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id="toc-Open_cluster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Embedded_cluster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embedded_cluster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Embedded cluster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embedded_cluster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Globular_cluster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Globular_cluster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Globular cluster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Globular_cluster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Super_star_cluster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Super_star_cluster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Super star cluster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Super_star_cluster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intermediate_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intermediate_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Intermediate forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intermediate_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Astronomical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Star_cloud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Star_cloud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Star cloud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Star_cloud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Nomenclature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Star cluster</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterreswerm" title="Sterreswerm – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sterreswerm" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A" title="عنقود نجمي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عنقود نجمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAmulu_estelar" title="Cúmulu estelar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cúmulu estelar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulduz_topalar%C4%B1" title="Ulduz topaları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ulduz topaları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B" title="তারা গুচ্ছ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তারা গুচ্ছ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhe%E2%81%BF-tho%C3%A2n" title="Chheⁿ-thoân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chheⁿ-thoân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Зорнае скопішча – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зорнае скопішча" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Зорная скупнасьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Зорная скупнасьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF" title="Звезден куп – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Звезден куп" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvjezdano_jato" title="Zvjezdano jato – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zvjezdano jato" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAmul_estel%C2%B7lar" title="Cúmul estel·lar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cúmul estel·lar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%83%D0%BB%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80_%D0%BA%C4%95%D0%BF%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BA%C4%95" title="Çăлтăр кĕпĕрленчĕкĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çăлтăр кĕпĕрленчĕкĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hv%C4%9Bzdokupa" title="Hvězdokupa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hvězdokupa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwstwr_s%C3%AAr" title="Clwstwr sêr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Clwstwr sêr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjernehob" title="Stjernehob – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stjernehob" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternhaufen" title="Sternhaufen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sternhaufen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4heparv" title="Täheparv – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Täheparv" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αστρικό σμήνος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αστρικό σμήνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAmulo_estelar" title="Cúmulo estelar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cúmulo estelar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelamaso" title="Stelamaso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stelamaso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izar-mulko" title="Izar-mulko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Izar-mulko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="خوشه ستاره‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خوشه ستاره‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amas_stellaire" title="Amas stellaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amas stellaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braisle_r%C3%A9alta%C3%AD" title="Braisle réaltaí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Braisle réaltaí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAmulo_estelar" title="Cúmulo estelar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cúmulo estelar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EB%8B%A8" title="성단 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성단" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Աստղակույտեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աստղակույտեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B" title="तारा गुच्छ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तारा गुच्छ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvjezdana_skupina" title="Zvjezdana skupina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zvjezdana skupina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stel-grupo" title="Stel-grupo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stel-grupo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugus_bintang" title="Gugus bintang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gugus bintang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amasso_stellar" title="Amasso stellar – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Amasso stellar" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammasso_stellare" title="Ammasso stellare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ammasso stellare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D" title="צביר כוכבים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צביר כוכבים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Кечет – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Кечет" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%97%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ვარსკვლავთგროვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვარსკვლავთგროვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B9%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B6%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Үйіржұлдыз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үйіржұлдыз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungunyota" title="Fungunyota – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fungunyota" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Жылдыздар чогулмалары – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жылдыздар чогулмалары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus_stellarum" title="Cumulus stellarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cumulus stellarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvaig%C5%BE%C5%86u_kopa" title="Zvaigžņu kopa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zvaigžņu kopa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4rekoup" title="Stärekoup – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Stärekoup" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDvaig%C5%BEd%C5%BEi%C5%B3_spie%C4%8Dius" title="Žvaigždžių spiečius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žvaigždžių spiečius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csillaghalmaz" title="Csillaghalmaz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csillaghalmaz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%85%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Ѕвездено јато – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ѕвездено јато" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90" title="მურიცხეფიშ გვართა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მურიცხეფიშ გვართა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelompok_bintang" title="Kelompok bintang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kelompok bintang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="ကြယ်အစုအဝေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြယ်အစုအဝေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterrenhoop" title="Sterrenhoop – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sterrenhoop" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%9B%A3" title="星団 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="星団" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjernehop" title="Stjernehop – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stjernehop" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjernehop" title="Stjernehop – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stjernehop" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A0s_estellar" title="Amàs estellar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Amàs estellar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80" title="ਤਾਰਾ ਖਿੱਤੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਾਰਾ ਖਿੱਤੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81_%DA%AF%DA%86%DA%BE%D8%A7" title="تارہ گچھا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تارہ گچھا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_(astronom%C3%ACa)" title="Baron (astronomìa) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Baron (astronomìa)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gromada_gwiazd" title="Gromada gwiazd – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gromada gwiazd" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglomerado_estelar" title="Aglomerado estelar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aglomerado estelar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roi_stelar" title="Roi stelar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Roi stelar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Звёздное скопление – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Звёздное скопление" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_cluster" title="Star cluster – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Star cluster" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hviezdokopa" title="Hviezdokopa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hviezdokopa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvezdna_kopica" title="Zvezdna kopica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zvezdna kopica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ھێشووی ئەستێرەیی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێشووی ئەستێرەیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Звездано јато – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Звездано јато" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvezdano_jato" title="Zvezdano jato – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zvezdano jato" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4htijoukko" title="Tähtijoukko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tähtijoukko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%A4rnhop" title="Stjärnhop – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stjärnhop" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="விண்மீன் கொத்துகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விண்மீன் கொத்துகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Йолдызлар тупланышы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Йолдызлар тупланышы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7" title="กระจุกดาว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กระจุกดาว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_k%C3%BCmesi" title="Yıldız kümesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yıldız kümesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Зоряне скупчення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зоряне скупчення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A7n_tinh" title="Quần tinh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quần tinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterrnhoop" title="Sterrnhoop – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Sterrnhoop" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pundok_biton-on" title="Pundok biton-on – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pundok biton-on" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%9B%A2" title="星团 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="星团" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%9C%98" title="星團 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="星團" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%9B%A2" title="星团 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="星团" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q168845#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> 