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href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9" title="রুকইয়াহ শারইয়াহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রুকইয়াহ শারইয়াহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="جن‌گیری در اسلام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جن‌گیری در اسلام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roqya_(islam)" title="Roqya (islam) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Roqya (islam)" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Belief in Islam of possession by spirits and of their exorcism</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/110px-Allah3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/165px-Allah3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/220px-Allah3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="313" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement_Day_in_Islam" title="Judgement Day in Islam">Judgement Day</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Profession of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Almsgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_texts" title="List of Islamic texts">Texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Foundations</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></i> (exegesis)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a> </i>(creed)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-Anbiya" title="Qisas al-Anbiya">Qisas al-Anbiya</a></i> (<i>Stories of the Prophets</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a></i> (poems)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"><i>Fiqh</i></a> (jurisprudence)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia"><i>Sharia</i></a> (law)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">Jahiliyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_(circumcision)" title="Khitan (circumcision)">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_diaspora" title="Muslim diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Proselytizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_and_Islam" title="LGBTQ people and Islam">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinage in Islam">Concubinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam" title="Glossary of Islam">Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam" title="Template:Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam" title="Template talk:Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naskh_script_-_Qur%27anic_verses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Naskh_script_-_Qur%27anic_verses.jpg/250px-Naskh_script_-_Qur%27anic_verses.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="388" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Naskh_script_-_Qur%27anic_verses.jpg/375px-Naskh_script_-_Qur%27anic_verses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Naskh_script_-_Qur%27anic_verses.jpg/500px-Naskh_script_-_Qur%27anic_verses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1590" /></a><figcaption>The 72nd chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> entitled <a href="/wiki/Al-Jinn" title="Al-Jinn">Al-Jinn</a> (The Jinn), as well as the heading and introductory <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">bismillah</a></i></span> of the next chapter entitled <a href="/wiki/Al-Muzzammil" title="Al-Muzzammil">al-Muzzammil</a> (The Enshrouded One).</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, the belief that spiritual entities—particularly, <a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a>—can <a href="/wiki/Demonic_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonic possession">possess</a> a person, a thing or location,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is widespread; as is the belief that the jinn and devils can be expelled from the possessed person (or thing/location) through <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcism</a>. This practice is called <i>al-'azm</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-MagicAndDivination-2021_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MagicAndDivination-2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 98">: 98 </span></sup> <i>ṭard al-shayṭān/al-jinn</i> (expulsion of devils/spirits),<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>ruqya</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">رقية</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ruqya</i></span>, spell, charm, magic, incantation),<sup id="cite_ref-Wehr-302_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wehr-302-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and exorcists are called <i>raqi</i>. </p><p>Belief in the supernatural—<a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>, sorcery, <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">magic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">ghosts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a>—in the Muslim world is not marginalized as eccentric or a product of ignorance, but is prevalent among all social classes. Belief in the supernatural creatures such as <i><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></i> are both an integral part of Islamic belief,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a common explanations in society "for evil, illness, health, wealth, and position in society as well as all mundane and inexplicable phenomena in between". Given the moral ambivalence ascribed to supernatural agents in Islamic tradition, exorcisms can be addressed to both good and evil spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-Maʻrūf,_Muḥammad_2007._p._2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maʻrūf,_Muḥammad_2007._p._2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jinn are thought to be able to enter and physically possess people for various reasons, while <a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">devils</a> (<i>shayāṭīn</i>) assault the <a href="/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb">heart</a> (<i>qalb</i>) and attempt to turn their victims to evil.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possession_in_Islam">Possession in Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Possession in Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Muslim scholars believe in the possibility that jinn can physically possess people.<sup id="cite_ref-Dein,_Simon_2013_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dein,_Simon_2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only a minority denies demonic possession and argues that jinn can merely whisper to a person.