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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ondergang van het internationale systeem aan het einde van de Late Bronstijd</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 37 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verval_van_die_Bronstydperk" title="Verval van die Bronstydperk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Verval van die Bronstydperk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="انهيار العصر البرونزي – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انهيار العصر البرونزي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Катастрофа бронзавага веку – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Катастрофа бронзавага веку" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81" title="Бронзов колапс – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бронзов колапс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C2%B7lapse_de_l%27edat_de_bronze" title="Col·lapse de l'edat de bronze – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Col·lapse de l'edat de bronze" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhroucen%C3%AD_doby_bronzov%C3%A9" title="Zhroucení doby bronzové – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zhroucení doby bronzové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zusammenbruch_der_Bronzezeit" title="Zusammenbruch der Bronzezeit – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zusammenbruch der Bronzezeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Late Bronze Age collapse" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzepoka_kolapso" title="Bronzepoka kolapso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bronzepoka kolapso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colapso_de_la_Edad_del_Bronce_Final" title="Colapso de la Edad del Bronce Final – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Colapso de la Edad del Bronce Final" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronksiaja_kollaps" title="Pronksiaja kollaps – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pronksiaja kollaps" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brontze_Amaierako_kolapsoa" title="Brontze Amaierako kolapsoa – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Brontze Amaierako kolapsoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B2" title="فروپاشی تمدن در اواخر عصر برنز – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فروپاشی تمدن در اواخر عصر برنز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronssikauden_p%C3%A4%C3%A4ttyminen_Euroopassa" title="Pronssikauden päättyminen Euroopassa – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pronssikauden päättyminen Euroopassa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effondrement_de_l%27%C3%A2ge_du_bronze_r%C3%A9cent" title="Effondrement de l'âge du bronze récent – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Effondrement de l'âge du bronze récent" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynstoarting_fan_it_ynternasjonaal_stelsel_oan_de_ein_fan_de_Br%C3%BBnstiid" title="Ynstoarting fan it ynternasjonaal stelsel oan de ein fan de Brûnstiid – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ynstoarting fan it ynternasjonaal stelsel oan de ein fan de Brûnstiid" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%AA" title="משבר תקופת הברונזה המאוחרת – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משבר תקופת הברונזה המאוחרת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keruntuhan_Zaman_Perunggu_Akhir" title="Keruntuhan Zaman Perunggu Akhir – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Keruntuhan Zaman Perunggu Akhir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronsaldarhruni%C3%B0" title="Bronsaldarhrunið – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bronsaldarhrunið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collasso_dell%27Et%C3%A0_del_Bronzo" title="Collasso dell'Età del Bronzo – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Collasso dell'Età del Bronzo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D1200%E5%B9%B4%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%95" title="前1200年のカタストロフ – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="前1200年のカタストロフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9B%84%EA%B8%B0_%EC%B2%AD%EB%8F%99%EA%B8%B0_%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80%EC%9D%98_%EB%B6%95%EA%B4%B4" title="후기 청동기 시대의 붕괴 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="후기 청동기 시대의 붕괴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colasa_en_la_eda_de_bronze_tarda" title="Colasa en la eda de bronze tarda – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Colasa en la eda de bronze tarda" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keruntuhan_Zaman_Gangsa_Lewat" title="Keruntuhan Zaman Gangsa Lewat – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keruntuhan Zaman Gangsa Lewat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronsealderens_sammenbrudd" title="Bronsealderens sammenbrudd – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bronsealderens sammenbrudd" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colapso_da_Idade_do_Bronze" title="Colapso da Idade do Bronze – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Colapso da Idade do Bronze" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Катастрофа бронзового века – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Катастрофа бронзового века" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolaps_bronzanog_doba" title="Kolaps