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class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Designations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Designations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Units_of_measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Units_of_measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Units of measurement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Units_of_measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_and_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_and_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Formation and evolution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Formation_and_evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Formation and evolution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Formation_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Star_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Star_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Star formation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Star_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_sequence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_sequence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Main sequence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_sequence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–main_sequence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–main_sequence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Post–main sequence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–main_sequence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Massive_stars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massive_stars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Massive stars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massive_stars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collapse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collapse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Collapse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collapse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Binary_stars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binary_stars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Binary stars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binary_stars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Characteristics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Characteristics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Chemical composition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diameter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diameter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Diameter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diameter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kinematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Kinematics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kinematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetic_field" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetic_field"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Magnetic field </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetic_field-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Mass </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rotation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Rotation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Temperature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Radiation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Radiation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Radiation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Radiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Luminosity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luminosity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Luminosity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luminosity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnitude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Magnitude </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnitude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variable_stars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variable_stars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Variable stars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variable_stars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_fusion_reaction_pathways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_fusion_reaction_pathways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Nuclear fusion reaction pathways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_fusion_reaction_pathways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Star</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 232 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-232" aria-hidden="true" > 232 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ster" title="Ster – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ster" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern" title="Stern – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Stern" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%8A%AE%E1%89%A5" title="ኮኮብ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኮኮብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4sni" title="Täsni – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Täsni" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="तारा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तारा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85" title="نجم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نجم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrela" title="Estrela – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Estrela" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%98%DC%9F%DC%92%DC%90" title="ܟܘܟܒܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܟܘܟܒܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steau%C3%A2" title="Steauâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Steauâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0" title="নক্ষত্ৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নক্ষত্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrella" title="Estrella – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estrella" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbyja" title="Mbyja – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mbyja" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="ЦӀва – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ЦӀва" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warawara" title="Warawara – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Warawara" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulduz" title="Ulduz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ulduz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2" title="اولدوز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اولدوز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="তারা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তারা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Bintang" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AAng-chhe%E2%81%BF" title="Hêng-chheⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hêng-chheⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lintang" title="Lintang – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Lintang" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D2%99%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Йондоҙҙар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йондоҙҙар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Зорка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зорка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Зорка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Зорка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="तारा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="तारा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitoon" title="Bitoon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bitoon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Звезда – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Звезда" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stean" title="Stean – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Stean" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%9F%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="བརྟན་སྐར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བརྟན་སྐར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvijezda" title="Zvijezda – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zvijezda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steredenn" title="Steredenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Steredenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Одон – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Одон" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estel" title="Estel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%83%D0%BB%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80" title="Çăлтăр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çăлтăр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitoon" title="Bitoon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bitoon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hv%C4%9Bzda" title="Hvězda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hvězda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyenyedzi" title="Nyenyedzi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nyenyedzi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seren" title="Seren – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Seren" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C5%8Bmariga" title="Saŋmariga – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Saŋmariga" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjerne" title="Stjerne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stjerne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A9_(%D9%81%D9%84%D9%83)" title="نجمة (فلك) – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نجمة (فلك)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1sti" title="Násti – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Násti" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern" title="Stern – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stern" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="तारा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="तारा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4ht_(astronoomia)" title="Täht (astronoomia) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Täht (astronoomia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αστέρας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αστέρας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%A8la" title="Strèla – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Strèla" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Теште – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Теште" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrella" title="Estrella – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estrella" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelo" title="Stelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrella" title="Estrella – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Estrella" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izar" title="Izar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Izar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="ستاره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ستاره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara" title="Tara – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tara" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%B8rna" title="Stjørna – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Stjørna" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89toile" title="Étoile – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Étoile" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjer" title="Stjer – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stjer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele" title="Stele – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Stele" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9alta" title="Réalta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réalta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollage" title="Rollage – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Rollage" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reul" title="Reul – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Reul" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrela_(astronom%C3%ADa)" title="Estrela (astronomía) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estrela (astronomía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0" title="Седкъа – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Седкъа" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njata" title="Njata – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Njata" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="ستاره – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ستاره" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B" title="તારો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તારો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A8n-s%C3%AAn" title="Hèn-sên – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hèn-sên" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD" title="Одн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Одн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%AD%EC%84%B1" title="항성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="항성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauraro" title="Tauraro – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tauraro" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%AB" title="Hōkū – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Hōkū" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2" title="Աստղ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աստղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="तारा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तारा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvijezda" title="Zvijezda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zvijezda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Bintang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelo" title="Stelo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stelo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpakpando" title="Kpakpando – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Kpakpando" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bituen" title="Bituen – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bituen" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bintang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella" title="Stella – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Stella" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelle" title="Stelle – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Stelle" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvlu%C4%A1iaq" title="Uvluġiaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Uvluġiaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Стъалы – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Стъалы" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkwenkwezi" title="Inkwenkwezi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Inkwenkwezi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkanyezi" title="Inkanyezi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Inkanyezi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjarna" title="Stjarna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stjarna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella" title="Stella – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stella" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91" title="כוכב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כוכב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lintang" title="Lintang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lintang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%A9%C9%A9%C5%8Ba" title="Tɩɩŋa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɩɩŋa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ನಕ್ಷತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಕ್ಷತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batuin" title="Batuin – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Batuin" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Джулдуз – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Джулдуз" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ვარსკვლავი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვარსკვლავი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8F%DA%A9" title="تارُک – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تارُک" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Жұлдыз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жұлдыз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steren" title="Steren – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Steren" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyota" title="Nyota – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nyota" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etwal" title="Etwal – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Etwal" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9tw%C3%A8l" title="Zétwèl – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Zétwèl" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%AAr" title="Stêr – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Stêr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Жылдыз – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жылдыз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%ABra" title="Stëra – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Stëra" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estreya" title="Estreya – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Estreya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella" title="Stella – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Stella" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvaigzne" title="Zvaigzne – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zvaigzne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4r" title="Stär – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Stär" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Гъед – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Гъед" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDvaig%C5%BEd%C4%97" title="Žvaigždė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žvaigždė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staar" title="Staar – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Staar" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monz%C9%94%CC%81t%C9%94_mwa_m%C9%94%CC%8Ct%C9%94" title="Monzɔ́tɔ mwa mɔ̌tɔ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Monzɔ́tɔ mwa mɔ̌tɔ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stela" title="Stela – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Stela" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%A4hti" title="Tiähti – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Tiähti" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tarci" title="tarci – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tarci" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stela" title="Stela – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Stela" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csillag" title="Csillag – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csillag" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%85%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Ѕвезда – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ѕвезда" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kintana" title="Kintana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kintana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="നക്ഷത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നക്ഷത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilla" title="Stilla – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Stilla" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whet%C5%AB" title="Whetū – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Whetū" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="तारा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तारा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="მურიცხი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მურიცხი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87" title="نجمه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نجمه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="اساره – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اساره" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bintang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A7%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯊꯧꯋꯥꯏꯃꯤꯆꯥꯛ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯊꯧꯋꯥꯏꯃꯤꯆꯥꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bintang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A2ng-s%C4%ADng" title="Diâng-sĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Diâng-sĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streilha" title="Streilha – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Streilha" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4" title="Од – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Од" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ကြယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citlalli" title="Citlalli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Citlalli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalokalo" title="Kalokalo – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kalokalo" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ster_(hemellichaam)" title="Ster (hemellichaam) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ster (hemellichaam)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steern" title="Steern – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Steern" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="तारा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तारा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81" title="नगु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नगु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" title="恒星 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="恒星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella" title="Stella – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Stella" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Седа – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Седа" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4%C3%A4r" title="Stäär – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Stäär" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sdar" title="Sdar – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Sdar" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjerne" title="Stjerne – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stjerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjerne" title="Stjerne – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stjerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ataile" title="Êtaile – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Êtaile" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele" title="Stele – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Stele" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estela" title="Estela – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estela" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urjii" title="Urjii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Urjii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulduz" title="Yulduz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yulduz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਤਾਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਾਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%27is" title="Fu'is – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Fu'is" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="تارا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تارا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="ဆာႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဆာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ستوری – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ستوری" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staar" title="Staar – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Staar" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89to%C3%A9le" title="Étoéle – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Étoéle" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A8ila" title="Stèila – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Stèila" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steern_(Astronomie)" title="Steern (Astronomie) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Steern (Astronomie)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwiazda" title="Gwiazda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gwiazda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrela" title="Estrela – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estrela" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juld%C4%B1z" title="Juldız – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Juldız" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steern" title="Steern – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Steern" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stea" title="Stea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chexay" title="Chexay – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Chexay" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quyllur" title="Quyllur – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Quyllur" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Звізда – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Звізда" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Звезда – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Звезда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Сулус – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сулус" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="तारा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तारा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱤᱯᱤᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱯᱤᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isteddu" title="Isteddu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Isteddu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starn" title="Starn – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Starn" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pngerah" title="Pngerah – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Pngerah" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiern" title="Stiern – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Stiern" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ylli" title="Ylli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ylli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stidda" title="Stidda – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Stidda" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94" title="තරු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තරු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star" title="Star – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Star" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88" title="تارو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تارو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hviezda" title="Hviezda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hviezda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvezda" title="Zvezda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zvezda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%99%82%D0%B2%D1%A3%EA%99%81%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Ꙃвѣꙁда – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Ꙃвѣꙁда" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwi%C5%8Fzda" title="Gwiŏzda – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Gwiŏzda" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xidig" title="Xidig – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xidig" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%95" title="ئەستێرە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەستێرە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Звезда – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Звезда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvijezda" title="Zvijezda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zvijezda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ntang" title="Béntang – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Béntang" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4hti" title="Tähti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tähti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%A4rna" title="Stjärna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stjärna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bituin" title="Bituin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bituin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="விண்மீன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விண்மீன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itri" title="Itri – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Itri" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Йолдыз – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Йолдыз" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/bzngah" title="bzngah – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="bzngah" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82_(%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B3_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82)" title="నక్షత్రం (ఖగోళ శాస్త్రం) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నక్షత్రం (ఖగోళ శాస్త్రం)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C" title="ดาวฤกษ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวฤกษ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ситора – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ситора" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%83%E1%8F%88%E1%8F%8F" title="ᏃᏈᏏ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏃᏈᏏ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotohke" title="Hotohke – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Hotohke" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z" title="Yıldız – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yıldız" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Dyldyz" title="Ýyldyz – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ýyldyz" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nsoroma" title="Nsoroma – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Nsoroma" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1ta%CC%B1ngwat" title="A̱ta̱ngwat – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱ta̱ngwat" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Кизили – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кизили" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F" title="Зоря – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зоря" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81" title="ستارہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ستارہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndaundeiq" title="Ndaundeiq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ndaundeiq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9%C5%82a" title="Stéła – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Stéła" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4htaz" title="Tähtaz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Tähtaz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao" title="Sao – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sao" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stel" title="Stel – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Stel" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taivat%C3%A4ht" title="Taivatäht – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Taivatäht" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitoele" title="Sitoele – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sitoele" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" title="恆星 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="恆星" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterre_(astronomie)" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Large self-illuminated object in space</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the astronomical object. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Star_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Star (disambiguation)">Star (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stars_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Stars (disambiguation)">Stars (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:230px;max-width:230px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:228px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sun_in_white_light.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/The_Sun_in_white_light.jpg/228px-The_Sun_in_white_light.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/The_Sun_in_white_light.jpg/342px-The_Sun_in_white_light.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/The_Sun_in_white_light.jpg/456px-The_Sun_in_white_light.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3379" data-file-height="3379" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Image of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, a <a href="/wiki/G-type_main-sequence_star" title="G-type main-sequence star">G-type main-sequence star</a>, the closest to Earth</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:230px;max-width:230px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:145px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Starsinthesky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Starsinthesky.jpg/228px-Starsinthesky.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Starsinthesky.jpg/342px-Starsinthesky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Starsinthesky.jpg/456px-Starsinthesky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3877" data-file-height="2482" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Star_formation#Stellar_nurseries" title="Star formation">star-forming</a> region in the <a href="/wiki/Large_Magellanic_Cloud" title="Large Magellanic Cloud">Large Magellanic Cloud</a></div></div></div></div></div> A star is a luminous <a href="/wiki/Spheroid" title="Spheroid">spheroid</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> held together by <a href="/wiki/Self-gravitation" title="Self-gravitation">self-gravity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_stars_and_brown_dwarfs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs">nearest star</a> to Earth is the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>. Many other stars are visible to the naked eye at <a href="/wiki/Night_sky" title="Night sky">night</a>; their immense distances from Earth make them appear as <a href="/wiki/Fixed_stars" title="Fixed stars">fixed</a> points of light. The most prominent stars have been categorised into <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">asterisms</a>, and many of the brightest stars have <a href="/wiki/Proper_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper name">proper names</a>. <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">Astronomers</a> have assembled <a href="/wiki/Star_catalogue" title="Star catalogue">star catalogues</a> that identify the known stars and provide standardized <a href="/wiki/Stellar_designation" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar designation">stellar designations</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">observable universe</a> contains an estimated 1022 to 1024 stars. Only about 4,000 of these stars are visible to the naked eye—all within the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> A star's life <a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">begins</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">gravitational collapse</a> of a gaseous <a href="/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula">nebula</a> of material largely comprising <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, helium, and trace heavier elements. Its <a href="/wiki/Stellar_mass" title="Stellar mass">total mass</a> mainly determines its <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">evolution</a> and eventual fate. A star shines for <a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">most of its active life</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermonuclear fusion">thermonuclear fusion</a> of hydrogen into <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> in its core. This process releases energy that traverses the star's interior and <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiates</a> into <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>. At the end of a star's lifetime as a <a href="/wiki/Fusor_(astronomy)" title="Fusor (astronomy)">fusor</a>, its core becomes a <a href="/wiki/Stellar_remnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar remnant">stellar remnant</a>: a <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron star</a>, or—if it is sufficiently massive—a <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">Stellar nucleosynthesis</a> in stars or their remnants creates almost all naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> heavier than <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stellar_mass_loss" title="Stellar mass loss">Stellar mass loss</a> or <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a> explosions return chemically enriched material to the <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a>. These elements are then recycled into new stars. Astronomers can determine stellar properties—including mass, age, <a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">metallicity</a> (chemical composition), <a href="/wiki/Variable_star" title="Variable star">variability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distance_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Distance (astronomy)">distance</a>, and motion through <a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">space</a>—by carrying out observations of a star's <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">apparent brightness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_spectroscopy" title="Astronomical spectroscopy">spectrum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astrometry" title="Astrometry">changes in its position in the sky</a> over time. Stars can form orbital systems with other astronomical objects, as in <a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">planetary systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Star_system" title="Star system">star systems</a> with <a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">two</a> or <a href="/wiki/Star_system#Multiple_star_systems" title="Star system">more</a> stars. When two such stars orbit closely, their gravitational interaction can significantly impact their evolution. Stars can form part of a much larger gravitationally bound structure, such as a <a href="/wiki/Star_cluster" title="Star cluster">star cluster</a> or a galaxy. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The word "star" ultimately derives from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> root "h₂stḗr" also meaning star, but further analyzable as h₂eh₁s- ("to burn", also the source of the word "ash") + -tēr (agentive suffix). Compare <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> stella, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> aster, German Stern. Some scholars[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] believe the word is a borrowing from <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> "<a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">istar</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>). "Star" is cognate (shares the same root) with the following words: <a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">asterisk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/astral" class="extiw" title="wikt:astral">astral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observation_history">Observation history</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Stars_in_astrology" title="Stars in astrology">Stars in astrology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dibuix_de_Leo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dibuix_de_Leo.png/220px-Dibuix_de_Leo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dibuix_de_Leo.png/330px-Dibuix_de_Leo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Dibuix_de_Leo.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption>People have interpreted patterns and images in the stars since ancient times.<a href="#cite_note-forbes-4">[4]</a> This 1690 depiction of the constellation of <a href="/wiki/Leo_(constellation)" title="Leo (constellation)">Leo</a>, the lion, is by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hevelius" title="Johannes Hevelius">Johannes Hevelius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></figcaption></figure> Historically, stars have been important to <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilizations</a> throughout the world. They have been part of religious practices, <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> rituals, <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">mythology</a>, used for <a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">celestial navigation</a> and orientation, to mark the passage of seasons, and to define calendars. Early astronomers recognized a difference between "<a href="/wiki/Fixed_stars" title="Fixed stars">fixed stars</a>", whose position on the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_sphere" title="Celestial sphere">celestial sphere</a> does not change, and "wandering stars" (<a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a>), which move noticeably relative to the fixed stars over days or weeks.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Many ancient astronomers believed that the stars were permanently affixed to a <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavenly sphere">heavenly sphere</a> and that they were immutable. By convention, astronomers grouped prominent stars into <a href="/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">asterisms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellations</a> and used them to track the motions of the planets and the inferred position of the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-forbes-4">[4]</a> The motion of the Sun against the background stars (and the horizon) was used to create <a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">calendars</a>, which could be used to regulate agricultural practices.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>, currently used nearly everywhere in the world, is a solar calendar based on the angle of the Earth's rotational axis relative to its local star, the Sun. The oldest accurately dated <a href="/wiki/Star_chart" title="Star chart">star chart</a> was the result of ancient <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Egyptian astronomy</a> in 1534 BC.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_star_catalogues" title="Babylonian star catalogues">earliest known star catalogues</a> were compiled by the ancient <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> in the late 2nd millennium BC, during the <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite Period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1531 BC – c. 1155 BC).<a href="#cite_note-north_1995_30_31-9">[9]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Alternative text" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Stars in the night sky</figcaption></figure> The first <a href="/wiki/Star_catalogue" title="Star catalogue">star catalogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Greek astronomy</a> was created by <a href="/wiki/Aristillus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristillus">Aristillus</a> in approximately 300 BC, with the help of <a href="/wiki/Timocharis" title="Timocharis">Timocharis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The star catalog of <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a> (2nd century BC) included 1,020 stars, and was used to assemble <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s star catalogue.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Hipparchus is known for the discovery of the first recorded <a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">nova</a> (new star).<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Many of the constellations and star names in use today derive from Greek astronomy. Despite the apparent immutability of the heavens, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_astronomy" title="Chinese astronomy">Chinese astronomers</a> were aware that new stars could appear.<a href="#cite_note-clark-13">[13]</a> In 185 AD, they were the first to observe and write about a <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a>, now known as <a href="/wiki/SN_185" title="SN 185">SN 185</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The brightest stellar event in recorded history was the <a href="/wiki/SN_1006" title="SN 1006">SN 1006</a> supernova, which was observed in 1006 and written about by the Egyptian astronomer <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Ridwan" title="Ali ibn Ridwan">Ali ibn Ridwan</a> and several Chinese astronomers.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/SN_1054" title="SN 1054">SN 1054</a> supernova, which gave birth to the <a href="/wiki/Crab_Nebula" title="Crab Nebula">Crab Nebula</a>, was also observed by Chinese and Islamic astronomers.<a href="#cite_note-SN1054-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-PASP1942-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic astronomers</a> gave <a href="/wiki/List_of_Arabic_star_names" title="List of Arabic star names">Arabic names to many stars</a> that are still used today and they invented numerous <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam#Instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy in medieval Islam">astronomical instruments</a> that could compute the positions of the stars. They built the first large <a href="/wiki/Observatory" title="Observatory">observatory</a> research institutes, mainly to produce <a href="/wiki/Zij" title="Zij">Zij</a> star catalogues.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Among these, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Fixed_Stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Fixed Stars">Book of Fixed Stars</a> (964) was written by the <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> astronomer <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Sufi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi">Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi</a>, who observed a number of stars, <a href="/wiki/Star_cluster" title="Star cluster">star clusters</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Omicron_Velorum" title="Omicron Velorum">Omicron Velorum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brocchi%27s_Cluster" title="Brocchi's Cluster">Brocchi's Clusters</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxies</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy" title="Andromeda Galaxy">Andromeda Galaxy</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Jones-20">[20]</a> According to A. Zahoor, in the 11th century, the Persian <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Abu_Rayhan_Biruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Rayhan Biruni">Abu Rayhan Biruni</a> described the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> galaxy as a multitude of fragments having the properties of <a href="/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula">nebulous</a> stars, and gave the <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitudes</a> of various stars during a <a href="/wiki/Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">lunar eclipse</a> in 1019.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> According to Josep Puig, the <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Andalusian</a> astronomer <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Bajjah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Bajjah">Ibn Bajjah</a> proposed that the Milky Way was made up of many stars that almost touched one another and appeared to be a continuous image due to the effect of <a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refraction</a> from sublunary material, citing his observation of the <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(astronomy_and_astrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjunction (astronomy and astrology)">conjunction</a> of Jupiter and Mars on 500 <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">AH</a> (1106/1107 AD) as evidence.<a href="#cite_note-Montada-22">[22]</a> Early European astronomers such as <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a> identified new stars in the <a href="/wiki/Night_sky" title="Night sky">night sky</a> (later termed novae), suggesting that the heavens were not immutable. In 1584, <a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a> suggested that the stars were like the Sun, and may have <a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrasolar planet">other planets</a>, possibly even Earth-like, in orbit around them,<a href="#cite_note-he_history-23">[23]</a> an idea that had been suggested earlier by the ancient <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek philosophers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> and by medieval <a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Islamic cosmologists</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Setia-26">[26]</a> By the following century, the idea of the stars being the same as the Sun was reaching a consensus among astronomers. To explain why these stars exerted no net gravitational pull on the Solar System, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> suggested that the stars were equally distributed in every direction, an idea prompted by the theologian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bentley" title="Richard Bentley">Richard Bentley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The Italian astronomer <a href="/wiki/Geminiano_Montanari" title="Geminiano Montanari">Geminiano Montanari</a> recorded observing variations in luminosity of the star <a href="/wiki/Algol" title="Algol">Algol</a> in 1667. <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a> published the first measurements of the <a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">proper motion</a> of a pair of nearby "fixed" stars, demonstrating that they had changed positions since the time of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> astronomers Ptolemy and Hipparchus.<a href="#cite_note-he_history-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> was the first astronomer to attempt to determine the distribution of stars in the sky. During the 1780s, he established a series of gauges in 600 directions and counted the stars observed along each line of sight. From this, he deduced that the number of stars steadily increased toward one side of the sky, in the direction of the Milky Way <a href="/wiki/Galactic_Center" title="Galactic Center">core</a>. His son <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a> repeated this study in the southern hemisphere and found a corresponding increase in the same direction.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In addition to his other accomplishments, William Herschel is noted for his discovery that some stars do not merely lie along the same line of sight, but are physical companions that form binary star systems.