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<span>Research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wind_tunnels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wind_tunnels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Wind tunnels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wind_tunnels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_World_War_II_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_World_War_II_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Influence on World War II technology</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Transformation into NASA</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transformation_into_NASA-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transformation into NASA subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transformation_into_NASA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Special_Committee_on_Space_Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_Committee_on_Space_Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Special Committee on Space Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_Committee_on_Space_Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللجنة الاستشارية الوطنية للملاحة الجوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللجنة الاستشارية الوطنية للملاحة الجوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalni_savjetodavni_komitet_za_aeronautiku" title="Nacionalni savjetodavni komitet za aeronautiku – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nacionalni savjetodavni komitet za aeronautiku" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACA" title="NACA – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="NACA" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_Asesor_Nacional_para_la_Aeron%C3%A1utica" title="Comité Asesor Nacional para la Aeronáutica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Comité Asesor Nacional para la Aeronáutica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacia_Konsila_Komitato_por_Aerona%C5%ADtiko" title="Nacia Konsila Komitato por Aeronaŭtiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nacia Konsila Komitato por Aeronaŭtiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="کمیته رایزنی ملی هوانوردی آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کمیته رایزنی ملی هوانوردی آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80%ED%95%AD%EA%B3%B5%EC%9E%90%EB%AC%B8%EC%9C%84%EC%9B%90%ED%9A%8C" title="미국 국가항공자문위원회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 국가항공자문위원회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A5" title="Օդագնացության ազգային խորհրդատվական կոմիտե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օդագնացության ազգային խորհրդատվական կոմիտե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="הוועדה הלאומית המייעצת לאווירונאוטיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הוועדה הלאומית המייעצת לאווירונאוטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationale_Admonitorium_Concilium_pro_A%C3%ABronautica" title="Nationale Admonitorium Concilium pro Aëronautica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nationale Admonitorium Concilium pro Aëronautica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACA" title="NACA – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="NACA" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="നാഷണൽ അഡ്വൈസറി കമ്മിറ്റി ഫോർ എയറോനോട്ടിക്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നാഷണൽ അഡ്വൈസറി കമ്മിറ്റി ഫോർ എയറോനോട്ടിക്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%AB%AE%E5%95%8F%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E4%BC%9A" title="アメリカ航空諮問委員会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ航空諮問委員会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E" title="Национальный консультативный комитет по воздухоплаванию – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Национальный консультативный комитет по воздухоплаванию" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">U.S. federal agency; predecessor to NASA</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"NACA" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/NACA_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="NACA (disambiguation)">NACA (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NACA_seal_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/NACA_seal_%28cropped%29.png/140px-NACA_seal_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/NACA_seal_%28cropped%29.png/210px-NACA_seal_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/NACA_seal_%28cropped%29.png/280px-NACA_seal_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="1163" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The official seal of NACA, depicting the <i><a href="/wiki/Wright_Flyer" title="Wright Flyer">Wright Flyer</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a>' first flight at <a href="/wiki/Kitty_Hawk,_North_Carolina" title="Kitty Hawk, North Carolina">Kitty Hawk, North Carolina</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:US_NACA_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/US_NACA_logo.svg/220px-US_NACA_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/US_NACA_logo.svg/330px-US_NACA_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/US_NACA_logo.svg/440px-US_NACA_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="209" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Logo</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">March 3, 1915<span class="noprint">; 109 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1915-03-03</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">October 1, 1958<span class="noprint">; 66 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1958-10-01</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Superseding agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal government of the United States</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics</b> (<b>NACA</b>) was a United States federal agency that was founded on March 3, 1915, to undertake, promote, and institutionalize aeronautical research.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 1, 1958, the agency was dissolved and its assets and personnel were transferred to the newly created <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA). NACA is an initialism, i.e., pronounced as individual letters, rather than as a whole word<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (as was NASA during the early years after being established).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among other advancements, NACA <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> produced the <a href="/wiki/NACA_duct" title="NACA duct">NACA duct</a>, a type of air intake used in modern automotive applications, the <a href="/wiki/NACA_cowling" title="NACA cowling">NACA cowling</a>, and several series of <a href="/wiki/NACA_airfoil" title="NACA airfoil">NACA airfoils</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are still used in aircraft manufacturing. </p><p>During World War II, NACA was described as "The Force Behind Our Air Supremacy" due to its key role in producing working superchargers for high altitude bombers, and for producing the laminar wing profiles for the <a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang">North American P-51 Mustang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa.gov_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa.gov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NACA also helped in developing the <a href="/wiki/Area_rule" title="Area rule">area rule</a> that is used on all modern <a href="/wiki/Supersonic_aircraft" title="Supersonic aircraft">supersonic aircraft</a>, and conducted the key compressibility research that enabled the <a href="/wiki/Bell_X-1" title="Bell X-1">Bell X-1</a> to break the sound barrier. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NACA_credo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/NACA_credo.jpg/170px-NACA_credo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/NACA_credo.jpg/255px-NACA_credo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/NACA_credo.jpg/340px-NACA_credo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>The inscription on the wall is NACA's mission statement: "...It shall be the duty of the advisory committee for aeronautics to supervise and direct the scientific study of the problems of flight with a view to their practical solution ..." By an Act of Congress Approved March 3, 1915</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Meeting_of_the_NACA_1915_-_GPN-2000-001571.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/First_Meeting_of_the_NACA_1915_-_GPN-2000-001571.jpg/220px-First_Meeting_of_the_NACA_1915_-_GPN-2000-001571.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/First_Meeting_of_the_NACA_1915_-_GPN-2000-001571.jpg/330px-First_Meeting_of_the_NACA_1915_-_GPN-2000-001571.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/First_Meeting_of_the_NACA_1915_-_GPN-2000-001571.jpg/440px-First_Meeting_of_the_NACA_1915_-_GPN-2000-001571.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2959" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>The first meeting of the NACA in 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>NACA was established on March 13, 1915, by the federal government through enabling legislation as an emergency measure during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> to promote industry, academic, and government coordination on war-related projects. It was modeled on similar national agencies found in Europe: the French <i>L'Etablissement Central de l'Aérostation Militaire</i> in <a href="/wiki/Meudon" title="Meudon">Meudon</a> (now <i><a href="/wiki/Office_National_d%27Etudes_et_de_Recherches_Aerospatiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aerospatiales">Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aerospatiales</a></i>), the German Aerodynamic Laboratory of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a>, and the Russian Aerodynamic Institute of Koutchino (replaced in 1918 with the <a href="/wiki/Central_Aerohydrodynamic_Institute" title="Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute">Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI)</a>, which is still in existence). The most influential agency upon which the NACA was based was the British <a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">Advisory Committee for Aeronautics</a>. </p><p>In December 1912, President <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> had appointed a National Aerodynamical Laboratory Commission chaired by <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Woodward" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert S. Woodward">Robert S. Woodward</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_of_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Institution of Washington">Carnegie Institution of Washington</a>. Legislation was introduced in both houses of Congress early in January 1913 to approve the commission, but when it came to a vote, the legislation was defeated. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Walcott" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles D. Walcott">Charles D. Walcott</a>, secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> from 1907 to 1927, took up the effort, and in January 1915, Senator <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_R._Tillman" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin R. Tillman">Benjamin R. Tillman</a>, and Representative <a href="/wiki/Ernest_W._Roberts" title="Ernest W. Roberts">Ernest W. Roberts</a> introduced identical resolutions recommending the creation of an advisory committee as outlined by Walcott. The purpose of the committee was "to supervise and direct the scientific study of the problems of flight with a view to their practical solution, and to determine the problems which should be experimentally attacked and to discuss their solution and their application to practical questions". <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy">Assistant Secretary of the Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> wrote that he "heartily [endorsed] the principle" on which the legislation was based. Walcott suggested the tactic of adding the resolution to the Naval Appropriations Bill.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to one source, "The enabling legislation for the NACA slipped through almost unnoticed as a rider attached to the Naval Appropriation Bill, on March 3, 1915."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The committee of 12 people, all unpaid, were allocated a budget of $5,000 per year. </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> signed it into law the same day, thus formally creating the Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, as it was called in the legislation, on the last day of the <a href="/wiki/63rd_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="63rd Congress">63rd Congress</a>. </p><p>The act of Congress creating NACA, approved March 3, 1915, reads, "...It shall be the duty of the advisory committee for aeronautics to supervise and direct the scientific study of the problems of flight with a view to their practical solution. ... "<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_NACA_Test_Force_-_GPN-2000-000083.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/The_NACA_Test_Force_-_GPN-2000-000083.jpg/220px-The_NACA_Test_Force_-_GPN-2000-000083.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/The_NACA_Test_Force_-_GPN-2000-000083.jpg/330px-The_NACA_Test_Force_-_GPN-2000-000083.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/The_NACA_Test_Force_-_GPN-2000-000083.jpg/440px-The_NACA_Test_Force_-_GPN-2000-000083.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The NACA Test Force at the <a href="/wiki/High-Speed_Flight_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="High-Speed Flight Station">High-Speed Flight Station</a> in Edwards, California. The white aircraft in the foreground is a <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Skyrocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Skyrocket">Douglas Skyrocket</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Model_in_Supersonic_Wind_Tunnel_GPN-2000-001631.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Model_in_Supersonic_Wind_Tunnel_GPN-2000-001631.jpg/220px-Model_in_Supersonic_Wind_Tunnel_GPN-2000-001631.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Model_in_Supersonic_Wind_Tunnel_GPN-2000-001631.jpg/330px-Model_in_Supersonic_Wind_Tunnel_GPN-2000-001631.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Model_in_Supersonic_Wind_Tunnel_GPN-2000-001631.jpg/440px-Model_in_Supersonic_Wind_Tunnel_GPN-2000-001631.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2993" data-file-height="2070" /></a><figcaption>An engineer makes final calibrations to a model mounted in the 6-by-6-foot (1.8 m × 1.8 m) supersonic wind tunnel.