bronzanog doba – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kolaps bronzanog doba" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Bronze Age collapse – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bronze Age collapse" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Колапс бронзаног доба – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Колапс бронзаног доба" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sena_brons%C3%A5lderskollapsen" title="Sena bronsålderskollapsen – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sena bronsålderskollapsen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="வெண்கலக்கால வீழ்ச்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெண்கலக்கால வீழ்ச்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C" title="การล่มสลายปลายยุคสัมฤทธิ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การล่มสลายปลายยุคสัมฤทธิ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagguho_ng_Panahong_Bronse" title="Pagguho ng Panahong Bronse – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagguho ng Panahong Bronse" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronz_%C3%87a%C4%9F%C4%B1_%C3%87%C3%B6k%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC" title="Bronz Çağı Çöküşü – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bronz Çağı Çöküşü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Катастрофа бронзової доби – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Катастрофа бронзової доби" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%A9%E6%9C%9F%E5%B4%A9%E6%BD%B0" title="青銅時代晩期崩潰 – Chinees" 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style="position:absolute; left:299px; top:193px; line-height:110%"><span style="background-color:transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">___</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_303x224" style="position:absolute; left:303px; top:224px; line-height:110%"><span style="background-color:transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Hazor" title="Hazor">_____</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_286x247" style="position:absolute; left:286px; top:247px; line-height:110%"><span style="background-color:transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Asjkelon" title="Asjkelon">_____</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_303x224" style="position:absolute; left:303px; top:224px; line-height:110%"><span style="background-color:transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Hazor" title="Hazor">_____</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_316x175" style="position:absolute; left:316px; top:175px; line-height:110%"><span style="background-color:transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Kadesj" title="Kadesj">____</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_324x154" style="position:absolute; left:324px; top:154px; line-height:110%"><span style="background-color:transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_(stad)" title="Aleppo (stad)">___</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_393x168" style="position:absolute; left:393px; top:168px; line-height:110%"><span style="background-color:transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">___</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_448x199" style="position:absolute; left:448px; top:199px; line-height:110%"><span style="background-color:transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">___</a></span></div> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bronze-age-collapse.svg/500px-Bronze-age-collapse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="382" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bronze-age-collapse.svg/750px-Bronze-age-collapse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bronze-age-collapse.svg/1000px-Bronze-age-collapse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1162" data-file-height="888" resource="/wiki/Bestand:Bronze-age-collapse.svg" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> </div><div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size:90%; width:500px;">De betrokken rijken en invallende volken</div> </div> <p>De <b>ondergang aan het einde van de Late Bronstijd</b> was een <a href="/wiki/Maatschappelijke_instorting" title="Maatschappelijke instorting">maatschappelijke instorting</a> in het oostelijke deel van het gebied om de <a href="/wiki/Middellandse_Zee" title="Middellandse Zee">Middellandse Zee</a>, waarin veel rijken en beschavingen door <a href="/wiki/Brandstichting" title="Brandstichting">brandstichting</a> ten onder gingen of ernstig in verval raakten. Veel steden gingen rond 1200 v.Chr. in vlammen op, zodat <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Bittel" title="Kurt Bittel">Kurt Bittel</a> de periode als de <b>brandcatastrofe</b> betitelde.