<a href="#cite_note-Magill1992-29">[29]</a> The science of <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_spectroscopy" title="Astronomical spectroscopy">stellar spectroscopy</a> was pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Fraunhofer" title="Joseph von Fraunhofer">Joseph von Fraunhofer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Secchi" title="Angelo Secchi">Angelo Secchi</a>. By comparing the spectra of stars such as <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a> to the Sun, they found differences in the strength and number of their <a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">absorption lines</a>—the dark lines in stellar spectra caused by the atmosphere's absorption of specific frequencies. In 1865, Secchi began classifying stars into <a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">spectral types</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The modern version of the stellar classification scheme was developed by <a href="/wiki/Annie_Jump_Cannon" title="Annie Jump Cannon">Annie J. Cannon</a> during the early 1900s.<a href="#cite_note-HubenyMihalas2014-31">[31]</a> The first direct measurement of the distance to a star (<a href="/wiki/61_Cygni" title="61 Cygni">61 Cygni</a> at 11.4 <a href="/wiki/Light-years" class="mw-redirect" title="Light-years">light-years</a>) was made in 1838 by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Bessel">Friedrich Bessel</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a> technique. Parallax measurements demonstrated the vast separation of the stars in the heavens.<a href="#cite_note-he_history-23">[23]</a> Observation of double stars gained increasing importance during the 19th century. In 1834, Friedrich Bessel observed changes in the proper motion of the star Sirius and inferred a hidden companion. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering">Edward Pickering</a> discovered the first <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopic_binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectroscopic binary">spectroscopic binary</a> in 1899 when he observed the periodic splitting of the spectral lines of the star <a href="/wiki/Mizar_(star)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizar (star)">Mizar</a> in a 104-day period. Detailed observations of many binary star systems were collected by astronomers such as <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_Wilhelm_von_Struve" title="Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve">Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sherburne_Wesley_Burnham" title="Sherburne Wesley Burnham">S. W. Burnham</a>, allowing the masses of stars to be determined from computation of <a href="/wiki/Orbital_elements" title="Orbital elements">orbital elements</a>. The first solution to the problem of deriving an orbit of binary stars from telescope observations was made by Felix Savary in 1827.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The twentieth century saw increasingly rapid advances in the scientific study of stars. The photograph became a valuable astronomical tool. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Schwarzschild" title="Karl Schwarzschild">Karl Schwarzschild</a> discovered that the color of a star and, hence, its temperature, could be determined by comparing the <a href="/wiki/Visual_magnitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual magnitude">visual magnitude</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Photographic_magnitude" title="Photographic magnitude">photographic magnitude</a>. The development of the <a href="/wiki/Photoelectric_effect" title="Photoelectric effect">photoelectric</a> <a href="/wiki/Photometer" title="Photometer">photometer</a> allowed precise measurements of magnitude at multiple wavelength intervals. In 1921 <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> made the first measurements of a stellar diameter using an <a href="/wiki/Interferometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferometer">interferometer</a> on the <a href="/wiki/100-inch_Hooker_telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="100-inch Hooker telescope">Hooker telescope</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Wilson_Observatory" title="Mount Wilson Observatory">Mount Wilson Observatory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Important theoretical work on the physical structure of stars occurred during the first decades of the twentieth century. In 1913, the <a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung-Russell_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Hertzsprung-Russell diagram">Hertzsprung-Russell diagram</a> was developed, propelling the astrophysical study of stars. Successful <a href="/wiki/Stellar_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar model">models</a> were developed to explain the interiors of stars and stellar evolution. <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Payne-Gaposchkin" title="Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin">Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin</a> first proposed that stars were made primarily of hydrogen and helium in her 1925 PhD thesis.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The spectra of stars were further understood through advances in <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum physics</a>. This allowed the chemical composition of the stellar atmosphere to be determined.<a href="#cite_note-new_cosmos-35">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milky_Way_IR_Spitzer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Milky_Way_IR_Spitzer.jpg/220px-Milky_Way_IR_Spitzer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Milky_Way_IR_Spitzer.jpg/330px-Milky_Way_IR_Spitzer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Milky_Way_IR_Spitzer.jpg/440px-Milky_Way_IR_Spitzer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3501" data-file-height="2525" /></a><figcaption>Infrared image from NASA's <a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a> showing hundreds of thousands of stars in the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> galaxy</figcaption></figure> With the exception of rare events such as supernovae and <a href="/wiki/Supernova_impostor" title="Supernova impostor">supernova impostors</a>, individual stars have primarily been observed in the <a href="/wiki/Local_Group" title="Local Group">Local Group</a>,<a href="#cite_note-gordon2016-36">[36]</a> and especially in the visible part of the Milky Way (as demonstrated by the detailed star catalogues available for the Milky Way galaxy) and its satellites.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Individual stars such as Cepheid variables have been observed in the <a href="/wiki/Messier_87" title="Messier 87">M87</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Messier_100" title="Messier 100">M100</a> galaxies of the <a href="/wiki/Virgo_Cluster" title="Virgo Cluster">Virgo Cluster</a>,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> as well as luminous stars in some other relatively nearby galaxies.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> With the aid of <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_lensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational lensing">gravitational lensing</a>, a single star (named <a href="/wiki/Icarus_(star)" class="mw-redirect" title="Icarus (star)">Icarus</a>) has been observed at 9 billion light-years away.<a href="#cite_note-NA-20180402-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-SPC-20180402-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Designations">Designations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Stellar_designation" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar designation">Stellar designation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_naming_conventions" title="Astronomical naming conventions">Astronomical naming conventions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Star_catalogue" title="Star catalogue">Star catalogue</a></div> The concept of a constellation was known to exist during the <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylonian</a> period. Ancient sky watchers imagined that prominent arrangements of stars formed patterns, and they associated these with particular aspects of nature or their myths. Twelve of these formations lay along the band of the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a> and these became the basis of <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-koch95-43">[43]</a> Many of the more prominent individual stars were given names, particularly with <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> designations. As well as certain constellations and the Sun itself, individual stars have their own <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">myths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mythology-44">[44]</a> To the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greeks</a>, some "stars", known as <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a> (Greek πλανήτης (planētēs), meaning "wanderer"), represented various important deities, from which the names of the planets <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> were taken.<a href="#cite_note-mythology-44">[44]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> were <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman gods</a>, but neither planet was known in Antiquity because of their low brightness. Their names were assigned by later astronomers.) Circa 1600, the names of the constellations were used to name the stars in the corresponding regions of the sky. The German astronomer <a href="/wiki/Johann_Bayer" title="Johann Bayer">Johann Bayer</a> created a series of star maps and applied Greek letters as <a href="/wiki/Bayer_designation" title="Bayer designation">designations</a> to the stars in each constellation. Later a numbering system based on the star's <a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">right ascension</a> was invented and added to <a href="/wiki/John_Flamsteed" title="John Flamsteed">John Flamsteed</a>'s star catalogue in his book "Historia coelestis Britannica" (the 1712 edition), whereby this numbering system came to be called <a href="/wiki/Flamsteed_designation" title="Flamsteed designation">Flamsteed designation</a> or Flamsteed numbering.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The internationally recognized authority for naming celestial bodies is the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> (IAU).<a href="#cite_note-space_law09-47">[47]</a> The International Astronomical Union maintains the <a href="/wiki/IAU_Working_Group_on_Star_Names" title="IAU Working Group on Star Names">Working Group on Star Names</a> (WGSN)<a href="#cite_note-WGSN-48">[48]</a> which catalogs and standardizes proper names for stars.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> A number of private companies sell names of stars which are not recognized by the IAU, professional astronomers, or the amateur astronomy community.<a href="#cite_note-andersen10-50">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> calls this an <a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">unregulated</a> <a href="/wiki/Commercial_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial enterprise">commercial enterprise</a>,<a href="#cite_note-astrometry05-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-bl_disclaimer-52">[52]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Consumer_and_Worker_Protection" title="New York City Department of Consumer and Worker Protection">New York City Department of Consumer and Worker Protection</a> issued a violation against one such star-naming company for engaging in a deceptive trade practice.<a href="#cite_note-pliat02-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-sclafani19980508-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Units_of_measurement">Units of measurement</h2></div> Although stellar parameters can be expressed in <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI units</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gaussian_units" title="Gaussian units">Gaussian units</a>, it is often most convenient to express <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">luminosity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radius" title="Radius">radii</a> in solar units, based on the characteristics of the Sun. In 2015, the IAU defined a set of nominal solar values (defined as SI constants, without uncertainties) which can be used for quoting stellar parameters: <dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Solar_luminosity" title="Solar luminosity">nominal solar luminosity</a> </td> <td><var>L</var>☉ = 3.828×1026 W <a href="#cite_note-Prsa16-55">[55]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Solar_radius" title="Solar radius">nominal solar radius</a> </td> <td><var>R</var>☉ = 6.957×108 m <a href="#cite_note-Prsa16-55">[55]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> The <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass">solar mass</a> <var>M</var>☉ was not explicitly defined by the IAU due to the large relative uncertainty (10−4) of the <a href="/wiki/Newtonian_constant_of_gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Newtonian constant of gravitation">Newtonian constant of gravitation</a> G. Since the product of the Newtonian constant of gravitation and solar mass together (G<var>M</var>☉) has been determined to much greater precision, the IAU defined the nominal solar mass parameter to be: <dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <td>nominal solar mass parameter: </td> <td>G<var>M</var>☉ = 1.3271244×1020 m3/s2 <a href="#cite_note-Prsa16-55">[55]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> The nominal solar mass parameter can be combined with the most recent (2014) CODATA estimate of the Newtonian constant of gravitation G to derive the solar mass to be approximately 1.9885×1030 kg. Although the exact values for the luminosity, radius, mass parameter, and mass may vary slightly in the future due to observational uncertainties, the 2015 IAU nominal constants will remain the same SI values as they remain useful measures for quoting stellar parameters. Large lengths, such as the radius of a giant star or the <a href="/wiki/Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes" title="Semi-major and semi-minor axes">semi-major axis</a> of a binary star system, are often expressed in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical unit</a>—approximately equal to the mean distance between the Earth and the Sun (150 million km or approximately 93 million miles). In 2012, the IAU defined the <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_constant" title="Astronomical constant">astronomical constant</a> to be an exact length in meters: 149,597,870,700 m.<a href="#cite_note-Prsa16-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_and_evolution">Formation and evolution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">Stellar evolution</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:340px;max-width:340px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_life_cycles_red_dwarf_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Star_life_cycles_red_dwarf_en.svg/338px-Star_life_cycles_red_dwarf_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="338" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Star_life_cycles_red_dwarf_en.svg/507px-Star_life_cycles_red_dwarf_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Star_life_cycles_red_dwarf_en.svg/676px-Star_life_cycles_red_dwarf_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="288" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Stellar evolution of low-mass (left cycle) and high-mass (right cycle) stars, with examples in italics</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:340px;max-width:340px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Comparison_of_Star_Sizes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/A_Comparison_of_Star_Sizes.jpg/338px-A_Comparison_of_Star_Sizes.jpg" decoding="async" width="338" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/A_Comparison_of_Star_Sizes.jpg/507px-A_Comparison_of_Star_Sizes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/A_Comparison_of_Star_Sizes.jpg/676px-A_Comparison_of_Star_Sizes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Size comparison (radius and mass) of a <a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarf</a>, the Sun, a supermassive <a href="/wiki/Blue_supergiant" title="Blue supergiant">blue supergiant</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giant</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> Stars condense from regions of <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">space</a> of higher matter density, yet those regions are less dense than within a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_chamber" title="Vacuum chamber">vacuum chamber</a>. These regions—known as <a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">molecular clouds</a>—consist mostly of hydrogen, with about 23 to 28 percent helium and a few percent heavier elements. One example of such a star-forming region is the <a href="/wiki/Orion_Nebula" title="Orion Nebula">Orion Nebula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Most stars form in groups of dozens to hundreds of thousands of stars.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/O-type_star" title="O-type star">Massive stars</a> in these groups may powerfully illuminate those clouds, <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ionizing</a> the hydrogen, and creating <a href="/wiki/H_II_region" title="H II region">H II regions</a>. Such feedback effects, from star formation, may ultimately disrupt the cloud and prevent further star formation.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> All stars spend the majority of their existence as <a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">main sequence</a> stars, fueled primarily by the nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium within their cores. However, stars of different masses have markedly different properties at various stages of their development. The ultimate fate of more massive stars differs from that of less massive stars, as do their luminosities and the impact they have on their environment. Accordingly, astronomers often group stars by their mass:<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <ul><li>Very low mass stars, with masses below 0.5 <var>M</var>☉, are fully convective and distribute <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> evenly throughout the whole star while on the main sequence. Therefore, they never undergo shell burning and never become <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giants</a>. After exhausting their hydrogen they become <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf#Stars_with_very_low_mass" title="White dwarf">helium white dwarfs</a> and slowly cool.<a href="#cite_note-adams-60">[60]</a> As the lifetime of 0.5 <var>M</var>☉ stars is longer than the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe">age of the universe</a>, no such star has yet reached the white dwarf stage.</li> <li>Low mass stars (including the Sun), with a mass between 0.5 <var>M</var>☉ and ~2.25 <var>M</var>☉ depending on composition, do become red giants as their core hydrogen is depleted and they begin to burn helium in core in a <a href="/wiki/Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">helium flash</a>; they develop a degenerate carbon-oxygen core later on the <a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch" title="Asymptotic giant branch">asymptotic giant branch</a>; they finally blow off their outer shell as a <a href="/wiki/Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">planetary nebula</a> and leave behind their core in the form of a white dwarf.<a href="#cite_note-Kolb2014-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bisnovatyi-Kogan2013-62">[62]</a></li> <li>Intermediate-mass stars, between ~2.25 <var>M</var>☉ and ~8 <var>M</var>☉, pass through evolutionary stages similar to low mass stars, but after a relatively short period on the <a href="/wiki/Red-giant_branch" title="Red-giant branch">red-giant branch</a> they ignite helium without a flash and spend an extended period in the <a href="/wiki/Red_clump" title="Red clump">red clump</a> before forming a degenerate carbon-oxygen core.<a href="#cite_note-Kolb2014-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bisnovatyi-Kogan2013-62">[62]</a></li> <li>Massive stars generally have a minimum mass of ~8 <var>M</var>☉.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> After exhausting the hydrogen at the core these stars become <a href="/wiki/Supergiant" title="Supergiant">supergiants</a> and go on to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">fuse</a> elements heavier than helium. Many end their lives when their cores collapse and they explode as supernovae.<a href="#cite_note-Kolb2014-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Star_formation">Star formation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Star formation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:230px;max-width:230px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:171px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Witness_the_Birth_of_a_Star.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Witness_the_Birth_of_a_Star.jpg/228px-Witness_the_Birth_of_a_Star.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Witness_the_Birth_of_a_Star.jpg/342px-Witness_the_Birth_of_a_Star.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Witness_the_Birth_of_a_Star.jpg/456px-Witness_the_Birth_of_a_Star.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Artist's conception of the birth of a star within a dense <a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">molecular cloud</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:230px;max-width:230px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:245px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:W40_star-forming_region.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/W40_star-forming_region.jpg/228px-W40_star-forming_region.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/W40_star-forming_region.jpg/342px-W40_star-forming_region.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/W40_star-forming_region.jpg/456px-W40_star-forming_region.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="1078" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A cluster of approximately 500 young stars lies within the nearby <a href="/wiki/Westerhout_40" title="Westerhout 40">W40</a> stellar nursery.</div></div></div></div></div> The formation of a star begins with gravitational instability within a molecular cloud, caused by regions of higher density—often triggered by compression of clouds by radiation from massive stars, expanding bubbles in the interstellar medium, the collision of different molecular clouds, or the <a href="/wiki/Interacting_galaxy" title="Interacting galaxy">collision of galaxies</a> (as in a <a href="/wiki/Starburst_galaxy" title="Starburst galaxy">starburst galaxy</a>).<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> When a region reaches a sufficient density of matter to satisfy the criteria for <a href="/wiki/Jeans_instability" title="Jeans instability">Jeans instability</a>, it begins to collapse under its own gravitational force.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> As the cloud collapses, individual conglomerations of dense dust and gas form "<a href="/wiki/Bok_globule" title="Bok globule">Bok globules</a>". As a globule collapses and the density increases, the gravitational energy converts into heat and the temperature rises. When the protostellar cloud has approximately reached the stable condition of <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_equilibrium" title="Hydrostatic equilibrium">hydrostatic equilibrium</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Protostar" title="Protostar">protostar</a> forms at the core.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> These <a href="/wiki/Pre-main-sequence_star" title="Pre-main-sequence star">pre-main-sequence stars</a> are often surrounded by a <a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">protoplanetary disk</a> and powered mainly by the conversion of gravitational energy. The period of gravitational contraction lasts about 10 million years for a star like the sun, up to 100 million years for a red dwarf.<a href="#cite_note-Hanslmeier2010-69">[69]</a> Early stars of less than 2 <var>M</var>☉ are called <a href="/wiki/T_Tauri_star" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri stars</a>, while those with greater mass are <a href="/wiki/Herbig_Ae/Be_star" title="Herbig Ae/Be star">Herbig Ae/Be stars</a>. These newly formed stars emit jets of gas along their axis of rotation, which may reduce the <a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum">angular momentum</a> of the collapsing star and result in small patches of nebulosity known as <a href="/wiki/Herbig%E2%80%93Haro_object" title="Herbig–Haro object">Herbig–Haro objects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-smith04-71">[71]</a> These jets, in combination with radiation from nearby massive stars, may help to drive away the surrounding cloud from which the star was formed.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Early in their development, T Tauri stars follow the <a href="/wiki/Hayashi_track" title="Hayashi track">Hayashi track</a>—they contract and decrease in luminosity while remaining at roughly the same temperature. Less massive T Tauri stars follow this track to the main sequence, while more massive stars turn onto the <a href="/wiki/Henyey_track" title="Henyey track">Henyey track</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Darling2004-73">[73]</a> Most stars are observed to be members of binary star systems, and the properties of those binaries are the result of the conditions in which they formed.