news/local/will-amherst-embrace-metro-rail-extension-this-time/article_69c9b40a-a670-5e56-a765-64f543d8963f.html">"Will Amherst embrace Metro rail extension this time?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Buffalo_News" title="The Buffalo News">The Buffalo News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526183303/https://buffalonews.com/news/local/will-amherst-embrace-metro-rail-extension-this-time/article_69c9b40a-a670-5e56-a765-64f543d8963f.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2021. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wivb.com/news/local-news/nfta-unveils-new-meet-and-greet-area-at-buffalo-niagara-airport/">the original</a> on June 24, 2021. 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Partnership for the Public Good. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525014318/https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/73332/Environment__Niagara_Frontier_Transportation_Authority.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2021. 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City of Buffalo Police Department. 3.0. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210326045114/https://www.buffalony.gov/DocumentCenter/View/7575/CHAPTER-7---TRAFFICpdf">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+Traffic%3B+Closing+the+Skyway+Complex&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Procedures&rft.pages=3.0&rft.pub=City+of+Buffalo+Police+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buffalony.gov%2FDocumentCenter%2FView%2F7575%2FCHAPTER-7---TRAFFICpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ijc.org/en/nbc/lake-erie-niagara-river-ice-boom-installation-2020">"Lake Erie - Niagara River Ice Boom Installation 2020"</a>. International Joint Commission. December 8, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525024038/https://www.ijc.org/en/nbc/lake-erie-niagara-river-ice-boom-installation-2020">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Joint+Commission&rft.atitle=Lake+Erie+-+Niagara+River+Ice+Boom+Installation+2020&rft.date=2020-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijc.org%2Fen%2Fnbc%2Flake-erie-niagara-river-ice-boom-installation-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ijc.org/en/nbc/watershed/faq/6">"Section 6: Lake Erie - Niagara River Ice Boom"</a>. International Joint Commission. August 23, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525024042/https://www.ijc.org/en/nbc/watershed/faq/6">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Joint+Commission&rft.atitle=Section+6%3A+Lake+Erie+-+Niagara+River+Ice+Boom&rft.date=2018-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijc.org%2Fen%2Fnbc%2Fwatershed%2Ffaq%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legacyfiles.ijc.org/tinymce/uploaded/INBC/ice_glace-info_e.pdf">"Lake Erie-Niagara River ICE BOOM"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516083014/https://legacyfiles.ijc.org/tinymce/uploaded/INBC/ice_glace-info_e.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved May 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lake+Erie-Niagara+River+ICE+BOOM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegacyfiles.ijc.org%2Ftinymce%2Fuploaded%2FINBC%2Fice_glace-info_e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddiardComfortAbdelnour2005" class="citation conference cs1">Liddiard, R.; Comfort, G.; Abdelnour, R. (September 15, 2005). Performance of the Lake Erie Ice Boom, Eight Years After Major Design Modifications in 1997. CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment: 13th Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers. Hanover, New Hampshire. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.498.4173">10.1.1.498.4173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Performance+of+the+Lake+Erie+Ice+Boom%2C+Eight+Years+After+Major+Design+Modifications+in+1997&rft.place=Hanover%2C+New+Hampshire&rft.date=2005-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.498.4173%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Liddiard&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Comfort%2C+G.&rft.au=Abdelnour%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buffalony.gov/645/Buffalo-Sister-Cities">"Buffalo Sister Cities"</a>. City of Buffalo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222141646/https://www.buffalony.gov/645/Buffalo-Sister-Cities">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Buffalo&rft.atitle=Buffalo+Sister+Cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buffalony.gov%2F645%2FBuffalo-Sister-Cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980 (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_r8s1">online</a>; see index at pp. 406–411 for list.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowsky1985" class="citation book cs1">Kowsky, Francis R. (1985). Buffalo Architecture: a guide. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262520638" title="Special:BookSources/9780262520638"><bdi>9780262520638</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/637993088">637993088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buffalo+Architecture%3A+a+guide&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F637993088&rft.isbn=9780262520638&rft.aulast=Kowsky&rft.aufirst=Francis+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohen2012" class="citation book cs1">Bohen, Timothy (2012). Against the Grain: The History of Buffalo's First Ward. Buffalo, N.Y.: Petit Printing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780615620527" title="Special:BookSources/9780615620527"><bdi>9780615620527</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/815395883">815395883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+the+Grain%3A+The+History+of+Buffalo%27s+First+Ward&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Petit+Printing&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F815395883&rft.isbn=9780615620527&rft.aulast=Bohen&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1999" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Lillian Serence (1999). Strangers in the land of paradise: the creation of an African American community, Buffalo, New York, 1900–1940. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253335524" title="Special:BookSources/9780253335524"><bdi>9780253335524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strangers+in+the+land+of+paradise%3A+the+creation+of+an+African+American+community%2C+Buffalo%2C+New+York%2C+1900%E2%80%931940&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780253335524&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Lillian+Serence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLearySholes1997" class="citation book cs1">Leary, Thomas E; Sholes, Elizabeth C. (1997). Buffalo's waterfront. Charleston, SC: <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Publishing" title="Arcadia Publishing">Arcadia Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0752408293" title="Special:BookSources/978-0752408293"><bdi>978-0752408293</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38087547">38087547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buffalo%27s+waterfront&rft.place=Charleston%2C+SC&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38087547&rft.isbn=978-0752408293&rft.aulast=Leary&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E&rft.au=Sholes%2C+Elizabeth+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers2012" class="citation book cs1">Myers, Stephen G (2012). Buffalo. Arcadia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738591650" title="Special:BookSources/9780738591650"><bdi>9780738591650</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/835592368">835592368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buffalo&rft.pub=Arcadia&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F835592368&rft.isbn=9780738591650&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeverance1879" class="citation book cs1">Severance, Frank H. (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/publicationsofbu09seve">"Papers relating to the Burning of Buffalo"</a>. Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society. Harold B. Lee Library. Buffalo: Bigelow Bros.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Papers+relating+to+the+Burning+of+Buffalo&rft.btitle=Publications+of+the+Buffalo+Historical+Society&rft.place=Buffalo&rft.pub=Bigelow+Bros.&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Severance&rft.aufirst=Frank+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpublicationsofbu09seve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuilders'_Association_Exchange_of_BuffaloNational_Association_of_Builders1896" class="citation book cs1">Builders' Association Exchange of Buffalo; National Association of Builders (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/queenoflakesbuff00buil">Queen of the lakes, Buffalo, the electric city of the future</a>. Buffalo, N.Y.: The Courier Co. Printers. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17204632">17204632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+of+the+lakes%2C+Buffalo%2C+the+electric+city+of+the+future&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=The+Courier+Co.+Printers&rft.date=1896&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17204632&rft.au=Builders%27+Association+Exchange+of+Buffalo&rft.au=National+Association+of+Builders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fqueenoflakesbuff00buil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerber1989" class="citation book cs1">Gerber, David A. (1989). The making of an American pluralism: Buffalo, New York, 1825–60. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252015953" title="Special:BookSources/9780252015953"><bdi>9780252015953</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+making+of+an+American+pluralism%3A+Buffalo%2C+New+York%2C+1825%E2%80%9360&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780252015953&rft.aulast=Gerber&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Buffalo, New York at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" class="extiw" title="c:Buffalo, New York">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Buffalo,_New_York" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Buffalo, New York">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Buffalo" class="extiw" title="voy:Buffalo">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40435" class="extiw" title="d:Q40435">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buffalony.gov/">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40435#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NYPL_Digital_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="NYPL Digital Gallery">NYPL Digital Gallery</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchresult.cfm?word=Buffalo%20%28N%2EY%2E%29&s=3&notword=&f=2">Media related to Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, Prints & Photos Division: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/search/?q=buffalo%20new%20york">Historical images related to Buffalo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://video.wned.org/show/wned-tv-documentaries/specials/">WNED Documentaries and Specials</a>: Historical and cultural programming related to Buffalo from <a href="/wiki/WNED-TV" title="WNED-TV">Buffalo–Toronto Public Media</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/175031">Buffalo, New York</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Buffalo–Niagara_Falls_metropolitan_area" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:# ccf"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buffalo%E2%80%93Niagara_Falls_metropolitan_area" title="Template:Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buffalo%E2%80%93Niagara_Falls_metropolitan_area" title="Template talk:Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buffalo%E2%80%93Niagara_Falls_metropolitan_area" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Buffalo–Niagara_Falls_metropolitan_area" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Buffalo%E2%80%93Niagara_Falls_metropolitan_area" title="Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area">Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:# ccf; text-align: center;">Principal city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buffalo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Buffalo-Niagara_Falls_metropolitan_area.