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zo gingen de rijken van de <a href="/wiki/Hettieten" title="Hettieten">Hettieten</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anatoli%C3%AB" title="Anatolië">Anatolië</a> en <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> ten onder, terwijl het <a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Rijk" title="Nieuwe Rijk">Nieuwe Rijk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oude_Egypte" title="Oude Egypte">Egypte</a> en <a href="/wiki/Assyrische_Rijk" title="Assyrische Rijk">Assyrië</a> in verval raakten. Ook aan de <a href="/wiki/Redistributie-economie" title="Redistributie-economie">paleiseconomieën</a> van de <a href="/wiki/Myceense_beschaving" title="Myceense beschaving">Myceense beschaving</a> in het Egeïsche gebied kwam een einde, terwijl de beschavingen op <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> in deze periode belaagd werden. De <a href="/wiki/Trojaanse_Oorlog" title="Trojaanse Oorlog">val van Troje</a> vond ook in deze tijd plaats. </p><p>De neergang betekende het einde van de grote <a href="/wiki/Staat_(politiek)" title="Staat (politiek)">staten</a>, de grote rijken, en hun onderlinge contact, zoals blijkt uit de diplomatieke correspondentie in de <a href="/wiki/Amarnabrieven" title="Amarnabrieven">Amarnabrieven</a>, en van het <a href="/wiki/Internationalisme" title="Internationalisme">internationalisme</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Mondialisering" title="Mondialisering">mondialisering</a> gedurende de late <a href="/wiki/Bronstijd" title="Bronstijd">bronstijd</a>. Zij maakten voor de kleinere beschavingen van de <a href="/wiki/IJzertijd" title="IJzertijd">ijzertijd</a> plaats: de <a href="/wiki/Neo-Hettitische_vorstendommen" title="Neo-Hettitische vorstendommen">neo-Hettitische vorstendommen</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Frygi%C3%AB" title="Frygië">Frygiërs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fenici%C3%ABrs" title="Feniciërs">Feniciërs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filistijnen" title="Filistijnen">Filistijnen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isra%C3%ABlieten" title="Israëlieten">Israëlieten</a> en de Grieken van de <a href="/wiki/Geometrische_periode" title="Geometrische periode">geometrische periode</a>. Grote gebieden gleden in de prehistorie terug. Dit was voor <a href="/wiki/Oude_Griekenland" title="Oude Griekenland">Griekenland</a> en <a href="/wiki/Kreta" title="Kreta">Kreta</a> het geval, maar ook uit <a href="/wiki/Anatoli%C3%AB" title="Anatolië">Anatolië</a> zijn aanvankelijk geen geschreven bronnen bekend. Er zijn pas uit rond 800 v.Chr. weer enige Frygische inscripties bekend, in een nieuw van het Fenicisch afgeleid schrift. </p><p>Wat de precieze oorzaak of toedracht ook is geweest, veel onderzoekers zien in de gebeurtenis wel een drastische verandering. De tijd erna, het begin van de ijzertijd, worden de <a href="/wiki/Duistere_eeuwen" title="Duistere eeuwen">duistere eeuwen</a> genoemd. De kwestie heeft wel de belangstelling van de archeologen voor het begin van de ijzertijd gewekt. In <a href="/wiki/Kaleh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Kalehöyük">Kalehöyük</a> in Anatolië werden in deze tijd tot drie keer toe bouwwerken afgebrand en weer opgebouwd.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In plaatsen als <a href="/wiki/Kilise_Tepe" title="Kilise Tepe">Kilise Tepe</a> en <a href="/wiki/Kinet_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Kinet Höyük">Kinet Höyük</a> is te zien dat er inderdaad grote veranderingen plaatsvonden, soms met een aantal grote branden, maar dat er anderzijds toch ook sprake was van een zekere continuïteit, in Cappadocië meer dan rond Gordium en Hattusa,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> anderzijds dat de brandstichtingen voortduurden. </p><p>In andere gebieden zoals <a href="/wiki/Oude_Egypte" title="Oude Egypte">Egypte</a> en Assyrië, die beide als staat overeind bleven, werden geschreven bronnen schaars. Het <a href="/wiki/Midden-Assyrische_Rijk" title="Midden-Assyrische Rijk">Midden-Assyrische Rijk</a> zag sommige van zijn westelijke buitenposten wel in vlammen opgaan, zoals de <i>dunnu</i>, versterkte boerderijen, van <a href="/wiki/Tell_Sabi_Abyad" title="Tell Sabi Abyad">Tell Sabi Abyad</a>, maar het is mogelijk dankzij het stelsel van <i>dunnu's</i> dat het overeind bleef.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In de eeuw na de catastrofe begonnen wel steeds meer <a href="/wiki/Aramee%C3%ABrs" title="Arameeërs">Arameeërs</a> de <a href="/wiki/Eufraat" title="Eufraat">Eufraat</a> over te steken. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="De_oorzaak">De oorzaak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ondergang_van_het_internationale_systeem_aan_het_einde_van_de_Late_Bronstijd&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: De oorzaak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ondergang_van_het_internationale_systeem_aan_het_einde_van_de_Late_Bronstijd&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: De oorzaak"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Keuninck_(Coninck)_Kerstiaen_de_-_Fire_of_Troy.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Keuninck_%28Coninck%29_Kerstiaen_de_-_Fire_of_Troy.jpeg/260px-Keuninck_%28Coninck%29_Kerstiaen_de_-_Fire_of_Troy.jpeg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Keuninck_%28Coninck%29_Kerstiaen_de_-_Fire_of_Troy.jpeg/390px-Keuninck_%28Coninck%29_Kerstiaen_de_-_Fire_of_Troy.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Keuninck_%28Coninck%29_Kerstiaen_de_-_Fire_of_Troy.jpeg/520px-Keuninck_%28Coninck%29_Kerstiaen_de_-_Fire_of_Troy.