</figcaption></figure> <p>On January 29, 1920, President Wilson appointed pioneering flier and aviation engineer <a href="/wiki/Orville_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Orville Wright">Orville Wright</a> to NACA's board. By the early 1920s, it had adopted a new and more ambitious mission: to promote military and civilian aviation through applied research that looked beyond current needs. NACA researchers pursued this mission through the agency's impressive collection of in-house wind tunnels, engine test stands, and flight test facilities. Commercial and military clients were also permitted to use NACA facilities on a contract basis. </p> <dl><dt>Facilities</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langley_Memorial_Aeronautical_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory">Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton, Virginia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ames_Aeronautical_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Ames Aeronautical Laboratory">Ames Aeronautical Laboratory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moffett_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Moffett Field">Moffett Field</a>)</li> <li>Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory (<a href="/wiki/Lewis_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Research Center">Lewis Research Center</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muroc_Flight_Test_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Muroc Flight Test Unit">Muroc Flight Test Unit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a>)</li></ul> <p>In 1922, NACA had 100 employees. By 1938, it had 426. In addition to formal assignments, staff were encouraged to pursue unauthorized "bootleg" research, provided that it was not too exotic. The result was a long string of fundamental breakthroughs, including "<a href="/wiki/Thin_airfoil_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin airfoil theory">thin airfoil theory</a>" (1920s), "<a href="/wiki/NACA_cowling" title="NACA cowling">NACA engine cowl</a>" (1930s), the "<a href="/wiki/NACA_airfoil" title="NACA airfoil">NACA airfoil</a>" series (1940s), and the "<a href="/wiki/Area_rule" title="Area rule">area rule</a>" for supersonic aircraft (1950s). On the other hand, NACA's 1941 refusal to increase airspeed in their wind tunnels set <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation" title="Lockheed Corporation">Lockheed</a> back a year in their quest to solve the problem of <a href="/wiki/Compressibility" title="Compressibility">compressibility</a> encountered in high speed dives made by the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning" title="Lockheed P-38 Lightning">Lockheed P-38 Lightning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The full-size 30-by-60-foot (9.1 m × 18.3 m) Langley wind tunnel operated at no more than 100 mph (87 kn; 160 km/h) and the then-recent 7-by-10-foot (2.1 m × 3.0 m) tunnels at Moffett could only reach 250 mph (220 kn; 400 km/h). These were speeds Lockheed engineers considered useless for their purposes. General <a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold" title="Henry H. Arnold">Henry H. Arnold</a> took up the matter and overruled NACA objections to higher air speeds. NACA built a handful of new high-speed wind tunnels, and Mach 0.75 (570 mph (495 kn; 917 km/h)) was reached at Moffett's 16-foot (4.9 m) wind tunnel late in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wind_tunnels">Wind tunnels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wind tunnels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Subsonic_and_transonic_wind_tunnel" title="Subsonic and transonic wind tunnel">Subsonic and transonic wind tunnel</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="Special:EditPage/National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics_wind_tests_%281946%29.webm/220px--National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics_wind_tests_%281946%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="117" data-mwtitle="National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics_wind_tests_(1946).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics_wind_tests_(1946).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics_wind_tests_%281946%29.webm/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics_wind_tests_%281946%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics_wind_tests_%281946%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics_wind_tests_%281946%29.webm/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics_wind_tests_%281946%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics_wind_tests_%281946%29.webm/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics_wind_tests_%281946%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics_wind_tests_%281946%29.webm/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics_wind_tests_%281946%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics_wind_tests_%281946%29.webm/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics_wind_tests_%281946%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>NACA wind test on a human subject (1946)</figcaption></figure> <p>NACA's first <a href="/wiki/Wind_tunnel" title="Wind tunnel">wind tunnel</a> was formally dedicated at <a href="/wiki/Langley_Memorial_Aeronautical_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory">Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory</a> on June 11, 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first of many now-famous NACA and NASA wind tunnels. Although this specific wind tunnel was not unique or advanced, it enabled NACA engineers and scientists to develop and test new and advanced concepts in <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">aerodynamics</a> and to improve future wind tunnel design. </p> <ol><li>Atmospheric 5-ft wind tunnel (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_Density_Tunnel" title="Variable Density Tunnel">Variable Density Tunnel</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propeller_Research_Tunnel" title="Propeller Research Tunnel">Propeller Research Tunnel</a> (1927)</li> <li>High-speed 11-in wind tunnel (1928)</li> <li>Vertical 5-ft wind tunnel (1929)</li> <li>Atmospheric 7- by 10-ft wind tunnel (1930)</li> <li>Full-scale 30- by 60-ft tunnel (1931)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_World_War_II_technology">Influence on World War II technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Influence on World War II technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the years immediately preceding World War II, NACA was involved in the development of several designs that served key roles in the war effort. When engineers at a major engine manufacturer were having issues producing <a href="/wiki/Supercharger" title="Supercharger">superchargers</a> that would allow the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress">Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress</a> to maintain power at high altitude, a team of engineers from NACA solved the problems and created the standards and testing methods used to produce effective superchargers in the future. This enabled the B-17 to be used as a key aircraft in the war effort. The designs and information gained from NACA research on the B-17 were used in nearly every major U.S. military <a href="/wiki/Powerplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Powerplant">powerplant</a> of the Second World War. Nearly every aircraft used some form of <a href="/wiki/Forced_induction" title="Forced induction">forced induction</a> that relied on information developed by NACA. Because of this, U.S.-produced aircraft had a significant power advantage above 15,000 feet, which was never fully countered by Axis forces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the war had begun, the British government sent a request to <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American Aviation</a> for a new fighter. The offered <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk" title="Curtiss P-40 Warhawk">P-40 Tomahawk</a> fighters were considered too outdated to be a feasible front line fighter by European standards, and so North American began development of a new aircraft. The British government chose a NACA-developed airfoil for the fighter, which enabled it to perform dramatically better than previous models. This aircraft became known as the <a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang">P-51 Mustang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa.gov_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa.gov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supersonic_research">Supersonic research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Supersonic research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell_X-1_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bell_X-1_color.jpg/220px-Bell_X-1_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bell_X-1_color.jpg/330px-Bell_X-1_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bell_X-1_color.jpg/440px-Bell_X-1_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>The NACA XS-1 (<a href="/wiki/Bell_X-1" title="Bell X-1">Bell X-1</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NACA-Ames-1958.