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Buffalo metro"><img alt="Buffalo metro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Buffalo-Niagara_Falls_metropolitan_area.png/100px-Buffalo-Niagara_Falls_metropolitan_area.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Buffalo-Niagara_Falls_metropolitan_area.png/150px-Buffalo-Niagara_Falls_metropolitan_area.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Buffalo-Niagara_Falls_metropolitan_area.png/200px-Buffalo-Niagara_Falls_metropolitan_area.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="330" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:# ccf; text-align: center;">Other major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York" title="Niagara Falls, New York">Niagara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Tonawanda,_New_York" title="North Tonawanda, New York">North Tonawanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockport,_New_York" title="Lockport, New York">Lockport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lackawanna,_New_York" title="Lackawanna, New York">Lackawanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonawanda,_New_York" title="Tonawanda, New York">Tonawanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olean,_New_York" title="Olean, New York">Olean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:# ccf; text-align: center;">Counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erie_County,_New_York" title="Erie County, New York">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_County,_New_York" title="Niagara County, New York">Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattaraugus_County,_New_York" title="Cattaraugus County, New York">Cattaraugus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="City_of_Buffalo,_New_York" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:City_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="Template:City of Buffalo, New York"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:City_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="Template talk:City of Buffalo, New York"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:City_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="Special:EditPage/Template:City of Buffalo, New York"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_of_Buffalo,_New_York" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">City of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buffalo, New York</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo%E2%80%93Niagara_Falls_metropolitan_area" title="Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area">Metro area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_York" title="Western New York">Western New York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_and_government_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="Politics and government of Buffalo, New York">Government and services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_City_Hall" title="Buffalo City Hall">City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Common_Council" title="Buffalo Common Council">Common Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Fire_Department" title="Buffalo Fire Department">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_%26_Erie_County_Public_Library" title="Buffalo & Erie County Public Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="List of mayors of Buffalo, New York">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York_parks_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo, New York parks system">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Police_Department" title="Buffalo Police Department">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Buffalo,_New_York" title="Transportation in Buffalo, New York">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Frontier_Transportation_Authority" title="Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority">Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Metro_Rail" title="Buffalo Metro Rail">Metro Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Metropolitan_Transportation_Center" title="Buffalo Metropolitan Transportation Center">Bus transit center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Niagara_International_Airport" title="Buffalo Niagara International Airport">Buffalo airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls_International_Airport" title="Niagara Falls International Airport">Niagara Falls airport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo%E2%80%93Depew_station" title="Buffalo–Depew station">Depew station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo%E2%80%93Exchange_Street_station" title="Buffalo–Exchange Street station">Exchange Street station</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research and education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">University at Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Public_Schools" title="Buffalo Public Schools">Buffalo Public Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_State_University" title="Buffalo State University">Buffalo State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryant_%26_Stratton_College" title="Bryant & Stratton College">Bryant & Stratton College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canisius_University" title="Canisius University">Canisius University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Youville_University" title="D'Youville University">D'Youville University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_Community_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Erie Community College">Erie Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trocaire_College" title="Trocaire College">Trocaire College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medicine and healthcare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erie_County_Medical_Center" title="Erie County Medical Center">Erie County Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Niagara_Medical_Campus" title="Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus">Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_Park_Comprehensive_Cancer_Center" title="Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center">Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaleida_Health" title="Kaleida Health">Kaleida Health</a> (Buffalo General Medical Center)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Oishei_Children%27s_Hospital" title="John R. Oishei Children's Hospital">John R. Oishei Children's Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo_School_of_Medicine_and_Biomedical_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences">University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gates_Vascular_Institute" title="Gates Vascular Institute">Gates Vascular Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauptman-Woodward_Medical_Research_Institute" title="Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute">Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Health" title="Catholic Health">Catholic Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity_Hospital_(Buffalo)" title="Sisters of Charity Hospital (Buffalo)">Sisters of Charity Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Mary%27s_Hospital_%26_Health_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount St. Mary's Hospital & Health Center">Mount St. Mary's Hospital & Health Center</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="Architecture of Buffalo, New York">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Buffalo,_New_York" title="List of tallest buildings in Buffalo, New York">tallest buildings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buffalo,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Buffalo, New York">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Buffalo,_New_York" title="List of festivals in Buffalo, New York">festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="Economy of Buffalo, New York">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="Flag of Buffalo, New York">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="History of Buffalo, New York">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="Timeline of Buffalo, New York">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Buffalo,_New_York" title="Media in Buffalo, New York">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_of_Buffalo,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighborhoods of Buffalo, New York">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Buffalo,_New_York" title="List of people from Buffalo, New York">Notable Buffalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="Seal of Buffalo, New York">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parks_and_recreation_in_Buffalo,_New_York" title="Parks and recreation in Buffalo, New York">Parks and recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Buffalo" title="Sports in Buffalo">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Buffalo,_New_York" title="Category:Buffalo, New York">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Erie_County,_New_York,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Erie_County,_New_York" title="Template:Erie County, New York"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Erie_County,_New_York" title="Template talk:Erie County, New York"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Erie_County,_New_York" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Erie County, New York"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Erie_County,_New_York,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Erie_County,_New_York" title="Erie County, New York">Erie County, New York</a>, United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seat</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buffalo</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#City" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of New York">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lackawanna,_New_York" title="Lackawanna, New York">Lackawanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonawanda,_New_York" title="Tonawanda, New York">Tonawanda</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Erie_County.svg/180px-Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Erie_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Erie_County.svg/270px-Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Erie_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Erie_County.svg/360px-Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Erie_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="838" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of New York">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alden,_New_York" title="Alden, New York">Alden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amherst,_New_York" title="Amherst, New York">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Erie_County,_New_York" title="Aurora, Erie County, New York">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston,_New_York" title="Boston, New York">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brant,_New_York" title="Brant, New York">Brant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheektowaga_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheektowaga (town), New York">Cheektowaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence,_New_York" title="Clarence, New York">Clarence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colden,_New_York" title="Colden, New York">Colden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collins,_New_York" title="Collins, New York">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord,_New_York" title="Concord, New York">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden,_New_York" title="Eden, New York">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elma,_New_York" title="Elma, New York">Elma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evans,_New_York" title="Evans, New York">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Island,_New_York" title="Grand Island, New York">Grand Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg,_New_York" title="Hamburg, New York">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland,_New_York" title="Holland, New York">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_New_York" title="Lancaster, New