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Val_van_Troje" class="mw-redirect" title="Val van Troje">Val van Troje</a>, volgens de <a href="/wiki/Griekse_mythologie" title="Griekse mythologie">Griekse mythologie</a> een gebeurtenis aan het einde van de <a href="/wiki/Bronstijd" title="Bronstijd">bronstijd</a>. Schilderij door de 17e-eeuwse schilder <a href="/wiki/Kerstiaen_de_Keuninck" title="Kerstiaen de Keuninck">Kerstiaen de Keuninck</a></figcaption></figure> <p>De oorzaak is nog omstreden. Er zijn bronnen die hongersnoden melden, maar of dit oorzaak is of juist gevolg van gevechtshandelingen of politieke wanorde is niet duidelijk. Volgens sommigen is er zoiets als een <a href="/wiki/Menselijke_migratie" title="Menselijke migratie">volksverhuizing</a> van zeevarende volken uit het Middellandse Zeegebied, de zogenaamde <a href="/wiki/Zeevolken" title="Zeevolken">zeevolken</a>, op gang gekomen. Volgens de beperkte, voornamelijk Egyptische bronnen van die tijd is het echter niet waarschijnlijk dat er werkelijk complete volkeren aan het verhuizen waren. Wel is er sprake van <a href="/wiki/Huurlingen_in_de_oudheid" title="Huurlingen in de oudheid">huurlingen</a> uit een aantal streken rond de <a href="/wiki/Middellandse_Zee" title="Middellandse Zee">Middellandse Zee</a> die een andere manier van strijden invoerden, waar de gevestigde rijken van de bronstijd niet goed raad mee wisten. De nieuwe krijgers waren bedreven met het <a href="/wiki/Zwaard_(wapen)" title="Zwaard (wapen)">zwaard</a> en wisten als infanteristen overtuigend af te rekenen met de <a href="/wiki/Strijdwagen" title="Strijdwagen">strijdwagens</a> die tot dan toe het strijdtoneel hadden beheerst. De periode luidde de ijzertijd in. Het lijkt erop dat het gebruik van <a href="/wiki/Smeedijzer" title="Smeedijzer">smeedijzer</a> iets later kwam, maar ijzer heeft ongetwijfeld het gebruik van de zwaarden nog doorslaggevender gemaakt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Platgebrande_steden">Platgebrande steden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ondergang_van_het_internationale_systeem_aan_het_einde_van_de_Late_Bronstijd&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Platgebrande steden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ondergang_van_het_internationale_systeem_aan_het_einde_van_de_Late_Bronstijd&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Platgebrande steden"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plaatsen die in deze tijd werden vernietigd: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r68175564">.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst ul,.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst li,.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst dd{margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}html.vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-0 .mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst li,html.vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-0 .mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst dd{line-height:1.5714285em}html.vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 .mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst li,html.vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 .mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst dd{line-height:1.6em}html.vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-2 .mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst li,html.vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-2 .mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst dd{line-height:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .kolommen-lijst{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst figure{break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst{clear:both}}</style><div class="kolommen-lijst" style="column-width:10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oude_Griekenland" title="Oude Griekenland">Oude Griekenland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pylos_(Griekenland)" title="Pylos (Griekenland)">Pylos</a></li> <li>Nichoria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiryns" title="Tiryns">Tiryns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midea_(Griekenland)" title="Midea (Griekenland)">Midea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycene" title="Mycene">Mycene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebe_(Griekenland)" title="Thebe (Griekenland)">Thebe</a></li> <li>Leukande</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iolkos" title="Iolkos">Iolkos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreta" title="Kreta">Kreta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chania_(stad)" title="Chania (stad)">Chania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoli%C3%AB" title="Anatolië">Anatolië</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Troje_VI-VII#Troje_VIIa" title="Troje VI-VII">Troje VIIa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersin_(stad)" title="Mersin (stad)">Mersin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(stad)" title="Tarsus (stad)">Tarsus</a></li> <li>Fraktin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alacah%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Alacahöyük">Alacahöyük</a></li> <li>Tille Höyük</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidar_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Lidar Höyük">Lidar Höyük</a></li> <li>Norsuntepe</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> <ul><li>Palaeokastro</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kition" title="Kition">Kition</a></li> <li>Sinda</li> <li>Enkomi</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syri%C3%AB" title="Syrië">Syrië</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li>Tell Sukas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadesj" title="Kadesj">Kadesj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_(stad)" title="Hama (stad)">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_(stad)" title="Aleppo (stad)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana%C3%A4n_(gebied)" title="Kanaän (gebied)">Kanaän</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazor" title="Hazor">Hazor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akko_(stad)" title="Akko (stad)">Akko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megiddo_(stad)" title="Megiddo (stad)">Megiddo</a></li> <li>Deri Alla</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_(Kana%C3%A4n)" title="Bethel (Kanaän)">Bethel</a></li> <li>Beth Shemsh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asjdod" title="Asjdod">Asjdod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asjkelon" title="Asjkelon">Asjkelon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotami%C3%AB" title="Mesopotamië">Mesopotamië</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylon_(stad)" title="Babylon (stad)">Babylon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div></div> <dl><dt>literatuur</dt></dl> <ul><li><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">EH Cline</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deslegte.com/1177-v-chr-het-einde-van-de-beschaving-437486/">1177 v. Chr. Het einde van een beschaving</a>, 2014.</li></ul> <dl><dt>voetnoten</dt></dl> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">R Drews</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/100/1/140/161684?redirectedFrom=fulltext">The End of the Bronze Age. Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe Ca. 1200 B.C.</a>, 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">K Matsumura</span> en <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">T Omoril</span>. The Iron Age Chronology In Anatolia Reconsidered: The Results of The Excavations at Kaman-Kalehöyük, 2010. in Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, blz 443-455</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">C Mora</span> en <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">L d'Alfonso</span>. 'Anatolia After the End of the Hittite Empire: New Evidence from Southern Cappadocia, 2012. in Origini, volume 12 <br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Italiaans">(<span>it</span>) </span> Preistoria e protostoria delle civiltà antiche. blz 385-398, Prehistory and protohistory of ancient civilizations</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130831052545/http://dunnu.nl/the-middle-assyrian-empire/">The Middle Assyrian Empire</a>. gearchiveerd, Consolidating Empire. Reconstructing Hegemonic Practices of the Middle Assyrian Empire at the Late Bronze Age Fortified Estate of Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria, ca. 1230 – 1180 BC</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 5.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud{padding:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud p:first-child{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background-color"],.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background"]{color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}</style> <div class="navigatie mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Antiek_Syrië_en_Mesopotamië" data-expandtext="Uitklappen" data-collapsetext="Inklappen"> <div class="navigatie-afb-links noviewer"><div class="navigatie-bewerken show-autoconfirmed nomobile"><span class="nowrap skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Navigatie_geschiedenis_Mesopotami%C3%AB" title="Sjabloon:Navigatie 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/></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Antiek_Syrië_en_Mesopotamië" class="navigatie-titel">Antiek <a href="/wiki/Syri%C3%AB" title="Syrië">Syrië</a> en <a href="/wiki/Mesopotami%C3%AB" title="Mesopotamië">Mesopotamië</a></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud mw-collapsible-content"> <table style="margin:0; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Chronologie_van_het_Nabije_Oosten" title="Chronologie van het Nabije Oosten">Chronologie Nabije Oosten</a></small> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>Syrië</b> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>Noord-Mesopotamië</b> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>Zuid-Mesopotamië</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ca. 3500-2350 v.Chr. </td> <td colspan="6"><i><a href="/wiki/Semieten" title="Semieten">Semitische</a> nomaden</i> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffdb99"><a href="/wiki/Soemer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soemer">Sumerische stadstaten</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ca. 2350-2200 v.Chr. </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#ffc099"><a href="/wiki/Akkadische_Rijk" title="Akkadische Rijk">Akkadische Rijk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ca. 2200-2100 v.Chr. </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:khaki"><i><a href="/wiki/Guti_(volk)" title="Guti (volk)">Guti</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ca. 2100-2000 v.Chr. </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#ffc7b3"><a href="/wiki/Derde_dynastie_van_Ur" title="Derde dynastie van Ur">Derde dynastie van Ur</a> <small>(<i>Sumerische renaissance</i>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ca. 2000-1800 v.Chr. </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffa480"><a href="/wiki/Mari_(stad)" title="Mari (stad)">Mari</a> <small><i>e.a. <a href="/wiki/Amorieten" title="Amorieten">Amoritische</a> stadstaten</i></small> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/Oud-Assyrische_periode" title="Oud-Assyrische periode">Oud-Assyrische