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decoding="async" width="310" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/M44_47x300s-10%C2%B0C_O30_G0_PM_RGB_03032022.jpg/465px-M44_47x300s-10%C2%B0C_O30_G0_PM_RGB_03032022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/M44_47x300s-10%C2%B0C_O30_G0_PM_RGB_03032022.jpg/620px-M44_47x300s-10%C2%B0C_O30_G0_PM_RGB_03032022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5987" data-file-height="3876" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Messier_47" title="Messier 47">Messier 47</a>, a cluster in the <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cancer_(constellation)" title="Cancer (constellation)">Cancer</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Star clusters</b> are large groups of <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> held together by <a href="/wiki/Self-gravitation" title="Self-gravitation">self-gravitation</a>. Two main types of star clusters can be distinguished. <a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster" title="Globular cluster">Globular clusters</a> are tight groups of ten thousand to millions of old stars which are <a href="/wiki/Gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitation">gravitationally</a> bound. <a href="/wiki/Open_cluster" title="Open cluster">Open clusters</a> are more loosely clustered groups of stars, generally containing fewer than a few hundred members, that are often very young. As they move through the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxy</a>, over time, open clusters become disrupted by the gravitational influence of <a href="/wiki/Giant_molecular_cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant molecular cloud">giant molecular clouds</a>. Even though they are no longer gravitationally bound, they will continue to move in broadly the same direction through space and are then known as <a href="/wiki/Stellar_association" title="Stellar association">stellar associations</a>, sometimes referred to as <i>moving groups</i>. </p><p>Star clusters visible to the naked eye include the <a href="/wiki/Pleiades" title="Pleiades">Pleiades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyades_(star_cluster)" title="Hyades (star cluster)">Hyades</a>, and <a href="/wiki/47_Tucanae" title="47 Tucanae">47 Tucanae</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Open_cluster">Open cluster</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_cluster&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Open cluster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Open_cluster" title="Open cluster">Open cluster</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pleiades_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pleiades_large.jpg/220px-Pleiades_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pleiades_large.jpg/330px-Pleiades_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pleiades_large.jpg/440px-Pleiades_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4877" data-file-height="3515" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pleiades" title="Pleiades">Pleiades</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Open_cluster" title="Open cluster">open cluster</a> dominated by hot <a href="/wiki/OB_star" title="OB star">blue stars</a> surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Reflection_nebulosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflection nebulosity">reflection nebulosity</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Open clusters are very different from globular clusters. Unlike the spherically distributed globulars, they are confined to the <a href="/wiki/Galactic_plane" title="Galactic plane">galactic plane</a>, and are almost always found within <a href="/wiki/Spiral_arm" title="Spiral arm">spiral arms</a>. They are generally young objects, up to a few tens of millions of years old, with a few rare exceptions as old as a few billion years, such as <a href="/wiki/Messier_67" title="Messier 67">Messier 67</a> (the closest and most observed old open cluster) for example.<sup id="cite_ref-ArchinalHynes2003_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArchinalHynes2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They form <a href="/wiki/H_II_region" title="H II region">H II regions</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Orion_Nebula" title="Orion Nebula">Orion Nebula</a>. </p><p>Open clusters typically have a few hundred members and are located in an area up to 30 light-years across. Being much less densely populated than globular clusters, they are much less tightly gravitationally bound, and over time, are disrupted by the gravity of <a href="/wiki/Giant_molecular_cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant molecular cloud">giant molecular clouds</a> and other clusters. Close encounters between cluster members can also result in the ejection of stars, a process known as "evaporation". </p><p>The most prominent open clusters are the <a href="/wiki/Pleiades" title="Pleiades">Pleiades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyades_(star_cluster)" title="Hyades (star cluster)">Hyades</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taurus_(constellation)" title="Taurus (constellation)">Taurus</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Double_Cluster" title="Double Cluster">Double Cluster</a> of <a href="/wiki/NGC_869" title="NGC 869">h</a>+<a href="/wiki/NGC_884" title="NGC 884">Chi Persei</a> can also be prominent under dark skies. Open clusters are often dominated by hot young blue stars, because although such stars are short-lived in stellar terms, only lasting a few tens of millions of years, open clusters tend to have dispersed before these stars die. </p><p>A subset of open clusters constitute a binary or aggregate cluster.<sup id="cite_ref-PeickaPaunzen2021_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeickaPaunzen2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New research indicates <a href="/wiki/Messier_25" title="Messier 25">Messier 25</a> may constitute a ternary star cluster together with NGC 6716 and Collinder 394.