York">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilla,_New_York" title="Marilla, New York">Marilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newstead,_New_York" title="Newstead, New York">Newstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Collins,_New_York" title="North Collins, New York">North Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard_Park_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchard Park (town), New York">Orchard Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia,_New_York" title="Sardinia, New York">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonawanda_(town),_New_York" title="Tonawanda (town), New York">Tonawanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales,_New_York" title="Wales, New York">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Seneca,_New_York" title="West Seneca, New York">West Seneca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Village" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of New York">Villages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron,_New_York" title="Akron, New York">Akron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alden_(village),_New_York" title="Alden (village), New York">Alden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola,_New_York" title="Angola, New York">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blasdell,_New_York" title="Blasdell, New York">Blasdell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depew,_New_York" title="Depew, New York">Depew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aurora,_New_York" title="East Aurora, New York">East Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnham,_New_York" title="Farnham, New York">Farnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowanda,_New_York" title="Gowanda, New York">Gowanda</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_(village),_New_York" title="Hamburg (village), New York">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenmore,_New_York" title="Kenmore, New York">Kenmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_(village),_New_York" title="Lancaster (village), New York">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Collins_(village),_New_York" title="North Collins (village), New York">North Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard_Park_(village),_New_York" title="Orchard Park (village), New York">Orchard Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloan,_New_York" title="Sloan, New York">Sloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springville,_New_York" title="Springville, New York">Springville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamsville,_New_York" title="Williamsville, New York">Williamsville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Census-designated_place" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of New York">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola_on_the_Lake,_New_York" title="Angola on the Lake, New York">Angola on the Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billington_Heights,_New_York" title="Billington Heights, New York">Billington Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheektowaga_(CDP),_New_York" title="Cheektowaga (CDP), New York">Cheektowaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_(CDP),_New_York" title="Clarence (CDP), New York">Clarence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Center,_New_York" title="Clarence Center, New York">Clarence Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_(CDP),_New_York" title="Eden (CDP), New York">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggertsville,_New_York" title="Eggertsville, New York">Eggertsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elma_Center,_New_York" title="Elma Center, New York">Elma Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandyle_Village,_New_York" title="Grandyle Village, New York">Grandyle Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Hill,_New_York" title="Harris Hill, New York">Harris Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland-on-the-Lake,_New_York" title="Highland-on-the-Lake, New York">Highland-on-the-Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland_(CDP),_New_York" title="Holland (CDP), New York">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie_Beach,_New_York" title="Lake Erie Beach, New York">Lake Erie Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Boston,_New_York" title="North Boston, New York">North Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonawanda_(CDP),_New_York" title="Tonawanda (CDP), New York">Tonawanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Line,_New_York" title="Town Line, New York">Town Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="University at Buffalo, New York">University at Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanakah,_New_York" title="Wanakah, New York">Wanakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Seneca_(CDP),_New_York" title="West Seneca (CDP), New York">West Seneca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Hamlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of New York">Other hamlets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron_Junction,_New_York" title="Akron Junction, New York">Akron Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alden_Center,_New_York" title="Alden Center, New York">Alden Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armor,_New_York" title="Armor, New York">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athol_Springs,_New_York" title="Athol Springs, New York">Athol Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagdad,_New_York" title="Bagdad, New York">Bagdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellevue,_Erie_County,_New_York" title="Bellevue, Erie County, New York">Bellevue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Tree,_New_York" title="Big Tree, New York">Big Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blakeley,_New_York" title="Blakeley, New York">Blakeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blossom,_New_York" title="Blossom, New York">Blossom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_(hamlet),_New_York" title="Boston (hamlet), New York">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowmansville,_New_York" title="Bowmansville, New York">Bowmansville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brant_(hamlet),_New_York" title="Brant (hamlet), New York">Brant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton,_Erie_County,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Brighton, Erie County, New York">Brighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie,_New_York" title="Carnegie, New York">Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaffee,_New_York" title="Chaffee, New York">Chaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarksburg,_New_York" title="Clarksburg, New York">Clarksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Hill,_New_York" title="Cleveland Hill, New York">Cleveland Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Heights,_New_York" title="Clifton Heights, New York">Clifton Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collins_Center,_New_York" title="Collins Center, New York">Collins Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord_(hamlet),_New_York" title="Concord (hamlet), New York">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creekside,_New_York" title="Creekside, New York">Creekside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden,_New_York" title="Crittenden, New York">Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dellwood,_New_York" title="Dellwood, New York">Dellwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby,_New_York" title="Derby, New York">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doyle,_New_York" title="Doyle, New York">Doyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duells_Corner,_New_York" title="Duells Corner, New York">Duells Corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutchtown,_New_York" title="Dutchtown, New York">Dutchtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Amherst,_New_York" title="East Amherst, New York">East Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Concord,_New_York" title="East Concord, New York">East Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Eden,_New_York" title="East Eden, New York">East Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Elma,_New_York" title="East Elma, New York">East Elma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Seneca,_New_York" title="East Seneca, New York">East Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer,_New_York" title="Ebenezer, New York">Ebenezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Valley,_New_York" title="Eden Valley, New York">Eden Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellicott,_Erie_County,_New_York" title="Ellicott, Erie County, New York">Ellicott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elma_(hamlet),_New_York" title="Elma (hamlet), New York">Elma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evans_Center,_New_York" title="Evans Center, New York">Evans Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry_Village,_New_York" title="Ferry Village, New York">Ferry Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footes,_New_York" title="Footes, New York">Footes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forks,_New_York" title="Forks, New York">Forks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fowlerville,_Erie_County,_New_York" title="Fowlerville, Erie County, New York">Fowlerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardenville,_New_York" title="Gardenville, New York">Gardenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getzville,_New_York" title="Getzville, New York">Getzville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenwood,_New_York" title="Glenwood, New York">Glenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Acres_Valley,_New_York" title="Green Acres Valley, New York">Green Acres Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffins_Mills,_New_York" title="Griffins Mills, New York">Griffins Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland_(hamlet),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Holland (hamlet), New York">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunts_Corners,_New_York" title="Hunts Corners, New York">Hunts Corners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Corners,_New_York" title="Jerusalem Corners, New York">Jerusalem Corners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewettville,_New_York" title="Jewettville, New York">Jewettville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenilworth,_Erie_County,_New_York" title="Kenilworth, Erie County, New York">Kenilworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_View,_New_York" title="Lake View, New York">Lake View</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langford,_New_York" title="Langford, New York">Langford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawtons,_New_York" title="Lawtons, New York">Lawtons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locksley_Park,_New_York" title="Locksley Park, New York">Locksley Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looneyville,_New_York" title="Looneyville, New York">Looneyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loveland,_New_York" title="Loveland, New York">Loveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilla_(hamlet),_New_York" title="Marilla (hamlet), New York">Marilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshfield,_New_York" title="Marshfield, New York">Marshfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millersport,_New_York" title="Millersport, New York">Millersport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millgrove,_New_York" title="Millgrove, New York">Millgrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Corners,_New_York" title="Morton Corners, New York">Morton Corners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon,_Erie_County,_New_York" title="Mount Vernon, Erie County, New York">Mount Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murrays_Corner,_New_York" title="Murrays Corner, New York">Murrays Corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Ebenezer,_New_York" title="New Ebenezer, New York">New Ebenezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Oregon,_New_York" title="New