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/NACA-Ames-1958.jpg/220px-NACA-Ames-1958.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/NACA-Ames-1958.jpg/330px-NACA-Ames-1958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/NACA-Ames-1958.jpg/440px-NACA-Ames-1958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2296" /></a><figcaption>The NACA Scientific and Engineering Staff at the <a href="/wiki/Ames_Research_Center" title="Ames Research Center">Ames Research Center</a> in Mountain View California shortly before the dissolution of NACA and the formation of NASA in 1958.</figcaption></figure> <p>After early experiments by <a href="/wiki/Opel_RAK" class="mw-redirect" title="Opel RAK">Opel RAK</a> with rocket propulsion leading to the first public flight of a rocket plane, the <a href="/wiki/Opel_RAK.1" title="Opel RAK.1">Opel RAK.1</a>, in 1929 and eventual military programs at Heinkel and Messerschmitt by Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s, the US entered the race to supersonic planes and spaceflight in the 1940s. Although the <a href="/wiki/Bell_X-1" title="Bell X-1">Bell X-1</a> was commissioned by the Air Force and flown by Air Force test pilot <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Yeager" title="Chuck Yeager">Chuck Yeager</a>, when it exceeded <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Mach 1</a> NACA was officially in charge of the testing and development of the aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NACA ran the experiments and data collection, and the bulk of the research used to develop the aircraft came from NACA engineer <a href="/wiki/John_Stack_(engineer)" title="John Stack (engineer)">John Stack</a>, the head of NACA's compressibility division.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa.gov_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa.gov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compressibility is a major issue as aircraft approach Mach 1, and research into solving the problem drew heavily on information collected during previous NACA wind tunnel testing to assist Lockheed with the P-38 Lightning. </p><p>The X-1 program was first envisioned in 1944 when a former NACA engineer working for Bell Aircraft approached the Army for funding of a supersonic test aircraft. Neither the Army nor Bell had any experience in this area, so the majority of research came from the NACA Compressibility Research Division, which had been operating for more than a year by the time Bell began conceptual designs. The Compressibility Research Division also had years of additional research and data to pull from, as its head engineer was previously head of the high speed wind tunnel division, which itself had nearly a decade of high speed test data by that time. Due to the importance of NACA involvement, Stack was personally awarded the <a href="/wiki/Collier_Trophy" title="Collier Trophy">Collier Trophy</a> along with the owner of Bell Aircraft and test pilot Chuck Yeager.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1951, NACA Engineer <a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Whitcomb" title="Richard T. Whitcomb">Richard Whitcomb</a> determined the <a href="/wiki/Area_rule" title="Area rule">area rule</a> that explained <a href="/wiki/Transonic" title="Transonic">transonic</a> flow over an aircraft. The first uses of this theory were on the <a href="/wiki/Convair_F-102" class="mw-redirect" title="Convair F-102">Convair F-102</a> project and the <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F11F" class="mw-redirect" title="Grumman F11F">F11F Tiger</a>. The F-102 was meant to be a supersonic interceptor, but it was unable to exceed the speed of sound, despite the best effort of Convair engineers. The F-102 had actually already begun production when this was discovered, so NACA engineers were sent to quickly solve the problem at hand. The production line had to be modified to allow the modification of F-102s already in production to allow them to use the area rule. (Aircraft so altered were known as "area ruled" aircraft.) The design changes allowed the aircraft to exceed Mach 1, but only by a small margin, as the rest of the Convair design was not optimized for this. As the F-11F was the first design to incorporate this during initial design, it was able to break the sound barrier without having to use afterburner.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because the area rule was initially classified, it took several years for Whitcomb to be recognized for his accomplishment. In 1955 he was awarded the Collier Trophy for his work on both the Tiger and the F-102.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most important design resulting from the area rule was the <a href="/wiki/B-58_Hustler" class="mw-redirect" title="B-58 Hustler">B-58 Hustler</a>, which was already in development at the time. It was redesigned to take the area rule into effect, allowing greatly improved performance.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first US supersonic bomber, and was capable of Mach 2 at a time when Soviet fighters had only just attained that speed months earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area rule concept is now used in designing all transonic and supersonic aircraft. </p><p>NACA experience provided a model for <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> research, the postwar government laboratories, and NACA's successor, the <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA). </p><p>NACA also participated in development of the first aircraft to fly to the "edge of space", North American's <a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a>. NACA airfoils are still used on modern aircraft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chairmen">Chairmen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chairmen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> </th> <th>Portrait </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Term </th> <th colspan="2">President<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">serving under</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brigadier_General_George_P._Scriven_US_Army_in_full_dress_uniform.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="George P. Scriven"><img alt="George P. Scriven" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Brigadier_General_George_P._Scriven_US_Army_in_full_dress_uniform.jpg/100px-Brigadier_General_George_P._Scriven_US_Army_in_full_dress_uniform.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Brigadier_General_George_P._Scriven_US_Army_in_full_dress_uniform.jpg/150px-Brigadier_General_George_P._Scriven_US_Army_in_full_dress_uniform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Brigadier_General_George_P._Scriven_US_Army_in_full_dress_uniform.jpg/200px-Brigadier_General_George_P._Scriven_US_Army_in_full_dress_uniform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brig. Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/George_P._Scriven" title="George P. Scriven">George P. Scriven</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>)</span> </td> <td>1915–1916 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background: #3333FF;"> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Durand.