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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_changes_during_deglaciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Environmental changes during deglaciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_changes_during_deglaciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronology,_reasons_for,_and_sources_of_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology,_reasons_for,_and_sources_of_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Chronology, reasons for, and sources of migration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chronology,_reasons_for,_and_sources_of_migration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Chronology, reasons for, and sources of migration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Chronology,_reasons_for,_and_sources_of_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Chronology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evidence_for_pre-LGM_human_presence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evidence_for_pre-LGM_human_presence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Evidence for pre-LGM human presence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evidence_for_pre-LGM_human_presence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genomic_age_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genomic_age_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Genomic age estimates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genomic_age_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Megafaunal_migrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Megafaunal_migrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Megafaunal migrations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Megafaunal_migrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Source_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Source_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Source populations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Source_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mitochondrial_(mtDNA)_lineages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitochondrial_(mtDNA)_lineages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Mitochondrial (mtDNA) lineages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitochondrial_(mtDNA)_lineages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HTLV-1_genomics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HTLV-1_genomics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 HTLV-1 genomics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HTLV-1_genomics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_anthropology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_anthropology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Physical anthropology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_anthropology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stemmed_points" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stemmed_points"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Stemmed points </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stemmed_points-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Migration routes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Migration_routes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Migration routes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Migration_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interior_route" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interior_route"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Interior route </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interior_route-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clovis-First_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clovis-First_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Clovis-First theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clovis-First_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithic_evidence_of_pre-Clovis_migrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithic_evidence_of_pre-Clovis_migrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Lithic evidence of pre-Clovis migrations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithic_evidence_of_pre-Clovis_migrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dené–Yeniseian_language_family_proposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dené–Yeniseian_language_family_proposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Dené–Yeniseian language family proposal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dené–Yeniseian_language_family_proposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earlier_interior_route" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earlier_interior_route"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 Earlier interior route </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earlier_interior_route-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pacific_coastal_route" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacific_coastal_route"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Pacific coastal route </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacific_coastal_route-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Problems_with_evaluating_coastal_migration_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problems_with_evaluating_coastal_migration_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Problems with evaluating coastal migration models </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problems_with_evaluating_coastal_migration_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Peopling of the Americas</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" > 27 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C" title="अमेरिका केरौ खोज – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अमेरिका केरौ खोज" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="استيطان الأمريكيتين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استيطان الأمريكيتين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poblamientu_d%27Am%C3%A9rica" title="Poblamientu d'América – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Poblamientu d'América" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poblament_d%27Am%C3%A8rica" title="Poblament d'Amèrica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Poblament d'Amèrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikas_bos%C3%A6ttelse" title="Amerikas bosættelse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Amerikas bosættelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besiedlung_Amerikas" title="Besiedlung Amerikas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Besiedlung Amerikas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poblamiento_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Poblamiento de América – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Poblamiento de América" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveno_de_la_homo_en_Amerikon" title="Alveno de la homo en Amerikon – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alveno de la homo en Amerikon" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizakien_iritsiera_Amerikara" title="Gizakien iritsiera Amerikara – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gizakien iritsiera Amerikara" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_peuplement_de_l%27Am%C3%A9rique" title="Premier peuplement de l'Amérique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Premier peuplement de l'Amérique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poboamento_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Poboamento de América – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Poboamento de América" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A2%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ամերիկայի բնակեցում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամերիկայի բնակեցում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naseljavanje_Amerika" title="Naseljavanje Amerika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Naseljavanje Amerika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popolamento_delle_Americhe" title="Popolamento delle Americhe – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Popolamento delle Americhe" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="יישובה הקדום של אמריקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יישובה הקדום של אמריקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudste_bewoners_van_Amerika" title="Oudste bewoners van Amerika – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oudste bewoners van Amerika" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%DA%A9%DB%90_%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%87" title="په امریکا کې مېشتېدنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="په امریکا کې مېشتېدنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96llste_Inwahners_vun_Amerika" title="Öllste Inwahners vun Amerika – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Öllste Inwahners vun Amerika" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaludnienie_Ameryk" title="Zaludnienie Ameryk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zaludnienie Ameryk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povoamento_das_Am%C3%A9ricas" title="Povoamento das Américas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Povoamento das Américas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Заселение Америки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Заселение Америки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naseljavanje_Amerika" title="Naseljavanje Amerika – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Naseljavanje Amerika" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intiaanien_alkuper%C3%A4" title="Intiaanien alkuperä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Intiaanien alkuperä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Моделі заселення Америки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Моделі заселення Америки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cu%E1%BB%99c_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_c%C6%B0_ch%C3%A2u_M%E1%BB%B9" title="Cuộc định cư châu Mỹ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cuộc định cư châu Mỹ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a 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style="display:none">Prehistoric migration from Asia to the Americas</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the original peopling of the Americas. For the later settlement by Europeans, see <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a>. For theories about potential pre-Columbian contacts with the Americas, see <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_migrations_mercator.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Early_migrations_mercator.svg/350px-Early_migrations_mercator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Early_migrations_mercator.svg/525px-Early_migrations_mercator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Early_migrations_mercator.svg/700px-Early_migrations_mercator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Early_human_migrations" title="Early human migrations">early human migrations</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Out of Africa theory</a>; figures are in thousands of years ago (kya).<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> The peopling of the Americas began when <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a>) entered <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> from the <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mammoth_steppe" title="Mammoth steppe">Mammoth steppe</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Beringia_land_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Beringia land bridge">Beringia land bridge</a>, which had formed between northeastern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> due to the lowering of <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> (26,000 to 19,000 years ago).<a href="#cite_note-Smithsoniana-2">[2]</a> These populations expanded south of the <a href="/wiki/Laurentide_Ice_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurentide Ice Sheet">Laurentide Ice Sheet</a> and spread rapidly southward, occupying both <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">North and South America</a> by 12,000 to 14,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-FaganDurrani2016-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goebel-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20180103-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20180103-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a> The earliest populations in the Americas, before roughly 10,000 years ago, are known as <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a>. Indigenous peoples of the Americas have been linked to Siberian populations by proposed <a href="/wiki/Dene%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" title="Dene–Yeniseian languages">linguistic factors</a>, the distribution of <a href="/wiki/Blood_types" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood types">blood types</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">genetic composition</a> as reflected by <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecular</a> data, such as <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AshRobinson2011-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roberts2010-9">[9]</a> While there is general agreement that the Americas were first settled from Asia, the pattern of migration and the place(s) of origin in Eurasia of the peoples who migrated to the Americas remain unclear.<a href="#cite_note-Goebel-4">[4]</a> The traditional theory is that <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringians</a> moved when sea levels were significantly lowered due to the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary glaciation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Smithsonianb-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-national-11">[11]</a> following herds of now-extinct <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a> along ice-free corridors that stretched between the <a href="/wiki/Laurentide_Ice_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurentide Ice Sheet">Laurentide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cordilleran_Ice_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordilleran Ice Sheet">Cordilleran</a> ice sheets.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using <a href="/wiki/Boat#History" title="Boat">boats</a>, they migrated down the Pacific coast to <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> as far as <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Any archaeological evidence of coastal occupation during the last Ice Age would now have been covered by the <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>, up to a hundred metres since then.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The precise date for the peopling of the Americas is a long-standing open question. While advances in <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical anthropology">physical anthropology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/DNA_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA analysis">DNA analysis</a> have progressively shed more light on the subject, significant questions remain unresolved.<a href="#cite_note-Null_2022-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pauketat2012-16">[16]</a> The "Clovis first theory" refers to the hypothesis that the <a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a> represents the earliest human presence in the Americas about 13,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Surovell-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_the_Clovis_First_theory" title="Alternatives to the Clovis First theory">Evidence of pre-Clovis cultures has accumulated</a> and pushed back the possible date of the first peopling of the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-Yasinski_2022-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Academics generally believe that humans reached North America south of the Laurentide Ice Sheet at some point between 15,000 and 20,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Null_2022-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yasinski_2022-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wells2006-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Relethford2017-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Birx2010-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-KiczaHorn2016-25">[25]</a> Some new controversial archaeological evidence suggests the possibility that human arrival in the Americas may have occurred prior to the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> more than 20,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Yasinski_2022-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baisas_2022_l824-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chatters-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon,_Guy_E_1998-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_environment_during_the_latest_glaciation">The environment during the latest glaciation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The environment during the latest glaciation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For an introduction to the radiocarbon dating techniques used by archaeologists and geologists, see <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_and_submergence_of_Beringia">Emergence and submergence of Beringia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Emergence and submergence of Beringia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beringia_land_bridge-noaagov.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Beringia_land_bridge-noaagov.gif/330px-Beringia_land_bridge-noaagov.gif" decoding="async" width="330" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Beringia_land_bridge-noaagov.gif/495px-Beringia_land_bridge-noaagov.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Beringia_land_bridge-noaagov.gif/660px-Beringia_land_bridge-noaagov.gif 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Figure 1. Submergence of the Beringian land bridge with post-Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) rise in eustatic sea level.</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation" title="Wisconsin glaciation">Wisconsin glaciation</a>, the Earth's ocean water was, to varying degrees over time, stored in <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacier</a> ice. As water accumulated in glaciers, the volume of water in the oceans correspondingly decreased, resulting in lowering of <a href="/wiki/Eustatic_sea_level" title="Eustatic sea level">global sea level</a>. The variation of sea level over time has been reconstructed using <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen isotope">oxygen isotope</a> analysis of deep sea cores, the dating of marine terraces, and high-resolution oxygen isotope sampling from ocean basins and modern ice caps. A drop of <a href="/wiki/Eustatic_sea_level" title="Eustatic sea level">eustatic sea level</a> by about 60 to 120 metres (200 to 390 ft) from present-day levels, commencing around 30,000 years <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a> (BP), created <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a>, a durable and extensive geographic feature connecting Siberia with Alaska.<a href="#cite_note-Brighametal2004-31">[31]</a> With the rise of sea level after the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> (LGM), the Beringian land bridge was again submerged. Estimates of the final re-submergence of the Beringian land bridge based purely on present <a href="/wiki/Bathymetry" title="Bathymetry">bathymetry</a> of the Bering Strait and eustatic sea level curve place the event around 11,000 years BP (Figure 1). Ongoing research reconstructing Beringian paleogeography during deglaciation could change that estimate and possible earlier submergence could further constrain models of human migration into North America.<a href="#cite_note-Brighametal2004-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glaciers">Glaciers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Glaciers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Last_glacial_maximum_-_survivability_of_humans.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Last_glacial_maximum_-_survivability_of_humans.svg/310px-Last_glacial_maximum_-_survivability_of_humans.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Last_glacial_maximum_-_survivability_of_humans.svg/465px-Last_glacial_maximum_-_survivability_of_humans.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Last_glacial_maximum_-_survivability_of_humans.svg/620px-Last_glacial_maximum_-_survivability_of_humans.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Potential extent of human survivability during the last glacial maximum</figcaption></figure> The onset of the Last Glacial Maximum after 30,000 years BP saw the expansion of alpine glaciers and continental ice sheets that blocked migration routes out of Beringia. By 21,000 years BP, and possibly thousands of years earlier, the <a href="/wiki/Cordilleran_Ice_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordilleran Ice Sheet">Cordilleran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laurentide_Ice_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurentide Ice Sheet">Laurentide</a> ice sheets coalesced east of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>, closing off a potential migration route into the center of North America.<a href="#cite_note-Geotimescorridor-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jacksonetal1997-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mandryketal2001-34">[34]</a> Alpine glaciers in the coastal ranges and the <a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaskan Peninsula">Alaskan Peninsula</a> isolated the interior of Beringia from the Pacific coast. Coastal <a href="/wiki/Alpine_glaciers" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine glaciers">alpine glaciers</a> and lobes of Cordilleran ice coalesced into <a href="/wiki/Glacier_morphology#Piedmont_glaciers" title="Glacier morphology">piedmont glaciers</a> that covered large stretches of the coastline as far south as <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> and formed an ice lobe across the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Juan_de_Fuca" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Juan de Fuca">Straits of Juan de Fuca</a> by 18,000 BP.