<sup id="cite_ref-Majaess2024_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Majaess2024-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Establishing precise distances to open clusters enables the calibration of the period-luminosity relationship shown by <a href="/wiki/Cepheids" class="mw-redirect" title="Cepheids">Cepheids</a> <a href="/wiki/Variable_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable stars">variable stars</a>, which are then used as <a href="/wiki/Standard_candle" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard candle">standard candles</a>. Cepheids are luminous and can be used to establish both the distances to remote galaxies and the expansion rate of the Universe (<a href="/wiki/Hubble_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubble constant">Hubble constant</a>). Indeed, the open cluster NGC 7790 hosts three <a href="/wiki/Classical_Cepheids" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Cepheids">classical Cepheids</a> which are critical for such efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-sa1958_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa1958-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ma2013_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ma2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Embedded_cluster">Embedded cluster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_cluster&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Embedded cluster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Embedded_cluster" title="Embedded cluster">Embedded cluster</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandra_X-ray_View_of_Orion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Chandra_X-ray_View_of_Orion.jpg/220px-Chandra_X-ray_View_of_Orion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Chandra_X-ray_View_of_Orion.jpg/330px-Chandra_X-ray_View_of_Orion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Chandra_X-ray_View_of_Orion.jpg/440px-Chandra_X-ray_View_of_Orion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Embedded_cluster" title="Embedded cluster">embedded</a> Trapezium cluster seen in <a href="/wiki/X-ray_astronomy" title="X-ray astronomy">X-rays</a> which penetrate the surrounding clouds</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_star_cluster_NGC_3572_and_its_dramatic_surroundings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/The_star_cluster_NGC_3572_and_its_dramatic_surroundings.jpg/220px-The_star_cluster_NGC_3572_and_its_dramatic_surroundings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/The_star_cluster_NGC_3572_and_its_dramatic_surroundings.jpg/330px-The_star_cluster_NGC_3572_and_its_dramatic_surroundings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/The_star_cluster_NGC_3572_and_its_dramatic_surroundings.jpg/440px-The_star_cluster_NGC_3572_and_its_dramatic_surroundings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7485" data-file-height="4930" /></a><figcaption>Star cluster <a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_3572&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 3572 (page does not exist)">NGC 3572</a> and its surroundings</figcaption></figure> <p>Embedded clusters are groups of very young stars that are partially or fully encased in <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">interstellar dust or gas</a> which is often impervious to optical observations. Embedded clusters form in <a href="/wiki/Molecular_clouds" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular clouds">molecular clouds</a>, when the clouds begin to collapse and <a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">form stars</a>. There is often ongoing star formation in these clusters, so embedded clusters may be home to various types of <a href="/wiki/Young_stellar_object" title="Young stellar object">young stellar objects</a> including <a href="/wiki/Protostar" title="Protostar">protostars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre-main-sequence_star" title="Pre-main-sequence star">pre-main-sequence stars</a>. An example of an embedded cluster is the <a href="/wiki/Trapezium_Cluster" title="Trapezium Cluster">Trapezium Cluster</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Orion_Nebula" title="Orion Nebula">Orion Nebula</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Rho_Ophiuchi_cloud_complex" title="Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex">ρ Ophiuchi cloud</a> (L1688) core region there is an embedded cluster.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The embedded cluster phase may last for several million years, after which gas in the cloud is depleted by star formation or dispersed through <a href="/wiki/Radiation_pressure" title="Radiation pressure">radiation pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stellar_wind" title="Stellar wind">stellar winds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_jet" title="Astrophysical jet">outflows</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Supernova_explosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernova explosion">supernova explosions</a>. In general less than 30% of cloud mass is converted to stars before the cloud is dispersed, but this fraction may be higher in particularly dense parts of the cloud. With the loss of mass in the cloud, the energy of the system is altered, often leading to the disruption of a star cluster. Most young embedded clusters disperse shortly after the end of star formation.<sup id="cite_ref-Lada_Lada_2003_pp._57–115_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lada_Lada_2003_pp._57–115-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The open clusters found in the Galaxy are former embedded clusters that were able to survive early cluster evolution. However, nearly all freely floating stars, including the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gounelle_Meynet_p=A4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gounelle_Meynet_p=A4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were originally born into embedded clusters that disintegrated.<sup id="cite_ref-Lada_Lada_2003_pp._57–115_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lada_Lada_2003_pp._57–115-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Globular_cluster">Globular cluster</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_cluster&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Globular cluster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster" title="Globular cluster">Globular cluster</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Hubble_image_of_star_cluster_Messier_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/New_Hubble_image_of_star_cluster_Messier_15.jpg/220px-New_Hubble_image_of_star_cluster_Messier_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/New_Hubble_image_of_star_cluster_Messier_15.jpg/330px-New_Hubble_image_of_star_cluster_Messier_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/New_Hubble_image_of_star_cluster_Messier_15.jpg/440px-New_Hubble_image_of_star_cluster_Messier_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3749" data-file-height="4028" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster" title="Globular cluster">globular cluster</a> <a href="/wiki/Messier_15" title="Messier 15">Messier 15</a> photographed by <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">HST</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Globular