<sup id="cite_ref-Dein,_Simon_2013_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dein,_Simon_2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The everyday-life concern may vary. Some consider possession to be purely theoretical with no practical application, others consider interference of jinn only under rare circumstances, for example, when summoned by a sorcerer, yet others take it seriously and attribute everyday events to demonic activities.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mental disorders, such as <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, forgetfulness, <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lack of energy, and morbid fears, are often attributed to demonic-possessions and witchcraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Dein,_Simon_2013_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dein,_Simon_2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, not all mental-illnesses are attributed to demons, rather demons are believed to cause such symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERassool2015_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERassool2015-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 54">: 54 </span></sup> Belief in Jinn-possession is not only prevalent in Middle-Eastern countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Obeid,_Tahir_2012_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obeid,_Tahir_2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also among Muslims in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belief in demonic possession also prevails among educated people.<sup id="cite_ref-Obeid,_Tahir_2012_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obeid,_Tahir_2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due the ambiguous nature of jinn, some people may volunteer for possession. Possession by spirits are believed to grand beneficent powers, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">diviners</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maʻrūf,_Muḥammad_2007._p._2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maʻrūf,_Muḥammad_2007._p._2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that case, the possessed by perform a trance dance (<i>hadra</i>) in order to renew their covenant with their personal jinni.<sup id="cite_ref-Maʻrūf,_Muḥammad_2007._p._2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maʻrūf,_Muḥammad_2007._p._2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In context of <a href="/wiki/Swahili_culture" title="Swahili culture">Swahili culture</a>, jinn possession may be used for healing purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such possessions are to be distinguished from cultural concepts of possession by demons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-KrenawiGraham1997211_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-KrenawiGraham1997211-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERassool2015_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERassool2015-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulkeleyAdamsDavis2009_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulkeleyAdamsDavis2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possessing_spirits">Possessing spirits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Possessing spirits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Islamic view on possession, a corrupted <a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">soul</a> (<i>nafs</i>) increases suspectibility (<i>dha'iyfah</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to possession by evils spirits. Among them are jinn and devils.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Khan,_S._2024_p._35_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan,_S._2024_p._35-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SWaKMH_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWaKMH-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dein-2013_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dein-2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The jinn differ from devils, by that the former can be believers (Muslim). However, since both are said to be created from some sort of fire, they are affined in some local Islamic beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-Khan,_S._2024_p._35_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan,_S._2024_p._35-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The jinn can be good or evil and inflict act autonomously or inflict harm when enslaved through <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">magic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Khan,_S._2024_p._35_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan,_S._2024_p._35-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since jinn share their bodily nature with humans, jinn may also possess people because they fell in love with them, often resulting in alleged intercourse between these two.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulkeleyAdamsDavis2009_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulkeleyAdamsDavis2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jinn may also possess someone to take revenge if angered. In such cases, the jinn are also thought to harm a person by hitting them.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even if a pious jinni befalls a human, there is need for an exorcism as relationships between humans and jinn are socially frowned (<i><a href="/wiki/Makruh" title="Makruh">makruh</a></i>) upon.<sup id="cite_ref-Maʻrūf,_Muḥammad_2007._p._2_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maʻrūf,_Muḥammad_2007._p._2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">Devils</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;">pl.:</span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style><span class="Unicode">شَيَاطِين</span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">shayāṭīn</i></span>) assault their victims by whisperings (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">وَسْوَسَة</span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waswasa</i></span>), which is spiritually, rather than possessing them physically.