<a href="#cite_note-Dyke2003-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boothetal2003-36">[36]</a> Coastal alpine glaciers started to retreat around 19,000 BP<a href="#cite_note-Blaiseetal1990-37">[37]</a> while Cordilleran ice continued advancing in the <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound_region" title="Puget Sound region">Puget lowlands</a> up to 16,800 BP.<a href="#cite_note-Boothetal2003-36">[36]</a> Even during the maximum extent of coastal ice, unglaciated <a href="/wiki/Glacial_refugium" title="Glacial refugium">refugia</a> persisted on present-day islands, that supported terrestrial and marine mammals.<a href="#cite_note-Mandryketal2001-34">[34]</a> As deglaciation occurred, refugia expanded until the coast became ice-free by 15,000 BP.<a href="#cite_note-Mandryketal2001-34">[34]</a> The retreat of glaciers on the Alaskan Peninsula provided access from Beringia to the Pacific coast by around 17,000 BP.<a href="#cite_note-Misartietal2012-38">[38]</a> The ice barrier between interior Alaska and the Pacific coast broke up starting around 16,200 BP.<a href="#cite_note-Dyke2003-35">[35]</a> The ice-free corridor to the interior of North America opened between 13,000 and 12,000 BP.<a href="#cite_note-Geotimescorridor-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jacksonetal1997-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mandryketal2001-34">[34]</a> Glaciation in eastern Siberia during the LGM was limited to alpine and valley glaciers in mountain ranges and did not block access between Siberia and Beringia.<a href="#cite_note-Brighametal2004-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_and_biological_environments">Climate and biological environments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climate and biological environments">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Last_Glacial_Maximum_Vegetation_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Last_Glacial_Maximum_Vegetation_Map.svg/310px-Last_Glacial_Maximum_Vegetation_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Last_Glacial_Maximum_Vegetation_Map.svg/465px-Last_Glacial_Maximum_Vegetation_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Last_Glacial_Maximum_Vegetation_Map.svg/620px-Last_Glacial_Maximum_Vegetation_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Vegetation cover at the Last Glacial Maximum period ~18,000 years ago, describing the type of vegetation cover present</figcaption></figure> The paleoclimates and vegetation of eastern Siberia and Alaska during the Wisconsin glaciation have been deduced from high resolution oxygen isotope data and <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brighametal2004-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clagueetal2004-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vasilevetal2002-40">[40]</a> Prior to the Last Glacial Maximum, climates in eastern Siberia fluctuated between conditions approximating present day conditions and colder periods. The pre-LGM warm cycles in Arctic Siberia saw flourishes of megafaunas.<a href="#cite_note-Brighametal2004-31">[31]</a> The oxygen isotope record from the Greenland Ice Cap suggests that these cycles after about 45,000 BP lasted anywhere from hundreds to between one and two thousand years, with greater duration of cold periods starting around 32,000 BP.<a href="#cite_note-Brighametal2004-31">[31]</a> The pollen record from Elikchan Lake, north of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a>, shows a marked shift from tree and shrub pollen to herb pollen prior to 30,000 BP, as herb tundra replaced boreal forest and shrub steppe going into the LGM.<a href="#cite_note-Brighametal2004-31">[31]</a> A similar record of tree/shrub pollen being replaced with herb pollen as the LGM approached was recovered near the Kolyma River in Arctic Siberia.<a href="#cite_note-Vasilevetal2002-40">[40]</a> The abandonment of the northern regions of Siberia due to rapid cooling or the retreat of game species with the onset of the LGM has been proposed to explain the lack of archaeological sites in that region dating to the LGM.<a href="#cite_note-Vasilevetal2002-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Graf2008-41">[41]</a> The pollen record from the Alaskan side shows shifts between herb/shrub and shrub tundra prior to the LGM, suggesting less dramatic warming episodes than those that allowed forest colonization on the Siberian side. Diverse, though not necessarily plentiful, <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a> were present in those environments. Herb tundra dominated during the LGM, due to cold and dry conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Clagueetal2004-39">[39]</a> Coastal environments during the Last Glacial Maximum were complex. The lowered sea level, and an <a href="/wiki/Isostasy" title="Isostasy">isostatic</a> bulge equilibrated with the depression beneath the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, exposed the continental shelf to form a coastal plain.<a href="#cite_note-Fedjeetal2004-42">[42]</a> While much of the coastal plain was covered with piedmont glaciers, unglaciated <a href="/wiki/Refugium_(population_biology)" title="Refugium (population biology)">refugia</a> supporting terrestrial mammals have been identified on <a href="/wiki/Haida_Gwaii" title="Haida Gwaii">Haida Gwaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Island_(Alaska)" title="Prince of Wales Island (Alaska)">Prince of Wales Island</a>, and outer islands of the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Archipelago" title="Alexander Archipelago">Alexander Archipelago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clagueetal2004-39">[39]</a> The now-submerged coastal plain has potential for more refugia.<a href="#cite_note-Clagueetal2004-39">[39]</a> Pollen data indicate mostly herb/shrub tundra vegetation in unglaciated areas, with some boreal forest towards the southern end of the range of Cordilleran ice.<a href="#cite_note-Clagueetal2004-39">[39]</a> The coastal marine environment remained productive, as indicated by fossils of <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">pinnipeds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fedjeetal2004-42">[42]</a> The highly productive <a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">kelp forests</a> over rocky marine shallows may have been a lure for coastal migration.<a href="#cite_note-Erlandson2011-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Erlandsonetal2007-44">[44]</a> Reconstruction of the southern Beringian coastline also suggests potential for a highly productive coastal marine environment.<a href="#cite_note-Erlandsonetal2007-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_changes_during_deglaciation">Environmental changes during deglaciation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Environmental changes during deglaciation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glacial_lakes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Glacial_lakes.jpg/310px-Glacial_lakes.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Glacial_lakes.jpg/465px-Glacial_lakes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Glacial_lakes.jpg/620px-Glacial_lakes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>A diagram of the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></figcaption></figure> Pollen data indicate a warm period culminating between 17,000 and 13,000 BP followed by cooling between 13,000 and 11,500 BP.<a href="#cite_note-Fedjeetal2004-42">[42]</a> Coastal areas deglaciated rapidly as coastal alpine glaciers, then lobes of Cordilleran ice, retreated. The retreat was accelerated as sea levels rose and floated glacial termini. It has been estimated that the coast range was fully ice-free between 16,000 and 15,000 BP.<a href="#cite_note-Fedjeetal2004-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mandryketal2001-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Littoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral">Littoral</a> marine organisms colonized shorelines as ocean water replaced glacial meltwater. Replacement of herb/shrub tundra by coniferous forests was underway by 15,000 BP north of Haida Gwaii. Eustatic sea level rise caused flooding, which accelerated as the rate grew more rapid.<a href="#cite_note-Fedjeetal2004-42">[42]</a> The inland Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets retreated more slowly than did the coastal glaciers. Opening of an ice-free corridor did not occur until after 13,000 to 12,000 BP.<a href="#cite_note-Geotimescorridor-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jacksonetal1997-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mandryketal2001-34">[34]</a> The early environment of the ice-free corridor was dominated by glacial outwash and meltwater, with ice-dammed lakes and periodic flooding from the release of ice-dammed meltwater.<a href="#cite_note-Geotimescorridor-32">[32]</a> Biological productivity of the deglaciated landscape increased slowly.<a href="#cite_note-Mandryketal2001-34">[34]</a> The earliest possible viability of the ice-free corridor as a human migration route has been estimated at 11,500 BP.<a href="#cite_note-Mandryketal2001-34">[34]</a> Birch forests were advancing across former herb tundra in Beringia by 17,000 BP in response to climatic amelioration, indicating increased productivity of the landscape.<a href="#cite_note-Vasilevetal2002-40">[40]</a> Analyses of biomarkers and microfossils preserved in sediments from Lake E5 and Burial Lake in northern Alaska suggest early humans burned Beringian landscapes as early as 34,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Vachulaetal2020-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vachulaetal2019-46">[46]</a> The authors of these studies suggest that fire was used as means of hunting megafauna. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology,_reasons_for,_and_sources_of_migration">Chronology, reasons for, and sources of migration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chronology, reasons for, and sources of migration">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> have an ascertained archaeological presence in the Americas dating back to about 15,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-:1-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dillehay2000-48">[48]</a> More recent research, however, suggests a human presence dating to between 18,000 and 26,000 years ago, during the Last Glacial Maximum.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20210923-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bennett-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a> There remain uncertainties regarding the precise dating of individual sites and regarding conclusions drawn from <a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">population genetics</a> studies of contemporary Native Americans. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronology">Chronology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chronology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Journal.pone.0001596.g004.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt=""Maps depicting each phase of the three-step early human migrations for the peopling of the Americas. (A) Gradual population expansion of the Amerind ancestors from their Central East Asian gene pool (blue arrow). (B) Proto-Amerind occupation of Beringia with little to no population growth for ≈20,000 years. (C) Rapid colonization of the New World by a founder group migrating southward through the ice-free, inland corridor between the eastern Laurentide and western Cordilleran Ice Sheets (green arrow) and/or along the Pacific coast (red arrow). In (B), the exposed seafloor is shown at its greatest extent during the last glacial maximum at ≈20–18,000 years ago [25]. In (A) and (C), the exposed seafloor is depicted at ≈40,000 years ago and ≈16,0000 years ago, when prehistoric sea levels were comparable. A scaled-down version of Beringia today (60% reduction of A–C) is presented in the lower left corner. This smaller map highlights the Bering Strait that has geographically separated the New World from Asia since ≈11–10,000 years ago."" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Journal.pone.0001596.g004.png/280px-Journal.pone.0001596.g004.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="464" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Journal.pone.0001596.g004.png/420px-Journal.pone.0001596.g004.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Journal.pone.0001596.g004.png/560px-Journal.pone.0001596.g004.png 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="1651" /></a><figcaption>Map of Beringia showing the exposed seafloor and glaciation at 40,000 years ago and 16,000 years ago. The green arrow indicates the "interior migration" model along an ice-free corridor separating the major continental ice sheets, the red arrow indicates the "<a href="/wiki/Coastal_migration_(Americas)" title="Coastal migration (Americas)">coastal migration</a>" model, both leading to a "rapid colonization" of the Americas after c. 16,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></figcaption></figure> In the early 21st century, the models of the chronology of migration are divided into two general approaches.<a href="#cite_note-White2006-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-SpencerWells2-53">[53]</a> The first is the short chronology theory, that the first migration occurred after the LGM, which went into decline after about 19,000 years ago,<a href="#cite_note-Blaiseetal1990-37">[37]</a> and was then followed by successive waves of immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The second theory is the long chronology theory, which proposes that the first group of people entered Beringia, including ice-free parts of Alaska, at a much earlier date, possibly 40,000 years ago,<a href="#cite_note-Bonattoetal2009-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cinq1979-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bonnichsen1978-57">[57]</a> followed by a much later second wave of immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-SpencerWells2-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bradshaw-58">[58]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Clovis_First" class="mw-redirect" title="Clovis First">Clovis First</a> theory, which dominated thinking on New World anthropology for much of the 20th century, was <a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_the_Clovis_First_theory" title="Alternatives to the Clovis First theory">challenged in the 2000s</a> by the secure dating of archaeological sites in the Americas to before 13,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Geotimescorridor-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jacksonetal1997-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mandryketal2001-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goodyear2005-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dillehay2000-48">[48]</a> The archaeological sites in the Americas with the oldest dates that have gained broad acceptance are all compatible with an age of about 15,000 years. This includes the <a href="/wiki/Buttermilk_Creek_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Buttermilk Creek Complex">Buttermilk Creek Complex</a> in Texas,<a href="#cite_note-:1-47">[47]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rockshelter" title="Meadowcroft Rockshelter">Meadowcroft Rockshelter</a> site in Pennsylvania and the <a href="/wiki/Monte_Verde" title="Monte Verde">Monte Verde</a> site in southern Chile.<a href="#cite_note-Dillehay2000-48">[48]</a> Archaeological evidence of pre-<a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a> people points to the South Carolina <a href="/wiki/Topper_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Topper Site">Topper Site</a> being 16,000 years old, at a time when the glacial maximum would have theoretically allowed for lower coastlines. It has often been suggested that an ice-free corridor, in what is now <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a>, would have allowed migration before the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>. However, a 2016 study has argued against this, suggesting that the peopling of North America via such a corridor is unlikely to significantly pre-date the earliest Clovis sites. The study concludes that the ice-free corridor in what is now <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> "was gradually taken over by a boreal forest dominated by spruce and pine trees" and that the "Clovis people likely came from the south, not the north, perhaps following wild animals such as <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Nature-landbridge_2016-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> An alternative hypothesis for the peopling of America is <a href="/wiki/Coastal_migration_(Americas)" title="Coastal migration (Americas)">coastal migration</a>, which may have been feasible along the deglaciated (but now submerged) coastline of the Pacific Northwest from about 16,000 years ago. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evidence_for_pre-LGM_human_presence">Evidence for pre-LGM human presence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Evidence for pre-LGM human presence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#Paleoamericans" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas § Paleoamericans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Alternative_origin_speculations" title="Fuegians">Fuegians § Alternative origin speculations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_gene_flow_in_and_out_of_Beringia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Schematic illustration of maternal geneflow in and out of Beringia.Colours of the arrows correspond to approximate timing of the events and are decoded in the coloured time-bar. The initial peopling of Berinigia (depicted in light yellow) was followed by a standstill after which the ancestors of indigenous Americans spread swiftly all over the New World, while some of the Beringian maternal lineages–C1a-spread westwards. More recent (shown in green) genetic exchange is manifested by back-migration of A2a into Siberia and the spread of D2a into north-eastern America that post-dated the initial peopling of the New World." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Map_of_gene_flow_in_and_out_of_Beringia.jpg/280px-Map_of_gene_flow_in_and_out_of_Beringia.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Map_of_gene_flow_in_and_out_of_Beringia.jpg/420px-Map_of_gene_flow_in_and_out_of_Beringia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Map_of_gene_flow_in_and_out_of_Beringia.jpg/560px-Map_of_gene_flow_in_and_out_of_Beringia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="884" /></a><figcaption>Figure 2. Schematic illustration of maternal (mtDNA) gene-flow in and out of Beringia (long chronology, single source model).</figcaption></figure> Pre-LGM migration across Beringia has been proposed to explain purported pre-LGM ages of archaeological sites in the Americas such as <a href="/wiki/Bluefish_Caves" title="Bluefish Caves">Bluefish Caves</a><a href="#cite_note-Cinq1979-56">[56]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Crow_Flats" title="Old Crow Flats">Old Crow Flats</a><a href="#cite_note-Bonnichsen1978-57">[57]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Yukon_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Yukon Territory">Yukon Territory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rock_Shelter" class="mw-redirect" title="Meadowcroft Rock Shelter">Meadowcroft Rock Shelter</a> in Pennsylvania.<a href="#cite_note-SpencerWells2-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bradshaw-58">[58]</a> The oldest archaeological sites on the Alaskan side of Beringia date to around 14,000 BP.<a href="#cite_note-Vasilevetal2002-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-GoebelBuvit2011-62">[62]</a> It is possible that a small founder population had entered Beringia before that time. However, archaeological sites that date closer to the LGM on either the Siberian or the Alaskan side of Beringia are lacking. Biomarker and microfossil analyses of sediments from Lake E5 and Burial Lake in northern Alaska suggest human presence in eastern Beringia as early as 34,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Vachulaetal2020-45">[45]</a> These sedimentary analyses have been suggested to be the only possibly recoverable remnants of humans living in Alaska during the last Glacial period.<a href="#cite_note-Vachulaetal2019-46">[46]</a> At Old Crow Flats, mammoth bones have been found that are broken in distinctive ways indicating human butchery. The radiocarbon dates on these vary between 25,000 and 40,000 BP. Also, stone microflakes have been found in the area indicating tool production.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> However, the interpretations of butcher marks and the geologic association of bones at the Bluefish Cave and Old Crow Flats sites, and the related Bonnet Plume site, have been called into question.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbon,_Guy_E_1998-29">[29]</a> No evidence of human remains have been discovered at these sites. In addition to disputed archaeological sites, support for pre-LGM human presence has been found in lake sediment records of northern Alaska. Biomarker and microfossil analyses of sediments from Lake E5 and Burial Lake in suggest human presence in eastern Beringia as early as 34,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Vachulaetal2020-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vachulaetal2019-46">[46]</a> These analyses are indeed compelling in that they corroborate the inferences made from the Bluefish Cave and Old Crow Flats sites. In 2020, evidence emerged for a new pre-LGM site in North-Central <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chiquihuite_cave" title="Chiquihuite cave">Chiquihuite cave</a>, an archaeological site in <a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a> State, has been dated to 26,000 years BP based on numerous lithic artefacts discovered there.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> However, there is scholarly debate over whether the artifacts should be considered evidence of human activity or if they were formed naturally.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chatters-28">[28]</a> No evidence of human DNA or <a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">hearth</a> have been unearthed.