clusters are roughly spherical groupings of from 10 thousand to several million stars packed into regions of from 10 to 30 <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a> across. They commonly consist of very old <a href="/wiki/Stellar_populations" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar populations">Population II</a> stars – just a few hundred million years younger than the universe itself – which are mostly yellow and red, with masses less than two <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass">solar masses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-snp_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snp-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such stars predominate within clusters because hotter and more massive stars have exploded as <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovae</a>, or evolved through <a href="/wiki/Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">planetary nebula</a> phases to end as <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarfs</a>. Yet a few rare blue stars exist in globulars, thought to be formed by stellar mergers in their dense inner regions; these stars are known as <a href="/wiki/Blue_straggler" title="Blue straggler">blue stragglers</a>. </p><p>In the Milky Way galaxy, globular clusters are distributed roughly spherically in the <a href="/wiki/Galactic_halo" title="Galactic halo">galactic halo</a>, around the <a href="/wiki/Galactic_Center" title="Galactic Center">Galactic Center</a>, orbiting the center in highly elliptical <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbits</a>. In 1917, the astronomer <a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a> made the first respectable estimate of the Sun's distance from the Galactic Center, based on the distribution of globular clusters. </p><p>Until the mid-1990s, globular clusters were the cause of a great mystery in astronomy, as theories of <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">stellar evolution</a> gave ages for the oldest members of globular clusters that were greater than the estimated age of the universe. However, greatly improved distance measurements to globular clusters using the <a href="/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos">Hipparcos</a> satellite and increasingly accurate measurements of the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubble constant">Hubble constant</a> resolved the paradox, giving an age for the universe of about 13 billion years and an age for the oldest stars of a few hundred million years less. </p><p>Our Galaxy has about 150 globular clusters,<sup id="cite_ref-snp_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snp-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of which may have been captured cores of small galaxies stripped of stars previously in their outer margins by the tides of the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>, as seems to be the case for the globular cluster <a href="/wiki/Messier_79" title="Messier 79">M79</a>. Some galaxies are much richer in globulars than the Milky Way: The giant <a href="/wiki/Elliptical_galaxy" title="Elliptical galaxy">elliptical galaxy</a> <a href="/wiki/Messier_87" title="Messier 87">M87</a> contains over a thousand. </p><p>A few of the brightest globular clusters are visible to the <a href="/wiki/Naked_eye" title="Naked eye">naked eye</a>; the brightest, <a href="/wiki/Omega_Centauri" title="Omega Centauri">Omega Centauri</a>, was observed in antiquity and catalogued as a star, before the telescopic age. The brightest globular cluster in the northern hemisphere is <a href="/wiki/Messier_13" title="Messier 13">M13</a> in the constellation of <a href="/wiki/Hercules_(constellation)" title="Hercules (constellation)">Hercules</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Super_star_cluster">Super star cluster</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_cluster&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Super star cluster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Super_star_cluster" title="Super star cluster">Super star cluster</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Super_star_cluster" title="Super star cluster">Super star clusters</a> are very large regions of recent star formation, and are thought to be the precursors of globular clusters. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Westerlund_1" title="Westerlund 1">Westerlund 1</a> in the Milky Way.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intermediate_forms">Intermediate forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_cluster&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Intermediate forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Ten_Billion_Year_Stellar_Dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/A_Ten_Billion_Year_Stellar_Dance.jpg/220px-A_Ten_Billion_Year_Stellar_Dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/A_Ten_Billion_Year_Stellar_Dance.jpg/330px-A_Ten_Billion_Year_Stellar_Dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/A_Ten_Billion_Year_Stellar_Dance.jpg/440px-A_Ten_Billion_Year_Stellar_Dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4083" data-file-height="4188" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Messier_68" title="Messier 68">Messier 68</a>, a loose <a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster" title="Globular cluster">globular cluster</a> whose constituent stars span a volume of space more than a hundred light-years across</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2005, astronomers discovered a new type of star cluster in the Andromeda Galaxy, which is, in several ways, very similar to globular clusters although less dense. No such clusters (which also known as <i>extended globular clusters</i>) are known in the Milky Way. The three discovered in <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy" title="Andromeda Galaxy">Andromeda Galaxy</a> are <a href="/w/index.php?title=M31WFS_C1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M31WFS C1 (page does not exist)">M31WFS C1</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=M31WFS_C2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M31WFS C2 (page does not exist)">M31WFS C2</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=M31WFS_C3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M31WFS C3 (page does not exist)">M31WFS C3</a>. </p><p>These new-found star clusters contain hundreds of thousands of stars, a similar number to globular clusters. The clusters also share other characteristics with globular clusters, <i>e.g.