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The devils' sole purpose is to lure both humans and jinn into sinful activities, both minor ones and major ones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeldon1908123–146_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeldon1908123–146-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESells1996143_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESells1996143-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paradoxically, suspectibility to the devils also increase with piety, since the devils are more engaged to corrupt a pure soul than a tainted one.<sup id="cite_ref-Khan,_S._2024_p._35_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan,_S._2024_p._35-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ruqyā_(exorcism)"><span id="Ruqy.C4.81_.28exorcism.29"></span><i>Ruqyā</i> (exorcism)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ruqyā (exorcism)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ruqyā</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">رقية</span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ruqja]</a></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">invocation</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) refers to the practise of exorcising spirits, jinn, and demons in Islamic tradition and is part of the wider body of the "<a href="/wiki/Prophetic_medicine" title="Prophetic medicine">prophetic medicine</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Exorcisms are performed by qualified a <i>Raqi</i> or a <a href="/wiki/Saint_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Islam)">saint</a> (<i>darvish</i>) who has been <a href="/wiki/Barakah" title="Barakah">blessed by God</a> (<i>barakah</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To qualify as a <i>Raqi</i>, one needs, among other criteria, to believe in God, practise the <a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars of Islam</a>, follow the Sunnah as examplified by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> and the saints, believe that the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> has the power to influence spirits, and knows about the spiritual world.<sup id="cite_ref-SWaKMH_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWaKMH-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For preparations, distractions, such as pictures, music, and golden jewelry, are removed to enable <a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">angels</a> to enter.<sup id="cite_ref-SWaKMH_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWaKMH-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the exorcism the exorcist seeks refuge in God and recites Quranic verses. The process further constitutes questioning the patient about their emotional state and dreams. Next, the excorsist negotiates with the possessing creature.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PaJNKTH2005_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaJNKTH2005-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such negotiation may include to command the spirit to curse Satan. It is believed that a satanic spirit would refuse to curse their father and can be identified as a devil, much tougher to manage.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the jinni is willing to negotiate, some healers make attempts to convince them to convert to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-PaJNKTH2005_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaJNKTH2005-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some traditions request aid from good jinn (<i>muwakkal</i>) to negotiate with the possessing spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession#Islam" title="Spirit possession">Spirit possession#Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_magic" title="Islam and magic">Islam and magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Islam" title="Outline of Islam">Outline of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam" title="Glossary of Islam">Glossary of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Islam-related_articles" title="Index of Islam-related articles">Index of Islam-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonic_possession#Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonic possession">Demonic possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27awwidhatayn" title="Al-Mu'awwidhatayn">Al-Mu'awwidhatayn</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1999" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Louis (1999). 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Brill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26268">https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26268</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wehr-302-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wehr-302_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWehr" class="citation book cs1">Wehr, Hans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://giftsofknowledge.files.wordpress.com/2016/01/hans-wehr-searchable-pdf.pdf"><i>Dictionary of Arabic</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 302<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Leiden, Niederlande: Brill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004719033">https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004719033</a> p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SWaKMH-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SWaKMH_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SWaKMH_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SWaKMH_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlean_Al-KrenawiJohn_Graham1999" class="citation journal cs1">Alean Al-Krenawi; John Graham (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Alean+Al-Krenawi+and+John+Graham+Social+work+and+Koranic+mental+health+healers+International+Social+Work+1999&hl=en&as_sdt=0&as_vis=1&oi=scholart#d=gs_qabs&u=%23p%3DAkuutJBIk6sJ">"Social work and Koranic mental health healers"</a>. <i>International Social Work</i>. <b>42</b> (1): 57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002087289904200106">10.1177/002087289904200106</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71504194">71504194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Social+Work&rft.atitle=Social+work+and+Koranic+mental+health+healers&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002087289904200106&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A71504194%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Alean+Al-Krenawi&rft.au=John+Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fq%3DAlean%2BAl-Krenawi%2Band%2BJohn%2BGraham%2BSocial%2Bwork%2Band%2BKoranic%2Bmental%2Bhealth%2Bhealers%2BInternational%2BSocial%2BWork%2B1999%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%26as_vis%3D1%26oi%3Dscholart%23d%3Dgs_qabs%26u%3D%2523p%253DAkuutJBIk6sJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+possession+and+exorcism+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dein-2013-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dein-2013_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeinAbdool_Samad_Illaiee2013" class="citation journal cs1">Dein, Simon; Abdool Samad Illaiee (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fpb.bp.113.042721">"Jinn and mental health: looking at jinn possession in modern psychiatric practice"</a>. <i>The Psychiatrist</i>. <b>37</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">290–</span>293. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fpb.bp.113.042721">10.1192/pb.bp.113.042721</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29032393">29032393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Psychiatrist&rft.atitle=Jinn+and+mental+health%3A+looking+at+jinn+possession+in+modern+psychiatric+practice&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E290-%3C%2Fspan%3E293&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1192%2Fpb.bp.113.042721&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29032393%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dein&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Abdool+Samad+Illaiee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1192%252Fpb.bp.113.042721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+possession+and+exorcism+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph P. 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"Curse, Possession and Other Worlds: Magic and Witchcraft among the Bosniaks." p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maʻrūf, Muḥammad. Jinn Eviction as a Discourse of Power: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Modern Morrocan Magical Beliefs and Practices. Vol. 8. Brill, 2007. pp. 96/167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeldon1908123–146-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeldon1908123–146_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeldon1908">Meldon (1908)</a>, pp. 123–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESells1996143-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESells1996143_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSells1996">Sells (1996)</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Szombathy, Zoltan, "Exorcism", in: <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Consulted online on 15 November 2019<<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26268">http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26268</a>> First published online: 2014 First print edition: 9789004269637, 2014, 2014-4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerda Sengers <i>Women and Demons: Cultic Healing in Islamic Egypt</i> BRILL, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004127715" title="Special:BookSources/9789004127715">9789004127715</a> p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Krenawi, Alean, and John R. Graham. "Spirit possession and exorcism in the treatment of a Bedouin psychiatric patient." Clinical Social Work Journal 25 (1997): 211-222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maʻrūf, Muḥammad. Jinn Eviction as a Discourse of Power: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Modern Morrocan Magical Beliefs and Practices. Vol. 8. Brill, 2007. pp. 165-167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PaJNKTH2005-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PaJNKTH2005_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PaJNKTH2005_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNajat_KhalifaTim_Hardie2005" class="citation journal cs1">Najat Khalifa; Tim Hardie (August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1181833">"Possession and Jinn"</a>. <i>J R Soc Med</i>. <b>98</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">351–</span>353. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F014107680509800805">10.1177/014107680509800805</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1181833">1181833</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16055898">16055898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+R+Soc+Med&rft.atitle=Possession+and+Jinn&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E351-%3C%2Fspan%3E353&rft.date=2005-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1181833%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16055898&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F014107680509800805&rft.au=Najat+Khalifa&rft.au=Tim+Hardie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1181833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+possession+and+exorcism+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maʻrūf, Muḥammad. Jinn Eviction as a Discourse of Power: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Modern Morrocan Magical Beliefs and Practices. Vol. 8. Brill, 2007. p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khan, Sanaullah. Spirit of the Mind: Divine Disclosure, Nafs and the Transcendental Self in Islamic Thought. BRILL, 2024.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulkeleyAdamsDavis2009" class="citation book cs1">Bulkeley, Kelly; Adams, Kate; Davis, Patricia M., eds. (2009). <i>Dreaming in Christianity and Islam: Culture, Conflict, and Creativity</i>. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-813-54610-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-813-54610-0"><bdi>978-0-813-54610-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreaming+in+Christianity+and+Islam%3A+Culture%2C+Conflict%2C+and+Creativity&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-813-54610-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+possession+and+exorcism+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffel2005" class="citation book cs1">Griffel, Frank (2005). <i>Islam and rationality : the impact of al-Ghazālī: papers collected on his 900th anniversary</i>. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-29095-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-29095-2"><bdi>978-9-004-29095-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+rationality+%3A+the+impact+of+al-Ghaz%C4%81l%C4%AB%3A+papers+collected+on+his+900th+anniversary&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-9-004-29095-2&rft.aulast=Griffel&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+possession+and+exorcism+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2005" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Lindsay (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3424502953/GVRL?u=epfl&sid=GVRL&xid=80118844"><i>Encyclopedia of Religion</i></a>. Vol. 13 (2 ed.). Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference USA. p. 8687. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-865733-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-865733-0"><bdi>0-02-865733-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.place=Detroit%2C+MI&rft.pages=8687&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-02-865733-0&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Lindsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.gale.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FCX3424502953%2FGVRL%3Fu%3Depfl%26sid%3DGVRL%26xid%3D80118844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+possession+and+exorcism+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-KrenawiGraham1997" class="citation journal cs1">Al-Krenawi, A.; Graham, J.R. (1997). "Spirit Possession and Exorcism in the Treatment of a Bedouin Psychiatric Patient". <i>Clinical Social Work Journal</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1025714626136">10.1023/A:1025714626136</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140937987">140937987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Social+Work+Journal&rft.atitle=Spirit+Possession+and+Exorcism+in+the+Treatment+of+a+Bedouin+Psychiatric+Patient&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=211&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1025714626136&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140937987%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Al-Krenawi&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Graham%2C+J.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+possession+and+exorcism+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaʻrūf2007" class="citation book cs1">Maʻrūf, Muḥammad (2007). <i>Jinn Eviction as a Discourse of Power: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Modern Moroccan Magical Beliefs and Practices</i>. Brill. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16099-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16099-6"><bdi>978-90-04-16099-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jinn+Eviction+as+a+Discourse+of+Power%3A+A+Multidisciplinary+Approach+to+Modern+Moroccan+Magical+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16099-6&rft.aulast=Ma%CA%BBr%C5%ABf&rft.aufirst=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+possession+and+exorcism+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeldon1908" class="citation journal cs1">Meldon, J.A. (1908). 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Hussein (2015). <i>Islamic Counselling: An Introduction to theory and practice</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-44124-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-44124-3"><bdi>978-1-317-44124-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Counselling%3A+An+Introduction+to+theory+and+practice&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-44124-3&rft.aulast=Rassool&rft.aufirst=G.+Hussein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+possession+and+exorcism+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSells1996" class="citation book cs1">Sells, Michael Anthony (1996). <i>Early Islamic Mysticism: Sufi, Qurʼan, Miraj, Poetic and Theological Writings</i>. Paulist Press. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-809-13619-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-809-13619-3"><bdi>978-0-809-13619-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Islamic+Mysticism%3A+Sufi%2C+Qur%CA%BCan%2C+Miraj%2C+Poetic+and+Theological+Writings&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-809-13619-3&rft.aulast=Sells&rft.aufirst=Michael+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+possession+and+exorcism+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzombathy2014" class="citation book cs1">Szombathy, Zoltan (2014). "Exorcism". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_26268">10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26268</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26963-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26963-7"><bdi>978-90-04-26963-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Exorcism&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_26268&rft.isbn=978-90-04-26963-7&rft.aulast=Szombathy&rft.aufirst=Zoltan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+possession+and+exorcism+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestermarck2014" class="citation book cs1">Westermarck, Edward (23 April 2014). <i>Ritual and Belief in Morocco</i>. Routledge Revivals. Vol. 1. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">263–</span>264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-91268-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-91268-2"><bdi>978-1-317-91268-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ritual+and+Belief+in+Morocco&rft.series=Routledge+Revivals&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E263-%3C%2Fspan%3E264&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-04-23&rft.isbn=978-1-317-91268-2&rft.aulast=Westermarck&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+possession+and+exorcism+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam&oldid=1272636263">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam&oldid=1272636263</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Exorcism_in_Islam" title="Category:Exorcism in Islam">Exorcism in Islam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine in the medieval Islamic world</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Occultism_(Islam)" title="Category:Occultism (Islam)">Occultism (Islam)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jinn" title="Category:Jinn">Jinn</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2023">Use dmy dates from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Template:Script_with_unknown_input" title="Category:Pages using Template:Script with unknown input">Pages using Template:Script with unknown input</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Arabic_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Arabic IPA">Pages with Arabic IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">CS1 maint: date and year</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 January 2025, at 17:01<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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