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Pre-LGM human presence in South America rests partly on the chronology of the controversial <a href="/wiki/Pedra_Furada" title="Pedra Furada">Pedra Furada</a> rock shelter in <a href="/wiki/Piau%C3%AD" title="Piauí">Piauí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. More recently, studies at the archaeological sites Santa Elina (27000-10000 years BP)<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> in the midwest, and Rincão I (20000-12000 years BP)<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> in southeastern Brazil also show associations of evidence of human presence with sediments dating from before the LGM. A 2003 study dated evidence for the controlled use of fire to before 40,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Additional evidence has been adduced from the morphology of <a href="/wiki/Luzia_Woman" title="Luzia Woman">Luzia Woman</a> fossil, which was described as <a href="/wiki/Australo-Melanesian" title="Australo-Melanesian">Australo-Melanesian</a>. This interpretation was challenged in a 2003 review which concluded the features in question could also have arisen by genetic drift.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In November 2018, scientists of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="University of São Paulo">University of São Paulo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> released a study that contradicts the alleged Australo-Melanesian origin of Luzia. Using DNA sequencing, the results showed that Luzia's ancestry was entirely Native American.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Stones described as probable tools, <a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">hammerstones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anvil" title="Anvil">anvils</a>, have been found in <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">southern California</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Cerutti_Mastodon_site" title="Cerutti Mastodon site">Cerutti Mastodon site</a>, that are associated with a <a href="/wiki/Mammut_americanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammut americanum">mastodon</a> skeleton which appeared to have been processed by humans. The mastodon skeleton was dated by thorium-230/uranium radiometric analysis, using diffusion–adsorption–decay dating models, to around 130 thousand years ago.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> No human bones were found and expert reaction was mixed; claims of tools and bone processing were called "not plausible" by Prof. <a href="/wiki/Tom_Dillehay" title="Tom Dillehay">Tom Dillehay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rincon-74">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Yana_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yana River">Yana River</a> <a href="/wiki/Yana_Rhinoceros_Horn_Site" title="Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site">Rhino Horn site</a> (RHS) has dated human occupation of eastern Arctic Siberia to 31,300 BP.<a href="#cite_note-Pitulkoetal2004-75">[75]</a> That date has been interpreted by some as evidence that migration into Beringia was imminent, lending credence to occupation of Beringia during the LGM.<a href="#cite_note-Tammetal2007-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kitchetenal2008-77">[77]</a> However, the Yana RHS date is from the beginning of the cooling period that led into the LGM.<a href="#cite_note-Brighametal2004-31">[31]</a> A compilation of archaeological site dates throughout eastern Siberia suggest that the cooling period caused a retreat of humans southwards.<a href="#cite_note-Vasilevetal2002-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Graf2008-41">[41]</a> Pre-LGM lithic evidence in Siberia indicate a settled lifestyle that was based on local resources, while post-LGM lithic evidence indicate a more migratory lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-Graf2008-41">[41]</a> A 2021 discovery of <a href="/wiki/White_Sands_fossil_footprints" title="White Sands fossil footprints">human footprints in relict lake sediments</a> near <a href="/wiki/White_Sands_National_Park" title="White Sands National Park">White Sands National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> demonstrated there was a verifiable human presence in the region dating back to the LGM between 18,000 and 26,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20210923-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bennett-50">[50]</a> Later studies, reported in October 2023, confirmed that the age of the human footprints to be "up to 23,000 years old".<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20231005mw-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20231005-79">[79]</a> The Clovis-first advocates have not accepted the veracity of these findings. In 2022, they said, "The oldest evidence for archaeological sites in the New World with large numbers of artifacts occurring in discrete and minimally disturbed stratigraphic contexts occur in eastern Beringia between 13,000 and 14,200 BP. South of the ice sheets, the oldest such sites occur in association with the Clovis complex. If humans managed to breach the continental ice sheets significantly before 13,000 BP, there should be clear evidence for it in the form of at least some stratigraphically discrete archaeological components with a relatively high artifact count. So far, no such evidence exists."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESurovell2022-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genomic_age_estimates">Genomic age estimates</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Genomic age estimates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Map_of_Y-DNA_Haplogroups.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/World_Map_of_Y-DNA_Haplogroups.png/290px-World_Map_of_Y-DNA_Haplogroups.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/World_Map_of_Y-DNA_Haplogroups.png/435px-World_Map_of_Y-DNA_Haplogroups.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/World_Map_of_Y-DNA_Haplogroups.png/580px-World_Map_of_Y-DNA_Haplogroups.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Map of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups – dominant haplogroups in pre-colonial populations with proposed migrations routes</figcaption></figure> Genetic studies have used high resolution analytical techniques applied to DNA samples from modern Native Americans and Asian populations regarded as their source populations to reconstruct the development of <a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroups" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups">human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups</a> (yDNA <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup" title="Haplogroup">haplogroups</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroups" class="mw-redirect" title="Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups">human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups</a> (mtDNA haplogroups) characteristic of Native American populations.<a href="#cite_note-Bonattoetal2009-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tammetal2007-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kitchetenal2008-77">[77]</a> Models of molecular evolution rates were used to estimate the ages at which Native American DNA lineages branched off from their parent lineages in Asia and to deduce the ages of demographic events. One model (Tammetal 2007) based on Native American mtDNA Haplotypes (Figure 2) proposes that migration into Beringia occurred between 30,000 and 25,000 BP, with migration into the Americas occurring around 10,000 to 15,000 years after isolation of the small <a href="/wiki/Founder_effect" title="Founder effect">founding population</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tammetal2007-76">[76]</a> Another model (Kitchen et al. 2008) proposes that migration into Beringia occurred approximately 36,000 BP, followed by 20,000 years of isolation in Beringia.<a href="#cite_note-Kitchetenal2008-77">[77]</a> A third model (Nomatto et al. 2009) proposes that migration into Beringia occurred between 40,000 and 30,000 BP, with a pre-LGM migration into the Americas followed by isolation of the northern population following closure of the ice-free corridor.<a href="#cite_note-Bonattoetal2009-55">[55]</a> Evidence of Australo-Melanesians admixture in Amazonian populations was found by Skoglund and Reich (2016).<a href="#cite_note-:0-81">[81]</a> A study of the diversification of mtDNA Haplogroups C and D from southern Siberia and eastern Asia, respectively, suggests that the parent lineage (Subhaplogroup D4h) of Subhaplogroup D4h3, a lineage found among Native Americans and Han Chinese,<a href="#cite_note-Kempetal2007-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peregoetal2009-83">[83]</a> emerged around 20,000 BP, constraining the emergence of D4h3 to post-LGM.<a href="#cite_note-Derenkoetal2010-84">[84]</a> Age estimates based on Y-chromosome micro-satellite diversity place origin of the American <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_Q1a3a_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup Q1a3a (Y-DNA)">Haplogroup Q1a3a (Y-DNA)</a> at around 15,000 to 10,000 BP.<a href="#cite_note-Bortolinietal2003-85">[85]</a> Greater consistency of DNA molecular evolution rate models with each other and with archaeological data may be gained by the use of dated fossil DNA to calibrate molecular evolution rates.<a href="#cite_note-Kempetal2007-82">[82]</a> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><div class="excerpt"> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a> (AB) is a human <a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetics" title="Archaeogenetics">archaeogenetic</a> lineage, based on the genome of an infant found at the <a href="/wiki/Upward_Sun_River_site" title="Upward Sun River site">Upward Sun River site</a> (dubbed USR1), dated to 11,500 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Ancient_Beringian_Moreno-Mayar2018-86">[86]</a> The AB lineage diverged from the <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Native_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestral Native American">Ancestral Native American</a> (ANA) lineage about 20,000 years ago. The ANA lineage was estimated as having been formed between 20,000 and 25,000 years ago by a mixture of East Asian (~65%) and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasian" title="Ancient North Eurasian">Ancient North Eurasian</a> (~35%) lineages, consistent with the model of the peopling of the Americas via <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ancient_Beringian_:0-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ancient_Beringian_:1-89">[89]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Megafaunal_migrations">Megafaunal migrations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Megafaunal migrations">edit</a>]</div> Although there is no archaeological evidence that can be used to direct support a coastal migration route during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>, genetic analysis has been used to support this thesis. In addition to human genetic lineage, <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafaunal</a> DNA lineage can be used to trace movements of megafauna – large mammalian – as well as the early human groups who hunted them. <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">Bison</a>, a type of megafauna, have been identified as an ideal candidate for the tracing of human migrations out of Europe because of both their abundance in North America as well as being one of the first megafauna for which ancient DNA was used to trace patterns of population movement. Unlike other types of fauna that moved between the Americas and Eurasia (<a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a>), Bison survived the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary extinction">North American extinction event</a> that occurred at the end of the Pleistocene. Their <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a>, however, contains evidence of a bottleneck – something that can be used to test hypothesis on migrations between the two continents.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Early human groups were largely <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a>, relying on following food sources for survival. Mobility was part of what made humans successful. As nomadic groups, early humans likely followed the food from Eurasia to the Americas – part of the reason why tracing megafaunal DNA is so helpful for garnering insight to these migratory patterns.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">grey wolf</a> originated in the Americas and migrated into <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> prior to the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> – during which it was believed that remaining populations of the grey wolf residing in North America faced extinction and were isolated from the rest of the population. This, however, may not be the case. <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon dating</a> of ancient grey wolf remains found in <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> deposits in Alaska show a continuous exchange of population from 12,500 radiocarbon years BP to beyond radiocarbon dating capabilities. This indicates that there was viable passage for grey wolf populations to exchange between the two continents.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> These faunas' ability to exchange populations during the period of the Last Glacial Maximum along with genetic evidence found from early human remains in the Americas provides evidence to support pre-Clovis migrations into the Americas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Source_populations">Source populations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Source populations">edit</a>]</div> The Native American source population was formed in Siberia by the mixing of two distinct populations: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient North Eurasians">Ancient North Eurasians</a> and an ancient East Asian (ESEA) population.<a href="#cite_note-Yang_1–32-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> According to Jennifer Raff, the Ancient North Eurasian population mixed with a daughter population of ancient East Asians, who they encountered around 25,000 years ago, which led to the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> ancestral populations. However, the exact location where the admixture took place is unknown, and the migratory movements that united the two populations are a matter of debate.<a href="#cite_note-Raff188-95">[95]</a> One theory supposes that Ancient North Eurasians migrated south to <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Southern_Siberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Siberia">Southern Siberia</a>, where they would have encountered and mixed with ancient East Asians. Genetic evidence from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> supports this area as the location where the admixture took place.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> However, a third theory, the "Beringian standstill hypothesis", suggests that East Asians instead migrated north to Northeastern Siberia, where they mixed with ANE, and later diverged in Beringia, where distinct Native American lineages formed. This theory is supported by <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">maternal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_DNA" title="Nuclear DNA">nuclear DNA</a> evidence.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> According to Grebenyuk, after 20,000 BP, a branch of Ancient East Asians migrated to Northeastern Siberia, and mixed with descendants of the ANE, leading to the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Paleo-Siberian" title="Ancient Paleo-Siberian">Ancient Paleo-Siberian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> populations in Extreme Northeastern Asia.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> However, the Beringian standstill hypothesis is not supported by <a href="/wiki/Y-DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-DNA">paternal</a> DNA evidence, which may reflect different population histories for paternal and maternal lineages in Native Americans, which is not uncommon and has been observed in other populations.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> A 2019 study suggested that Native Americans are the closest living relatives to 10,000-year-old fossils found near the <a href="/wiki/Kolyma_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolyma River">Kolyma River</a> in northeastern Siberia.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> A study published in July 2022 suggested that people in southern China may have contributed to the Native American gene pool, based on the discovery and DNA analysis of 14,000-year-old human fossils.<a href="#cite_note-ZhangJiLi2022-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The contrast between the genetic profiles of the Hokkaido Jōmon skeletons and the modern Ainu illustrates another uncertainty in source models derived from modern DNA samples.<a href="#cite_note-Adachietal2009-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mitochondrial_(mtDNA)_lineages">Mitochondrial (mtDNA) lineages</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mitochondrial (mtDNA) lineages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a non-technical introduction to genetics in general, see <a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_genetics" title="Introduction to genetics">Introduction to genetics</a>.</div> The development of high-resolution genomic analysis has provided opportunities to further define Native American subclades and narrow the range of Asian subclades that may be parent or sister subclades. The common occurrence of the mtDNA Haplogroups A, B, C, and D among eastern Asian and Native American populations has long been recognized, along with the presence of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_X_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup X (mtDNA)">haplogroup X</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schurr2000-104">[104]</a> As a whole, the greatest frequency of the four Native American associated haplogroups occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai</a>-<a href="/wiki/Baikal" class="mw-redirect" title="Baikal">Baikal</a> region of southern Siberia.<a href="#cite_note-Zakharovetal2004-105">[105]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Subclades" class="mw-redirect" title="Subclades">subclades</a> of C and D closer to the Native American subclades occur among Mongolian, Amur, Japanese, Korean, and Ainu populations.<a href="#cite_note-Schurr2000-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Starikovskayaetal2005-106">[106]</a> With further definition of subclades related to Native American populations, the requirements for sampling Asian populations to find the most closely related subclades grow more specific. Subhaplogroups D1 and D4h3 have been regarded as Native American specific based on their absence among a large sampling of populations regarded as potential descendants of source populations, over a wide area of Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Tammetal2007-76">[76]</a> Among the 3,764 samples, the <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a>–lower <a href="/wiki/Amur_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur River">Amur</a> region was represented by 61 <a href="/wiki/Orok_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Orok people">Oroks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tammetal2007-76">[76]</a> In another study, Subhaplogroup D1a has been identified among the <a href="/wiki/Ulch_people" title="Ulch people">Ulchis</a> of the lower Amur River region (4 among 87 sampled, or 4.6%), along with Subhaplogroup C1a (1 among 87, or 1.1%).<a href="#cite_note-Starikovskayaetal2005-106">[106]</a> Subhaplogroup C1a is regarded as a close sister clade of the Native American Subhaplogroup C1b.<a href="#cite_note-Starikovskayaetal2005-106">[106]</a> Subhaplogroup D1a has also been found among ancient <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jōmon">Jōmon</a> skeletons from <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a><a href="#cite_note-Adachietal2009-103">[103]</a> The modern <a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a> are regarded as descendants of the Jōmon.<a href="#cite_note-Adachietal2009-103">[103]</a> The occurrence of the Subhaplogroups D1a and C1a in the lower Amur region suggests a source population from that region distinct from the Altai-Baikal source populations, where sampling did not reveal those two particular subclades.<a href="#cite_note-Starikovskayaetal2005-106">[106]</a> The conclusions regarding Subhaplogroup D1 indicating potential source populations in the lower Amur<a href="#cite_note-Starikovskayaetal2005-106">[106]</a> and Hokkaido<a href="#cite_note-Adachietal2009-103">[103]</a> areas stand in contrast to the single-source migration model.<a href="#cite_note-Bonattoetal2009-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tammetal2007-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kitchetenal2008-77">[77]</a> Subhaplogroup D4h3 has been identified among <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kempetal2007-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peregoetal2009-83">[83]</a> Subhaplogroup D4h3 from China does not have the same geographic implication as Subhaplotype D1a from Amur-Hokkaido, so its implications for source models are more speculative. Its parent lineage, Subhaplotype D4h, is believed to have emerged in East Asia, rather than Siberia, around 20,000 BP.<a href="#cite_note-Derenkoetal2010-84">[84]</a> Subhaplogroup D4h2, a sister clade of D4h3, has also been found among Jōmon skeletons from Hokkaido.<a href="#cite_note-Adachietal2011-107">[107]</a> D4h3 has a coastal trace in the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-Peregoetal2009-83">[83]</a> X is one of the five mtDNA haplogroups found in Indigenous Americans. Native Americans mostly belong to the X2a clade, which has never been found in the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Raff" title="Jennifer Raff">Jennifer Raff</a>, X2a probably originated in the same Siberian population as the other four founding maternal lineages, and that there is no compelling reason to believe it is related to X lineages found in Europe or West Eurasia. The <a href="/wiki/Kennewick_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennewick man">Kennewick man</a> fossil was found to carry the deepest branch of the X2a haplogroup, and he did not have any European ancestry that would be expected for a European origin of the lineage.