Oregon, New York">New Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bailey,_New_York" title="North Bailey, New York">North Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Evans,_New_York" title="North Evans, New York">North Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakfield,_Erie_County,_New_York" title="Oakfield, Erie County, New York">Oakfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patchin,_New_York" title="Patchin, New York">Patchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peters_Corners,_New_York" title="Peters Corners, New York">Peters Corners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Hill,_Erie_County,_New_York" title="Pine Hill, Erie County, New York">Pine Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinehurst,_New_York" title="Pinehurst, New York">Pinehurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac,_New_York" title="Pontiac, New York">Pontiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porterville,_New_York" title="Porterville, New York">Porterville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection,_New_York" title="Protection, New York">Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Hill,_New_York" title="Sand Hill, New York">Sand Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Beach,_New_York" title="Sandy Beach, New York">Sandy Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scranton,_New_York" title="Scranton, New York">Scranton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheenwater,_New_York" title="Sheenwater, New York">Sheenwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley,_Erie_County,_New_York" title="Shirley, Erie County, New York">Shirley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snyder,_New_York" title="Snyder, New York">Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Cheektowaga,_New_York" title="South Cheektowaga, New York">South Cheektowaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Newstead,_New_York" title="South Newstead, New York">South Newstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Wales,_New_York" title="South Wales, New York">South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Brook,_New_York" title="Spring Brook, New York">Spring Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swifts_Mills,_New_York" title="Swifts Mills, New York">Swifts Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Hollow,_New_York" title="Taylor Hollow, New York">Taylor Hollow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Line_Station,_New_York" title="Town Line Station, New York">Town Line Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swormville,_New_York" title="Swormville, New York">Swormville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden_Cliffs,_New_York" title="Walden Cliffs, New York">Walden Cliffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_Center,_New_York" title="Wales Center, New York">Wales Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_Hollow,_New_York" title="Wales Hollow, New York">Wales Hollow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Valley,_New_York" title="Water Valley, New York">Water Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webster_Corners,_New_York" title="Webster Corners, New York">Webster Corners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wende,_New_York" title="Wende, New York">Wende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Alden,_New_York" title="West Alden, New York">West Alden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Falls,_New_York" title="West Falls, New York">West Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyer,_New_York" title="Weyer, New York">Weyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williston,_New_York" title="Williston, New York">Williston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windom,_New_York" title="Windom, New York">Windom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolcottsburg,_New_York" title="Wolcottsburg, New York">Wolcottsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlawn,_Erie_County,_New_York" title="Woodlawn, Erie County, New York">Woodlawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodside,_Erie_County,_New_York" title="Woodside, Erie County, New York">Woodside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandale,_New_York" title="Wyandale, New York">Wyandale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoar,_New_York" title="Zoar, New York">Zoar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cattaraugus_Reservation,_Erie_County,_New_York" title="Cattaraugus Reservation, Erie County, New York">Cattaraugus Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonawanda_Reservation" title="Tonawanda Reservation">Tonawanda Reservation</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_York_(state)" title="Portal:New York (state)">New York portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Great_Lakes_megalopolis_as_defined_by_the_RPA" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Lakes_Megalopolis" title="Template:Great Lakes Megalopolis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Lakes_Megalopolis" title="Template talk:Great Lakes Megalopolis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Lakes_Megalopolis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Lakes Megalopolis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Great_Lakes_megalopolis_as_defined_by_the_RPA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_megalopolis" title="Great Lakes megalopolis">Great Lakes megalopolis</a> as defined by the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Plan_Association" title="Regional Plan Association">RPA</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Includes all metropolitan areas that have a population of 150,000 or greater according to the most recent national census.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great Lakes region cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brantford" title="Brantford">Brantford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo%E2%80%93Niagara_Falls_metropolitan_area" title="Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area"> Buffalo–Niagara Falls</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York" title="Niagara Falls, New York">Niagara Falls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area" title="Chicago metropolitan area">Chicago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland" title="Greater Cleveland">Cleveland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Detroit" title="Metro Detroit">Detroit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Ports" title="Twin Ports">Duluth–Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior,_Wisconsin" title="Superior, Wisconsin">Superior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie%E2%80%93Meadville,_PA_Combined_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Erie–Meadville, PA Combined Statistical Area">Erie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids_metropolitan_area" title="Grand Rapids metropolitan area">Grand Rapids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelph" title="Guelph">Guelph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay_metropolitan_area" title="Green Bay metropolitan area">Green Bay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland,_Michigan" title="Holland, Michigan">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo%E2%80%93Portage_metropolitan_area" title="Kalamazoo–Portage metropolitan area">Kalamazoo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo,_Michigan" title="Kalamazoo, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenosha,_Wisconsin" title="Kenosha, Wisconsin">Kenosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansing%E2%80%93East_Lansing_metropolitan_area" title="Lansing–East Lansing metropolitan area">Lansing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_metropolitan_area" title="Milwaukee metropolitan area">Milwaukee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskegon,_Michigan" title="Muskegon, Michigan">Muskegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Niagara" title="Regional Municipality of Niagara">Niagara Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines">St. Catharines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_Ontario" title="Niagara Falls, Ontario">Niagara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welland,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Welland, Ontario">Welland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niles,_Michigan" title="Niles, Michigan">Niles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshawa" title="Oshawa">Oshawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_metropolitan_area,_New_York" title="Rochester metropolitan area, New York">Rochester, New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bend%E2%80%93Mishawaka_metropolitan_area" title="South Bend–Mishawaka metropolitan area">South Bend</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay" title="Thunder Bay">Thunder Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo_metropolitan_area" title="Toledo metropolitan area">Toledo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Toronto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_City_metropolitan_area" title="Traverse City metropolitan area">Traverse City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_City,_Michigan" title="Traverse City, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Waterloo" title="Regional Municipality of Waterloo">Waterloo Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchener,_Ontario" title="Kitchener, Ontario">Kitchener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Ontario" title="Cambridge, Ontario">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo,_Ontario" title="Waterloo, Ontario">Waterloo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChiPitts_megaregion.png/145px-ChiPitts_megaregion.png" decoding="async" width="145" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChiPitts_megaregion.png/218px-ChiPitts_megaregion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChiPitts_megaregion.png/290px-ChiPitts_megaregion.png 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="704" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surrounding cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron_metropolitan_area" title="Akron metropolitan area">Akron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altoona,_Pennsylvania" title="Altoona, Pennsylvania">Altoona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrie" title="Barrie">Barrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington_metropolitan_area,_Indiana" title="Bloomington metropolitan area, Indiana">Bloomington, Indiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington%E2%80%93Normal" title="Bloomington–Normal">Bloomington–Normal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Illinois" title="Bloomington, Illinois">Bloomington, Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal,_Illinois" title="Normal, Illinois">Normal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton%E2%80%93Massillon,_Ohio,_metropolitan_area" title="Canton–Massillon, Ohio, metropolitan area">Canton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canton,_Ohio" title="Canton, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaign%E2%80%93Urbana_metropolitan_area" title="Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area">Champaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champaign,_Illinois" title="Champaign, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_metropolitan_area" title="Cincinnati metropolitan area">Cincinnati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_metropolitan_area,_Ohio" title="Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio">Columbus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_metropolitan_area" title="Dayton metropolitan area">Dayton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_Claire%E2%80%93Chippewa_Falls_metropolitan_area" title="Eau Claire–Chippewa Falls metropolitan area">Eau Claire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eau_Claire,_Wisconsin" title="Eau Claire, Wisconsin">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elkhart,_Indiana" title="Elkhart, Indiana">Elkhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evansville_metropolitan_area" title="Evansville metropolitan