</i> the stellar populations and metallicity. What distinguishes them from the globular clusters is that they are much larger – several hundred light-years across – and hundreds of times less dense. The distances between the stars are thus much greater. The clusters have properties intermediate between globular clusters and <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_spheroidal_galaxy" title="Dwarf spheroidal galaxy">dwarf spheroidal galaxies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-extended_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extended-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>How these clusters are formed is not yet known, but their formation might well be related to that of globular clusters. Why M31 has such clusters, while the Milky Way has not, is not yet known. It is also unknown if any other galaxy contains this kind of clusters, but it would be very unlikely that M31 is the sole galaxy with extended clusters.<sup id="cite_ref-extended_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extended-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another type of cluster are <i>faint fuzzies</i> which so far have only been found in <a href="/wiki/Lenticular_galaxy" title="Lenticular galaxy">lenticular galaxies</a> like <a href="/wiki/NGC_1023" title="NGC 1023">NGC 1023</a> and <a href="/wiki/NGC_3384" title="NGC 3384">NGC 3384</a>. They are characterized by their large size compared to globular clusters and a ringlike distribution around the centres of their host galaxies. As the latter they seem to be old objects.<sup id="cite_ref-faintfuzzies_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faintfuzzies-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Astronomical_significance">Astronomical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_cluster&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Astronomical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Star_cluster" title="Special:EditPage/Star cluster">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artist%27s_impression_of_an_exoplanet_orbiting_a_star_in_the_cluster_Messier_67.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Artist%27s_impression_of_an_exoplanet_orbiting_a_star_in_the_cluster_Messier_67.jpg/220px-Artist%27s_impression_of_an_exoplanet_orbiting_a_star_in_the_cluster_Messier_67.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Artist%27s_impression_of_an_exoplanet_orbiting_a_star_in_the_cluster_Messier_67.jpg/330px-Artist%27s_impression_of_an_exoplanet_orbiting_a_star_in_the_cluster_Messier_67.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Artist%27s_impression_of_an_exoplanet_orbiting_a_star_in_the_cluster_Messier_67.jpg/440px-Artist%27s_impression_of_an_exoplanet_orbiting_a_star_in_the_cluster_Messier_67.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3985" data-file-height="2491" /></a><figcaption>Artist's impression of an exoplanet orbiting a star in the cluster <a href="/wiki/Messier_67" title="Messier 67">Messier 67</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>Star clusters are important in many areas of astronomy. The reason behind this is that almost all the stars in old clusters were born at roughly the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various properties of all the stars in a cluster are a function only of mass, and so stellar evolution theories rely on observations of open and globular clusters. This is primarily true for old globular clusters. In the case of young (age < 1Gyr) and intermediate-age (1 < age < 5 Gyr), factors such as age, mass, chemical compositions may also play vital roles.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on their ages, star clusters can reveal a lot of information about their host galaxies. For example, star clusters residing in the Magellanic Clouds can provide essential information about the formation of the Magellanic Clouds dwarf galaxies. This, in turn, can help us understand many astrophysical processes happening in our own Milky Way Galaxy. These clusters, especially the young ones can explain the star formation process that might have happened in our Milky Way Galaxy. </p><p>Clusters are also a crucial step in determining the <a href="/wiki/Distance_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Distance ladder">distance scale of the universe</a>. A few of the nearest clusters are close enough for their distances to be measured using <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</a> can be plotted for these clusters which has absolute values known on the <a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">luminosity</a> axis. Then, when similar diagram is plotted for a cluster whose distance is not known, the position of the <a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">main sequence</a> can be compared to that of the first cluster and the distance estimated. This process is known as main-sequence fitting. <a href="/wiki/Extinction_(astronomy)" title="Extinction (astronomy)">Reddening</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stellar_population" title="Stellar population">stellar populations</a> must be accounted for when using this method. </p><p>Nearly all stars in the Galactic field, including the Sun, were initially born in regions with embedded clusters that disintegrated. This means that properties of stars and planetary systems may have been affected by early clustered environments. This appears to be the case for our own <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, in which chemical abundances point to the effects of a supernova from a nearby star early in our Solar System's history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Star_cloud">Star cloud</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_cluster&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Star cloud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scutum_Star_Cloud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Scutum_Star_Cloud.jpg/220px-Scutum_Star_Cloud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Scutum_Star_Cloud.jpg/330px-Scutum_Star_Cloud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Scutum_Star_Cloud.jpg/440px-Scutum_Star_Cloud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4713" data-file-height="3149" /></a><figcaption>Scutum Star Cloud with <a href="/wiki/Open_cluster" title="Open cluster">open cluster</a> <a href="/wiki/Messier_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Messier 11">Messier 11</a> at lower left</figcaption></figure> <p>Technically not star clusters, star clouds are large groups of many stars within a <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxy</a>, spread over very many light-years of space. Often they contain star clusters within them. The stars appear closely packed, but are not usually part of any structure.