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="HTLV-1_genomics">HTLV-1 genomics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: HTLV-1 genomics">edit</a>]</div> The Human T cell Lymphotrophic Virus 1 (<a href="/wiki/HTLV-1" class="mw-redirect" title="HTLV-1">HTLV-1</a>) is a virus transmitted through exchange of bodily fluids and from mother to child through breast milk. The mother-to-child transmission mimics a hereditary trait, although such transmission from maternal carriers is less than 100%.<a href="#cite_note-Lietal2004-110">[110]</a> The HTLV virus genome has been mapped, allowing identification of four major strains and analysis of their antiquity through mutations. The highest geographic concentrations of the strain HLTV-1 are in sub-Saharan Africa and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-Verdoncketal2007-111">[111]</a> In Japan, it occurs in its highest concentration on <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Verdoncketal2007-111">[111]</a> It is also present among African descendants and native populations in the Caribbean region and South America.<a href="#cite_note-Verdoncketal2007-111">[111]</a> It is rare in Central America and North America.<a href="#cite_note-Verdoncketal2007-111">[111]</a> Its distribution in the Americas has been regarded as due to importation with the slave trade.<a href="#cite_note-Gessainetal1992-112">[112]</a> The Ainu have developed antibodies to HTLV-1, indicating its endemicity to the Ainu and its antiquity in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-Ishidaetal1985-113">[113]</a> A subtype "A" has been defined and identified among the Japanese (including <a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a>), and among Caribbean and South American isolates.<a href="#cite_note-Miuraeta1994-114">[114]</a> A subtype "B" has been identified in Japan and India.<a href="#cite_note-Miuraeta1994-114">[114]</a> In 1995, Native Americans in coastal British Columbia were found to have both subtypes A and B.<a href="#cite_note-Picardetal1995-115">[115]</a> Bone marrow specimens from an Andean mummy about 1500 years old were reported to have shown the presence of the A subtype.<a href="#cite_note-Lietal1999-116">[116]</a> The finding ignited controversy, with contention that the sample DNA was insufficiently complete for the conclusion and that the result reflected modern contamination.<a href="#cite_note-Coulthart2000-117">[117]</a> However, a re-analysis indicated that the DNA sequences were consistent with, but not definitely from, the "cosmopolitan clade" (subtype A).<a href="#cite_note-Coulthart2000-117">[117]</a> The presence of subtypes A and B in the Americas is suggestive of a Native American source population related to the Ainu ancestors, the <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jōmon">Jōmon</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Physical_anthropology">Physical anthropology</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Physical anthropology">edit</a>]</div> Paleo-Indian skeletons in the Americas such as <a href="/wiki/Kennewick_Man" title="Kennewick Man">Kennewick Man</a> (Washington State), <a href="/wiki/Hoya_Negro_skeleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoya Negro skeleton">Hoya Negro skeleton</a> (Yucatán), <a href="/wiki/Luzia_Woman" title="Luzia Woman">Luzia Woman</a> and other skulls from the <a href="/wiki/Lagoa_Santa,_Minas_Gerais" title="Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais">Lagoa Santa</a> site (Brazil), <a href="/wiki/Buhl_Woman" title="Buhl Woman">Buhl Woman</a> (Idaho), <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1on_woman" title="Peñon woman">Peñon Woman III</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gonzalezetal2015-118">[118]</a> two skulls from the Tlapacoya site (Mexico City),<a href="#cite_note-Gonzalezetal2015-118">[118]</a> and 33 skulls from Baja California<a href="#cite_note-GonzalezJetal2003-119">[119]</a> have exhibited certain craniofacial traits distinct from most modern Native Americans, leading physical anthropologists to posit an earlier "Paleoamerican" population wave.<a href="#cite_note-Dillehay2003-120">[120]</a> The most basic measured distinguishing trait is the <a href="/wiki/Cephalic_index" title="Cephalic index">dolichocephaly</a> of the skull. Some modern isolated populations such as the <a href="/wiki/Peric%C3%BAes" title="Pericúes">Pericúes</a> of Baja California and the <a href="/wiki/Fuegians" title="Fuegians">Fuegians</a> of Tierra del Fuego exhibit that same morphological trait.<a href="#cite_note-GonzalezJetal2003-119">[119]</a> Other anthropologists advocate an alternative hypothesis that evolution of an original Beringian <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a> gave rise to a distinct morphology that was similar in all known Paleoamerican skulls, followed by later convergence towards the modern Native American phenotype.<a href="#cite_note-Fiedel2004-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chattersetal2014-122">[122]</a> Archaeogenetic studies do not support a two-wave model or the Paleoamerican hypothesis of an Australo-Melanesian origin, and firmly assign all Paleo-Indians and modern Native Americans to one ancient population that entered the Americas in a single migration from Beringia. Only in one ancient specimen (Lagoa Santa) and a few modern populations in the Amazon region, a small Australasian ancestry component of c. 3% was detected, which remains unexplained by the current state of research (as of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_the_Americas&action=edit">[update]</a>), but may be explained by the presence of the more basal <a href="/wiki/Tianyuan_man" title="Tianyuan man">Tianyuan-related ancestry</a>, a deep East Asian lineage which did not directly contribute to modern East Asians but may have contributed to the ancestors of Native Americans in Siberia, as such ancestry is also found among previous Paleolithic Siberians (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient North Eurasians">Ancient North Eurasians</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:0-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yang_1–32-93">[93]</a> A report published in the <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physical_Anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="American Journal of Physical Anthropology">American Journal of Physical Anthropology</a> in January 2015 reviewed craniofacial variation focusing on differences between early and late Native Americans and explanations for these based on either skull morphology or molecular genetics. Arguments based on molecular genetics have in the main, according to the authors, accepted a single migration from Asia with a probable pause in Beringia, plus later bi-directional gene flow. Some studies focusing on craniofacial morphology have previously argued that Paleoamerican remains have been described as closer to Australo-Melanesians and Polynesians than to the modern series of Native Americans, suggesting two entries into the Americas, an early one occurring before a distinctive East Asian morphology developed (referred to in the paper as the "Two Components Model"). Another "third model", the "Recurrent Gene Flow" (RGF) model, attempts to reconcile the two, arguing that circumarctic gene flow after the initial migration could account for morphological changes. It specifically re-evaluates the original report on the Hoya Negro skeleton which supported the RGF model, the authors disagreed with the original conclusion which suggested that the skull shape did not match those of modern Native Americans, arguing that the "skull falls into a subregion of the morphospace occupied by both Paleoamericans and some modern Native Americans."<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stemmed_points">Stemmed points</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Stemmed points">edit</a>]</div> Stemmed points are a lithic technology distinct from Beringian and Clovis types. They have a distribution ranging from coastal East Asia to the Pacific coast of South America.<a href="#cite_note-Erlandson2011-43">[43]</a> The emergence of stemmed points has been traced to Korea during the upper Paleolithic.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The origin and distribution of stemmed points have been interpreted as a cultural marker related to a source population from coastal East Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Erlandson2011-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Migration_routes">Migration routes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Migration routes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interior_route">Interior route</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Interior route">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peopling_of_America_through_Beringia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Peopling_of_America_through_Beringia.png/220px-Peopling_of_America_through_Beringia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Peopling_of_America_through_Beringia.png/330px-Peopling_of_America_through_Beringia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Peopling_of_America_through_Beringia.png/440px-Peopling_of_America_through_Beringia.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the approximate location of the ice-free corridor along the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide_of_the_Americas" title="Continental Divide of the Americas">Continental Divide</a>, separating the <a href="/wiki/Cordilleran_Ice_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordilleran Ice Sheet">Cordilleran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laurentide_Ice_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurentide Ice Sheet">Laurentide</a> ice sheets. Also indicated are the locations of the <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_Draw" title="Blackwater Draw">Clovis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folsom_site" title="Folsom site">Folsom</a> Paleo-Indian sites.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clovis-First_theory">Clovis-First theory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Clovis-First theory">edit</a>]</div> Historically, theories about migration into the Americas have revolved around migration from Beringia through the interior of North America. The discovery of artifacts in association with Pleistocene faunal remains near <a href="/wiki/Clovis,_New_Mexico" title="Clovis, New Mexico">Clovis, New Mexico</a> in the early 1930s required extension of the timeframe for the settlement of North America to the period during which glaciers were still extensive. That led to the hypothesis of a migration route between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets to explain the early settlement. The Clovis site was host to a lithic technology characterized by spear points with an indentation, or flute, where the point was attached to the shaft. A lithic complex characterized by the <a href="/wiki/Clovis_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Clovis Point">Clovis Point</a> technology was subsequently identified over much of North America and in South America. The association of Clovis complex technology with late Pleistocene faunal remains led to the theory that it marked the arrival of big game hunters that migrated out of Beringia and then dispersed throughout the Americas, otherwise known as the Clovis First theory. Recent radiocarbon dating of Clovis sites has yielded ages of between 13,000 and 12,600 BP, somewhat later than dates derived from older techniques.<a href="#cite_note-watersstafford2007-126">[126]</a> The re-evaluation of earlier radiocarbon dates led to the conclusion that no fewer than 11 of the 22 Clovis sites with radiocarbon dates are "problematic" and should be disregarded, including the <a href="/wiki/Type_site" title="Type site">type site</a> in Clovis, New Mexico. Numerical dating of Clovis sites has allowed comparison of Clovis dates with dates of other archaeological sites throughout the Americas, and of the opening of the ice-free corridor. Both lead to significant challenges to the Clovis First theory. The Monte Verde site of Southern Chile has been dated at 14,800 BP.<a href="#cite_note-Dillehay2000-48">[48]</a> The Paisley Cave site in eastern Oregon yielded a 14,500 BP, on a coprolite with human DNA and radiocarbon dates of 13,200 and 12,900 BP on horizons containing western stemmed points.<a href="#cite_note-Jenkinsetal2012-127">[127]</a> Artifact horizons with non-Clovis lithic assemblages and pre-Clovis ages occur in eastern North America, although the maximum ages tend to be poorly constrained.<a href="#cite_note-Goodyear2005-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adovasioetal1990-128">[128]</a> Recent studies have suggested that the ice-free corridor opened later (around 13,800 ± 500 years ago) than the earliest widely accepted archaeological sites in the Americas, suggesting that it could have not have been used as the migration route for the earliest peoples to migrate south.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> An alternative to the Beringia route is proposed by the "stepping stones" hypothesis. The frequent submergence of islands along the Bering Transitory Archipelago would have forced the inhabitants of these island to continue traveling across the archipelago until they reached the mainland.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lithic_evidence_of_pre-Clovis_migrations">Lithic evidence of pre-Clovis migrations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Lithic evidence of pre-Clovis migrations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1989_Deep_Creek_Site_(CA-SBr-176)_Fig_4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/1989_Deep_Creek_Site_%28CA-SBr-176%29_Fig_4.png/220px-1989_Deep_Creek_Site_%28CA-SBr-176%29_Fig_4.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/1989_Deep_Creek_Site_%28CA-SBr-176%29_Fig_4.png/330px-1989_Deep_Creek_Site_%28CA-SBr-176%29_Fig_4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/1989_Deep_Creek_Site_%28CA-SBr-176%29_Fig_4.png/440px-1989_Deep_Creek_Site_%28CA-SBr-176%29_Fig_4.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>1953 excavation of jasper projectile points from Deep Creek, Lake Mojave.</figcaption></figure> Geological findings on the timing of the ice-free corridor also challenge the notion that Clovis and pre-Clovis human occupation of the Americas was a result of migration through that route following the Last Glacial Maximum. Pre-LGM closing of the corridor may approach 30,000 BP and estimates of ice retreat from the corridor are in the range of 13,000 to 12,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Geotimescorridor-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jacksonetal1997-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mandryketal2001-34">[34]</a> Viability of the corridor as a human migration route has been estimated at 11,500 BP, later than the ages of the Clovis and pre-Clovis sites.<a href="#cite_note-Mandryketal2001-34">[34]</a> Dated Clovis archaeological sites suggest a south-to-north spread of the Clovis culture.<a href="#cite_note-Geotimescorridor-32">[32]</a> Pre-LGM migration into the interior has been proposed to explain pre-Clovis ages for archaeological sites in the Americas,<a href="#cite_note-SpencerWells2-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bradshaw-58">[58]</a> although pre-Clovis sites such as Meadowcroft Rock Shelter,<a href="#cite_note-Goodyear2005-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adovasioetal1990-128">[128]</a> Monte Verde,<a href="#cite_note-Dillehay2000-48">[48]</a> and Paisley Cave have not yielded confirmed pre-LGM ages. There are many pre-Clovis sites in the American Southwest, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a>. <a href="/wiki/Serrano_people" title="Serrano people">Lake Mojave quarries</a> dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> hold lithic remains of Silver Lake projectile points and Lake Mojave projectile points. This indicates an interior movement into the region as early as 13,800 BP, if not earlier.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dené–Yeniseian_language_family_proposal">Dené–Yeniseian language family proposal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Dené–Yeniseian language family proposal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian languages</a></div> A relationship between the <a href="/wiki/Na-Den%C3%A9_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Na-Dené languages">Na-Dené languages</a> of North America (such as Navajo and Apache), and the <a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian languages</a> of Siberia was first proposed as early as 1923, and developed further by others. A detailed study was done by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Vajda" title="Edward Vajda">Edward Vajda</a> and published in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Vajda-132">[132]</a> This theory received support from many linguists, with archaeological and genetic studies providing it with further support.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Small_Tool_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic Small Tool tradition">Arctic Small Tool tradition</a> of Alaska and the Canadian Arctic may have originated in East Siberia about 5,000 years ago. This is connected with the ancient <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Eskimo" title="Paleo-Eskimo">Paleo-Eskimo</a> peoples of the Arctic. The Arctic Small Tool tradition source may have been the <a href="/wiki/Syalakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Syalakh">Syalakh</a>-Bel'kachi-<a href="/wiki/Ymyakhtakh_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ymyakhtakh culture">Ymyakhtakh culture</a> sequence of East Siberia, dated to 6,500–2,800 BP.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> The interior route is consistent with the spread of the Na-Dene language group<a href="#cite_note-Vajda-132">[132]</a> and subhaplogroup X2a into the Americas after the earliest paleoamerican migration.<a href="#cite_note-Peregoetal2009-83">[83]</a> Nevertheless, some scholars suggest that the ancestors of western North Americans speaking Na-Dene languages made a coastal migration by boat.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Earlier_interior_route">Earlier interior route</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Earlier interior route">edit</a>]</div> It is possible that humans arrived in the Americas by way of interior routes that existed prior to the Last Glacial Maximum. Cosmogenic exposure dating, a technique that analyzes when in Earth's history a landscape was exposed to cosmic rays (and therefore unglaciated), performed by Mark Swisher suggests that an older ice-free corridor existed in North America 25,000 years ago. Swisher attributes sites such as <a href="/wiki/Monte_Verde" title="Monte Verde">Monte Verde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rockshelter" title="Meadowcroft Rockshelter">Meadowcroft Rockshelter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon site</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paisley_Caves" title="Paisley Caves">Paisley Caves</a> to this corridor.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pacific_coastal_route">Pacific coastal route</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Pacific coastal route">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coastal_migration_(Americas)" title="Coastal migration (Americas)">Coastal migration (Americas)</a></div> The Pacific coastal migration theory proposes that people first reached the Americas via water travel, following coastlines from northeast Asia into the Americas, originally proposed in 1979 by Knute Fladmark as an alternative to the hypothetical migration through an ice-free inland corridor.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> This model would help to explain the rapid spread to coastal sites extremely distant from the Bering Strait region, including sites such as <a href="/wiki/Monte_Verde" title="Monte Verde">Monte Verde</a> in southern Chile and <a href="/wiki/Taima-Taima" title="Taima-Taima">Taima-Taima</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. The very similar marine migration hypothesis is a variant of coastal migration; essentially its only difference is that it postulates that boats were the principal means of travel. The proposed use of boats adds a measure of flexibility to the chronology of coastal migration, because a continuous ice-free coast (16–15,000 calibrated years BP) would then not be required: Migrants in boats could have easily bypassed ice barriers and settled in scattered coastal refugia, before the deglaciation of the coastal land route was complete. A maritime-competent source population in coastal East Asia is an essential part of the marine migration hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-Erlandson2011-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Erlandsonetal2007-44">[44]</a> A 2007 article in the Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology proposed a "kelp highway hypothesis", a variant of coastal migration based on the exploitation of <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a> forests along much of the Pacific Rim from Japan to Beringia, the Pacific Northwest, and California, and as far as the Andean Coast of South America. Once the coastlines of Alaska and British Columbia had deglaciated about 16,000 years ago, these kelp forest (along with estuarine, mangrove, and coral reef) habitats would have provided an ecologically homogenous migration corridor, entirely at sea level, and essentially unobstructed. A 2016 DNA analysis of plants and animals suggest a coastal route was feasible.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Mitochondrial <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup" title="Haplogroup">subhaplogroup</a> D4h3a, a rare subclade of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_D_(mtDNA)#D4h" title="Haplogroup D (mtDNA)">D4h3</a> occurring along the west coast of the Americas, has been identified as a clade associated with coastal migration.