area">Evansville</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana" title="Evansville, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fargo%E2%80%93Moorhead" title="Fargo–Moorhead">Fargo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint,_Michigan" title="Flint, Michigan">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_IN_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Wayne, IN Metropolitan Statistical Area">Fort Wayne</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Cities" title="Fox Cities">Fox Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appleton,_Wisconsin" title="Appleton, Wisconsin">Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshkosh,_Wisconsin" title="Oshkosh, Wisconsin">Oshkosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_metropolitan_area" title="Indianapolis metropolitan area">Indianapolis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Michigan" title="Jackson, Michigan">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janesville,_Wisconsin" title="Janesville, Wisconsin">Janesville</a>–<a href="/wiki/Beloit,_Wisconsin" title="Beloit, Wisconsin">Beloit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankakee-Bourbonnais-Bradley,_IL_MSA" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankakee-Bourbonnais-Bradley, IL MSA">Kankakee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kankakee,_Illinois" title="Kankakee, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Crosse%E2%80%93Onalaska" title="La Crosse–Onalaska">La Crosse–Onalaska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Crosse,_Wisconsin" title="La Crosse, Wisconsin">La Crosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onalaska,_Wisconsin" title="Onalaska, Wisconsin">Onalaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_metropolitan_area,_Indiana" title="Lafayette metropolitan area, Indiana">Lafayette</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Indiana" title="Lafayette, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_metropolitan_area" title="Madison metropolitan area">Madison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoning_Valley" title="Mahoning Valley">Mahoning Valley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohio" title="Youngstown, Ohio">Youngstown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Montreal" title="Greater Montreal">Greater Montreal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laval,_Quebec" title="Laval, Quebec">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longueuil" title="Longueuil">Longueuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(Canada)" title="National Capital Region (Canada)">National Capital Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatineau" title="Gatineau">Gatineau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh%E2%80%93New_Castle%E2%80%93Weirton_combined_statistical_area" title="Pittsburgh–New Castle–Weirton combined statistical area">Pittsburgh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria_metropolitan_area,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoria metropolitan area, Illinois">Peoria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois" title="Peoria, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterborough,_Ontario" title="Peterborough, Ontario">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_metropolitan_area,_Illinois" title="Rockford metropolitan area, Illinois">Rockford</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois" title="Rockford, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_metropolitan_area,_Minnesota" title="Rochester metropolitan area, Minnesota">Rochester, Minnesota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguenay,_Quebec" title="Saguenay, Quebec">Saguenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Cloud,_Minnesota_metropolitan_area" title="St. Cloud, Minnesota metropolitan area">St. Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Cloud,_Minnesota" title="St. Cloud, Minnesota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw,_Midland,_and_Bay_City_metropolitan_area" title="Saginaw, Midland, and Bay City metropolitan area">Saginaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw,_Michigan" title="Saginaw, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Falls_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Sioux Falls metropolitan area">Sioux Falls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota" title="Sioux Falls, South Dakota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_metropolitan_area,_Illinois" title="Springfield metropolitan area, Illinois">Springfield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Sudbury" title="Greater Sudbury">Sudbury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_neighbourhoods_of_Sudbury" title="Urban neighbourhoods of Sudbury">urban neighbourhoods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_metropolitan_area" title="Syracuse metropolitan area">Syracuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre_Haute_metropolitan_area" title="Terre Haute metropolitan area">Terre Haute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terre_Haute,_Indiana" title="Terre Haute, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utica%E2%80%93Rome_metropolitan_area" title="Utica–Rome metropolitan area">Utica–Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome,_New_York" title="Rome, New York">Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_Cities" title="Quad Cities">Quad Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bettendorf,_Iowa" title="Bettendorf, Iowa">Bettendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa" title="Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Moline,_Illinois" title="East Moline, Illinois">East Moline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moline,_Illinois" title="Moline, Illinois">Moline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Island,_Illinois" title="Rock Island, Illinois">Rock Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City_metropolitan_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec City metropolitan community">Greater Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">city</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities of states south of region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethtown_metropolitan_area" title="Elizabethtown metropolitan area">Elizabethtown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethtown,_Kentucky" title="Elizabethtown, Kentucky">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_metropolitan_area" title="Kansas City metropolitan area">Kansas City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville_metropolitan_area" title="Louisville metropolitan area">Louisville</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_St._Louis" title="Greater St. Louis">St. Louis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topeka_metropolitan_area,_Kansas" title="Topeka metropolitan area, Kansas">Topeka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeling_metropolitan_area" title="Wheeling metropolitan area">Wheeling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia" title="Wheeling, West Virginia">city</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other metro-regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City%E2%80%93Windsor_Corridor" title="Quebec City–Windsor Corridor">Quebec City–Windsor Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horseshoe" title="Golden Horseshoe">Golden Horseshoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_and_Hamilton_Area" title="Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area">Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit%E2%80%93Windsor" title="Detroit–Windsor">Detroit–Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Pittsburgh" title="Greater Pittsburgh">Greater Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_East" title="Metro East">Metro East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Megaregions_of_the_United_States" title="Megaregions of the United States">Other megaregions</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_New_York" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_York_(state)" title="Template:New York (state)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_York_(state)" title="Template talk:New York (state)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_York_(state)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New York (state)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_New_York" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_New_York_(state)" title="Outline of New York (state)">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_New_York_(state)%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of New York (state)–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_New_York_(state)" title="List of airports in New York (state)">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_New_York_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of New York (state)">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_New_York_(state)" title="Climate change in New York (state)">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_New_York_(state)" title="Crime in New York (state)">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_York_(state)" title="Demographics of New York (state)">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_York_(state)" title="Economy of New York (state)">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_New_York_(state)" title="Education in New York (state)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_York_(state)" title="Geography of New York (state)">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_New_York" title="Gun laws in New York">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_New_York_(state)" title="Healthcare in New York (state)">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_New_York" title="Homelessness in New York">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_New_York_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in New York (state)">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_New_York_(state)" title="List of museums in New York (state)">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_York_(state)" title="Music of New York (state)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_State" title="Empire State">Nickname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_state_parks" title="List of New York state parks">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_New_York_(state)" title="List of people from New York (state)">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_York_(state)" title="Politics of New York (state)">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_New_York_(state)" title="Sports in New York (state)">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_state_symbols" title="List of New York state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_New_York_(state)" title="Transportation in New York (state)">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_New_York_(state)" title="Category:Tourist attractions in New York (state)">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_York_(state)" title="Politics of New York (state)">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_New_York" title="Abortion in New York">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York_(state)" title="Administrative divisions of New York (state)">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_congressional_districts" title="New York's congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_New_York" title="Constitution of New York">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_New_York" title="United States congressional delegations from New York">Delegations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">Representatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_York_(state)" title="Elections in New York (state)">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_York_(state)" title="Government of New York (state)">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_New_York_(state)" title="Law of New York (state)">Law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#New_York" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains" title="Adirondack Mountains">Adirondack Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Plateau" title="Allegheny Plateau">Allegheny Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_District,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital District, New York">Capital District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catskill_Mountains" title="Catskill Mountains">Catskill Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_New_York_Region" title="Central New York Region">Central Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_New_York" title="Central New York">Central New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champlain_Valley" title="Champlain Valley">Champlain Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">Tri-State area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_Lakes" title="Finger Lakes">Finger Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phelps_and_Gorham_Purchase" title="Phelps and Gorham Purchase">Holland Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Highlands" title="Hudson Highlands">Hudson Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Valley" title="Hudson Valley">Hudson Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Valley_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohawk Valley region">Mohawk Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Frontier" title="Niagara Frontier">Niagara Frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Country_(New_York)" title="North Country (New York)">North Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge and Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Seaway" title="St. Lawrence Seaway">St. Lawrence Seaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawangunk_Ridge" title="Shawangunk Ridge">Shawangunks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_country" title="Ski country">Ski country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tier" title="Southern Tier">Southern Tier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southtowns" title="Southtowns">Southtowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_Valley" title="Tech Valley">Tech Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_Islands" title="Thousand Islands">Thousand Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tug_Hill" title="Tug Hill">Tug Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">Upstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_York" title="Western New York">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_York_statistical_areas" title="New York statistical areas">Metro areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a> / <a href="/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York" title="Schenectady, New York">Schenectady</a> / <a href="/wiki/Troy,_New_York" title="Troy, New York">Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binghamton,_New_York" title="Binghamton, New York">Binghamton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buffalo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York" title="Niagara Falls, New York">Niagara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmira,_New_York" title="Elmira, New York">Elmira</a> / <a href="/wiki/Corning_(city),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Corning (city), New York">Corning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glens_Falls,_New_York" title="Glens Falls, New York">Glens Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_New_York" title="Jamestown, New York">Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_New_York" title="Kingston, New York">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rome,_New_York" title="Rome, New York">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watertown,_New_York" title="Watertown, New York">Watertown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_New_York" title="List of counties in New York">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany_County,_New_York" title="Albany County, New York">Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegany_County,_New_York" title="Allegany County, New York">Allegany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">Bronx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broome_County,_New_York" title="Broome County, New York">Broome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattaraugus_County,_New_York" title="Cattaraugus County, New York">Cattaraugus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_County,_New_York" title="Cayuga County, New York">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chautauqua_County,_New_York" title="Chautauqua County, New York">Chautauqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemung_County,_New_York" title="Chemung County, New York">Chemung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenango_County,_New_York" title="Chenango County, New York">Chenango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_County,_New_York" title="Clinton County, New York">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_County,_New_York" title="Columbia County, New York">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortland_County,_New_York" title="Cortland County, New York">Cortland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_County,_New_York" title="Delaware County, New York">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutchess_County,_New_York" title="Dutchess County, New York">Dutchess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_County,_New_York" title="Erie County, New York">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_New_York" title="Essex County, New York">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_New_York" title="Franklin County, New York">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_County,_New_York" title="Fulton County, New York">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesee_County,_New_York" title="Genesee County, New York">Genesee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_New_York" title="Greene County, New York">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_New_York" title="Hamilton County, New York">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herkimer_County,_New_York" title="Herkimer County, New York">Herkimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_New_York" title="Jefferson County, New York">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_County,_New_York" title="Lewis County, New York">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston_County,_New_York" title="Livingston County, New York">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_New_York" title="Madison County, New York">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_New_York" title="Monroe County, New York">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_New_York" title="Montgomery County, New York">Montgomery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tryon_County,_New_York" title="Tryon County, New York">Tryon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York" title="Nassau County, New York">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_County,_New_York" title="Niagara County, New York">Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_County,_New_York" title="Oneida County, New York">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_County,_New_York" title="Onondaga County, New York">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_County,_New_York" title="Ontario County, New York">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_New_York" title="Orange County, New York">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleans_County,_New_York" title="Orleans County, New York">Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswego_County,_New_York" title="Oswego County, New York">Oswego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otsego_County,_New_York" title="Otsego County, New York">Otsego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_New_York" title="Putnam County, New York">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rensselaer_County,_New_York" title="Rensselaer County, New York">Rensselaer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockland_County,_New_York" title="Rockland County, New York">Rockland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_County,_New_York" title="St. Lawrence County, New York">Saint Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_County,_New_York" title="Saratoga County, New York">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schenectady_County,_New_York" title="Schenectady County, New York">Schenectady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoharie_County,_New_York" title="Schoharie County, New York">Schoharie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_County,_New_York" title="Schuyler County, New York">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_County,_New_York" title="Seneca County, New York">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steuben_County,_New_York" title="Steuben County, New York">Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York" title="Suffolk County, New York">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_County,_New_York" title="Sullivan County, New York">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tioga_County,_New_York" title="Tioga County, New York">Tioga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tompkins_County,_New_York" title="Tompkins County, New York">Tompkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_County,_New_York" title="Ulster County, New York">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_New_York" title="Warren County, New York">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_New_York" title="Washington County, New York">Washington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_County,_Province_of_New_York" title="Charlotte County, Province of New York">Charlotte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_New_York" title="Wayne County, New York">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_County,_New_York" title="Wyoming County, New York">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yates_County,_New_York" title="Yates County, New York">Yates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of places in New York">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in New York">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_New_York" title="List of towns in New York">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Indian_Reservations_in_New_York_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of American Indian Reservations in New York (state)">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of villages in New York">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census-designated_places_in_New_York" title="List of census-designated places in New York">Census-designated places</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rensselaerswyck" title="Rensselaerswyck">Rensselaerswyck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in New York">History of slavery in New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">Province of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Canada_(1775)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Canada (1775)">Invasion of Canada (1775)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_cessions" title="State cessions">State cessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York in the American Civil War">New York in the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9/11_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11 attacks">9/11 attacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/48px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/64px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" 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York">Auburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballston_Spa,_New_York" title="Ballston Spa, New York">Ballston Spa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavia,_New_York" title="Batavia, New York">Batavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_(village),_New_York" title="Bath (village), New York">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont,_New_York" title="Belmont, New York">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binghamton,_New_York" title="Binghamton, New York">Binghamton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canandaigua,_New_York" title="Canandaigua, New York">Canandaiagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_(village),_New_York" title="Canton (village), New