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="William F. Durand"><img alt="William F. Durand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/William_Durand.jpg/100px-William_Durand.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/William_Durand.jpg/150px-William_Durand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/William_Durand.jpg/200px-William_Durand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_F._Durand" title="William F. Durand">William F. Durand</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>)</span> </td> <td>1916–1918 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cassier%27s_magazine_(1904)_(14582235378).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John R. Freeman"><img alt="John R. Freeman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Cassier%27s_magazine_%281904%29_%2814582235378%29.jpg/100px-Cassier%27s_magazine_%281904%29_%2814582235378%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Cassier%27s_magazine_%281904%29_%2814582235378%29.jpg/150px-Cassier%27s_magazine_%281904%29_%2814582235378%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Cassier%27s_magazine_%281904%29_%2814582235378%29.jpg/200px-Cassier%27s_magazine_%281904%29_%2814582235378%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1992" data-file-height="2852" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Ripley_Freeman" title="John Ripley Freeman">John R. Freeman</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Consultant)</span> </td> <td>1918–1919 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">4 </td> <td rowspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Walcott.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles Doolittle Walcott"><img alt="Charles Doolittle Walcott" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Charles_Walcott.jpg/100px-Charles_Walcott.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Charles_Walcott.jpg/150px-Charles_Walcott.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Charles_Walcott.jpg/200px-Charles_Walcott.jpg 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="825" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Doolittle_Walcott" title="Charles Doolittle Walcott">Charles Doolittle Walcott</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>)</span> </td> <td rowspan="3">1920–1927 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" style="background: #E81B23;"> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #E81B23;"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">5 </td> <td rowspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Joseph_Sweetman_Ames_from_Who%27s_Who_in_American_Aeronautics_1922.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Joseph Sweetman Ames"><img alt="Joseph Sweetman Ames" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Portrait_of_Joseph_Sweetman_Ames_from_Who%27s_Who_in_American_Aeronautics_1922.png/100px-Portrait_of_Joseph_Sweetman_Ames_from_Who%27s_Who_in_American_Aeronautics_1922.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Portrait_of_Joseph_Sweetman_Ames_from_Who%27s_Who_in_American_Aeronautics_1922.png/150px-Portrait_of_Joseph_Sweetman_Ames_from_Who%27s_Who_in_American_Aeronautics_1922.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Portrait_of_Joseph_Sweetman_Ames_from_Who%27s_Who_in_American_Aeronautics_1922.png/200px-Portrait_of_Joseph_Sweetman_Ames_from_Who%27s_Who_in_American_Aeronautics_1922.png 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="456" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sweetman_Ames" title="Joseph Sweetman Ames">Joseph Sweetman Ames</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>)</span> </td> <td rowspan="3">1927–1939 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" style="background: #E81B23;"> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background: #3333FF;"> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vannevar_Bush_1940_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vannevar Bush"><img alt="Vannevar Bush" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Vannevar_Bush_1940_%28crop%29.jpg/100px-Vannevar_Bush_1940_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Vannevar_Bush_1940_%28crop%29.jpg/150px-Vannevar_Bush_1940_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Vannevar_Bush_1940_%28crop%29.jpg/200px-Vannevar_Bush_1940_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="380" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_of_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Institution of Washington">Carnegie Institution</a>)</span> </td> <td>1940–1941 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">7 </td> <td rowspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerome_Clarke_Hunsaker_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jerome C. Hunsaker"><img alt="Jerome C. Hunsaker" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Jerome_Clarke_Hunsaker_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Jerome_Clarke_Hunsaker_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Jerome_Clarke_Hunsaker_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Jerome_Clarke_Hunsaker_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Jerome_Clarke_Hunsaker_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Jerome_Clarke_Hunsaker_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-6)" title="Captain (United States O-6)">Capt.</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Clarke_Hunsaker" title="Jerome Clarke Hunsaker">Jerome C. Hunsaker</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>)</span> </td> <td rowspan="3">1941–1956 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" style="background: #3333FF;"> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #E81B23;"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lt._General_James_Doolittle,_head_and_shoulders.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="James H. Doolittle"><img alt="James H. Doolittle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Lt._General_James_Doolittle%2C_head_and_shoulders.jpg/100px-Lt._General_James_Doolittle%2C_head_and_shoulders.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Lt._General_James_Doolittle%2C_head_and_shoulders.jpg/150px-Lt._General_James_Doolittle%2C_head_and_shoulders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Lt._General_James_Doolittle%2C_head_and_shoulders.jpg/200px-Lt._General_James_Doolittle%2C_head_and_shoulders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2490" data-file-height="3254" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">Lt. Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/James_H._Doolittle" class="mw-redirect" title="James H. Doolittle">James H. Doolittle</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Shell_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell Oil Company">Shell Oil Company</a>)</span> </td> <td>1957–1958 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transformation_into_NASA">Transformation into NASA</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Transformation into NASA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">Creation of NASA</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_Committee_on_Space_Technology">Special Committee on Space Technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Special Committee on Space Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NACA%27s_Special_Committee_on_Space_Technology.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/NACA%27s_Special_Committee_on_Space_Technology.jpg/220px-NACA%27s_Special_Committee_on_Space_Technology.