<a href="#cite_note-Peregoetal2009-83">[83]</a> This haplogroup was found in a skeleton referred to as <a href="/wiki/Anzick-1" title="Anzick-1">Anzick-1</a>, found in Montana in close association with several Clovis artifacts, dated 12,500 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Rasmussen2014-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Problems_with_evaluating_coastal_migration_models">Problems with evaluating coastal migration models</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Problems with evaluating coastal migration models">edit</a>]</div> The coastal migration models provide a different perspective on migration to the New World, but they are not without their own problems: One such problem is that global sea levels have risen over 120 metres (390 ft)<a href="#cite_note-nasa-sea-level-140">[140]</a> since the end of the last glacial period, and this has submerged the ancient coastlines that maritime people would have followed into the Americas. Finding sites associated with early coastal migrations is extremely difficult—and systematic excavation of any sites found in deeper waters is challenging and expensive. Strategies for finding earliest migration sites include identifying potential sites on submerged <a href="/wiki/Paleoshorelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoshorelines">paleoshorelines</a>, seeking sites in areas uplifted either by tectonics or isostatic rebound, and looking for riverine sites in areas that may have attracted coastal migrants.<a href="#cite_note-Erlandson2011-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-geotimesquest-141">[141]</a> On the other hand, there is evidence of marine technologies found in the hills of the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel Islands of California">Channel Islands of California</a>, circa 12,000 BP.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> If there was an early pre-Clovis coastal migration, there is always the possibility of a "failed colonization". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_human_migrations" title="Early human migrations">Early human migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_human_settlements" title="List of first human settlements">List of first human settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Population history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Population history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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There are no unequivocal stone tools associated with the bones... this site is likely just an interesting paleontological locality." <a href="/wiki/Chris_Stringer" title="Chris Stringer">Chris Stringer</a> said that "extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence – each aspect requires the strongest scrutiny," adding that "High and concentrated forces must have been required to smash the thickest mastodon bones, and the low energy depositional environment seemingly provides no obvious alternative to humans using the heavy cobbles found with the bones.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=First+Americans+claim+sparks+controversy&rft.date=2017-04-26&rft.aulast=Rincon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-39710311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pitulkoetal2004-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Pitulkoetal2004_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitulkoNikolskyGiryaBasilyan2004" class="citation journal cs1">Pitulko, V.V.; Nikolsky, P.A.; Girya, E. 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Retrieved 6 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+Evidence+That+Ancient+Footprints+Push+Back+Human+Arrival+in+North+America+-+Following+up+on+a+study+in+2021+of+tracks+found+in+New+Mexico%2C+researchers+used+more+methods+to+bolster+the+claim+that+the+tracks+are+up+to+23%2C000+years+old.&rft.date=2023-10-05&rft.aulast=Wei-Haas&rft.aufirst=Maya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F10%2F05%2Fscience%2Ffootprints-tracks-new-mexico-age.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCI-20231005-79"><a href="#cite_ref-SCI-20231005_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigati,_Jeffrey_S.2023" class="citation journal cs1">Pigati, Jeffrey S.; et al. (5 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh5007">"Independent age estimates resolve the controversy of ancient human footprints at White Sands"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 382 (6666): 73–75. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Sci...382...73P">2023Sci...382...73P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.adh5007">10.1126/science.adh5007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37797035">37797035</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263672291">263672291</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231007004329/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh5007">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Independent+age+estimates+resolve+the+controversy+of+ancient+human+footprints+at+White+Sands&rft.volume=382&rft.issue=6666&rft.pages=73-75&rft.date=2023-10-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.adh5007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A263672291%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37797035&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023Sci...382...73P&rft.au=Pigati%2C+Jeffrey+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.adh5007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESurovell2022-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESurovell2022_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSurovell2022">Surovell 2022</a>. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSurovell2022 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkoglundReich2016" class="citation journal cs1">Skoglund, Pontus & Reich, David (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genetics.med.harvard.edu/reichlab/Reich_Lab/Welcome_files/SkoglundReich2016_Americas.pdf">"A genomic view of the peopling of the Americas"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Current_Opinion_in_Genetics_%26_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Current Opinion in Genetics & Development">Current Opinion in Genetics & Development</a>. 41: 27–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gde.2016.06.016">10.1016/j.gde.2016.06.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5161672">5161672</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27507099">27507099</a>. <q>Recently, we carried out a stringent test of the null hypothesis of a single founding population of Central and South Americans using genome-wide data from diverse Native Americans. We detected a statistically clear signal linking Native Americans in the Amazonian region of Brazil to present-day Australo-Melanesians and Andaman Islanders ('Australasians'). Specifically, we found that Australasians share significantly more genetic variants with some Amazonian populations—including ones speaking Tupi languages—than they do with other Native Americans. We called this putative ancient Native American lineage "Population Y" after Ypykuéra, which means 'ancestor' in the Tupi language family.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Genetics+%26+Development&rft.atitle=A+genomic+view+of+the+peopling+of+the+Americas&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=27-35&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5161672%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27507099&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gde.2016.06.016&rft.aulast=Skoglund&rft.aufirst=Pontus&rft.au=Reich%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenetics.med.harvard.edu%2Freichlab%2FReich_Lab%2FWelcome_files%2FSkoglundReich2016_Americas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kempetal2007-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kempetal2007_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kempetal2007_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kempetal2007_82-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKempMalhiMcDonoughBolnick2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kemp, Brian M.; Malhi, Ripan S.; McDonough, John; et al. 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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (29): 8057–8063. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1601077113">10.1073/pnas.1601077113</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> 27274051. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Society, National Geographic (2019-08-19). "Hunter-Gatherer Culture". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 2022-02-18. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Leonard, Jennifer A.; Vilà, Carles; Fox-Dobbs, Kena; Koch, Paul L.; Wayne, Robert K.; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire (2007-07-03). "Megafaunal Extinctions and the Disappearance of a Specialized Wolf Ecomorph". Current Biology. 17 (13): 1146–1150. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2007.05.072">10.1016/j.cub.2007.05.072</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0960-9822">0960-9822</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Yang_1–32-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yang_1–32_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yang_1–32_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang2022" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Melinda A. (2022-01-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pivotscipub.com/hpgg/2/1/0001/html">"A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia"</a>. Human Population Genetics and Genomics. 2 (1): 1–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.47248%2Fhpgg2202010001">10.47248/hpgg2202010001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2770-5005">2770-5005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Population+Genetics+and+Genomics&rft.atitle=A+genetic+history+of+migration%2C+diversification%2C+and+admixture+in+Asia&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-32&rft.date=2022-01-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.47248%2Fhpgg2202010001&rft.issn=2770-5005&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Melinda+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pivotscipub.com%2Fhpgg%2F2%2F1%2F0001%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"> " Raghavan et al. [51] used outgroup f3-statistics to show that Mal'ta1 was most closely related to present-day Native Americans. This pattern led to a model in which the dispersal of humans to the Americas originated in a population in Siberia derived from a mixture of two distinct ancestries, one associated with East Asians today and another associated with Mal'ta1. Recent studies of DNA from ancient Siberians [69,73] provided direct evidence of admixed populations in Siberia that are closely related to the Native American lineage." </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangJiLiYang2022" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Xiaoming; Ji, Xueping; Li, Chunmei; Yang, Tingyu; Huang, Jiahui; Zhao, Yinhui; Wu, Yun; Ma, Shiwu; Pang, Yuhong; Huang, Yanyi; He, Yaoxi; Su, Bing (2022-07-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2022.06.016">"A Late Pleistocene human genome from Southwest China"</a>. Current Biology. 32 (14): 3095–3109.e5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022CBio...32E3095Z">2022CBio...32E3095Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2022.06.016">10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822">0960-9822</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35839766">35839766</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250502011">250502011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=A+Late+Pleistocene+human+genome+from+Southwest+China&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=3095-3109.e5&rft.date=2022-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250502011%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022CBio...32E3095Z&rft.issn=0960-9822&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2022.06.016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35839766&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Xiaoming&rft.au=Ji%2C+Xueping&rft.au=Li%2C+Chunmei&rft.au=Yang%2C+Tingyu&rft.au=Huang%2C+Jiahui&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Yinhui&rft.au=Wu%2C+Yun&rft.au=Ma%2C+Shiwu&rft.au=Pang%2C+Yuhong&rft.au=Huang%2C+Yanyi&rft.au=He%2C+Yaoxi&rft.au=Su%2C+Bing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2022.06.016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raff188-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Raff188_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaff2022" class="citation book cs1">Raff, Jennifer (8 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C5jrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT188">Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas</a>. Grand Central Publishing. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5387-4970-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5387-4970-8"><bdi>978-1-5387-4970-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin%3A+A+Genetic+History+of+the+Americas&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Grand+Central+Publishing&rft.date=2022-02-08&rft.isbn=978-1-5387-4970-8&rft.aulast=Raff&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC5jrDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"> "Current estimates suggest that approximately 63% of the First Peoples' ancestry comes from the East Asian group and the rest from the Ancient North Siberians. We're not sure where this interaction took place. Some archaeologists believe that it occurred in East Asia, suggesting that this is where the Siberians moved during the LGM" [...] "There's also a case to be made for this interaction having taken place bear the Lake Baikal region in Siberia from genetic evidence, too" [...] "But other archaeologists and geneticists argue that the meeting of the two grandparent populations of Native Americans occurred because people moved north, not south, in response to the LGM" </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaff2022">Raff 2022</a>, p. 188: "Mal'ta's population -- the ancient Northern Siberians, seems to have encountered the daughter East Asian population described at the beginning of this chapter around 25,000 years ago and interbred with them."..."We're not sure where this interaction took place. Some archaeologists believe that it occurred in East Asia, suggesting that this is where the Siberians moved during the LGM"..."There's also a case to be made for this interaction having taken place bear the Lake Baikal region in Siberia from genetic evidence, too. The ancient Paleo-Siberians, as mentioned earlier in this chapter, split from the East Asian ancestors of Native Americans by about 25,000 years ago. They are known to us from the genomes of an Upper Paleolithic person from the Lake Baikal region known to us from the genomes of an Upper Paleolithic from the Lake Baikal region known as UKY and a person from Northeastern Siberia dating to about 9,800 years ago known as Kolyma1." </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaff2022">Raff 2022</a>, pp. 188–189: "But other archaeologists and geneticists argue that the meeting of the two grandparent populations of Native Americans occurred because people moved north, not south, in response to the LGM. In this scenario, Paleo-Siberian descendants, like UKY, could have been the result of a southward repopulation of Siberia out of Beringia. The reason for this is because both mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of Native Americans show that they had been isolated from all other populations for a prolonged period of time, during which they developed the genetic traits found only in Native American populations. This finding, initially based on classical genetic markers and mitochondrial evidence, came to be known as the Beringian Incubation, the Beringian Pause or the Beringian Standstill hypothesis." </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrebenyukFedorchenkoDyakonovLebedintsev2022" class="citation book cs1">Grebenyuk, Pavel S.; Fedorchenko, Alexander Yu.; Dyakonov, Viktor M.; Lebedintsev, Alexander I.; Malyarchuk, Boris A. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-90061-8_4">"Ancient Cultures and Migrations in Northeastern Siberia"</a>. Humans in the Siberian Landscapes. Springer Geography. Springer International Publishing. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-90061-8_4">10.1007/978-3-030-90061-8_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-90060-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-90060-1"><bdi>978-3-030-90060-1</bdi></a>. <q>According to the latest paleogenetic data, East Asian populations migrated to Northeastern Siberia ca. 20,000–18,000 cal BP. The migration was accompanied by their mixing with the descendants of the "Ancient North Siberians", represented by the genome from the Yana and Malta individuals. These processes were reflected in the Beringian tradition's wide proliferation in the region and led to the emergence of several ancestral lineages (Fig. 1) in Extreme Northeastern Asia: the Ancient Paleosiberian population represented by the genome of the individual from Duvanny Yar, and the ancestral Native Americans. The latter type subsequently divided into the Ancient Beringians and all other Native Americans (Moreno-Mayar et al. 2018; Sikora et al. 2019).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+Cultures+and+Migrations+in+Northeastern+Siberia&rft.btitle=Humans+in+the+Siberian+Landscapes&rft.series=Springer+Geography&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-90061-8_4&rft.isbn=978-3-030-90060-1&rft.aulast=Grebenyuk&rft.aufirst=Pavel+S.&rft.au=Fedorchenko%2C+Alexander+Yu.&rft.au=Dyakonov%2C+Viktor+M.&rft.au=Lebedintsev%2C+Alexander+I.&rft.au=Malyarchuk%2C+Boris+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-90061-8_4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffecker2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hoffecker, John F. (4 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301252212">"Beringia and the global dispersal of modern humans: Beringia and the Global Dispersal of Modern Humans"</a>. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 25 (2): 64–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fevan.21478">10.1002/evan.21478</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27061035">27061035</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3519553">3519553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Anthropology%3A+Issues%2C+News%2C+and+Reviews&rft.atitle=Beringia+and+the+global+dispersal+of+modern+humans%3A+Beringia+and+the+Global+Dispersal+of+Modern+Humans&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=64-78&rft.date=2016-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3519553%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27061035&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fevan.21478&rft.aulast=Hoffecker&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F301252212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"> "The pattern observed in the mtDNA data by Tamm and colleagues has yet to emerge with equal clarity in either Y-DNA or autosomal DNA. The lack of a similar pattern in the Y-DNA data conceivably reflects different histories of the paternal and maternal lineages—a pattern found in other parts of the world (e.g., southern Asia).33 Some support for the standstill hypothesis in autosomal DNA may be found in the distribution of an allele at a microsatellite locus on chromosome 9 (D9S1120) which exhibits a pattern similar to that seen in the mtDNA data.34" </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSikoraPitulkoSousaAllentoft2019" class="citation journal cs1">Sikora, Martin; Pitulko, Vladimir V.; Sousa, Vitor C.; et al. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1279-z">"The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene"</a>. 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American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 146 (3): 346–360. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.21561">10.1002/ajpa.21561</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21953438">21953438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+DNA+analysis+of+Hokkaido+J%C5%8Dmon+skeletons%3A+Remnants+of+archaic+maternal+lineages+at+the+southwestern+edge+of+former+Beringia&rft.volume=146&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=346-360&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.21561&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21953438&rft.aulast=Adachi&rft.aufirst=Noboru&rft.au=Shinoda%2C+Ken-ichi&rft.au=Umetsu%2C+Kazuo&rft.au=Kitano%2C+Takashi&rft.au=Matsumura%2C+Hirofumi&rft.au=Fujiyama%2C+Ryuzo&rft.au=Sawada%2C+Junmei&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+Masashi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScatenaBottoniGiardina2012" class="citation book cs1">Scatena, Roberto; Bottoni, Patrizia; Giardina, Bruno (8 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UvN_tu6gJpkC&pg=PA446">Advances in Mitochondrial Medicine</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 446. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-2869-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-2869-1"><bdi>978-94-007-2869-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Mitochondrial+Medicine&rft.pages=446&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-03-08&rft.isbn=978-94-007-2869-1&rft.aulast=Scatena&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft.au=Bottoni%2C+Patrizia&rft.au=Giardina%2C+Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUvN_tu6gJpkC%26pg%3DPA446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaffBolnick2015" class="citation journal cs1">Raff, Jennifer A.; Bolnick, Deborah A. (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F2055556315Z.00000000040">"Does Mitochondrial Haplogroup X Indicate Ancient Trans-Atlantic Migration to the Americas? A Critical Re-Evaluation"</a>. PaleoAmerica. 1 (4): 297–304. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F2055556315Z.00000000040">10.1179/2055556315Z.00000000040</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2055-5563">2055-5563</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85626735">85626735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PaleoAmerica&rft.atitle=Does+Mitochondrial+Haplogroup+X+Indicate+Ancient+Trans-Atlantic+Migration+to+the+Americas%3F+A+Critical+Re-Evaluation&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=297-304&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85626735%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2055-5563&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F2055556315Z.00000000040&rft.aulast=Raff&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+A.