York">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmel_(hamlet),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmel (hamlet), New York">Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catskill_(village),_New_York" title="Catskill (village), New York">Catskill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperstown,_New_York" title="Cooperstown, New York">Cooperstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortland,_New_York" title="Cortland, New York">Cortland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_(village),_New_York" title="Delhi (village), New York">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethtown_(CDP),_New_York" title="Elizabethtown (CDP), New York">Elizabethtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmira,_New_York" title="Elmira, New York">Elmira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonda,_New_York" title="Fonda, New York">Fonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Edward_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Edward (town), New York">Fort Edward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneseo_(village),_New_York" title="Geneseo (village), New York">Geneseo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goshen_(village),_New_York" title="Goshen (village), New York">Goshen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herkimer_(village),_New_York" title="Herkimer (village), New York">Herkimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson,_New_York" title="Hudson, New York">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnstown_(city),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Johnstown (city), New York">Johnstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_New_York" title="Kingston, New York">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Pleasant_(hamlet),_New_York" title="Lake Pleasant (hamlet), New York">Lake Pleasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Valley_(village),_New_York" title="Little Valley (village), New York">Little Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockport_(city),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockport (city), New York">Lockport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowville_(village),_New_York" title="Lowville (village), New York">Lowville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyons_(hamlet),_New_York" title="Lyons (hamlet), New York">Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malone_(village),_New_York" title="Malone (village), New York">Malone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayville,_New_York" title="Mayville, New York">Mayville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineola,_New_York" title="Mineola, New York">Mineola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monticello,_New_York" title="Monticello, New York">Monticello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_City,_New_York" title="New City, New York">New City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich,_New_York" title="Norwich, New York">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswego,_New_York" title="Oswego, New York">Oswego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owego_(village),_New_York" title="Owego (village), New York">Owego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Yan,_New_York" title="Penn Yan, New York">Penn Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plattsburgh,_New_York" title="Plattsburgh, New York">Plattsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poughkeepsie,_New_York" title="Poughkeepsie, New York">Poughkeepsie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensbury,_New_York" title="Queensbury, New York">Queensbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverhead_(CDP),_New_York" title="Riverhead (CDP), New York">Riverhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York" title="Schenectady, New York">Schenectady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoharie_(village),_New_York" title="Schoharie (village), New York">Schoharie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy,_New_York" title="Troy, New York">Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wampsville,_New_York" title="Wampsville, New York">Wampsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_(village),_New_York" title="Warsaw (village), New York">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_(village),_New_York" title="Waterloo (village), New York">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watertown,_New_York" title="Watertown, New York">Watertown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watkins_Glen,_New_York" title="Watkins Glen, New York">Watkins Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Plains,_New_York" title="White Plains, New York">White Plains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_York_state_public-benefit_corporations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_York_state_public-benefit_corporations" title="Template:New York state public-benefit corporations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_York_state_public-benefit_corporations" title="Template talk:New York state public-benefit corporations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_York_state_public-benefit_corporations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New York state public-benefit corporations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_York_state_public-benefit_corporations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_York_state_public-benefit_corporations" title="New York state public-benefit corporations">New York state public-benefit corporations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oversight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Authorities_Budget_Office" title="New York State Authorities Budget Office">New York State Authorities Budget Office</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Comptroller" title="New York State Comptroller">New York State Comptroller</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Financial_Control_Board" title="New York State Financial Control Board">New York State Financial Control Board</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Public_Authorities_Control_Board" title="New York State Public Authorities Control Board">New York State Public Authorities Control Board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class A Statewide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_%26_New_York_State_Horse_Breeding_Development_Fund" title="Agriculture & New York State Horse Breeding Development Fund">Agriculture & New York State Horse Breeding Development Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormitory_Authority_of_the_State_of_New_York" title="Dormitory Authority of the State of New York">Dormitory Authority of the State of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Development_Corporation" title="Empire State Development Corporation">Empire State Development Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Housing_Finance_Agency" title="New York State Housing Finance Agency">Homeless Housing & Assistance Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_state_public-benefit_corporations#List_of_New_York_state_public-benefit_corporations" title="New York state public-benefit corporations">National Heritage Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Development_Corporation" title="Empire State Development Corporation">New York Job Development Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Local_Government_Assistance_Corporation" title="New York Local Government Assistance Corporation">New York Local Government Assistance Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Housing_Finance_Agency" title="New York State Housing Finance Agency">New York State Affordable Housing Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Archives" title="New York State Archives">New York State Archives Partnership Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Canal_Corporation" title="New York State Canal Corporation">New York State Canal Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Energy_Research_and_Development_Authority" title="New York State Energy Research and Development Authority">New York State Energy Research & Development Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_state_public-benefit_corporations#List_of_New_York_state_public-benefit_corporations" title="New York state public-benefit corporations">New York State Environmental Facilities Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Development_Corporation" title="Empire State Development Corporation">New York State Foundation for Science, Technology and Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Housing_Finance_Agency" title="New York State Housing Finance Agency">New York State Housing Finance Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Housing_Finance_Agency" title="New York State Housing Finance Agency">New York State Housing Trust Fund Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Thoroughbred_Breeding_and_Development_Fund_Corporation" title="New York State Thoroughbred Breeding and Development Fund Corporation">New York State Thoroughbred Breeding and Development Fund Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Thruway" title="New York State Thruway">New York State Thruway Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Urban_Development_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Urban Development Corporation">New York State Urban Development Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Power_Authority" title="New York Power Authority">Power Authority of the State of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_New_York_Mortgage_Agency" title="State of New York Mortgage Agency">State of New York Mortgage Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_New_York_Municipal_Bond_Bank_Agency" title="State of New York Municipal Bond Bank Agency">State of New York Municipal Bond Bank Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_University_Construction_Fund" title="State University Construction Fund">State University Construction Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Settlement_Financing_Corporation" title="Tobacco Settlement Financing Corporation">Tobacco Settlement Financing Corporation</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Defunct" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Theatre_Institute" title="New York State Theatre Institute">New York State Theatre Institute Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class A Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Convention_Center" title="Albany Convention Center">Albany Convention Center Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Albany%E2%80%93Rensselaer#Governance" title="Port of Albany–Rensselaer">Albany Port District Commission</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Government">Buffalo Fiscal Stability Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_District_Transportation_Authority" title="Capital District Transportation Authority">Capital District Transportation Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_New_York_Regional_Transportation_Authority" title="Central New York Regional Transportation Authority">Central New York Regional Transportation Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_Authority_of_the_North_Country" title="Development Authority of the North Country">Development Authority of the North Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_County,_New_York" title="Erie County, New York">Erie County Fiscal Stability Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_County_Medical_Center" title="Erie County Medical Center">Erie County Medical Center Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_Park" title="Hudson River Park">Hudson River Park Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River%E2%80%93Black_River_Regulating_District" title="Hudson River–Black River Regulating District">Hudson River–Black River Regulating District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._Carey_Battery_Park_City_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh L. Carey Battery Park City Authority">Hugh L. Carey Battery Park City Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Power_Authority" title="Long Island Power Authority">Long Island Power Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan_Development_Corporation" title="Lower Manhattan