Rijk</a> <small>(<i>Noord-Akkadiërs</i>)</small> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#eee8aa"><a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a> <small><i>e.a. <a href="/wiki/Amorieten" title="Amorieten">Amoritische</a> stadstaten</i></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ca. 1800-1600 v.Chr. </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#f6bcf6"><a href="/wiki/Hettieten" title="Hettieten">Oud-Hettitische Rijk</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#bad0f7"><a href="/wiki/Oud-Babylonische_Rijk" title="Oud-Babylonische Rijk">Oud-Babylonische Rijk</a> <small>(<i>Zuid-Akkadiërs</i>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ca. 1600-1400 v.Chr. </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#eacdae"><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> <small>(<i><a href="/wiki/Hurrieten" title="Hurrieten">Hurrieten</a></i>)</small> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#8bf4eb"><a href="/wiki/Kardunia%C5%A1" title="Karduniaš">Karduniaš</a> <small>(<i><a href="/wiki/Kassieten" title="Kassieten">Kassieten</a></i>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ca. 1400-1200 v.Chr. </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcce6"><a href="/wiki/Hettieten" title="Hettieten">Midden-Hettitische Rijk</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffe033"> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#ffe033"><a href="/wiki/Midden-Assyrische_Rijk" title="Midden-Assyrische Rijk">Midden-Assyrië</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ca. 1200-1150 v.Chr. </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#ff9999"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">brandcatastrofe</a></i> <small>(<i>"<a href="/wiki/Zeevolken" title="Zeevolken">Zeevolken</a>"</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffe4b5"><i><a href="/wiki/Aramee%C3%ABrs" title="Arameeërs">Arameeërs</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ca. 1150-911 v.Chr. </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#ecacec"><a href="/wiki/Fenici%C3%AB" title="Fenicië">Fenicië</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#ffb3db"><a href="/wiki/Hettieten" title="Hettieten">Neo-Hettitische</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hettieten" title="Hettieten">stadstaten</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#ffd6b3"><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Damascus</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe4b5"><i><a href="/wiki/Aramee%C3%ABrs" title="Arameeërs">Arameeërs</a></i> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#bdcbf5"><a href="/wiki/Midden-Babylonische_Rijk" title="Midden-Babylonische Rijk">Midden-Babylonië</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#c4e3ed"><i><a href="/wiki/Chaldee%C3%ABn" title="Chaldeeën">Chal-</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Chaldee%C3%ABn" title="Chaldeeën">dee-</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Chaldee%C3%ABn" title="Chaldeeën">en</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>911-729 v.Chr. </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#f5d470"><a href="/wiki/Nieuw-Assyrische_Rijk" title="Nieuw-Assyrische Rijk">Nieuw-Assyrische Rijk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>729-609 v.Chr. </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#f5d470"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#f5d470"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>626-539 v.Chr. </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#cce6ff"><a href="/wiki/Nieuw-Babylonische_Rijk" title="Nieuw-Babylonische Rijk">Nieuw-Babylonische Rijk</a> <small>(<i><a href="/wiki/Chaldee%C3%ABn" title="Chaldeeën">Chaldeeën</a></i>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>539-331 v.Chr. </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#99ffd8"><a href="/wiki/Perzische_Rijk" title="Perzische Rijk">Perzische Rijk</a> <small>(<i><a href="/wiki/Achaemeniden" title="Achaemeniden">Achaemeniden</a></i>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>336-301 v.Chr. </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#b3ff66"><a href="/wiki/Macedonische_Rijk" title="Macedonische Rijk">Macedonische Rijk</a> <small>(<i><a href="/wiki/Grieken" title="Grieken">Oude Grieken</a> en <a href="/wiki/Macedoni%C3%ABrs_(oudheid)" title="Macedoniërs (oudheid)">Macedoniërs</a></i>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>311-129 v.Chr. </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#c1f0c1"><a href="/wiki/Seleucidische_Rijk" title="Seleucidische Rijk">Seleucidische Rijk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>129-63 v.Chr. </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#c1f0c1"><a href="/wiki/Seleucidische_Rijk" title="Seleucidische Rijk">Seleucidische Rijk</a> </td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#00e6e6"><a href="/wiki/Parthische_Rijk" title="Parthische Rijk">Parthische Rijk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>63 v.Chr.-243 n.Chr. </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="4" style="background-color:#efc2c2"><a href="/wiki/Romeinse_Rijk" title="Romeinse Rijk">Romeinse Rijk</a>/<a href="/wiki/Byzantijnse_Rijk" title="Byzantijnse Rijk">Byzantijnse Rijk</a> <small>(<i><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></i>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>243-636 n.Chr. </td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#d3f8f6"><a href="/wiki/Sassaniden" title="Sassaniden">Sassanidische Rijk</a> 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