&rft.au=Bolnick%2C+Deborah+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1179%252F2055556315Z.00000000040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"> "These studies have all reached the same conclusion and suggest that haplogroup X2a is likely to have originated in the same population(s) as the other American founder haplogroups, by virtue of having comparable coalescence dates and demographic histories" ... "X2a has not been found anywhere in Eurasia, and phylogeography gives us no compelling reason to think it is more likely to come from Europe than from Siberia. Furthermore, analysis of the complete genome of Kennewick Man, who belongs to the most basal lineage of X2a yet identified, gives no indication of recent European ancestry and moves the location of the deepest branch of X2a to the West Coast, consistent with X2a belonging to the same ancestral population as the other founder mitochondrial haplogroups." </li> <li id="cite_note-Lietal2004-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Lietal2004_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiBiggarMileyMaloney2004" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Hong-Chuan; Biggar, Robert J.; Miley, Wendell J.; et al. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F423941">"Provirus load in breast milk and risk of mother-to-child transmission of Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type I"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Infectious_Diseases" title="The Journal of Infectious Diseases">The Journal of Infectious Diseases</a>. 190 (7): 1275–1278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F423941">10.1086/423941</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15346338">15346338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Provirus+load+in+breast+milk+and+risk+of+mother-to-child+transmission+of+Human+T+Lymphotropic+Virus+Type+I&rft.volume=190&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1275-1278&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F423941&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15346338&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Hong-Chuan&rft.au=Biggar%2C+Robert+J.&rft.au=Miley%2C+Wendell+J.&rft.au=Maloney%2C+Elizabeth+M.&rft.au=Cranston%2C+Beverley&rft.au=Hanchard%2C+Barrie&rft.au=Hisada%2C+Michie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F423941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verdoncketal2007-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Verdoncketal2007_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verdoncketal2007_111-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verdoncketal2007_111-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verdoncketal2007_111-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerdonckGonzálezVan_DoorenVandamme2007" class="citation journal cs1">Verdonck, K.; González, E.; Van Dooren, S.; et al. 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The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 7 (4): 266–281. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2807%2970081-6">10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70081-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17376384">17376384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Human+T-lymphotropic+virus+1%3A+recent+knowledge+about+an+ancient+infection&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=266-281&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2807%2970081-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17376384&rft.aulast=Verdonck&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+E.&rft.au=Van+Dooren%2C+S.&rft.au=Vandamme%2C+A.M.&rft.au=Vanham%2C+G.&rft.au=Gotuzzo%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gessainetal1992-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Gessainetal1992_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGessainGalloFranchini1992" class="citation journal cs1">Gessain, A.; Gallo, R.C. & Franchini, G. (April 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC289023">"Low degree of human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type I genetic drift in vivo as a means of monitoring viral transmission and movement of ancient human populations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Virology" title="Journal of Virology">Journal of Virology</a>. 66 (4): 2288–2295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.66.4.2288-2295.1992">10.1128/JVI.66.4.2288-2295.1992</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC289023">289023</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1548762">1548762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Virology&rft.atitle=Low+degree+of+human+T-cell+leukemia%2Flymphoma+virus+type+I+genetic+drift+in+vivo+as+a+means+of+monitoring+viral+transmission+and+movement+of+ancient+human+populations&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2288-2295&rft.date=1992-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC289023%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1548762&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FJVI.66.4.2288-2295.1992&rft.aulast=Gessain&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Gallo%2C+R.C.&rft.au=Franchini%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC289023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ishidaetal1985-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Ishidaetal1985_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshidaYamamotoOmotoIwanaga1985" class="citation journal cs1">Ishida, Takafumi; Yamamoto, Kohtaro; Omoto, Keiichi; et al. 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Vaughn; MacLeod, Roger & Wilson, Michael (February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geotimes.org/feb04/feature_Quest.html">"Quest for the Lost Land"</a>. Geotimes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geotimes&rft.atitle=Quest+for+the+Lost+Land&rft.date=2004-02&rft.aulast=Hetherington&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9e&rft.au=Barrie%2C+J.+Vaughn&rft.au=MacLeod%2C+Roger&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geotimes.org%2Ffeb04%2Ffeature_Quest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110303141540.htm">"California islands give up evidence of early seafaring: Numerous artifacts found at late Pleistocene sites on the Channel Islands"</a>. Science Daily. University of Oregon. 3 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Daily&rft.atitle=California+islands+give+up+evidence+of+early+seafaring%3A+Numerous+artifacts+found+at+late+Pleistocene+sites+on+the+Channel+Islands&rft.date=2011-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2011%2F03%2F110303141540.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Becerra-Valdivia, Lorena, and Thomas Higham. (2020) "The timing and effect of the earliest human arrivals in North America." Nature 584.7819 (2020): 93-97. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b964b2d2-9600-4337-ad1f-e02dc83361af/download_file?safe_filename=Main%2520text%2520%28Nature%2520Bayesian%2520paper%29%2520%281%29.pdf&file_format=pdf&type_of_work=Journal+article">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradleyStanford2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bradley, Bruce & <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Stanford" title="Dennis Stanford">Stanford, Dennis J.</a> (2004). "The North Atlantic ice-edge corridor: a possible Palaeolithic route to the New World". <a href="/wiki/World_Archaeology" title="World Archaeology">World Archaeology</a>. 36 (4): 459–478. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.694.6801">10.1.1.694.6801</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0043824042000303656">10.1080/0043824042000303656</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161534521">161534521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+North+Atlantic+ice-edge+corridor%3A+a+possible+Palaeolithic+route+to+the+New+World&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=459-478&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.694.6801%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161534521%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0043824042000303656&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Stanford%2C+Dennis+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradleyStanford2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bradley, Bruce & Stanford, Dennis J. (2006). "The Solutrean-Clovis connection: reply to Straus, Meltzer and Goebel". <a href="/wiki/World_Archaeology" title="World Archaeology">World Archaeology</a>. 38 (4): 704–714. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438240601022001">10.1080/00438240601022001</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40024066">40024066</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162205534">162205534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Solutrean-Clovis+connection%3A+reply+to+Straus%2C+Meltzer+and+Goebel&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=704-714&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162205534%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40024066%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00438240601022001&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Stanford%2C+Dennis+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanfordBradley2012" class="citation book cs1">Stanford, Dennis J.; Bradley, Bruce (2012). Pre-Clovis First Americans: The Origin of America's Clovis Culture. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22783-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22783-5"><bdi>978-0-520-22783-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-Clovis+First+Americans%3A+The+Origin+of+America%27s+Clovis+Culture&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22783-5&rft.aulast=Stanford&rft.aufirst=Dennis+J.&rft.au=Bradley%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanfordBradley2013" class="citation book cs1">Stanford, Dennis J. & Bradley, Bruce A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nakwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">Across Atlantic Ice: The Origin of America's Clovis Culture</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27578-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27578-2"><bdi>978-0-520-27578-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Across+Atlantic+Ice%3A+The+Origin+of+America%27s+Clovis+Culture&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-520-27578-2&rft.aulast=Stanford&rft.aufirst=Dennis+J.&rft.au=Bradley%2C+Bruce+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnakwDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon1993" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, E. James (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KGAaAQAAIAAJ&pg=PP1">Quest for the Origins of the First Americans</a>. University of New Mexico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-1406-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-1406-2"><bdi>978-0-8263-1406-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quest+for+the+Origins+of+the+First+Americans&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-1406-2&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=E.+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKGAaAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon1999" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, E. James (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3t2dLm-7GQ4C&pg=PP1">Bones, Boats & Bison: Archeology and the First Colonization of Western North America</a>. University of New Mexico Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-2138-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-2138-1"><bdi>978-0-8263-2138-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bones%2C+Boats+%26+Bison%3A+Archeology+and+the+First+Colonization+of+Western+North+America&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-2138-1&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=E.+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3t2dLm-7GQ4C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlandson2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_M._Erlandson" title="Jon M. Erlandson">Erlandson, Jon M.</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nGTaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">Early Hunter-Gatherers of the California Coast</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4757-5042-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4757-5042-3"><bdi>978-1-4757-5042-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Hunter-Gatherers+of+the+California+Coast&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4757-5042-3&rft.aulast=Erlandson&rft.aufirst=Jon+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnGTaBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlandson2001" class="citation journal cs1">Erlandson, Jon M. (2001). "The Archaeology of Aquatic Adaptations: Paradigms for a New Millennium". Journal of Archaeological Research. 9 (4): 287–350. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2Fa%3A1013062712695">10.1023/a:1013062712695</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11120840">11120840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Research&rft.atitle=The+Archaeology+of+Aquatic+Adaptations%3A+Paradigms+for+a+New+Millennium&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=287-350&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2Fa%3A1013062712695&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11120840%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Erlandson&rft.aufirst=Jon+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlandson2002" class="citation book cs1">Erlandson, Jon M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RI32r548fUwC&pg=PA59">"Anatomically modern humans, maritime voyaging, and the Pleistocene colonization of the Americas"</a>. In Nina G. Jablonski (ed.). The First Americans: The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World. 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Bauu Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9721349-2-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9721349-2-7"><bdi>978-0-9721349-2-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Respect+for+the+Ancestors%3A+American+Indian+Cultural+Affiliation+in+the+American+West&rft.pub=Bauu+Institute&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9721349-2-7&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Peter+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEHHe3W_zCc4C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorotayevBerezkinBorinskayaDavletshin2017" class="citation book cs1">Korotayev, Andrey; Berezkin, Yuri E.; Borinskaya, Svetlana A.; Davletshin, Albert I.; Khaltourina, Daria A. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 125–199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57392-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57392-4"><bdi>978-0-521-57392-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+First+Americans+and+the+Differentiation+of+Hunter-Gatherer+Cultures&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Native+Peoples+of+the+Americas%3A+North+America&rft.pages=125-199&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57392-4&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Dean+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQI-v8G-xXzgC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Wells" title="Spencer Wells">Wells, Spencer</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journeyofmangene00well">The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-11532-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-11532-X"><bdi>0-691-11532-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journey+of+Man%3A+A+Genetic+Odyssey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-691-11532-X&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjourneyofmangene00well&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Settlement_of_the_Americas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Settlement of the Americas">Settlement of the Americas</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pidba.utk.edu/main.htm">The Paleoindian Database</a> – <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee" title="University of Tennessee">The University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/When-Did-Humans-Come-to-the-Americas-187951111.html?c=y&page=1">"When Did Humans Come to the Americas?" – Smithsonian Magazine February 2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131209185137/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/When-Did-Humans-Come-to-the-Americas-187951111.html?c=y&page=1">Archived</a> 2013-12-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/seac/outline/02-paleoindian/index.htm">The Paleoindian Period</a> – <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service</a></li> <li>Shepard Krech III, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nattrans/ntecoindian/essays/pleistocene.htm">Paleoindians and the Great Pleistocene Die-Off</a> – <a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Center" title="National Humanities Center">American Academy of Arts and Sciences, National Humanities Center</a>, 2008.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OV6A8oGtPc4">Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey (movie)</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> – by <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Wells" title="Spencer Wells">Spencer Wells</a> – <a 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href="/wiki/Early_expansions_of_hominins_out_of_Africa" title="Early expansions of hominins out of Africa">Out of Africa I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal#Habitat_and_range" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal range</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hominid_dispersals_in_Europe" title="Hominid dispersals in Europe">Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_humans_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Archaic humans in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Migration_period_of_ancient_Burma" title="Migration period of ancient Burma">Burma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines" title="Models of migration to the Philippines">Philippines</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_human_migrations#Dispersal_throughout_Africa" title="Early human migrations">Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Out of Africa II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal migration">Coastal migration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_human_admixture_with_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic human admixture with modern humans">archaic admixture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia#Arrival" title="Prehistory of Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_period_of_ancient_Burma" title="Migration period of ancient Burma">Burma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines" title="Models of migration to the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/European_early_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="European early modern humans">Europe</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum_refugia" title="Last Glacial Maximum refugia">LGM refugia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mammoth_steppe" title="Mammoth steppe">Mammoth steppe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Settlement of the Americas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient North Eurasians">Ancient North Eurasians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Western_hunter-gatherer" title="Western hunter-gatherer">Western hunter-gatherers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_period_of_ancient_Burma" title="Migration period of ancient Burma">Burma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines" title="Models of migration to the Philippines">Philippines</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20x20px_History_of_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/30px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/40px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Americas" title="History of the Americas">History of the Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Americas" title="History of the Americas">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_America" title="History of North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesoamerica" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_America" title="History of Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin_America" title="History of Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_America" title="History of South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andean_South_America" title="History of Andean South America">Andean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetics</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:LocationAmericas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/LocationAmericas.png/200px-LocationAmericas.