Development Corporation">Lower Manhattan Development Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Metropolitan Transportation Authority">Metropolitan Transportation Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Assistance_Corporation" title="Municipal Assistance Corporation">Municipal Assistance Corporation for the City of NY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Assistance_Corporation" title="Municipal Assistance Corporation">Municipal Assistance Corporation for the City of Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau_Interim_Finance_Authority" title="Nassau Interim Finance Authority">Nassau County Interim Finance Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau_University_Medical_Center" title="Nassau University Medical Center">Nassau Health Care Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Egg,_Albany" title="The Egg, Albany">Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza Performing Arts Center Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javits_Center" title="Javits Center">New York Convention Center Operating Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Bridge_Authority" title="New York State Bridge Authority">New York State Bridge Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Frontier_Transportation_Authority" title="Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority">Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Country_Power_Authority&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Country Power Authority (page does not exist)">North Country Power Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Regional_Development_Authority" title="Olympic Regional Development Authority">Olympic Regional Development Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overcoat_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Overcoat Development Corporation (page does not exist)">Overcoat Development Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Oswego" title="Port of Oswego">Port of Oswego Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester-Genesee_Regional_Transportation_Authority" title="Rochester-Genesee Regional Transportation Authority">Rochester-Genesee Regional Transportation Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Island_Operating_Corporation" title="Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation">Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_Park_Comprehensive_Cancer_Center" title="Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center">Roswell Park Cancer Institute Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Corporation" title="United Nations Development Corporation">United Nations Development Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Power_Authority#Utility_Debt_Securitization_Authority" title="Long Island Power Authority">Utility Debt Securitization Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westchester_Medical_Center" title="Westchester Medical Center">Westchester County Health Care Corporation</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Defunct" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_New_York_State_Fair#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Great New York State Fair">Industrial Exhibit Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class B</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adirondack_Park_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Adirondack Park Agency">Adirondack Park Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Racing_Association" title="New York Racing Association">New York Racing Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class C*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Island,_New_York#Green_Island_Power_Authority" title="Green Island, New York">Green Island Power Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_School_Construction_Authority" title="New York City School Construction Authority">New York City School Construction Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class D#</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_and_Fort_Erie_Public_Bridge_Authority" title="Buffalo and Fort Erie Public Bridge Authority">Buffalo and Fort Erie Public Bridge Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls_Bridge_Commission" title="Niagara Falls Bridge Commission">Niagara Falls Bridge Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogdensburg%E2%80%93Prescott_International_Bridge" title="Ogdensburg–Prescott International Bridge">Ogdensburg Bridge and Port Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey" title="Port Authority of New York and New Jersey">Port Authority of New York and New Jersey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* (local jurisdiction: towns, villages, and small cities) # (interstate and international)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Northeastern_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Northeast_US" title="Template:Northeast US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Northeast_US" title="Template talk:Northeast US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Northeast_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Northeast US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Northeastern_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States#Culture" title="Northeastern United States">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States#Geography" title="Northeastern United States">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States#Elections" title="Northeastern United States">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States#History" title="Northeastern United States">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">Bridgeport</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" title="Burlington, Vermont">Burlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_New_Jersey" title="Elizabeth, New Jersey">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire" title="Manchester, New Hampshire">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey" title="Paterson, New Jersey">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts" title="Quincy, Massachusetts">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut" title="Stamford, Connecticut">Stamford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterbury,_Connecticut" title="Waterbury, Connecticut">Waterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">State capitals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Maine" title="Augusta, Maine">Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord,_New_Hampshire" title="Concord, New Hampshire">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover,_Delaware" title="Dover, Delaware">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpelier,_Vermont" title="Montpelier, Vermont">Montpelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_megalopolis" title="Northeast megalopolis">Northeast megalopolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_100_most_populous_cities_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USPopulousCities" title="Template:USPopulousCities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USPopulousCities" title="Template talk:USPopulousCities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USPopulousCities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USPopulousCities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_100_most_populous_cities_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">100 most populous cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago, Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis, Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle, Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver, Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City, Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston, Massachusetts</a></li> </ol> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol start="26"> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit, Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore, Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee, Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque, New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona" title="Mesa, Arizona">Mesa, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta, Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs, Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis, Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa, Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a></li> </ol> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol start="51"> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Texas" title="Arlington, Texas">Arlington, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Colorado" title="Aurora, Colorado">Aurora, Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans, Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaheim,_California" title="Anaheim, California">Anaheim, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu, Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson,_Nevada" title="Henderson, Nevada">Henderson, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside,_California" title="Riverside, California">Riverside, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington, Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas" title="Corpus Christi, Texas">Corpus Christi, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvine,_California" title="Irvine, California">Irvine, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California" title="Santa Ana, California">Santa Ana, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Durham, North Carolina">Durham, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano,_Texas" title="Plano, Texas">Plano, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage, Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City, New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis, Missouri</a></li> </ol> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol start="76"> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona" title="Chandler, Arizona">Chandler, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Las_Vegas,_Nevada" title="North Las Vegas, Nevada">North Las Vegas, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chula_Vista,_California" title="Chula Vista, California">Chula Vista, California</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buffalo, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert,_Arizona" title="Gilbert, Arizona">Gilbert, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne, Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laredo,_Texas" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving,_Texas" title="Irving, Texas">Irving, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake,_Virginia" title="Chesapeake, Virginia">Chesapeake, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendale,_Arizona" title="Glendale, Arizona">Glendale, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston-Salem,_North_Carolina" title="Winston-Salem, North Carolina">Winston-Salem, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona" title="Scottsdale, Arizona">Scottsdale, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garland,_Texas" title="Garland, Texas">Garland, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise, Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_St._Lucie,_Florida" title="Port St. Lucie, Florida">Port St. Lucie, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane, Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont,_California" title="Fremont, California">Fremont, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a></li> </ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Cities ranked by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> population estimates for July 1, 2022.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40435#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40435#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40435#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/237260009">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/134855146">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJc3CRVVywRRJDC6K43G73">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4080569-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79075597">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" 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