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> A gas cloud must lose its angular momentum in order to collapse and form a star. The fragmentation of the cloud into multiple stars distributes some of that angular momentum. The primordial binaries transfer some angular momentum by gravitational interactions during close encounters with other stars in young stellar clusters. These interactions tend to split apart more widely separated (soft) binaries while causing hard binaries to become more tightly bound. This produces the separation of binaries into their two observed populations distributions.<a href="#cite_note-Padmanabhan2000-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_sequence">Main sequence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">Main sequence</a></div> Stars spend about 90% of their lifetimes fusing hydrogen into helium in high-temperature-and-pressure reactions in their cores. Such stars are said to be on the main sequence and are called dwarf stars. Starting at zero-age main sequence, the proportion of helium in a star's core will steadily increase, the rate of nuclear fusion at the core will slowly increase, as will the star's temperature and luminosity.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The Sun, for example, is estimated to have increased in luminosity by about 40% since it reached the main sequence 4.6 billion (4.6×109) years ago.<a href="#cite_note-sun_future-77">[77]</a> Every star generates a <a href="/wiki/Stellar_wind" title="Stellar wind">stellar wind</a> of particles that causes a continual outflow of gas into space. For most stars, the mass lost is negligible. The Sun loses 10−14 M☉ every year,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> or about 0.01% of its total mass over its entire lifespan. However, very massive stars can lose 10−7 to 10−5 M☉ each year, significantly affecting their evolution.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Stars that begin with more than 50 <var>M</var>☉ can lose over half their total mass while on the main sequence.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H-R_diagram_-edited-3.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/H-R_diagram_-edited-3.gif/350px-H-R_diagram_-edited-3.gif" decoding="async" width="350" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/H-R_diagram_-edited-3.gif/525px-H-R_diagram_-edited-3.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/H-R_diagram_-edited-3.gif/700px-H-R_diagram_-edited-3.gif 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="811" /></a><figcaption>An example of a <a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</a> for a set of stars that includes the Sun (center) (see <a href="#Classification">Classification</a>)</figcaption></figure> The time a star spends on the main sequence depends primarily on the amount of fuel it has and the rate at which it fuses it. The Sun is expected to live 10 billion (1010) years. Massive stars consume their fuel very rapidly and are short-lived. Low mass stars consume their fuel very slowly. Stars less massive than 0.25 <var>M</var>☉, called <a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarfs</a>, are able to fuse nearly all of their mass while stars of about 1 <var>M</var>☉ can only fuse about 10% of their mass. The combination of their slow fuel-consumption and relatively large usable fuel supply allows low mass stars to last about one trillion (10×1012) years; the most extreme of 0.08 <var>M</var>☉ will last for about 12 trillion years. Red dwarfs become <a href="/wiki/Blue_dwarf_(red-dwarf_stage)" title="Blue dwarf (red-dwarf stage)">hotter and more luminous</a> as they accumulate helium. When they eventually run out of hydrogen, they contract into a white dwarf and decline in temperature.<a href="#cite_note-adams-60">[60]</a> Since the lifespan of such stars is greater than the current age of the universe (13.8 billion years), no stars under about 0.85 <var>M</var>☉<a href="#cite_note-saomainseq-81">[81]</a> are expected to have moved off the main sequence. Besides mass, the elements heavier than helium can play a significant role in the evolution of stars. Astronomers label all elements heavier than helium "metals", and call the chemical <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentration</a> of these elements in a star, its <a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">metallicity</a>. A star's metallicity can influence the time the star takes to burn its fuel, and controls the formation of its magnetic fields,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> which affects the strength of its stellar wind.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Older, <a href="/wiki/Stellar_population" title="Stellar population">population II</a> stars have substantially less metallicity than the younger, population I stars due to the composition of the molecular clouds from which they formed. Over time, such clouds become increasingly enriched in heavier elements as older stars die and shed portions of their <a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">atmospheres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Astrophysics1984-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post–main_sequence">Post–main sequence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Subgiant" title="Subgiant">Subgiant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">Red giant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_branch" title="Horizontal branch">Horizontal branch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_clump" title="Red clump">Red clump</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch" title="Asymptotic giant branch">Asymptotic giant branch</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Betelgeuse_captured_by_ALMA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Betelgeuse_captured_by_ALMA.jpg/180px-Betelgeuse_captured_by_ALMA.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Betelgeuse_captured_by_ALMA.jpg/270px-Betelgeuse_captured_by_ALMA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Betelgeuse_captured_by_ALMA.jpg/360px-Betelgeuse_captured_by_ALMA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Betelgeuse" title="Betelgeuse">Betelgeuse</a> as seen by <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Large_Millimeter_Array" title="Atacama Large Millimeter Array">ALMA</a>. This is the first time that ALMA has observed the surface of a star and resulted in the highest-resolution image of Betelgeuse available.</figcaption></figure> As stars of at least 0.4 <var>M</var>☉<a href="#cite_note-late_stages-85">[85]</a> exhaust the supply of hydrogen at their core, they start to fuse hydrogen in a shell surrounding the helium core. The outer layers of the star expand and cool greatly as they transition into a <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giant</a>. In some cases, they will fuse heavier <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">elements</a> at the core or in shells around the core. As the stars expand, they throw part of their mass, enriched with those heavier elements, into the interstellar environment, to be recycled later as new stars.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In about 5 billion years, when the Sun enters the helium burning phase, it will expand to a maximum radius of roughly 1 astronomical unit (150 million kilometres), 250 times its present size, and lose 30% of its current mass.<a href="#cite_note-sun_future-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-sun_future_schroder-87">[87]</a> As the hydrogen-burning shell produces more helium, the core increases in mass and temperature. In a red giant of up to 2.25 <var>M</var>☉, the mass of the helium core becomes degenerate prior to <a href="/wiki/Helium_fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Helium fusion">helium fusion</a>. Finally, when the temperature increases sufficiently, core helium fusion begins explosively in what is called a <a href="/wiki/Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">helium flash</a>, and the star rapidly shrinks in radius, increases its surface temperature, and moves to the <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_branch" title="Horizontal branch">horizontal branch</a> of the HR diagram. For more massive stars, helium core fusion starts before the core becomes degenerate, and the star spends some time in the <a href="/wiki/Red_clump" title="Red clump">red clump</a>, slowly burning helium, before the outer convective envelope collapses and the star then moves to the horizontal branch.<a href="#cite_note-iben-88">[88]</a> After a star has fused the helium of its core, it begins fusing helium along a shell surrounding the hot carbon core. The star then follows an evolutionary path called the <a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch" title="Asymptotic giant branch">asymptotic giant branch</a> (AGB) that parallels the other described red-giant phase, but with a higher luminosity. The more massive AGB stars may undergo a brief period of carbon fusion before the core becomes degenerate. During the AGB phase, stars undergo <a href="/wiki/Thermal_pulse" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal pulse">thermal pulses</a> due to instabilities in the core of the star. In these thermal pulses, the luminosity of the star <a href="/wiki/Variable_star" title="Variable star">varies</a> and matter is ejected from the star's atmosphere, ultimately forming a planetary nebula. As much as 50 to 70% of a star's mass can be ejected in this <a href="/wiki/Stellar_mass_loss" title="Stellar mass loss">mass loss</a> process. Because energy transport in an AGB star is primarily by <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a>, this ejected material is enriched with the fusion products <a href="/wiki/Dredge-up" title="Dredge-up">dredged up</a> from the core. Therefore, the planetary nebula is enriched with elements like carbon and oxygen. Ultimately, the planetary nebula disperses, enriching the general interstellar medium.<a href="#cite_note-carroll_ostlie_ch13-89">[89]</a> Therefore, future generations of stars are made of the "star stuff" from past stars.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Massive_stars">Massive stars</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Supergiant star">Supergiant star</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant">Hypergiant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star" title="Wolf–Rayet star">Wolf–Rayet star</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Layers_of_an_evolved_star.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Layers_of_an_evolved_star.png/350px-Layers_of_an_evolved_star.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Layers_of_an_evolved_star.png/525px-Layers_of_an_evolved_star.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Layers_of_an_evolved_star.png/700px-Layers_of_an_evolved_star.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Onion-like layers at the core of a massive, evolved star just before core collapses</figcaption></figure> During their helium-burning phase, a star of more than 9 solar masses expands to form first a <a href="/wiki/Blue_supergiant" title="Blue supergiant">blue supergiant</a> and then a <a href="/wiki/Red_supergiant" title="Red supergiant">red supergiant</a>. Particularly massive stars (exceeding 40 solar masses, like <a href="/wiki/Alnilam" title="Alnilam">Alnilam</a>, the central blue supergiant of <a href="/wiki/Orion%27s_Belt" title="Orion's Belt">Orion's Belt</a>)<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> do not become red supergiants due to high mass loss.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> These may instead evolve to a <a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star" title="Wolf–Rayet star">Wolf–Rayet star</a>, characterised by spectra dominated by emission lines of elements heavier than hydrogen, which have reached the surface due to strong convection and intense mass loss, or from stripping of the outer layers.<a href="#cite_note-ContiLoore2012-93">[93]</a> When helium is exhausted at the core of a massive star, the core contracts and the temperature and pressure rises enough to fuse <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Carbon-burning_process" title="Carbon-burning process">Carbon-burning process</a>). This process continues, with the successive stages being fueled by <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Neon-burning_process" title="Neon-burning process">neon-burning process</a>), <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Oxygen-burning_process" title="Oxygen-burning process">oxygen-burning process</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Silicon-burning_process" title="Silicon-burning process">silicon-burning process</a>). Near the end of the star's life, fusion continues along a series of onion-layer shells within a massive star. Each shell fuses a different element, with the outermost shell fusing hydrogen; the next shell fusing helium, and so forth.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The final stage occurs when a massive star begins producing iron. Since iron nuclei are more <a href="/wiki/Binding_energy" title="Binding energy">tightly bound</a> than any heavier nuclei, any fusion beyond iron does not produce a net release of energy.<a href="#cite_note-sneden-95">[95]</a> Some massive stars, particularly <a href="/wiki/Luminous_blue_variable" title="Luminous blue variable">luminous blue variables</a>, are very unstable to the extent that they violently shed their mass into space in events <a href="/wiki/Supernova_impostor" title="Supernova impostor">supernova impostors</a>, becoming significantly brighter in the process. <a href="/wiki/Eta_Carinae" title="Eta Carinae">Eta Carinae</a> is known for having underwent a supernova impostor event, the Great Eruption, in the 19th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Collapse">Collapse</h4></div> As a star's core shrinks, the intensity of radiation from that surface increases, creating such <a href="/wiki/Radiation_pressure" title="Radiation pressure">radiation pressure</a> on the outer shell of gas that it will push those layers away, forming a planetary nebula. If what remains after the outer atmosphere has been shed is less than roughly 1.4 <var>M</var>☉, it shrinks to a relatively tiny object about the size of Earth, known as a <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a>. White dwarfs lack the mass for further gravitational compression to take place.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Electron-degenerate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron-degenerate matter">electron-degenerate matter</a> inside a white dwarf is no longer a plasma. Eventually, white dwarfs fade into <a href="/wiki/Black_dwarf" title="Black dwarf">black dwarfs</a> over a very long period of time.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crab_Nebula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/220px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/330px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/440px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Crab_Nebula" title="Crab Nebula">Crab Nebula</a>, remnants of a supernova that was first observed around 1050 AD</figcaption></figure> In massive stars, fusion continues until the iron core has grown so large (more than 1.4 <var>M</var>☉) that it can no longer support its own mass. This core will suddenly collapse as its electrons are driven into its protons, forming neutrons, <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrinos</a>, and gamma rays in a burst of <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inverse_beta_decay" title="Inverse beta decay">inverse beta decay</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Shock_wave" title="Shock wave">shockwave</a> formed by this sudden collapse causes the rest of the star to explode in a supernova. Supernovae become so bright that they may briefly outshine the star's entire home galaxy. When they occur within the Milky Way, supernovae have historically been observed by naked-eye observers as "new stars" where none seemingly existed before.<a href="#cite_note-supernova-98">[98]</a> A supernova explosion blows away the star's outer layers, leaving a <a href="/wiki/Supernova_remnant" title="Supernova remnant">remnant</a> such as the Crab Nebula.<a href="#cite_note-supernova-98">[98]</a> The core is compressed into a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron star</a>, which sometimes manifests itself as a <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsar</a> or <a href="/wiki/X-ray_burster" title="X-ray burster">X-ray burster</a>. In the case of the largest stars, the remnant is a black hole greater than 4 <var>M</var>☉.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In a neutron star the matter is in a state known as <a href="/wiki/Neutron-degenerate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron-degenerate matter">neutron-degenerate matter</a>, with a more exotic form of degenerate matter, <a href="/wiki/QCD_matter" title="QCD matter">QCD matter</a>, possibly present in the core.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The blown-off outer layers of dying stars include heavy elements, which may be recycled during the formation of new stars. These heavy elements allow the formation of rocky planets. The outflow from supernovae and the stellar wind of large stars play an important part in shaping the interstellar medium.<a href="#cite_note-supernova-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Binary_stars">Binary stars</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Binary_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary stars">Binary stars</a>' evolution may significantly differ from that of single stars of the same mass. For example, when any star expands to become a red giant, it may overflow its <a href="/wiki/Roche_lobe" title="Roche lobe">Roche lobe</a>, the surrounding region where material is gravitationally bound to it; if stars in a binary system are close enough, some of that material may overflow to the other star, yielding phenomena including <a href="/wiki/Contact_binaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Contact binaries">contact binaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_envelope" title="Common envelope">common-envelope</a> binaries, <a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_variable_star" title="Cataclysmic variable star">cataclysmic variables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_stragglers" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue stragglers">blue stragglers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Type_Ia_supernova" title="Type Ia supernova">type Ia supernovae</a>. Mass transfer leads to cases such as the <a href="/wiki/Algol_paradox" title="Algol paradox">Algol paradox</a>, where the most-evolved star in a system is the least massive.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The evolution of binary star and higher-order <a href="/wiki/Star_system" title="Star system">star systems</a> is intensely researched since so many stars have been found to be members of binary systems. Around half of Sun-like stars, and an even higher proportion of more massive stars, form in multiple systems, and this may greatly influence such phenomena as novae and supernovae, the formation of certain types of star, and the enrichment of space with nucleosynthesis products.<a href="#cite_note-beccari2019-103">[103]</a> The influence of binary star evolution on the formation of evolved massive stars such as <a href="/wiki/Luminous_blue_variable" title="Luminous blue variable">luminous blue variables</a>, Wolf–Rayet stars, and the progenitors of certain classes of <a href="/wiki/Core_collapse_supernova" class="mw-redirect" title="Core collapse supernova">core collapse supernova</a> is still disputed. Single massive stars may be unable to expel their outer layers fast enough to form the types and numbers of evolved stars that are observed, or to produce progenitors that would explode as the supernovae that are observed. Mass transfer through gravitational stripping in binary systems is seen by some astronomers as the solution to that problem.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sirius_A_and_B_artwork.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sirius_A_and_B_artwork.jpg/220px-Sirius_A_and_B_artwork.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sirius_A_and_B_artwork.jpg/330px-Sirius_A_and_B_artwork.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sirius_A_and_B_artwork.jpg/440px-Sirius_A_and_B_artwork.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Artist's impression of the <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a> system, a <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a> star in orbit around an <a href="/wiki/A-type_main-sequence_star" title="A-type main-sequence star">A-type main-sequence star</a></figcaption></figure> Stars are not spread uniformly across the universe but are normally grouped into galaxies along with interstellar gas and dust. A typical large galaxy like the Milky Way contains hundreds of billions of stars. There are more than 2 trillion (1012) galaxies, though most are less than 10% the mass of the Milky Way.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20161017-107">[107]</a> Overall, there are likely to be between 1022 and 1024 stars<a href="#cite_note-ESA-2019-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-109">[109]</a> (more stars than all the <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">grains of sand</a> on planet Earth).<a href="#cite_note-SU-20020201-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Borenstein2010-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Most stars are within galaxies, but between 10 and 50% of the starlight in large <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_cluster" title="Galaxy cluster">galaxy clusters</a> may come from stars outside of any galaxy.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> A multi-star system consists of two or more gravitationally bound stars that <a href="/wiki/Stellar_dynamics" title="Stellar dynamics">orbit each other</a>. The simplest and most common multi-star system is a binary star, but systems of three or more stars exist. For reasons of orbital stability, such multi-star systems are often organized into hierarchical sets of binary stars.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Larger groups are called star clusters. These range from loose <a href="/wiki/Stellar_kinematics" title="Stellar kinematics">stellar associations</a> with only a few stars to <a href="/wiki/Open_cluster" title="Open cluster">open clusters</a> with dozens to thousands of stars, up to enormous <a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster" title="Globular cluster">globular clusters</a> with hundreds of thousands of stars. Such systems orbit their host galaxy. The stars in an open or globular cluster all formed from the same <a href="/wiki/Giant_molecular_cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant molecular cloud">giant molecular cloud</a>, so all members normally have similar ages and compositions.<a href="#cite_note-carroll_ostlie_ch13-89">[89]</a> Many stars are observed, and most or all may have originally formed in gravitationally bound, multiple-star systems. This is particularly true for very massive O and B class stars, 80% of which are believed to be part of multiple-star systems. The proportion of single star systems increases with decreasing star mass, so that only 25% of red dwarfs are known to have stellar companions. As 85% of all stars are red dwarfs, more than two thirds of stars in the Milky Way are likely single red dwarfs.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In a 2017 study of the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_molecular_cloud" title="Perseus molecular cloud">Perseus molecular cloud</a>, astronomers found that most of the newly formed stars are in binary systems. In the model that best explained the data, all stars initially formed as binaries, though some binaries later split up and leave single stars behind.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ngc6397_hst_blue_straggler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ngc6397_hst_blue_straggler.jpg/220px-Ngc6397_hst_blue_straggler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ngc6397_hst_blue_straggler.jpg/330px-Ngc6397_hst_blue_straggler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ngc6397_hst_blue_straggler.jpg/440px-Ngc6397_hst_blue_straggler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>This view of <a href="/wiki/NGC_6397" title="NGC 6397">NGC 6397</a> includes stars known as <a href="/wiki/Blue_straggler" title="Blue straggler">blue stragglers</a> for their location on the <a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</a>.</figcaption></figure> The nearest star to the Earth, apart from the Sun, is <a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri" title="Proxima Centauri">Proxima Centauri</a>, 4.2465 light-years (40.175 trillion kilometres) away. Travelling at the orbital speed of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>, 8 kilometres per second (29,000 kilometres per hour), it would take about 150,000 years to arrive.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> This is typical of stellar separations in <a href="/wiki/Disc_(galaxy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Disc (galaxy)">galactic discs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Stars can be much closer to each other in the centres of galaxies<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> and in globular clusters,<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> or much farther apart in <a href="/wiki/Galactic_spheroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Galactic spheroid">galactic halos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Due to the relatively vast distances between stars outside the galactic nucleus, collisions between stars are thought to be rare. In denser regions such as the core of globular clusters or the galactic center, collisions can be more common.<a href="#cite_note-DarkMatter-125">[125]</a> Such collisions can produce what are known as <a href="/wiki/Blue_straggler" title="Blue straggler">blue stragglers</a>. These abnormal stars have a higher surface temperature and thus are bluer than stars at the <a href="/wiki/Main_sequence_turnoff" title="Main sequence turnoff">main sequence turnoff</a> in the cluster to which they belong; in standard stellar evolution, blue stragglers would already have evolved off the main sequence and thus would not be seen in the cluster.