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/LocationAmericas.png/300px-LocationAmericas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/LocationAmericas.png/400px-LocationAmericas.png 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="1404" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British colonization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbian Exchange">Columbian Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_the_Americas" title="Decolonization of the Americas">Decolonization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Societies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Aztecs" title="History of the Aztecs">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Incas" title="History of the Incas">Inca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Maps_of_the_history_of_the_Americas" title="Category:Maps of the history of the Americas">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_the_Americas" title="Category:Culture of the Americas">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_the_Americas" title="Category:Geography of the Americas">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallpox_epidemics_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Smallpox epidemics in the Americas">Epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Americas">Slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Columbian_cultures" title="List of pre-Columbian cultures">Pre-Columbian cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_in_the_Americas_by_population" title="List of countries in the Americas by population">Population</a></li> <li>Conflicts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_North_America" title="List of conflicts in North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_South_America" title="List of conflicts in South America">South America</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Americas" title="Archaeology of the Americas">Archaeology of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">North America by period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Timelines_of_North_American_history" title="Category:Timelines of North American history">North American timelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(Mesoamerica)" title="List of archaeological periods (Mesoamerica)">Mesoamerica by period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Mesoamerica timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_eras" title="Category:Historical eras">Era</a>: <a href="/wiki/Category:History_by_period" title="Category:History by period">By period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_by_region" title="Category:History by region">By region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">Three-age system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical Antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">Modern history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Future" title="Category:Future">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #FFDD99"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Template:Indigenous peoples of the Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Template talk:Indigenous peoples of the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous peoples of the Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">Pre-history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Americas" title="Archaeology of the Americas">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean_hypothesis" title="Solutrean hypothesis">Solutrean hypothesis</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Americas_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/180px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/240px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">Mythology/Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Mythologies</a>‎ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_deities" title="List of Native American deities">List of deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_pre-Columbian_cultures" title="Human sacrifice in pre-Columbian cultures">Human sacrifice</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arborglyph" title="Arborglyph">Arborglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_World_(mythology)" title="Fifth World (mythology)">Fifth World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_man" title="Medicine man">Medicine man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_red_road" title="The red road">The red road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem_pole" title="Totem pole">Totem pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Island" title="Turtle Island">Turtle Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99">Mesoamerica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99">Common</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_cosmovision" title="Mesoamerican cosmovision">Cosmovision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_creation_myths" title="Mesoamerican creation myths">Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_world_tree" title="Mesoamerican world tree">World tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99">Variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire" title="Religion in the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion" title="Muisca religion">Muisca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99"><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Columbian_cultures" title="List of pre-Columbian cultures">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_cultures_of_Colombia" title="Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Ecuador" title="Pre-Columbian Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru">Peru</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Art" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art" title="Pre-Columbian art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_North_America" title="Indigenous music of North America">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Visual arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painting_in_the_Americas_before_European_colonization" title="Painting in the Americas before European colonization">Painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_artists_of_the_Americas" title="List of Indigenous artists of the Americas">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_writers_of_the_Americas" title="List of Indigenous writers of the Americas">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">European colonization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Population history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">Modern groups by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#North_America" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#Belize" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Costa_Rica" title="Indigenous peoples of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago" title="Kalinago">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Inuit" title="Greenlandic Inuit">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Honduras" title="Indigenous peoples of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Nicaragua" title="Indigenous peoples of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Panama" title="Indigenous peoples of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_First_Peoples_Community" title="Santa Rosa First Peoples Community">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Indigenous peoples of South America">South America</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="List of Indigenous peoples of South America">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Argentina" title="Indigenous peoples in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Bolivia" title="Indigenous peoples in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Chile" title="Indigenous peoples in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Colombia" title="Indigenous peoples in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Ecuador" title="Indigenous peoples in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Guyana" title="Indigenous peoples in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Paraguay" title="Indigenous peoples in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Peru" title="Indigenous peoples of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Suriname" title="Indigenous peoples in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Uruguay" title="Indigenous peoples in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela" title="Indigenous peoples in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_ethnobotany" title="Native American ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_ethnobotany" title="Cherokee ethnobotany">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_ethnobotany" title="Iroquois ethnobotany">Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_ethnobotany" title="Navajo ethnobotany">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_ethnobotany" title="Zuni ethnobotany">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_identity_in_the_United_States" title="Native American identity in the United States">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_movements_in_the_Americas" title="Indigenous movements in the Americas">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_American_philosophy" title="Indigenous American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_studies" title="Native American studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_trade" title="Native American trade">Trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deerskin_trade" title="Deerskin trade">Deerskin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_popular_culture" title="Native Americans in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #FFDD99"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Category:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template talk:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era#North_America" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Periods</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">Lithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_(North_America)" title="Archaic period (North America)">Archaic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">Formative</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Classic_stage" title="Classic stage">Classic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">Post-Classic</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avonlea_culture" title="Avonlea culture">Avonlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baytown_culture" title="Baytown culture">Baytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk_Creek_complex" title="Buttermilk Creek complex">Buttermilk Creek complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caborn-Welborn_culture" title="Caborn-Welborn culture">Caborn-Welborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cades_Pond_culture" title="Cades Pond culture">Cades Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_Creek_culture" title="Calf Creek culture">Calf Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloosahatchee_culture" title="Caloosahatchee culture">Caloosahatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comond%C3%BA_complex" title="Comondú complex">Comondú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deptford_culture" title="Deptford culture">Deptford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Kame_culture" title="Glacial Kame culture">Glacial Kame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hopewell_sites" title="List of Hopewell sites">List of Hopewell sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Jolla_complex" title="La Jolla complex">La Jolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_complex" title="Las Palmas complex">Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Archaic" title="Maritime Archaic">Maritime Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippian_sites" title="List of Mississippian sites">List of Mississippian sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cordilleran_culture" title="Old Cordilleran culture">Old Cordilleran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Arctic_tradition" title="Paleo-Arctic tradition">Paleo-Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_cultures" title="Plano cultures">Plano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ocher_people" title="Red Ocher people">Red Ocher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_culture" title="Safety Harbor culture">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steed-Kisker_culture" title="Steed-Kisker culture">Steed-Kisker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchefuncte_site#Tchefuncte_culture" title="Tchefuncte site">Tchefuncte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Mounds" title="Angel Mounds">Angel Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzick_site" title="Anzick site">Anzick site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastian_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastian Site">Bastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benson_Archeological_Site_(13WD50)" title="Benson Archeological Site (13WD50)">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Spring_Heritage_Center" title="Blue Spring Heritage Center">Blue Spring Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefish_Caves" title="Bluefish Caves">Bluefish Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bluff_Point_Stoneworks" title="The Bluff Point Stoneworks">The Bluff Point Stoneworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewster Site">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candelaria_Cave" title="Candelaria Cave">Candelaria Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Casa Grande Ruins National Monument">Casa Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coso_Rock_Art_District" title="Coso Rock Art District">Coso Rock Art District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuarenta_Casas" title="Cuarenta Casas">Cuarenta Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_la_Olla_(archaeological_site)" title="Cueva de la Olla (archaeological site)">Cueva de la Olla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutler_Fossil_Site" title="Cutler Fossil Site">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaker_site" title="Eaker site">Eaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Fin_del_Mundo" title="El Fin del Mundo">El Fin del Mundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Vallecito" title="El Vallecito">El Vallecito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_Mounds_National_Monument" title="Effigy Mounds National Monument">Effigy Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah Indian Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Eva Site">Eva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_site" title="Folsom site">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Center" title="Fort Center">Fort Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Juelson" title="Fort Juelson">Fort Juelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mounds_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Mounds Site">Four Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_Cliff_Dwellings_National_Monument" title="Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument">Gila Cliff Dwellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Archeological_District" title="Glenwood Archeological District">Glenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimes_Point" title="Grimes Point">Grimes Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Blazes_archaeological_site" title="Helen Blazes archaeological site">Helen Blazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Bluff_site" title="Holly Bluff site">Holly Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horr%27s_Island" title="Horr's Island">Horr's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1poca" title="Huápoca">Huápoca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Marco" title="Key Marco">Key Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Village" title="Kimball Village">Kimball Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincaid_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site">Kincaid Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolomoki_Mounds" title="Kolomoki Mounds">Kolomoki Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehner_Mammoth-Kill_Site" title="Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site">Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynch_Quarry_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynch Quarry Site">Lynch Quarry Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmes_Rockshelter" title="Marmes Rockshelter">Marmes Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rockshelter" title="Meadowcroft Rockshelter">Meadowcroft Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaning_Cavern" title="Moaning Cavern">Moaning Cavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorehead_Circle" title="Moorehead Circle">Moorehead Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Mounds" title="Morrison Mounds">Morrison Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_Cave" title="Mummy Cave">Mummy Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_site" title="Nodena site">Nodena site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_Mounds_National_Historical_Park" title="Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park">Ocmulgee Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_Fort_(Tennessee)" title="Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)">Old Stone Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Site_(Fergus_Falls,_Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orwell Site (Fergus Falls, Minnesota)">Orwell site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casas_Grandes" title="Casas Grandes">Paquime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Bluff" title="Painted Bluff">Painted Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_Archeological_State_Park" title="Parkin Archeological State Park">Parkin Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinson_Mounds" title="Pinson Mounds">Pinson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_Mounds_Archeological_State_Park" title="Plum Bayou Mounds Archeological State Park">Plum Bayou Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Earthworks" title="Portsmouth Earthworks">Portsmouth Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Bonito" title="Pueblo Bonito">Pueblo Bonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassawek" title="Rassawek">Rassawek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_Canyon" title="Recapture Canyon">Recapture Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Styx_archaeological_site" title="River Styx archaeological site">River Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Island_complex" title="Roberts Island complex">Roberts Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Eagle" title="Rock Eagle">Rock Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Hawk" title="Rock Hawk">Rock Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenstock_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosenstock Village Site">Rosenstock Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Cave_National_Monument" title="Russell Cave National Monument">Russell Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Ruins" title="Salmon Ruins">Salmon Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Paintings_of_Sierra_de_San_Francisco" title="Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco">Sierra de San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shell_ring_sites" title="List of shell ring sites">Shell ring sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stallings_Island" title="Stallings Island">Stallings Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Creek_Indian_Mound" title="Town Creek Indian Mound">Town Creek Indian Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_River_Mounds_State_Preserve" title="Turkey River Mounds State Preserve">Turkey River Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upward_Sun_River_site" title="Upward Sun River site">Upward Sun River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oak_Forest_Earthlodge_Site" title="West Oak Forest Earthlodge Site">West Oak Forest Earthlodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickiup_Hill" title="Wickiup Hill">Wickiup Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windover_Archeological_Site" title="Windover Archeological Site">Windover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterville_site" title="Winterville site">Winterville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wupatki_National_Monument" title="Wupatki National Monument">Wupatki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Human remains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anzick-1" title="Anzick-1">Anzick-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Springs_Man" title="Arlington Springs Man">Arlington Springs Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhl_Woman" title="Buhl Woman">Buhl Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennewick_Man" title="Kennewick Man">Kennewick Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Brea_Woman" title="La Brea Woman">La Brea Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanderthal_Lady" title="Leanderthal Lady">Leanderthal Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Bone_Bed#Melbourne_Man" title="Melbourne Bone Bed">Melbourne Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Woman" title="Minnesota Woman">Minnesota Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1on_woman" title="Peñon woman">Peñon woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Cave_mummy" title="Spirit Cave mummy">Spirit Cave mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_man" title="Vero man">Vero man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Ballgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">Chanunpa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">Chunkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_Revolution_(pottery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container Revolution (pottery)">Container Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">Effigy mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Birdman" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Falcon dancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_America#North_America" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing">Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">N.A.G.P.R.