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/NACA%27s_Special_Committee_on_Space_Technology.jpg/330px-NACA%27s_Special_Committee_on_Space_Technology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/NACA%27s_Special_Committee_on_Space_Technology.jpg/440px-NACA%27s_Special_Committee_on_Space_Technology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Special Committee on Space Technology in 1958: at right, <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a>; fourth from the left, <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Wade_Bode" title="Hendrik Wade Bode">Hendrik Wade Bode</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On November 21, 1957, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Latimer_Dryden" title="Hugh Latimer Dryden">Hugh Dryden</a>, NACA's director, established the Special Committee on Space Technology.<sup id="cite_ref-erickson_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erickson-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The committee, also called the Stever Committee after its chairman, <a href="/wiki/Guyford_Stever" title="Guyford Stever">Guyford Stever</a>, was a special steering committee that was formed with the mandate to coordinate various branches of the federal government, private companies as well as universities within the United States with NACA's objectives and also harness their expertise in order to develop a space program.<sup id="cite_ref-Special_Committee_on_Space_Technology_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Special_Committee_on_Space_Technology-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a>, technical director at the <a href="/wiki/Army_Ballistic_Missile_Agency" title="Army Ballistic Missile Agency">US Army's Ballistic Missile Agency</a> would have a <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter C">Jupiter C</a> rocket ready to launch a satellite in 1956, only to have it delayed,<sup id="cite_ref-Schefter_1999_p._18_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schefter_1999_p._18-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Soviets would launch <i><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a></i> in October 1957. </p><p>On January 14, 1958, Dryden published "A National Research Program for Space Technology", which stated:<sup id="cite_ref-erickson_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erickson-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is of great urgency and importance to our country both from consideration of our prestige as a nation as well as military necessity that this challenge (<a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik</a>) be met by an energetic program of research and development for the conquest of space. ... </p><p>It is accordingly proposed that the scientific research be the responsibility of a national civilian agency working in close cooperation with the applied research and development groups required for weapon systems development by the military. The pattern to be followed is that already developed by the NACA and the military services. ... </p><p> The NACA is capable, by rapid extension and expansion of its effort, of providing leadership in space technology.</p></blockquote> <p>On March 5, 1958, <a href="/wiki/James_Rhyne_Killian" title="James Rhyne Killian">James Killian</a>, who chaired the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Science_Advisory_Committee" title="President's Science Advisory Committee">President's Science Advisory Committee</a>, wrote a memorandum to the President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>. Titled, "Organization for Civil Space Programs", it encouraged the President to sanction the creation of NASA. He wrote that a civil space program should be based on a "strengthened and redesignated" NACA, indicating that NACA was a "going Federal research agency" with 7,500 employees and $300 million worth of facilities, which could expand its research program "with a minimum of delay".<sup id="cite_ref-erickson_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erickson-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Members">Members</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of their meeting on May 26, 1958, committee members, starting clockwise from the left of the above picture:<sup id="cite_ref-Special_Committee_on_Space_Technology_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Special_Committee_on_Space_Technology-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Committee member</th> <th>Title </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_R._Sharp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward R. Sharp (page does not exist)">Edward R. Sharp</a></td> <td>Director of the <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Research_Center" title="Glenn Research Center">Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Colonel Norman C Appold</td> <td>Assistant to the Deputy Commander for Weapons Systems, <a href="/wiki/Air_Research_and_Development_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Research and Development Command">Air Research and Development Command</a>: <a href="/wiki/US_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="US Air Force">US Air Force</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Hyatt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham Hyatt (page does not exist)">Abraham Hyatt</a></td> <td>Research and Analysis Officer Bureau of Aeronautics, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">Department of the Navy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Wade_Bode" title="Hendrik Wade Bode">Hendrik Wade Bode</a></td> <td>Director of Research Physical Sciences, <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Telephone Laboratories">Bell Telephone Laboratories</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Lovelace_II" title="William Randolph Lovelace II">William Randolph Lovelace II</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lovelace_Respiratory_Research_Institute" title="Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute">Lovelace Foundation for Medication Education and Research</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=S._K_Hoffman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. K Hoffman (page does not exist)">S. K Hoffman</a></td> <td>general manager, Rocketdyne Division, <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American Aviation</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_U_Clauser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milton U Clauser (page does not exist)">Milton U Clauser</a></td> <td>Director, Aeronautical Research Laboratory, The Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harry_Julian_Allen" title="Harry Julian Allen">H. Julian Allen</a></td> <td>Chief, High Speed Flight Research, NACA Ames </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Gilruth" title="Robert R. Gilruth">Robert R. Gilruth</a></td> <td>Assistant Director, NACA Langley </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._R._Dempsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. R. Dempsey (page does not exist)">J. R. Dempsey</a></td> <td>Manager. <a href="/wiki/Convair" title="Convair">Convair-Astronautics</a> (Division of <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics" title="General Dynamics">General Dynamics</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_B._Palmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl B. Palmer (page does not exist)">Carl B. Palmer</a></td> <td>Secretary to Committee, NACA Headquarters </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guyford_Stever" title="Guyford Stever">H. Guyford Stever</a></td> <td>Chairman, Associate Dean of Engineering, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Latimer_Dryden" title="Hugh Latimer Dryden">Hugh L. Dryden</a></td> <td>(ex officio), director, NACA, Namesake of future Dryden Research Center </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dale_R._Corson" title="Dale R. Corson">Dale R. Corson</a></td> <td>Department of Physics, <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abe_Silverstein" title="Abe Silverstein">Abe Silverstein</a></td> <td>Associate Director, NACA Lewis </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a></td> <td>Director, Development