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> Almost everything about a star is determined by its initial mass, including such characteristics as luminosity, size, evolution, lifespan, and its eventual fate. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age">Age</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stellar_age_estimation" title="Stellar age estimation">Stellar age estimation</a></div> Most stars are between 1 billion and 10 billion years old. Some stars may even be close to 13.8 billion years old—the observed <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe">age of the universe</a>. The oldest star yet discovered, <a href="/wiki/HD_140283" title="HD 140283">HD 140283</a>, nicknamed Methuselah star, is an estimated 14.46 ± 0.8 billion years old.<a href="#cite_note-Bond-140283-127">[127]</a> (Due to the uncertainty in the value, this age for the star does not conflict with the age of the universe, determined by the <a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck satellite</a> as 13.799 ± 0.021).<a href="#cite_note-Bond-140283-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Planck_2015-128">[128]</a> The more massive the star, the shorter its lifespan, primarily because massive stars have greater pressure on their cores, causing them to burn hydrogen more rapidly. The most massive stars last an average of a few million years, while stars of minimum mass (red dwarfs) burn their fuel very slowly and can last tens to hundreds of billions of years.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Lifetimes of stages of stellar evolution in billions of years<a href="#cite_note-pols-131">[131]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Initial Mass (<a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass"><var>M</var>☉</a>) </th> <th width="20%">Main Sequence </th> <th width="20%">Subgiant </th> <th width="20%">First Red Giant </th> <th width="20%">Core He Burning </th></tr> <tr> <td>1.0</td> <td>9.33</td> <td>2.57</td> <td>0.76</td> <td>0.13 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.6</td> <td>2.28</td> <td>0.03</td> <td>0.12</td> <td>0.13 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.0</td> <td>1.20</td> <td>0.01</td> <td>0.02</td> <td>0.28 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5.0</td> <td>0.10</td> <td>0.0004</td> <td>0.0003</td> <td>0.02 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_composition">Chemical composition</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">Metallicity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecules_in_stars" title="Molecules in stars">Molecules in stars</a></div> When stars form in the present Milky Way galaxy, they are composed of about 71% hydrogen and 27% helium,<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> as measured by mass, with a small fraction of heavier elements. Typically the portion of heavy elements is measured in terms of the iron content of the stellar atmosphere, as iron is a common element and its absorption lines are relatively easy to measure. The portion of heavier elements may be an indicator of the likelihood that the star has a planetary system.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> As of 2005<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star&action=edit">[update]</a> the star with the lowest iron content ever measured is the dwarf HE1327-2326, with only 1/200,000th the iron content of the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> By contrast, the super-metal-rich star <a href="/wiki/Mu_Leonis" title="Mu Leonis">μ Leonis</a> has nearly double the abundance of iron as the Sun, while the planet-bearing star <a href="/wiki/14_Herculis" title="14 Herculis">14 Herculis</a> has nearly triple the iron.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Chemically <a href="/wiki/Peculiar_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Peculiar star">peculiar stars</a> show unusual abundances of certain elements in their spectrum; especially <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rare_earth_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare earth element">rare earth elements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Stars with cooler outer atmospheres, including the Sun, can form various diatomic and polyatomic molecules.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_Size_Comparison_2024_Update.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Star_Size_Comparison_2024_Update.jpg/220px-Star_Size_Comparison_2024_Update.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Star_Size_Comparison_2024_Update.jpg/330px-Star_Size_Comparison_2024_Update.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Star_Size_Comparison_2024_Update.jpg/440px-Star_Size_Comparison_2024_Update.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7004" data-file-height="7491" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison of some well-known <a href="/wiki/Supergiant" title="Supergiant">supergiant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant">hypergiant</a> stars, featuring <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_OB2-12" title="Cygnus OB2-12">Cygnus OB2-12</a>, <a href="/wiki/V382_Carinae" title="V382 Carinae">V382 Carinae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betelgeuse" title="Betelgeuse">Betelgeuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/VV_Cephei" title="VV Cephei">VV Cephei</a>, and <a href="/wiki/VY_Canis_Majoris" title="VY Canis Majoris">VY Canis Majoris</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diameter">Diameter</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_known_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest known stars">List of largest known stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_smallest_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of smallest stars">List of smallest stars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solar_radius" title="Solar radius">Solar radius</a></div> Due to their great distance from the Earth, all stars except the Sun appear to the unaided eye as shining points in the night sky that <a href="/wiki/Twinkling" title="Twinkling">twinkle</a> because of the effect of the Earth's atmosphere. The Sun is close enough to the Earth to appear as a disk instead, and to provide daylight. Other than the Sun, the star with the largest apparent size is <a href="/wiki/R_Doradus" title="R Doradus">R Doradus</a>, with an <a href="/wiki/Angular_diameter" title="Angular diameter">angular diameter</a> of only 0.057 <a href="/wiki/Arcsecond" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcsecond">arcseconds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The disks of most stars are much too small in <a href="/wiki/Angular_diameter" title="Angular diameter">angular size</a> to be observed with current ground-based optical telescopes, so <a href="/wiki/Interferometry" title="Interferometry">interferometer</a> telescopes are required to produce images of these objects. Another technique for measuring the angular size of stars is through <a href="/wiki/Occultation" title="Occultation">occultation</a>. By precisely measuring the drop in brightness of a star as it is occulted by the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> (or the rise in brightness when it reappears), the star's angular diameter can be computed.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Stars range in size from neutron stars, which vary anywhere from 20 to 40 km (25 mi) in diameter, to <a href="/wiki/Supergiant" title="Supergiant">supergiants</a> like <a href="/wiki/Betelgeuse" title="Betelgeuse">Betelgeuse</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Orion_constellation" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion constellation">Orion constellation</a>, which has a diameter about 640 times that of the Sun<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> with a much lower <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kinematics">Kinematics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stellar_kinematics" title="Stellar kinematics">Stellar kinematics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pleiades_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pleiades_large.jpg/220px-Pleiades_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pleiades_large.jpg/330px-Pleiades_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pleiades_large.jpg/440px-Pleiades_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4877" data-file-height="3515" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pleiades" title="Pleiades">Pleiades</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Open_cluster" title="Open cluster">open cluster</a> of stars in the <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Taurus_(constellation)" title="Taurus (constellation)">Taurus</a>. These stars share a common motion through space.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></figcaption></figure> The motion of a star relative to the Sun can provide useful information about the origin and age of a star, as well as the structure and evolution of the surrounding galaxy.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> The components of motion of a star consist of the <a href="/wiki/Radial_velocity" title="Radial velocity">radial velocity</a> toward or away from the Sun, and the traverse angular movement, which is called its proper motion.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Radial velocity is measured by the <a href="/wiki/Doppler_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppler shift">doppler shift</a> of the star's spectral lines and is given in units of km/<a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">s</a>. The proper motion of a star, its parallax, is determined by precise astrometric measurements in units of milli-<a href="/wiki/Arc_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Arc second">arc seconds</a> (mas) per year. With knowledge of the star's parallax and its distance, the proper motion velocity can be calculated. Together with the radial velocity, the total velocity can be calculated. Stars with high rates of proper motion are likely to be relatively close to the Sun, making them good candidates for parallax measurements.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> When both rates of movement are known, the <a href="/wiki/Space_velocity_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Space velocity (astronomy)">space velocity</a> of the star relative to the Sun or the galaxy can be computed. Among nearby stars, it has been found that younger population I stars have generally lower velocities than older, population II stars. The latter have elliptical orbits that are inclined to the plane of the galaxy.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> A comparison of the kinematics of nearby stars has allowed astronomers to trace their origin to common points in giant molecular clouds; such groups with common points of origin are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Stellar_association" title="Stellar association">stellar associations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetic_field">Magnetic field</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stellar_magnetic_field" title="Stellar magnetic field">Stellar magnetic field</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suaur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Suaur.jpg/220px-Suaur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Suaur.jpg/330px-Suaur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Suaur.jpg/440px-Suaur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>Surface magnetic field of <a href="/wiki/SU_Aurigae" title="SU Aurigae">SU Aur</a> (a young star of <a href="/wiki/T_Tauri_star" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri type</a>), reconstructed by means of <a href="/wiki/Zeeman%E2%80%93Doppler_imaging" title="Zeeman–Doppler imaging">Zeeman–Doppler imaging</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> of a star is generated within regions of the interior where convective circulation occurs. This movement of conductive plasma functions like a <a href="/wiki/Dynamo_theory" title="Dynamo theory">dynamo</a>, wherein the movement of electrical charges induce magnetic fields, as does a mechanical dynamo. Those magnetic fields have a great range that extend throughout and beyond the star. The strength of the magnetic field varies with the mass and composition of the star, and the amount of magnetic surface activity depends upon the star's rate of rotation. This surface activity produces <a href="/wiki/Starspot" title="Starspot">starspots</a>, which are regions of strong magnetic fields and lower than normal surface temperatures. <a href="/wiki/Coronal_loop" title="Coronal loop">Coronal loops</a> are arching magnetic field flux lines that rise from a star's surface into the star's outer atmosphere, its corona. The coronal loops can be seen due to the plasma they conduct along their length. <a href="/wiki/Stellar_flare" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar flare">Stellar flares</a> are bursts of high-energy particles that are emitted due to the same magnetic activity.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Young, rapidly rotating stars tend to have high levels of surface activity because of their magnetic field. The magnetic field can act upon a star's stellar wind, functioning as a brake to gradually slow the rate of rotation with time. Thus, older stars such as the Sun have a much slower rate of rotation and a lower level of surface activity. The activity levels of slowly rotating stars tend to vary in a cyclical manner and can shut down altogether for periods of time.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Maunder_Minimum" title="Maunder Minimum">Maunder Minimum</a>, for example, the Sun underwent a 70-year period with almost no sunspot activity.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass">Mass</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stellar_mass" title="Stellar mass">Stellar mass</a></div> Stars have masses ranging from less than half the solar mass to over 200 solar masses (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_stars" title="List of most massive stars">List of most massive stars</a>). One of the most massive stars known is <a href="/wiki/Eta_Carinae" title="Eta Carinae">Eta Carinae</a>,<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> which, with 100–150 times as much mass as the Sun, will have a lifespan of only several million years. Studies of the most massive open clusters suggests 150 <var>M</var>☉ as a rough upper limit for stars in the current era of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-weidner-152">[152]</a> This represents an empirical value for the theoretical limit on the mass of forming stars due to increasing radiation pressure on the accreting gas cloud. Several stars in the <a href="/wiki/R136" title="R136">R136</a> cluster in the <a href="/wiki/Large_Magellanic_Cloud" title="Large Magellanic Cloud">Large Magellanic Cloud</a> have been measured with larger masses,<a href="#cite_note-hainich-153">[153]</a> but it has been determined that they could have been created through the collision and merger of massive stars in close binary systems, sidestepping the 150 <var>M</var>☉ limit on massive star formation.<a href="#cite_note-banerjee-154">[154]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ngc1999.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ngc1999.jpg/220px-Ngc1999.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ngc1999.jpg/330px-Ngc1999.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ngc1999.jpg/440px-Ngc1999.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1563" data-file-height="1590" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Reflection_nebula" title="Reflection nebula">reflection nebula</a> <a href="/wiki/NGC_1999" title="NGC 1999">NGC 1999</a> is brilliantly illuminated by <a href="/wiki/V380_Orionis" title="V380 Orionis">V380 Orionis</a>. The black patch of sky is a vast hole of empty space and not a <a href="/wiki/Dark_nebula" title="Dark nebula">dark nebula</a> as previously thought.</figcaption></figure> The first stars to form after the Big Bang may have been larger, up to 300 <var>M</var>☉,<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> due to the complete absence of elements heavier than <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> in their composition. This generation of supermassive <a href="/wiki/Population_III_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Population III stars">population III stars</a> is likely to have existed in the very early universe (i.e., they are observed to have a high redshift), and may have started the production of chemical elements heavier than <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> that are needed for the later formation of planets and life. In June 2015, astronomers reported evidence for Population III stars in the <a href="/wiki/Cosmos_Redshift_7" title="Cosmos Redshift 7">Cosmos Redshift 7</a> galaxy at z = 6.60.<a href="#cite_note-AJ-20150604-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150617-157">[157]</a> With a mass only 80 times that of Jupiter (<var>M</var>J), <a href="/wiki/2MASS_J0523-1403" class="mw-redirect" title="2MASS J0523-1403">2MASS J0523-1403</a> is the smallest known star undergoing nuclear fusion in its core.<a href="#cite_note-SIMBAD-158">[158]</a> For stars with metallicity similar to the Sun, the theoretical minimum mass the star can have and still undergo fusion at the core, is estimated to be about 75 <var>M</var>J.<a href="#cite_note-boss_planets_or_what-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-minimum-160">[160]</a> When the metallicity is very low, the minimum star size seems to be about 8.3% of the solar mass, or about 87 <var>M</var>J.<a href="#cite_note-minimum-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Smaller bodies called <a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">brown dwarfs</a>, occupy a poorly defined grey area between stars and <a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">gas giants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-boss_planets_or_what-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-minimum-160">[160]</a> The combination of the radius and the mass of a star determines its surface gravity. Giant stars have a much lower surface gravity than do main sequence stars, while the opposite is the case for degenerate, compact stars such as white dwarfs. The surface gravity can influence the appearance of a star's spectrum, with higher gravity causing a broadening of the <a href="/wiki/Absorption_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption line">absorption lines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-new_cosmos-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rotation">Rotation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stellar_rotation" title="Stellar rotation">Stellar rotation</a></div> The rotation rate of stars can be determined through <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopic measurement</a>, or more exactly determined by tracking their <a href="/wiki/Starspot" title="Starspot">starspots</a>. Young stars can have a rotation greater than 100 km/s at the equator. The B-class star <a href="/wiki/Achernar" title="Achernar">Achernar</a>, for example, has an equatorial velocity of about 225 km/s or greater, causing its <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_bulge" title="Equatorial bulge">equator to bulge outward</a> and giving it an equatorial diameter that is more than 50% greater than between the poles. This rate of rotation is just below the critical velocity of 300 km/s at which speed the star would break apart.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> By contrast, the Sun rotates once every 25–35 days depending on latitude,<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> with an equatorial velocity of 1.93 km/s.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> A main sequence star's magnetic field and the stellar wind serve to slow its rotation by a significant amount as it evolves on the main sequence.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Degenerate_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Degenerate star">Degenerate stars</a> have contracted into a compact mass, resulting in a rapid rate of rotation. However they have relatively low rates of rotation compared to what would be expected by conservation of angular momentum—the tendency of a rotating body to compensate for a contraction in size by increasing its rate of spin. A large portion of the star's angular momentum is dissipated as a result of mass loss through the stellar wind.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> In spite of this, the rate of rotation for a pulsar can be very rapid. The pulsar at the heart of the <a href="/wiki/Crab_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Crab nebula">Crab nebula</a>, for example, rotates 30 times per second.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> The rotation rate of the pulsar will gradually slow due to the emission of radiation.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperature">Temperature</h3></div> The surface temperature of a main sequence star is determined by the rate of energy production of its core and by its radius, and is often estimated from the star's <a href="/wiki/Color_index" title="Color index">color index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-astronomynotes-169">[169]</a> The temperature is normally given in terms of an <a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">effective temperature</a>, which is the temperature of an idealized black body that radiates its energy at the same luminosity per surface area as the star. The effective temperature is only representative of the surface, as the temperature increases toward the core.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> The temperature in the core region of a star is several million <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aps_mss-171">[171]</a> The stellar temperature will determine the rate of ionization of various elements, resulting in characteristic absorption lines in the spectrum. The surface temperature of a star, along with its visual <a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">absolute magnitude</a> and absorption features, is used to classify a star (see classification below).<a href="#cite_note-new_cosmos-35">[35]</a> Massive main sequence stars can have surface temperatures of 50,000 K. Smaller stars such as the Sun have surface temperatures of a few thousand K. Red giants have relatively low surface temperatures of about 3,600 K; but they have a high luminosity due to their large exterior surface area.<a href="#cite_note-zeilik-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radiation">Radiation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eta_Carinae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Eta_Carinae.jpg/260px-Eta_Carinae.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Eta_Carinae.jpg/390px-Eta_Carinae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Eta_Carinae.jpg/520px-Eta_Carinae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2015" data-file-height="2013" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eta_Carinae" title="Eta Carinae">Eta Carinae</a> is an unstable <a href="/wiki/Blue_hypergiant" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue hypergiant">blue hypergiant</a> star, roughly 100 times more massive than the Sun, over 700 times wider, and 4 million times more luminous. In a 19th century event termed the Great Eruption, Eta Carinae brightened and violently ejected mass to form the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Homunculus_Nebula" title="Homunculus Nebula">Homunculus Nebula</a> (pictured).</figcaption></figure> The energy produced by stars, a product of nuclear fusion, radiates to space as both <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Particle_radiation" title="Particle radiation">particle radiation</a>. The particle radiation emitted by a star is manifested as the stellar wind,<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> which streams from the outer layers as electrically charged <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta_particle" title="Beta particle">beta particles</a>. A steady stream of almost massless neutrinos emanate directly from the star's core.<a href="#cite_note-carroll_ostlie_ch11-174">[174]</a> The production of energy at the core is the reason stars shine so brightly: every time two or more atomic nuclei fuse together to form a single <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">atomic nucleus</a> of a new heavier element, <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a> <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a> are released from the nuclear fusion product. This energy is converted to other forms of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic energy">electromagnetic energy</a> of lower frequency, such as visible light, by the time it reaches the star's outer layers.<a href="#cite_note-carroll_ostlie_ch10-175">[175]</a> The color of a star, as determined by the most intense <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> of the visible light, depends on the temperature of the star's outer layers, including its <a href="/wiki/Photosphere" title="Photosphere">photosphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Besides visible light, stars emit forms of electromagnetic radiation that are invisible to the <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">human eye</a>. In fact, stellar electromagnetic radiation spans the entire <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>, from the longest <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> of <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio waves</a> through <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a>, visible light, <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>, to the shortest of <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a>, and gamma rays. From the standpoint of total energy emitted by a star, not all components of stellar electromagnetic radiation are significant, but all frequencies provide insight into the star's physics.