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piasa" title="Piasa">Piasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Stickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Transoceanic contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_glyphs" title="Water glyphs">Water glyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt>Related</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pre-Columbian_civilizations_and_cultures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;background: #FFDEAD"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Columbian_era" title="Template:Pre-Columbian era"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Columbian_era" title="Template talk:Pre-Columbian era"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian_era" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian era"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Columbian_civilizations_and_cultures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Americas" title="Archaeology of the Americas">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Columbian_cultures" title="List of pre-Columbian cultures">Cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_America" title="History of North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Archaeological periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Puebloans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_Mississippian_culture" title="Caddoan Mississippian culture">Caddoan Mississippian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca" title="Chichimeca">Chichimeca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_culture" title="Dorset culture">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshara_tradition" title="Oshara tradition">Oshara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picosa_culture" title="Picosa culture">Picosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_culture" title="Plum Bayou culture">Plum Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinagua" title="Sinagua">Sinagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thule_people" title="Thule people">Thule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Mesoamerican chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acolhua" title="Acolhua">Acolhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacha" title="Capacha">Capacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcatzingo" title="Chalcatzingo">Chalcatzingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholula_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Cholula (Mesoamerican site)">Cholula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chup%C3%ADcuaro" title="Chupícuaro">Chupícuaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Cocl%C3%A9" title="Gran Coclé">Coclé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuicuilco" title="Cuicuilco">Cuicuilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diquis" title="Diquis">Diquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi-Olmec_culture" title="Epi-Olmec culture">Epi-Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_civilization" title="Huastec civilization">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izapa" title="Izapa">Izapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezcala_culture" title="Mezcala culture">Mezcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nicoya" title="Kingdom of Nicoya">Nicoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_Empire" title="Purépecha Empire">Purépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quelepa" title="Quelepa">Quelepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Mexico_shaft_tomb_tradition" title="Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition">Shaft tomb tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepanec" title="Tepanec">Tepanec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuchitl%C3%A1n_culture" title="Teuchitlán culture">Teuchitlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlatilco_culture" title="Tlatilco culture">Tlatilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlaxcaltec" title="Tlaxcaltec">Tlaxcaltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Veracruz_culture" title="Classic Veracruz culture">Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraguas_culture" title="Veraguas culture">Veraguas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xochipala" title="Xochipala">Xochipala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_America" title="History of South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">Andean civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="List of Indigenous peoples of South America">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Cabraline_history_of_Brazil" title="Pre-Cabraline history of Brazil">Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Bolivia" title="Pre-Columbian Bolivia">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehispanic_history_of_Chile" title="Prehispanic history of Chile">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Chile" title="List of archaeological sites in Chile">Archaeological sites in Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_cultures_of_Colombia" title="Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Colombia" title="List of archaeological sites in Colombia">Archaeological sites in Colombia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Ecuador" title="Pre-Columbian Ecuador">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru">Cultural periods of Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Peru" title="List of archaeological sites in Peru">Archaeological sites in Peru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_period_in_Venezuela" title="Pre-Columbian period in Venezuela">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Abra" title="El Abra">El Abra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amotape_complex" title="Amotape complex">Amotape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atacama_people" title="Atacama people">Atacameño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymara_kingdoms" title="Aymara kingdoms">Aymara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calima_culture" title="Calima culture">Calima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari" title="Cañari">Cañaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capul%C3%AD_culture" title="Capulí culture">Capulí</a>/<a href="/wiki/Capul%C3%AD_culture#Nariño" title="Capulí culture">Nariño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization" title="Caral–Supe civilization">Caral–Supe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casma%E2%80%93Sechin_culture" title="Casma–Sechin culture">Casma–Sechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chachapoya_culture" title="Chachapoya culture">Chachapoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancay_culture" title="Chancay culture">Chancay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chango_people" title="Chango people">Chango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_culture" title="Chavín culture">Chavín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimor" title="Chimor">Chimú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinchorro_culture" title="Chinchorro culture">Chinchorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiripa_culture" title="Chiripa culture">Chiripa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorrera_culture" title="Chorrera culture">Chorrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupisnique" title="Cupisnique">Cupisnique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaguita" title="Diaguita">Diaguita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Chaco_people" title="Gran Chaco people">Gran Chaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huetar_people" title="Huetar people">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalina_people" title="Kalina people">Kalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhikugu" title="Kuhikugu">Kuhikugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumaco-La_Tolita_culture" title="Tumaco-La Tolita culture">La Tolita (Tumaco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_culture_(archaeology)" title="Las Vegas culture (archaeology)">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauricocha_culture" title="Lauricocha culture">Lauricocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanos_de_Moxos_(archaeology)" title="Llanos de Moxos (archaeology)">Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_culture" title="Lima culture">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokono" title="Lokono">Lokono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupaca" title="Lupaca">Lupaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzia_Woman" title="Luzia Woman">Luzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mante%C3%B1o-Huancavilca_culture" title="Manteño-Huancavilca culture">Manteño-Huancavilca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_history" title="Mapuche history">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marajoara_culture" title="Marajoara culture">Marajoara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moche_culture" title="Moche culture">Moche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollo_culture" title="Mollo culture">Mollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Verde" title="Monte Verde">Monte Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazca_culture" title="Nazca culture">Nazca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omagua_people" title="Omagua people">Omagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paij%C3%A1n_culture" title="Paiján culture">Paiján</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa_people" title="Piaroa people">Piaroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukara_culture" title="Pukara culture">Pucará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pucar%C3%A1_de_Tilcara" title="Pucará de Tilcara">Pucará de Tilcara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebrada_de_Humahuaca" title="Quebrada de Humahuaca">Quebrada de Humahuaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbaya" title="Quimbaya">Quimbaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladoid" title="Saladoid">Saladoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Agust%C3%ADn_culture" title="San Agustín culture">San Agustín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuar" title="Shuar">Shuar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sican_culture" title="Sican culture">Sican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tairona" title="Tairona">Tairona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tierradentro" title="Tierradentro">Tierradentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timoto%E2%80%93Cuica_people" title="Timoto–Cuica people">Timoto–Cuica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyop%C3%A1n" title="Toyopán">Toyopán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuncahu%C3%A1n" title="Tuncahuán">Tuncahuán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdivia_culture" title="Valdivia culture">Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankarani_culture" title="Wankarani culture">Wankarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_culture" title="Wari culture">Wari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen%C3%BA" title="Zenú">Zenú</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;padding:0; background:transparent;"><div><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;;background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca</a></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Capital</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Mayan_cities" title="Mayan cities">Multiple</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Tunja" title="Tunja">Hunza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacat%C3%A1" title="Bacatá">Bacatá</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Language</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan Languages</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Chibcha_language" title="Chibcha language">Muysc Cubun</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Writing</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Script</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Script</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maya_numerals" title="Maya numerals">Numerals</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Numerals</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">Quipu</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Religion</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Religion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_Aztec_culture" title="Human sacrifice in Aztec culture">Human Sacrifice</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Religion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_Maya_culture" title="Human sacrifice in Maya culture">Human Sacrifice</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion" title="Muisca religion">Religion</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire" title="Religion in the Inca Empire">Religion</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_mythology" title="Aztec mythology">Mythology</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Mythology</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Mythology</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Mythology</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Calendar</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Calendar</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Calendar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maya_astronomy" title="Maya astronomy">Astronomy</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">Calendar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muisca_astronomy" title="Muisca astronomy">Astronomy</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_the_Incas" title="Mathematics of the Incas">Mathematics</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Society</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_society" title="Aztec society">Society</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_society" title="Maya society">Society</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trade_in_Maya_civilization" title="Trade in Maya civilization">Trade</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_economy" title="Muisca economy">Economy</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_society" title="Inca society">Society</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_warfare" title="Aztec warfare">Warfare</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_warfare" title="Maya warfare">Warfare</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_warfare" title="Muisca warfare">Warfare</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_army" title="Inca army">Army</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Women</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Aztec_civilization" title="Women in Aztec civilization">Women</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Maya_society" title="Women in Maya society">Women</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Muisca_society" title="Women in Muisca society">Women</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire#Gender_roles" title="Inca Empire">Gender Roles</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_architecture" title="Aztec architecture">Architecture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Architecture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_architecture" title="Muisca architecture">Architecture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_architecture" title="Inca architecture">Architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inca_road_system" title="Inca road system">Road System</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Art</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Aztecs#Art_and_cultural_production" title="Aztecs">Art</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_art" title="Ancient Maya art">Art</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_art" title="Muisca art">Art</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire#Arts_and_technology" title="Inca Empire">Art</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Music</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztecs#Music_and_song" title="Aztecs">Music</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_music" title="Maya music">Music</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_music" title="Muisca music">Music</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Andean_music" title="Andean music">Andean Music</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">Chinampas</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Agriculture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_agriculture" title="Muisca agriculture">Agriculture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_agriculture" title="Inca agriculture">Agriculture</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Cuisine</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">Cuisine</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Cuisine</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Cuisine</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Cuisine</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> History</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Aztecs" title="History of the Aztecs">History</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maya_civilization" title="History of the Maya civilization">History</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Muisca" title="Template:History of the Muisca">History</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Incas" title="History of the Incas">Inca history</a> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca State</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Mayans</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca" title="Muisca">Muisca</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Incas</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Notable Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_I" title="Moctezuma I">Moctezuma I</a> <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuitl%C3%A1huac" title="Cuitláhuac">Cuitláhuac</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc" title="Cuauhtémoc">Cuauhtémoc</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Janaab%CA%BC_Pakal" title="Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal">Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal</a> <a href="/wiki/Uaxaclajuun_Ub%CA%BCaah_K%CA%BCawiil" title="Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil">Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil</a> <a href="/wiki/Jasaw_Chan_K%CA%BCawiil_I" title="Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I">Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Nemequene" title="Nemequene">Nemequene</a> <a href="/wiki/Quemuenchatocha" title="Quemuenchatocha">Quemuenchatocha</a> <a href="/wiki/Tisquesusa" title="Tisquesusa">Tisquesusa</a> <a href="/wiki/Tundama" title="Tundama">Tundama</a> <a href="/wiki/Zoratama" title="Zoratama">Zoratama</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Manco_C%C3%A1pac" title="Manco Cápac">Manco Cápac</a> <a href="/wiki/Pachacuti" title="Pachacuti">Pachacuti</a> <a href="/wiki/Atahualpa" title="Atahualpa">Atahualpa</a> <a href="/wiki/Manco_Inca_Yupanqui" title="Manco Inca Yupanqui">Manco Inca Yupanqui</a> <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru" title="Túpac Amaru">Túpac Amaru</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Conquest</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish Conquest</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Spanish Conquest</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Spanish Conquest of Yucatán</a> (<a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Montejo" title="Francisco de Montejo">Francisco de Montejo</a>) <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Spanish Conquest of Guatemala</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Spanish Conquest</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a>) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_conquistadors_in_Colombia" title="List of conquistadors in Colombia">List of Conquistadors</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish Conquest</a> (<a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><div id="See_also">See also</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_the_Americas" title="Category:Archaeological sites in the Americas">Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mesoamerica" title="Portal:Mesoamerica">Portal:Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramics_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Indigenous cuisine of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_writing_systems" title="Mesoamerican writing systems">Mesoamerican writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting_in_the_Americas_before_European_colonization" title="Painting in the Americas before European colonization">Painting in the Americas before European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art" title="Pre-Columbian art">Pre-Columbian art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/32px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/48px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/64px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Civilizations" title="Portal:Civilizations">Civilizations portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_the_Americas&oldid=1259201857">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_the_Americas&oldid=1259201857</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peopling_of_the_Americas" title="Category:Peopling of the Americas">Peopling of the Americas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paleo-Indian_period" title="Category:Paleo-Indian period">Paleo-Indian period</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFRaff2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaffBolnick2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRasmussenAnzickWatersSkoglund2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRincon2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodriguesGiannini2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantosBirdParentiFifield2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScatenaBottoniGiardina2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchurr2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeong2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSikoraPitulkoSousaAllentoft2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkoglundReich2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnow1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSomervilleCasarArroyo-Cabrales2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer_Wells2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanfordBradley2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanfordBradley2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarikovskayaSukernikDerbenevaVolodko2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSummer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSurovellAllaunGingerichGraf2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTammKivisildReidlaMetspalu2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVachulaHuangLongoDee2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVachulaHuangRussellAbbott2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVajda2017\"] = 1,\n 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9,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 15,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Settlement Of The Americas\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 2,\n [\"Early human migrations\"] = 1,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"History of the Americas\"] = 1,\n [\"ISSN\"] = 2,\n [\"Indigenous peoples of the Americas\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 4,\n [\"Pre-Columbian\"] = 1,\n [\"Pre-Columbian North America\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","360","21.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","14.1"],["dataWrapper 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