Operations Division, <a href="/wiki/Army_Ballistic_Missile_Agency" title="Army Ballistic Missile Agency">Army Ballistic Missile Agency</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/naca/overview.html">"NACA Overview"</a>. <i>history.nasa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=NACA+Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2Fnaca%2Foverview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Advisory+Committee+for+Aeronautics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray, Charles, and Catherine Bly Cox. <i>Apollo</i>. South Mountain Books, 2004, p. xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_Quitney2013" class="citation web cs1">Jeff Quitney (May 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ic4G-8qX_bk&t=18s">"Creation of NASA: Message to Employees of NACA from T. Keith Glennan 1958 NASA"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161122234222/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ic4G-8qX_bk&t=18s">Archived</a> from the original on November 22, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2018</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Creation+of+NASA%3A+Message+to+Employees+of+NACA+from+T.+Keith+Glennan+1958+NASA&rft.date=2013-05-17&rft.au=Jeff+Quitney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dic4G-8qX_bk%26t%3D18s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Advisory+Committee+for+Aeronautics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbot" class="citation web cs1">Abbot, Ira H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://engineering.purdue.edu/~aerodyn/AAE514/Spring%202011/naca-report-824.pdf">"Summary of airfoil data NACA report 824"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>engineering.purdue.edu/</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=engineering.purdue.edu%2F&rft.atitle=Summary+of+airfoil+data+NACA+report+824&rft.aulast=Abbot&rft.aufirst=Ira+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fengineering.purdue.edu%2F~aerodyn%2FAAE514%2FSpring%25202011%2Fnaca-report-824.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Advisory+Committee+for+Aeronautics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa.gov-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasa.gov_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa.gov_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa.gov_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/factsheets/WWII.html">"NASA - WWII & NACA: US Aviation Research Helped Speed Victory"</a>. <i>www.nasa.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171218214131/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/factsheets/WWII.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=NASA+-+WWII+%26+NACA%3A+US+Aviation+Research+Helped+Speed+Victory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcenters%2Flangley%2Fnews%2Ffactsheets%2FWWII.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Advisory+Committee+for+Aeronautics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoland" class="citation web cs1">Roland, Alex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041113150609/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4103/ch1.htm">"Model Research - Volume 1"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4103/ch1.htm">the original</a> on November 13, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Model+Research+-+Volume+1&rft.aulast=Roland&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4103%2Fch1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Advisory+Committee+for+Aeronautics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilstein" class="citation web cs1">Bilstein, Roger E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4406/chap1.html">"Orders of Magnitude, Chapter 1"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070114221127/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4406/chap1.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orders+of+Magnitude%2C+Chapter+1&rft.aulast=Bilstein&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.nasa.gov%2Foffice%2Fpao%2FHistory%2FSP-4406%2Fchap1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Advisory+Committee+for+Aeronautics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson" class="citation web cs1">Dawson, Virginia P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041031021516/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4306/contents.htm">"Engines and Innovation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4306/contents.htm">the original</a> on October 31, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Engines+and+Innovation&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Virginia+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4306%2Fcontents.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Advisory+Committee+for+Aeronautics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bodie, Warren M. <i>The Lockheed P-38 Lightning: The Definitive Story of Lockheed's P-38 Fighter</i>. Hayesville, North Carolina: Widewing Publications, 2001, 1991, pp. 174–5. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9629359-5-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9629359-5-6">0-9629359-5-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bodie, Warren M. <i>The Lockheed P-38 Lightning</i>. pp. 75–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-440/ch3-5.htm">"ch3-5"</a>. <i>www.hq.nasa.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914061156/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-440/ch3-5.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hq.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=ch3-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.nasa.gov%2Foffice%2Fpao%2FHistory%2FSP-440%2Fch3-5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Advisory+Committee+for+Aeronautics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoskowDennis2015" class="citation web cs1">Joskow, Melissa; Dennis, Warren (June 10, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/the-nacas-first-wind-tunnel">"The NACA's First Wind Tunnel"</a>. <i>NASA History</i>. National Aeronautics and Space Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=95+Years+Ago%3A+First+Human+Rocket-Powered+Aircraft+Flight&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2023-06-12&rft.au=John+Uri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ffeature%2F95-years-ago-first-human-rocket-powered-aircraft-flight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Advisory+Committee+for+Aeronautics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From Engineering Science to Big Science: The NACA and NASA Collier Trophy Research Project Winners, 1998, P.89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/about/Dryden/40.html">"Dryden Flight Research Center historical data"</a>. <i>NASA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061013060339/http://www1.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/about/Dryden/40.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 13, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Dryden+Flight+Research+Center+historical+data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcenters%2Fdryden%2Fabout%2FDryden%2F40.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Advisory+Committee+for+Aeronautics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From Engineering Science to Big Science: The NACA and NASA Collier Trophy Research Project Winners, 1998, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From Engineering Science to Big Science: The NACA and NASA Collier Trophy p. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From Engineering Science to Big Science: The NACA and NASA Collier Trophy Research Project Winners, 1998, P.147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes" class="citation web cs1">Haynes, Leland R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wvi.com/~sr71webmaster/b58.htm">"B-58 Hustler Records & 15,000 miles non-stop in the SR-71"</a>. <i>www.wvi.