<a href="#cite_note-carroll_ostlie_ch11-174">[174]</a> Using the <a href="/wiki/Stellar_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar spectrum">stellar spectrum</a>, astronomers can determine the surface temperature, <a href="/wiki/Surface_gravity" title="Surface gravity">surface gravity</a>, metallicity and <a href="/wiki/Rotation" title="Rotation">rotational</a> velocity of a star. If the distance of the star is found, such as by measuring the parallax, then the luminosity of the star can be derived. The mass, radius, surface gravity, and rotation period can then be estimated based on stellar models. (Mass can be calculated for stars in <a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">binary systems</a> by measuring their orbital velocities and distances. <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_microlensing" title="Gravitational microlensing">Gravitational microlensing</a> has been used to measure the mass of a single star.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a>) With these parameters, astronomers can estimate the age of the star.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luminosity">Luminosity</h3></div> The luminosity of a star is the amount of light and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Radiant_energy" title="Radiant energy">radiant energy</a> it radiates per unit of time. It has units of <a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)" title="Power (physics)">power</a>. The luminosity of a star is determined by its radius and surface temperature. Many stars do not radiate uniformly across their entire surface. The rapidly rotating star <a href="/wiki/Vega" title="Vega">Vega</a>, for example, has a higher <a href="/wiki/Energy_flux" title="Energy flux">energy flux</a> (power per unit area) at its poles than along its equator.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Patches of the star's surface with a lower temperature and luminosity than average are known as <a href="/wiki/Sunspot" title="Sunspot">starspots</a>. Small, dwarf stars such as the Sun generally have essentially featureless disks with only small starspots. Giant stars have much larger, more obvious starspots,<a href="#cite_note-Michelson_Starspots-180">[180]</a> and they exhibit strong stellar <a href="/wiki/Limb_darkening" title="Limb darkening">limb darkening</a>. That is, the brightness decreases towards the edge of the stellar disk.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Red dwarf <a href="/wiki/Flare_star" title="Flare star">flare stars</a> such as <a href="/wiki/UV_Ceti" class="mw-redirect" title="UV Ceti">UV Ceti</a> may possess prominent starspot features.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnitude">Magnitude</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent magnitude</a> and <a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">Absolute magnitude</a></div> The apparent <a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">brightness</a> of a star is expressed in terms of its <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">apparent magnitude</a>. It is a function of the star's luminosity, its distance from Earth, the <a href="/wiki/Extinction_(astronomy)" title="Extinction (astronomy)">extinction</a> effect of <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar dust">interstellar dust</a> and gas, and the altering of the star's light as it passes through Earth's atmosphere. Intrinsic or absolute magnitude is directly related to a star's luminosity, and is the apparent magnitude a star would be if the distance between the Earth and the star were 10 parsecs (32.6 light-years).<a href="#cite_note-Lawrence2019-183">[183]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em;"> <caption>Number of stars brighter than magnitude </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Apparent magnitude </th> <th>Number  of stars<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>0 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>1 </td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>2 </td> <td>48 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>3 </td> <td>171 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>4 </td> <td>513 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>5 </td> <td>1,602 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>6 </td> <td>4,800 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>7 </td> <td>14,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> Both the apparent and absolute magnitude scales are <a href="/wiki/Logarithmic_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Logarithmic units">logarithmic units</a>: one whole number difference in magnitude is equal to a brightness variation of about 2.5 times<a href="#cite_note-luminosity-185">[185]</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Nth_root" title="Nth root">5th root</a> of 100 or approximately 2.512). This means that a <a href="/wiki/First_magnitude_star" class="mw-redirect" title="First magnitude star">first magnitude star</a> (+1.00) is about 2.5 times brighter than a <a href="/wiki/Second_magnitude_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Second magnitude star">second magnitude</a> (+2.00) star, and about 100 times brighter than a <a href="/wiki/Sixth_magnitude_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth magnitude star">sixth magnitude star</a> (+6.00). The faintest stars visible to the naked eye under good seeing conditions are about magnitude +6.<a href="#cite_note-Nicolson1999-186">[186]</a> On both apparent and absolute magnitude scales, the smaller the magnitude number, the brighter the star; the larger the magnitude number, the fainter the star. The brightest stars, on either scale, have negative magnitude numbers. The variation in brightness (ΔL) between two stars is calculated by subtracting the magnitude number of the brighter star (mb) from the magnitude number of the fainter star (mf), then using the difference as an exponent for the base number 2.512; that is to say: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta {m}=m_{\mathrm {f} }-m_{\mathrm {b} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta {m}=m_{\mathrm {f} }-m_{\mathrm {b} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/925079954c7da1d32aafb1ad12c3acef894a36f1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.986ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta {m}=m_{\mathrm {f} }-m_{\mathrm {b} }}"></dd> <dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2.512^{\Delta {m}}=\Delta {L}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>2.512</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2.512^{\Delta {m}}=\Delta {L}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/55e0f7f561c14a3c1becb08a29fa6b4dc8c10392" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:14.958ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2.512^{\Delta {m}}=\Delta {L}}"></dd></dl> Relative to both luminosity and distance from Earth, a star's absolute magnitude (M) and apparent magnitude (m) are not equivalent;<a href="#cite_note-luminosity-185">[185]</a> for example, the bright star Sirius has an apparent magnitude of −1.44, but it has an absolute magnitude of +1.41. The Sun has an apparent magnitude of −26.7, but its absolute magnitude is only +4.83. Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky as seen from Earth, is approximately 23 times more luminous than the Sun, while <a href="/wiki/Canopus" title="Canopus">Canopus</a>, the second brightest star in the night sky with an absolute magnitude of −5.53, is approximately 14,000 times more luminous than the Sun. Despite Canopus being vastly more luminous than Sirius, the latter star appears the brighter of the two. This is because Sirius is merely 8.6 light-years from the Earth, while Canopus is much farther away at a distance of 310 light-years.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_luminous_stars" title="List of most luminous stars">most luminous known stars</a> have absolute magnitudes of roughly −12, corresponding to 6 million times the luminosity of the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Theoretically, the least luminous stars are at the lower limit of mass at which stars are capable of supporting nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the core; stars just above this limit have been located in the <a href="/wiki/NGC_6397" title="NGC 6397">NGC 6397</a> cluster. The faintest red dwarfs in the cluster are absolute magnitude 15, while a 17th absolute magnitude white dwarf has been discovered.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">Stellar classification</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; text-align: center; margin-left: 1em;"> <caption>Surface temperature ranges for different stellar classes<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Class </th> <th>Temperature </th> <th>Sample star </th></tr> <tr style="background: #9bb0ff"> <td>O </td> <td>33,000 K or more </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Ophiuchi" title="Zeta Ophiuchi">Zeta Ophiuchi</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #aabfff"> <td>B </td> <td>10,500–30,000 K </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rigel" title="Rigel">Rigel</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #cad8ff"> <td>A </td> <td>7,500–10,000 K </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Altair" title="Altair">Altair</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #fbf8ff"> <td>F </td> <td>6,000–7,200 K </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Procyon" title="Procyon">Procyon A</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #fff4e8"> <td>G </td> <td>5,500–6,000 K </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffddb4"> <td>K </td> <td>4,000–5,250 K </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_Indi" title="Epsilon Indi">Epsilon Indi</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffbd6f"> <td>M </td> <td>2,600–3,850 K </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri" title="Proxima Centauri">Proxima Centauri</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The current stellar classification system originated in the early 20th century, when stars were classified from A to Q based on the strength of the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_line" title="Hydrogen line">hydrogen line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> It was thought that the hydrogen line strength was a simple linear function of temperature. Instead, it was more complicated: it strengthened with increasing temperature, peaked near 9000 K, and then declined at greater temperatures. The classifications were since reordered by temperature, on which the modern scheme is based.<a href="#cite_note-carlos-193">[193]</a> Stars are given a single-letter classification according to their spectra, ranging from type O, which are very hot, to M, which are so cool that molecules may form in their atmospheres. The main classifications in order of decreasing surface temperature are: O, B, A, F, G, K, and M. A variety of rare spectral types are given special classifications. The most common of these are types L and T, which classify the coldest low-mass stars and brown dwarfs. Each letter has 10 sub-divisions, numbered from 0 to 9, in order of decreasing temperature. However, this system breaks down at extreme high temperatures as classes O0 and O1 may not exist.<a href="#cite_note-spectrum-194">[194]</a> In addition, stars may be classified by the luminosity effects found in their spectral lines, which correspond to their spatial size and is determined by their surface gravity. These range from 0 (<a href="/wiki/Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant">hypergiants</a>) through III (<a href="/wiki/Giant_star" title="Giant star">giants</a>) to V (main sequence dwarfs); some authors add VII (white dwarfs). Main sequence stars fall along a narrow, diagonal band when graphed according to their absolute magnitude and spectral type.<a href="#cite_note-spectrum-194">[194]</a> The Sun is a main sequence G2V yellow dwarf of intermediate temperature and ordinary size.<a href="#cite_note-RixHay2015-195">[195]</a> There is additional nomenclature in the form of lower-case letters added to the end of the spectral type to indicate peculiar features of the spectrum. For example, an "e" can indicate the presence of emission lines; "m" represents unusually strong levels of metals, and "var" can mean variations in the spectral type.<a href="#cite_note-spectrum-194">[194]</a> White dwarf stars have their own class that begins with the letter D. This is further sub-divided into the classes DA, DB, DC, DO, DZ, and DQ, depending on the types of prominent lines found in the spectrum. This is followed by a numerical value that indicates the temperature.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variable_stars">Variable stars</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Variable_star" title="Variable star">Variable star</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mira_1997.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mira_1997.jpg/220px-Mira_1997.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mira_1997.jpg/330px-Mira_1997.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mira_1997.jpg/440px-Mira_1997.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>The asymmetrical appearance of <a href="/wiki/Mira" title="Mira">Mira</a>, an oscillating variable star, is an asymptotic giant branch star, a red giant nearing the end of its life.</figcaption></figure> Variable stars have periodic or random changes in luminosity because of intrinsic or extrinsic properties. Of the intrinsically variable stars, the primary types can be subdivided into three principal groups. During their stellar evolution, some stars pass through phases where they can become pulsating variables. Pulsating variable stars vary in radius and luminosity over time, expanding and contracting with periods ranging from minutes to years, depending on the size of the star. This category includes <a href="/wiki/Cepheid_variable" title="Cepheid variable">Cepheid and Cepheid-like stars</a>, and long-period variables such as <a href="/wiki/Mira_variable" title="Mira variable">Mira</a>.<a href="#cite_note-variables-197">[197]</a> Eruptive variables are stars that experience sudden increases in luminosity because of flares or mass ejection events.<a href="#cite_note-variables-197">[197]</a> This group includes protostars, Wolf-Rayet stars, and flare stars, as well as giant and supergiant stars. Cataclysmic or explosive variable stars are those that undergo a dramatic change in their properties. This group includes <a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">novae</a> and supernovae. A binary star system that includes a nearby white dwarf can produce certain types of these spectacular stellar explosions, including the nova and a Type 1a supernova.<a href="#cite_note-iben-88">[88]</a> The explosion is created when the white dwarf accretes hydrogen from the companion star, building up mass until the hydrogen undergoes fusion.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Some novae are recurrent, having periodic outbursts of moderate amplitude.<a href="#cite_note-variables-197">[197]</a> Stars can vary in luminosity because of extrinsic factors, such as eclipsing binaries, as well as rotating stars that produce extreme starspots.<a href="#cite_note-variables-197">[197]</a> A notable example of an eclipsing binary is Algol, which regularly varies in magnitude from 2.1 to 3.4 over a period of 2.87 days.<a href="#cite_note-gcvs-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stellar_structure" title="Stellar structure">Stellar structure</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_types.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Star_types.svg/310px-Star_types.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Star_types.svg/465px-Star_types.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Star_types.svg/620px-Star_types.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Internal structures of main sequence stars with masses indicated in solar masses, convection zones with arrowed cycles, and radiative zones with red flashes. Left to right, a <a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarf</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Yellow_dwarf_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow dwarf star">yellow dwarf</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Blue-white_main_sequence_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-white main sequence star">blue-white main sequence star</a></figcaption></figure> The interior of a stable star is in a state of <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_equilibrium" title="Hydrostatic equilibrium">hydrostatic equilibrium</a>: the forces on any small volume almost exactly counterbalance each other. The balanced forces are inward gravitational force and an outward force due to the pressure <a href="/wiki/Gradient" title="Gradient">gradient</a> within the star. The <a href="/wiki/Pressure_gradient" title="Pressure gradient">pressure gradient</a> is established by the temperature gradient of the plasma; the outer part of the star is cooler than the core. The temperature at the core of a main sequence or giant star is at least on the order of 107 K. The resulting temperature and pressure at the hydrogen-burning core of a main sequence star are sufficient for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a> to occur and for sufficient energy to be produced to prevent further collapse of the star.<a href="#cite_note-hansen-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schwarzschild-201">[201]</a> As atomic nuclei are fused in the core, they emit energy in the form of gamma rays. These photons interact with the surrounding plasma, adding to the thermal energy at the core. Stars on the main sequence convert hydrogen into helium, creating a slowly but steadily increasing proportion of helium in the core. Eventually the helium content becomes predominant, and energy production ceases at the core. Instead, for stars of more than 0.4 <var>M</var>☉, fusion occurs in a slowly expanding shell around the <a href="/wiki/Degenerate_matter" title="Degenerate matter">degenerate</a> helium core.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> In addition to hydrostatic equilibrium, the interior of a stable star will maintain an energy balance of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_equilibrium" title="Thermal equilibrium">thermal equilibrium</a>. There is a radial temperature gradient throughout the interior that results in a flux of energy flowing toward the exterior. The outgoing flux of energy leaving any layer within the star will exactly match the incoming flux from below.<a href="#cite_note-HuangYu1998-203">[203]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Radiation_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation zone">radiation zone</a> is the region of the stellar interior where the flux of energy outward is dependent on radiative heat transfer, since convective heat transfer is inefficient in that zone. In this region the plasma will not be perturbed, and any mass motions will die out. Where this is not the case, then the plasma becomes unstable and convection will occur, forming a <a href="/wiki/Convection_zone" title="Convection zone">convection zone</a>. This can occur, for example, in regions where very high energy fluxes occur, such as near the core or in areas with high <a href="/wiki/Opacity_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opacity (optics)">opacity</a> (making radiatative heat transfer inefficient) as in the outer envelope.<a href="#cite_note-Schwarzschild-201">[201]</a> The occurrence of convection in the outer envelope of a main sequence star depends on the star's mass. Stars with several times the mass of the Sun have a convection zone deep within the interior and a radiative zone in the outer layers. Smaller stars such as the Sun are just the opposite, with the convective zone located in the outer layers.<a href="#cite_note-imagine-204">[204]</a> Red dwarf stars with less than 0.4 <var>M</var>☉ are convective throughout, which prevents the accumulation of a helium core.<a href="#cite_note-late_stages-85">[85]</a> For most stars the convective zones will vary over time as the star ages and the constitution of the interior is modified.<a href="#cite_note-Schwarzschild-201">[201]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_parts_big.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sun_parts_big.jpg/350px-Sun_parts_big.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Sun_parts_big.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>A cross-section of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a></figcaption></figure> The photosphere is that portion of a star that is visible to an observer. This is the layer at which the plasma of the star becomes transparent to photons of light. From here, the energy generated at the core becomes free to propagate into space. It is within the photosphere that <a href="/wiki/Sun_spots" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun spots">sun spots</a>, regions of lower than average temperature, appear.<a href="#cite_note-NewcombHolden1887-205">[205]</a> Above the level of the photosphere is the stellar atmosphere. In a main sequence star such as the Sun, the lowest level of the atmosphere, just above the photosphere, is the thin <a href="/wiki/Chromosphere" title="Chromosphere">chromosphere</a> region, where <a href="/wiki/Solar_spicule" title="Solar spicule">spicules</a> appear and <a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">stellar flares</a> begin. Above this is the transition region, where the temperature rapidly increases within a distance of only 100 km (62 mi). Beyond this is the <a href="/wiki/Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">corona</a>, a volume of super-heated plasma that can extend outward to several million kilometres.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> The existence of a corona appears to be dependent on a convective zone in the outer layers of the star.<a href="#cite_note-imagine-204">[204]</a> Despite its high temperature, the corona emits very little light, due to its low gas density.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> The corona region of the Sun is normally only visible during a <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipse</a>. From the corona, a stellar wind of plasma particles expands outward from the star, until it interacts with the interstellar medium. For the Sun, the influence of its <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> extends throughout a bubble-shaped region called the <a href="/wiki/Heliosphere" title="Heliosphere">heliosphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nuclear_fusion_reaction_pathways">Nuclear fusion reaction pathways</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">Stellar nucleosynthesis</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg/200px-Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg/300px-Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg/400px-Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Overview of the proton–proton chain</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:CNO_Cycle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/CNO_Cycle.svg/200px-CNO_Cycle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/CNO_Cycle.svg/300px-CNO_Cycle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/CNO_Cycle.svg/400px-CNO_Cycle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle</div></div></div></div></div> When nuclei fuse, the mass of the fused product is less than the mass of the original parts. This lost mass is converted to electromagnetic energy, according to the <a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">mass–energy equivalence</a> relationship <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=mc^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=mc^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9f73dbd37a0cac34406ee89057fa1b36a1e6a18e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.976ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=mc^{2}}">.<a href="#cite_note-sunshine-209">[209]</a> A variety of nuclear fusion reactions take place in the cores of stars, that depend upon their mass and composition. The hydrogen fusion process is temperature-sensitive, so a moderate increase in the core temperature will result in a significant increase in the fusion rate. As a result, the core temperature of main sequence stars only varies from 4 million kelvin for a small M-class star to 40 million kelvin for a massive O-class star.<a href="#cite_note-aps_mss-171">[171]</a> In the Sun, with a 16-million-kelvin core, hydrogen fuses to form helium in the <a href="/wiki/Proton%E2%80%93proton_chain_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton–proton chain reaction">proton–proton chain reaction</a>:<a href="#cite_note-synthesis-210">[210]</a> <dl><dd>4<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen-1">1H</a> → 2<a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">2H</a> + 2<a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">e+</a> + 2<a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">νe</a>(2 x 0.4 M<a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">eV</a>)</dd> <dd>2<a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">e+</a> + 2<a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">e</a>− → 2<a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">γ</a> (2 x 1.0 MeV)</dd> <dd>21H + 22H → 2<a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">3He</a> + 2<a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">γ</a> (2 x 5.5 MeV)</dd> <dd>23He → <a href="/wiki/Helium-4" title="Helium-4">4He</a> + 21H (12.9 MeV)</dd></dl> There are a couple other paths, in which 3He and 4He combine to form 7Be, which eventually (with the addition of another proton) yields two 4He, a gain of one. All these reactions result in the overall reaction: <dl><dd>41H → 4He + 2γ + 2νe (26.7 MeV)</dd></dl> where γ is a gamma ray photon, νe is a neutrino, and H and He are isotopes of hydrogen and helium, respectively. The energy released by this reaction is in millions of electron volts. Each individual reaction produces only a tiny amount of energy, but because enormous numbers of these reactions occur constantly, they produce all the energy necessary to sustain the star's radiation output. In comparison, the combustion of two hydrogen gas molecules with one oxygen gas molecule releases only 5.7 eV. In more massive stars, helium is produced in a cycle of reactions <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyzed</a> by carbon called the <a href="/wiki/CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-synthesis-210">[210]</a> In evolved stars with cores at 100 million kelvin and masses between 0.5 and 10 <var>M</var>☉, helium can be transformed into carbon in the <a href="/wiki/Triple-alpha_process" title="Triple-alpha process">triple-alpha process</a> that uses the intermediate element <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a>:<a href="#cite_note-synthesis-210">[210]</a> <dl><dd>4He + 4He + 92 keV → <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_beryllium" title="Isotopes of beryllium">8*Be</a></dd> <dd>4He + 8*Be + 67 keV → 12*C</dd> <dd>12*C → <a href="/wiki/Carbon-12" title="Carbon-12">12C</a> + γ + 7.4 MeV</dd></dl> For an overall reaction of: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kernfusionen0_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Kernfusionen0_en.png/310px-Kernfusionen0_en.