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>, star clouds show through gaps between dust clouds of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_(astronomy)" title="Great Rift (astronomy)">Great Rift</a>, allowing deeper views along our particular line of sight.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Star clouds have also been identified in other nearby galaxies.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of star clouds include the <a href="/wiki/Large_Sagittarius_Star_Cloud" title="Large Sagittarius Star Cloud">Large Sagittarius Star Cloud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Small_Sagittarius_Star_Cloud" title="Small Sagittarius Star Cloud">Small Sagittarius Star Cloud</a>, Scutum Star Cloud, Cygnus Star Cloud, Norma Star Cloud, and <a href="/wiki/NGC_206" title="NGC 206">NGC 206</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy" title="Andromeda Galaxy">Andromeda Galaxy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_cluster&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1979, the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a>'s 17th general assembly recommended that newly discovered star clusters, open or globular, within the Galaxy have designations following the convention "Chhmm±ddd", always beginning with the prefix <i>C</i>, where <i>h</i>, <i>m</i>, and <i>d</i> represent the approximate coordinates of the cluster centre in hours and minutes of <a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">right ascension</a>, and degrees of <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">declination</a>, respectively, with leading zeros. The designation, once assigned, is not to change, even if subsequent measurements improve on the location of the cluster centre.<sup id="cite_ref-IAU_17GA_1979_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAU_17GA_1979-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first of such designations were assigned by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gosta_Lynga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gosta Lynga (page does not exist)">Gosta Lynga</a> in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynga_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynga-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-simbad_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simbad-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_cluster&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Star_cluster" class="extiw" title="commons:Star cluster"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Star cluster</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Star_clusters" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Star clusters">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypercompact_stellar_system" title="Hypercompact stellar system">Hypercompact stellar system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robust_associations_of_massive_baryonic_objects" title="Robust associations of massive baryonic objects">Robust associations of massive baryonic objects (RAMBOs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_flyby" title="Stellar flyby">Stellar flyby</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_cluster&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ArchinalHynes2003-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ArchinalHynes2003_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrent_A._ArchinalSteven_J._Hynes2003" class="citation book cs1">Brent A. 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Johnson, 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0412223">A new population of extended, luminous star clusters in the halo of M31</a>, A.P. Huxor et al., 2004</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0306377">HST/NICMOS Observations of the Embedded Cluster in NGC 2024: Constraints on the IMF and Binary Fraction</a>, Wilson M. Liu et al., 2003</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0002530">The Discovery of an Embedded Cluster of High-Mass Stars Near SGR 1900+14</a>, Frederick J. 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bound</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_galaxy" title="Dwarf galaxy">Dwarf galaxy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Star cluster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypercompact_stellar_system" title="Hypercompact stellar system">Hypercompact stellar system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster" title="Globular cluster">Globular cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_globular_cluster" title="Dark globular cluster">Dark globular cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_cluster" title="Open cluster">Open cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_star_clusters" title="List of most massive star clusters">List of most massive star clusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_star_clusters" title="List of largest star clusters">List of largest star clusters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercompact_stellar_system" title="Hypercompact stellar system">Hypercompact stellar system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_system" title="Star system">Star system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">Binary star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Planetary system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unbound</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar stream">Stellar stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_association" title="Stellar association">Stellar association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_kinematics" title="Stellar kinematics">Moving group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaway_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Runaway star">Runaway star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_kinematics#Hypervelocity_stars" title="Stellar kinematics">Hypervelocity star</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visual grouping</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_star" title="Double star">Double star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple star">Multiple star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Star cloud">Star cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">Asterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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.portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row 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href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/17px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/26px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/34px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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