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171102022453/http://www.wvi.com/~sr71webmaster/b58.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wvi.com&rft.atitle=B-58+Hustler+Records+%26+15%2C000+miles+non-stop+in+the+SR-71&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=Leland+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wvi.com%2F~sr71webmaster%2Fb58.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Advisory+Committee+for+Aeronautics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-erickson-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-erickson_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-erickson_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-erickson_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson2005" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Mark (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090920093817/http://aupress.au.af.mil/Books/Erickson/erickson.pdf"><i>Into the Unknown Together - The DOD, NASA, and Early Spaceflight</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Air University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58566-140-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-58566-140-6"><bdi>1-58566-140-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aupress.au.af.mil/Books/Erickson/erickson.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 20, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Into+the+Unknown+Together+-+The+DOD%2C+NASA%2C+and+Early+Spaceflight&rft.pub=Air+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-58566-140-6&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faupress.au.af.mil%2FBooks%2FErickson%2Ferickson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Advisory+Committee+for+Aeronautics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Special_Committee_on_Space_Technology-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Special_Committee_on_Space_Technology_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Special_Committee_on_Space_Technology_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171225233202/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4306/ch8.htm">"ch8"</a>. <i>history.nasa.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4306/ch8.htm">the original</a> on December 25, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=ch8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4306%2Fch8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Advisory+Committee+for+Aeronautics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schefter_1999_p._18-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schefter_1999_p._18_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchefter1999" class="citation book cs1">Schefter, James (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raceuncensored00sche/page/18"><i>The race : the uncensored story of how America beat Russia to the moon</i></a>. New York: Doubleday. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raceuncensored00sche/page/18">18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385492539" title="Special:BookSources/9780385492539"><bdi>9780385492539</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/681285276">681285276</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+race+%3A+the+uncensored+story+of+how+America+beat+Russia+to+the+moon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F681285276&rft.isbn=9780385492539&rft.aulast=Schefter&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fraceuncensored00sche%2Fpage%2F18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Advisory+Committee+for+Aeronautics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Michael H. Gorn, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044802/http://www.kentuckypress.com/viewbook.cfm?Category_ID=1&Group=60&ID=1004"><i>Expanding the Envelope: Flight Research at NACA and NASA</i></a>.</li> <li>James Hansen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4305"><i>Engineer in Charge: A History of the Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, 1917–1958</i></a>.</li> <li>John Henry, et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4406/cover.html"><i>Orders of Magnitude: A History of the NACA and NASA, 1915–1990</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210408021419/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4406/cover.html">Archived</a> April 8, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Alex Roland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4103"><i>Model Research: The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, 1915–1958</i></a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/NACA" class="extiw" title="commons:NACA"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">NACA</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Evolution_of_Technology/NACA/Tech1.htm">U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission: The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA)</a></li> <li>The NASA Technical Reports Server provides access to a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?Ne=2&N=17&Ns=PublicationYear%7c0">collection</a> of 14,469 NACA documents dating from 1917.</li> <li>Historical digitized NACA reports from the <a href="/wiki/Technical_Report_Archive_%26_Image_Library" title="Technical Report Archive & Image Library">TRAIL</a> project are also hosted at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technicalreports.org/trail/search/?q=NACA">TRAIL</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/airfoils/q0041.shtml">Aerospaceweb.org: Information on NACA airfoil series</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4219/Contents.html">Nasa.gov: "From Engineering Science to Big Science"—The NACA and NASA Collier Trophy Research Project Winners</a>, edited by Pamela E. Mack.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History<br />(<a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NACA</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">CAIB</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%2B" title="NASA+">NASA+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a> (with <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a><br />(human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently<br />operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory"><i>Swift</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_14" title="GOES 14">GOES 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_15" title="GOES 15">GOES 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton,_Aerosol,_Cloud,_ocean_Ecosystem" title="Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem">PACE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications<br />and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images<br />and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)"><i>Solar System Family Portrait</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:NASA" title="Category:NASA"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NASA"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618604#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1446" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618604#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1446" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618604#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000106642010">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/136563305">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/90263-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79060141">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb101642185">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb101642185">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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