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="413" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Kernfusionen0_en.png/465px-Kernfusionen0_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Kernfusionen0_en.png/620px-Kernfusionen0_en.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Overview of consecutive fusion processes in massive stars</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>34He → 12C + γ + 7.2 MeV</dd></dl> In massive stars, heavier elements can be burned in a contracting core through the <a href="/wiki/Neon-burning_process" title="Neon-burning process">neon-burning process</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen-burning_process" title="Oxygen-burning process">oxygen-burning process</a>. The final stage in the stellar nucleosynthesis process is the <a href="/wiki/Silicon-burning_process" title="Silicon-burning process">silicon-burning process</a> that results in the production of the stable isotope iron-56.<a href="#cite_note-synthesis-210">[210]</a> Any further fusion would be an endothermic process that consumes energy, and so further energy can only be produced through gravitational collapse. <table class="wikitable" style="float: left; margin-right: 1.0em;"> <caption>Duration of the main phases of fusion for a 20 <var>M</var>☉ star<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th valign="bottom">Fuel material </th> <th valign="bottom">Temperature (million kelvins) </th> <th valign="bottom">Density (kg/cm3) </th> <th valign="bottom">Burn duration (τ in years) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>H </td> <td>37 </td> <td>0.0045 </td> <td>8.1 million </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>He </td> <td>188 </td> <td>0.97 </td> <td>1.2 million </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>C </td> <td>870 </td> <td>170 </td> <td>976 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>Ne </td> <td>1,570 </td> <td>3,100 </td> <td>0.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>O </td> <td>1,980 </td> <td>5,550 </td> <td>1.25 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>S/Si </td> <td>3,340 </td> <td>33,400 </td> <td>0.0315 (~11.5 days) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusor_(astronomy)" title="Fusor (astronomy)">Fusor (astronomy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proper_names_of_stars" title="List of proper names of stars">List of proper names of stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_astronomy" title="Outline of astronomy">Outline of astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">Sidereal time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Star clock">Star clocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_count" title="Star count">Star count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stars_in_fiction" title="Stars in fiction">Stars in fiction</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTemming2014" class="citation web cs1">Temming, Maria (15 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-resources/what-is-a-star/">"What is a star?"</a>. 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Reviews of Modern Physics. 74 (4): 1015–1071. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002RvMP...74.1015W">2002RvMP...74.1015W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.74.1015">10.1103/RevModPhys.74.1015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=The+evolution+and+explosion+of+massive+stars&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1015-1071&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FRevModPhys.74.1015&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002RvMP...74.1015W&rft.aulast=Woosley&rft.aufirst=S.+E.&rft.au=Heger%2C+A.&rft.au=Weaver%2C+T.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/star" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/star">star</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stars" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Stars">Stars</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assa.org.au/sig/variables/classifications.asp">"How To Decipher Classification Codes"</a>. Astronomical Society of South Australia. Retrieved 20 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+To+Decipher+Classification+Codes&rft.pub=Astronomical+Society+of+South+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assa.org.au%2Fsig%2Fvariables%2Fclassifications.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaler" class="citation web cs1">Kaler, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/sow.html">"Portraits of Stars and their Constellations"</a>. University of Illinois. Retrieved 20 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portraits+of+Stars+and+their+Constellations&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois&rft.aulast=Kaler&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstars.astro.illinois.edu%2Fsow%2Fsow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickover2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Pickover" class="mw-redirect" title="Cliff Pickover">Pickover, Cliff</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/starsofheaven00pick">The Stars of Heaven</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514874-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514874-9"><bdi>978-0-19-514874-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stars+of+Heaven&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514874-9&rft.aulast=Pickover&rft.aufirst=Cliff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstarsofheaven00pick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrialnickWoodBjorkmanWhitney2001" class="citation web cs1">Prialnick, Dina; et al. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211123306/http://www-star.st-and.ac.uk/~kw25/teaching/stars/stars.html">"Stars: Stellar Atmospheres, Structure, & Evolution"</a>. University of St. Andrews. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-star.st-and.ac.uk/~kw25/teaching/stars/stars.html">the original</a> on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stars%3A+Stellar+Atmospheres%2C+Structure%2C+%26+Evolution&rft.pub=University+of+St.+Andrews&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Prialnick&rft.aufirst=Dina&rft.au=Wood%2C+Kenneth&rft.au=Bjorkman%2C+Jon&rft.au=Whitney%2C+Barbara&rft.au=Wolff%2C+Michael&rft.au=Gray%2C+David&rft.au=Mihalas%2C+Dimitri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-star.st-and.ac.uk%2F~kw25%2Fteaching%2Fstars%2Fstars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-fid">"Query star by identifier, coordinates or reference code"</a>. SIMBAD. Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 20 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIMBAD&rft.atitle=Query+star+by+identifier%2C+coordinates+or+reference+code&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsimbad.u-strasbg.fr%2Fsimbad%2Fsim-fid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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id="Stars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_stars" title="Lists of stars">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Formation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bok_globule" title="Bok globule">Bok globule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_stellar_object" title="Young stellar object">Young stellar object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protostar" title="Protostar">Protostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-main-sequence_star" title="Pre-main-sequence star">Pre-main-sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbig_Ae/Be_star" title="Herbig Ae/Be star">Herbig Ae/Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_Tauri_star" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbig%E2%80%93Haro_object" title="Herbig–Haro object">Herbig–Haro object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayashi_track" title="Hayashi track">Hayashi track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henyey_track" title="Henyey track">Henyey track</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">Main sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-giant_branch" title="Red-giant branch">Red-giant branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_branch" title="Horizontal branch">Horizontal branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_clump" title="Red clump">Red clump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch" title="Asymptotic giant branch">Asymptotic giant branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-AGB_star" title="Post-AGB star">post-AGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-AGB_star" title="Super-AGB star">super-AGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_loop" title="Blue loop">Blue loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">Planetary nebula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_nebula" title="Protoplanetary nebula">Protoplanetary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf-Rayet_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf-Rayet nebula">Wolf-Rayet nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PG_1159_star" title="PG 1159 star">PG1159</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dredge-up" title="Dredge-up">Dredge-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OH/IR_star" title="OH/IR star">OH/IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instability_strip" title="Instability strip">Instability strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_blue_variable" title="Luminous blue variable">Luminous blue variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_population" title="Stellar population">Stellar population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superluminous_supernova" title="Superluminous supernova">Superluminous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Early-type star">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-type star">Late</a></li> <li>Main sequence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O-type_main-sequence_star" title="O-type main-sequence star">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-type_main-sequence_star" title="B-type main-sequence star">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-type_main-sequence_star" title="A-type main-sequence star">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-type_main-sequence_star" title="F-type main-sequence star">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-type_main-sequence_star" title="G-type main-sequence star">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-type_main-sequence_star" title="K-type main-sequence star">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf" title="Subdwarf">Subdwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf_O_star" title="Subdwarf O star">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf_B_star" title="Subdwarf B star">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star" title="Wolf–Rayet star">WR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OB_star" title="OB star">OB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgiant" title="Subgiant">Subgiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_star" title="Giant star">Giant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_giant" title="Blue giant">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow giant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright giant">Bright giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supergiant" title="Supergiant">Supergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_supergiant" title="Blue supergiant">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_supergiant" title="Red supergiant">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_supergiant" title="Yellow supergiant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant">Hypergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_hypergiant" title="Yellow hypergiant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_star" title="Carbon star">Carbon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S-type_star" title="S-type star">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CN_star" title="CN star">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CH_star" title="CH star">CH</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemically_peculiar_star" title="Chemically peculiar star">Chemically peculiar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Am_star" title="Am star">Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ap_and_Bp_stars" title="Ap and Bp stars">Ap/Bp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEMP_star" title="CEMP star">CEMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-manganese_star" title="Mercury-manganese star">HgMn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium-weak_star" title="Helium-weak star">He-weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_star" title="Barium star">Barium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Bo%C3%B6tis_star" title="Lambda Boötis star">Lambda Boötis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_star" title="Lead star">Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium_star" title="Technetium star">Technetium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be_star" title="Be star">Be</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shell_star" title="Shell star">Shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B(e)_star" title="B(e) star">B[e]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_star" title="Helium star">Helium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_helium_star" title="Extreme helium star">Extreme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_straggler" title="Blue straggler">Blue straggler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Remnants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAS_00500%2B6713" title="IRAS 00500+6713">Parker's star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helium_planet" title="Helium planet">Helium planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio-quiet_neutron_star" title="Radio-quiet neutron star">Radio-quiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">Pulsar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_pulsar" title="Binary pulsar">Binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_pulsar" title="X-ray pulsar">X-ray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">Magnetar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_binary" title="X-ray binary">X-ray binary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_burster" title="X-ray burster">Burster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_gamma_repeater" title="Soft gamma repeater">SGR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_star" title="Hypothetical star">Hypothetical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_dwarf_(red-dwarf_stage)" title="Blue dwarf (red-dwarf stage)">Blue dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_dwarf" title="Black dwarf">Black dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">Exotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boson_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Boson star">Boson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_star" title="Electroweak star">Electroweak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_star" title="Strange star">Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preon_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Preon star">Preon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_star" title="Planck star">Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_star_(dark_matter)" title="Dark star (dark matter)">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark-energy_star" title="Dark-energy star">Dark-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_star" title="Q star">Q</a></li></ul></li> <li>Black hole star <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_star_(semiclassical_gravity)" title="Black star (semiclassical gravity)">Black</a></li> <li>Hawking</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-star" title="Quasi-star">Quasi-star</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravastar" title="Gravastar">Gravastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorne%E2%80%93%C5%BBytkow_object" title="Thorne–Żytkow object">Thorne–Żytkow object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_star" title="Iron star">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzar" title="Blitzar">Blitzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hole" title="White hole">White hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium_fusion" title="Deuterium fusion">Deuterium burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_burning" title="Lithium burning">Lithium burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton%E2%80%93proton_chain" title="Proton–proton chain">Proton–proton chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">CNO cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">Helium flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple-alpha_process" title="Triple-alpha process">Triple-alpha process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_process" title="Alpha process">Alpha process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-burning_process" title="Carbon-burning process">C burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon-burning_process" title="Neon-burning process">Ne burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen-burning_process" title="Oxygen-burning process">O burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon-burning_process" title="Silicon-burning process">Si burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-process" title="S-process">s-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-process" title="P-process">p-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusor_(astronomy)" title="Fusor (astronomy)">Fusor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_nova" title="Symbiotic nova">Symbiotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_remnant" title="Nova remnant">Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_red_nova" title="Luminous red nova">Luminous red nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova#Recurrent_novae" title="Nova">Recurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">Supernova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_structure" title="Stellar structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_core" title="Stellar core">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_zone" title="Convection zone">Convection zone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microturbulence" title="Microturbulence">Microturbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-like_oscillations" title="Solar-like oscillations">Oscillations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation zone">Radiation zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Atmosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photosphere" title="Photosphere">Photosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starspot" title="Starspot">Starspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosphere" title="Chromosphere">Chromosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">Stellar corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfv%C3%A9n_surface" title="Alfvén surface">Alfvén surface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_wind" title="Stellar wind">Stellar wind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar-wind_bubble" title="Stellar-wind bubble">Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_outflow" title="Bipolar outflow">Bipolar outflow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proplyd" title="Proplyd">Proplyd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroseismology" title="Asteroseismology">Asteroseismology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helioseismology" title="Helioseismology">Helioseismology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddington_luminosity" title="Eddington luminosity">Eddington luminosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz_mechanism" title="Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism">Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_designations_and_names" title="Stellar designations and names">Designation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_dynamics" title="Stellar dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">Effective temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">Luminosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_kinematics" title="Stellar kinematics">Kinematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_magnetic_field" title="Stellar magnetic field">Magnetic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">Absolute magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_mass" title="Stellar mass">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">Metallicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_rotation" title="Stellar rotation">Rotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlight" title="Starlight">Starlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_star" title="Variable star">Variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">Photometric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_index" title="Color index">Color index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color%E2%80%93color_diagram" title="Color–color diagram">Color–color diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Str%C3%B6mgren_sphere" title="Strömgren sphere">Strömgren sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_break" title="Kraft break">Kraft break</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star_system" title="Star system">Star systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">Binary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contact_binary" title="Contact binary">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_envelope" title="Common envelope">Common envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipsing_binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipsing binary">Eclipsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_binary" title="Symbiotic binary">Symbiotic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_system#Multiple_star_systems" title="Star system">Multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_cluster" title="Star cluster">Cluster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_cluster" title="Open cluster">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster" title="Globular cluster">Globular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_star_cluster" title="Super star cluster">Super</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Planetary system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth-centric observations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">Solar eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_radio_emission" title="Solar radio emission">Solar radio emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_star" title="Pole star">Pole star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_star" title="Circumpolar star">Circumpolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">Constellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">Asterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)" title="Magnitude (astronomy)">Magnitude</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_(astronomy)" title="Extinction (astronomy)">Extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_magnitude" title="Photographic magnitude">Photographic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_velocity" title="Radial velocity">Radial velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">Proper motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_parallax" title="Stellar parallax">Parallax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photometric-standard_star" title="Photometric-standard star">Photometric-standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_stars" title="Lists of stars">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proper_names_of_stars" title="List of proper names of stars">Proper names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arabic_star_names" title="List of Arabic star names">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_star_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese star names">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_star_extremes" title="List of star extremes">Extremes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_stars" title="List of most massive stars">Most massive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hottest_stars" title="List of hottest stars">Highest temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coolest_stars" title="List of coolest stars">Lowest temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_known_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest known stars">Largest volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smallest_known_stars" title="List of smallest known stars">Smallest volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brightest_stars" title="List of brightest stars">Brightest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_brightest_stars" title="Historical brightest stars">Historical brightest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_luminous_stars" title="List of most luminous stars">Most luminous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_stars" title="List of nearest stars">Nearest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_bright_stars" title="List of nearest bright stars">bright</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_distant_astronomical_objects#List_of_most_distant_objects_by_type" title="List of the most distant astronomical objects">Most distant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stars_with_resolved_images" title="List of stars with resolved images">With resolved images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multiplanetary_systems" title="List of multiplanetary systems">With multiple exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brown_dwarfs" title="List of brown dwarfs">Brown dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_red_dwarfs" title="List of red dwarfs">Red dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_white_dwarfs" title="List of white dwarfs">White dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_novae_in_the_Milky_Way_galaxy" title="List of novae in the Milky Way galaxy">Milky Way novae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernovae" title="List of supernovae">Supernovae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_candidates" title="List of supernova candidates">Candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_remnants" title="List of supernova remnants">Remnants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planetary_nebulae" title="List of planetary nebulae">Planetary nebulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_stellar_astronomy" title="Timeline of stellar astronomy">Timeline of stellar astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substellar_object" title="Substellar object">Substellar object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-dwarf_desert" title="Brown-dwarf desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-brown_dwarf" title="Sub-brown dwarf">Sub</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_star_(astronomy)" title="Guest star (astronomy)">Guest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_star" title="Intergalactic star">Intergalactic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet-hosting_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet-hosting stars">Planet-hosting stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_disruption_event" title="Tidal disruption event">Tidal disruption event</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Stars" title="Category:Stars">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/14px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/21px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/28px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Variable_stars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Variable_star_topics" title="Template:Variable star topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Variable_star_topics" title="Template talk:Variable star topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Variable_star_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Variable star topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Variable_stars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Variable_star" title="Variable star">Variable stars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_pulsation" title="Stellar pulsation">Pulsating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cepheid_variable" title="Cepheid variable">Cepheids</a> and cepheid-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_I_Cepheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Type I Cepheid">Type I</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Cepheid_variable" title="Classical Cepheid variable">Classical cepheids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_Scuti_variable" title="Delta Scuti variable">Delta Scuti</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_II_Cepheid" title="Type II Cepheid">Type II</a> (<a href="/wiki/BL_Herculis_variable" title="BL Herculis variable">BL Herculis</a>, <a href="/wiki/W_Virginis_variable" title="W Virginis variable">W Virginis</a>, <a href="/wiki/RV_Tauri_variable" title="RV Tauri variable">RV Tauri</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RR_Lyrae_variable" title="RR Lyrae variable">RR Lyrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapidly_oscillating_Ap_star" title="Rapidly oscillating Ap star">Rapidly oscillating Ap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SX_Phoenicis_variable" title="SX Phoenicis variable">SX Phoenicis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blue-white with early spectra</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Cygni_variable" title="Alpha Cygni variable">Alpha Cygni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Cephei_variable" title="Beta Cephei variable">Beta Cephei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slowly_pulsating_B-type_star" title="Slowly pulsating B-type star">Slowly pulsating B-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PV_Telescopii_variable" title="PV Telescopii variable">PV Telescopii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_large-amplitude_pulsator" title="Blue large-amplitude pulsator">Blue large-amplitude pulsator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Long-period_variable_star" title="Long-period variable star">Long-period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mira_variable" title="Mira variable">Mira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiregular_variable_star" title="Semiregular variable star">Semiregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_irregular_variable" title="Slow irregular variable">Slow irregular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_Doradus_variable" title="Gamma Doradus variable">Gamma Doradus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-like_oscillations" title="Solar-like oscillations">Solar-like oscillations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsating_white_dwarf" title="Pulsating white dwarf">White dwarf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eruptive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-main-sequence_star" title="Pre-main-sequence star">Protostar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre-main-sequence_star" title="Pre-main-sequence star">PMS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbig_Ae/Be_star" title="Herbig Ae/Be star">Herbig Ae/Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_variable" title="Orion variable">Orion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FU_Orionis_star" title="FU Orionis star">FU Orionis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_Tauri_star" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Giants and supergiants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_blue_variable" title="Luminous blue variable">Luminous blue variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Coronae_Borealis_variable" title="R Coronae Borealis variable">R Coronae Borealis</a> (<a href="/wiki/DY_Persei_variable" title="DY Persei variable">DY Persei</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_hypergiant" title="Yellow hypergiant">Yellow hypergiant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eruptive binary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_periodic_variable" title="Double periodic variable">Double periodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FS_Canis_Majoris_variable" title="FS Canis Majoris variable">FS Canis Majoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS_Canum_Venaticorum_variable" title="RS Canum Venaticorum variable">RS Canum Venaticorum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flare_star" title="Flare star">Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_Cassiopeiae_variable" title="Gamma Cassiopeiae variable">Gamma Cassiopeiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Eridani_variable" title="Lambda Eridani variable">Lambda Eridani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star" title="Wolf–Rayet star">Wolf–Rayet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_variable_star" title="Cataclysmic variable star">Cataclysmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AM_Canum_Venaticorum_star" title="AM Canum Venaticorum star">AM Canum Venaticorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_nova" title="Dwarf nova">Dwarf nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_red_nova" title="Luminous red nova">Luminous red nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_(star)" title="Polar (star)">Polar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_polar" title="Intermediate polar">Intermediate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SW_Sextantis_variable" title="SW Sextantis variable">SW Sextantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_binary" title="Symbiotic binary">Symbiotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_nova" title="Symbiotic nova">Symbiotic nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_binary" title="Symbiotic binary">Z Andromedae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rotating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-spherical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_ellipsoidal_variable" title="Rotating ellipsoidal variable">Rotating ellipsoidal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stellar spots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BY_Draconis_variable" title="BY Draconis variable">BY Draconis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_star#FK_Comae_Berenices_variables" title="Variable star">FK Comae Berenices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magnetic fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha2_Canum_Venaticorum_variable" title="Alpha2 Canum Venaticorum variable">α2 Canum Venaticorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">Pulsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SX_Arietis_variable" title="SX Arietis variable">SX Arietis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Binary_star#Eclipsing_binaries" title="Binary star">Eclipsing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algol_variable" title="Algol variable">Algol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Lyrae_variable" title="Beta Lyrae variable">Beta Lyrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_transit_variable" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary transit variable">Planetary transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_Ursae_Majoris_variable" title="W Ursae Majoris variable">W Ursae Majoris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/14px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/21px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/28px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Star">Star portal</a> * <a href="/wiki/List_of_variable_stars" title="List of variable stars">List</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Supernovae" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Supernovae" title="Template:Supernovae"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Supernovae" title="Template talk:Supernovae"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Supernovae" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Supernovae"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Supernovae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernovae</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_Ia_supernova" title="Type Ia supernova">Type Ia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_Iax_supernova" title="Type Iax supernova">Type Iax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_Ib_and_Ic_supernovae" title="Type Ib and Ic supernovae">Type Ib and Ic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_II_supernova" title="Type II supernova">Type II (IIP, IIL, IIn, and IIb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superluminous_supernova" title="Superluminous supernova">Superluminous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair-instability_supernova" title="Pair-instability supernova">Pair-instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-rich_supernovae" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium-rich supernovae">Calcium-rich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_envelope_jets_supernova" title="Common envelope jets supernova">Common envelope jets supernova</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg/180px-G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg/270px-G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg/360px-G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="946" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physics of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_detonation" title="Carbon detonation">Carbon detonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foe_(unit)" title="Foe (unit)">Foe/Bethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_supernova" title="Near-Earth supernova">Near-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_relationship" title="Phillips relationship">Phillips relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P-process" title="P-process">p-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_process_(astrophysics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma process (astrophysics)">γ-process</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_neutrinos" title="Supernova neutrinos">Neutrinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Failed_supernova" title="Failed supernova">Failed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_blue_optical_transient" title="Fast blue optical transient">Fast blue optical transient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_radio_burst" title="Fast radio burst">Fast radio burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">Gravitational wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilonova" title="Kilonova">Kilonova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_red_nova" title="Luminous red nova">Luminous red nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_kick" title="Pulsar kick">Pulsar kick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark-nova" title="Quark-nova">Quark-nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_gamma_repeater" title="Soft gamma repeater">Soft gamma repeater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_impostor" title="Supernova impostor">Imposter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulsational_pair-instability_supernova" title="Pulsational pair-instability supernova">pulsational pair-instability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_nova" title="Symbiotic nova">Symbiotic nova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Progenitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant">Hypergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_hypergiant" title="Yellow hypergiant">yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_hypergiant" class="mw-redirect" title="Red hypergiant">Red</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_blue_variable" title="Luminous blue variable">Luminous blue variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Supergiant star">Supergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue supergiant star">blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Red supergiant star">red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow supergiant star">yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star" title="Wolf–Rayet star">Wolf–Rayet star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-AGB_star" title="Super-AGB star">Super-AGB star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_III_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Population III star">Population III star</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Remnants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_remnant" title="Supernova remnant">Supernova remnant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_wind_nebula" title="Pulsar wind nebula">Pulsar wind nebula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">magnetar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_star" title="Electroweak star">electroweak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">exotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">quark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Zombie star">Zombie star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superbubble" title="Superbubble">Superbubble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orion%E2%80%93Eridanus_Superbubble" title="Orion–Eridanus Superbubble">Orion–Eridanus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discovery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guest_star_(astronomy)" title="Guest star (astronomy)">Guest star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_supernova_observation" title="History of supernova observation">History of supernova observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_white_dwarfs,_neutron_stars,_and_supernovae" title="Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae">Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_candidates" title="List of supernova candidates">Candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernovae" title="List of supernovae">Notable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_stars" title="List of most massive stars">Massive stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_distant_supernovae" title="List of most distant supernovae">Most distant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_remnants" title="List of supernova remnants">Remnants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernovae_in_fiction" title="Supernovae in fiction">In fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnard%27s_Loop" title="Barnard's Loop">Barnard's Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiopeia_A" title="Cassiopeia A">Cassiopeia A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1054" title="SN 1054">SN 1054</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab_Nebula" title="Crab Nebula">Crab Nebula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPTF14hls" title="IPTF14hls">iPTF14hls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1000%2B0216" title="SN 1000+0216">SN 1000+0216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1572" title="SN 1572">Tycho's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_Supernova" title="Kepler's Supernova">Kepler's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1885A" title="SN 1885A">SN 1885A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1987A" title="SN 1987A">SN 1987A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1994D" title="SN 1994D">SN 1994D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_185" title="SN 185">SN 185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1006" title="SN 1006">SN 1006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2003fg" title="SN 2003fg">SN 2003fg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G1.9%2B0.3" title="G1.9+0.3">Remnant G1.9+0.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2007bi" title="SN 2007bi">SN 2007bi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2011fe" title="SN 2011fe">SN 2011fe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2014J" title="SN 2014J">SN 2014J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_Refsdal" title="SN Refsdal">SN Refsdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vela_Supernova_Remnant" title="Vela Supernova Remnant">Vela Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2006gy" title="SN 2006gy">SN 2006gy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASASSN-15lh" title="ASASSN-15lh">ASASSN-15lh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2016aps" title="SN 2016aps">SN 2016aps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2018cow" title="SN 2018cow">SN 2018cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2022jli" title="SN 2022jli">SN 2022jli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_H0pe" title="SN H0pe">SN H0pe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Sky_Automated_Survey_for_SuperNovae" title="All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae">ASAS-SN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%A1n/Tololo_Survey" title="Calán/Tololo Survey">Calán/Tololo Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Z_Supernova_Search_Team" title="High-Z Supernova Search Team">High-Z Supernova Search Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katzman_Automatic_Imaging_Telescope" title="Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope">Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Agliale_Supernovae_and_Asteroid_Survey" title="Monte Agliale Supernovae and Asteroid Survey">Monte Agliale Supernovae and Asteroid Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearby_Supernova_Factory" title="Nearby Supernova Factory">Nearby Supernova Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloan_Digital_Sky_Survey#Sloan_Supernova_Survey" title="Sloan Digital Sky Survey">Sloan Supernova Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova/Acceleration_Probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernova/Acceleration Probe">Supernova/Acceleration Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_Cosmology_Project" title="Supernova Cosmology Project">Supernova Cosmology Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperNova_Early_Warning_System" title="SuperNova Early Warning System">SuperNova Early Warning System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_Legacy_Survey" title="Supernova Legacy Survey">Supernova Legacy Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Supernova_Search" title="Texas Supernova Search">Texas Supernova Search</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Supernovae" title="Category:Supernovae">Category:Supernovae</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Supernovae" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Supernovae">Commons:Supernovae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Big_History" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Big_History" title="Template:Big History"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Big_History" title="Template talk:Big History"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Big_History" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Big History"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Big_History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Themes and subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe" title="Chronology of the universe">Chronology of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">Cosmic evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Time scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldilocks_principle" title="Goldilocks principle">Goldilocks principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Eight thresholds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1: Creation - <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">cosmogony</a></li> <li>2: Stars - <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Formation_and_evolution">creation of stars</a></li> <li>3: Elements - <a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">creation of chemical elements</a> inside <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">dying stars</a></li> <li>4: Planets - <a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">formation of planets</a></li> <li>5: Life - <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">abiogenesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution of life</a></li> <li>6: Humans - development of <a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Homo sapiens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li>7: Agriculture - <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li>8: Modernity - <a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">modern era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Web-based education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OER_Project" title="OER Project">Big History Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChronoZoom" title="ChronoZoom">ChronoZoom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Alvarez" title="Walter Alvarez">Walter Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Stokes_Brown" title="Cynthia Stokes Brown">Cynthia Stokes Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Chaisson" title="Eric Chaisson">Eric Chaisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Christian_(historian)" title="David Christian (historian)">David Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Spier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fred Spier (page does not exist)">Fred Spier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Snooks" title="Graeme Snooks">Graeme Snooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_History_(TV_series)" title="Big History (TV series)">Big History</a> (2013 series)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/17px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/26px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/34px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1276" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History_of_science" title="Portal:History of science">History of science</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q523#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q523#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q523#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" 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