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class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "Chief executive" and "CEO" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Chief executive (disambiguation)">Chief executive (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CEO_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="CEO (disambiguation)">CEO (disambiguation)</a>. </div> <p>A <b>chief executive officer</b> (<b>CEO</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-Lin_2014_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lin_2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as a <i>chief executive</i> or <i>managing director</i>, is the top-ranking <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corporate_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate officer">corporate officer</a> charged with the management of an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organization">organization</a>, usually a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Company">company</a> or a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nonprofit_organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Group_of_Fortune_500_CEOs_in_2015_(cropped_to_remove_non-CEO).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Group_of_Fortune_500_CEOs_in_2015_%28cropped_to_remove_non-CEO%29.jpg/250px-Group_of_Fortune_500_CEOs_in_2015_%28cropped_to_remove_non-CEO%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Group_of_Fortune_500_CEOs_in_2015_%2528cropped_to_remove_non-CEO%2529.jpg/375px-Group_of_Fortune_500_CEOs_in_2015_%2528cropped_to_remove_non-CEO%2529.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Group_of_Fortune_500_CEOs_in_2015_%2528cropped_to_remove_non-CEO%2529.jpg/500px-Group_of_Fortune_500_CEOs_in_2015_%2528cropped_to_remove_non-CEO%2529.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="428"></a> <figcaption> A group of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fortune_500?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fortune 500"><i>Fortune</i> 500</a> CEOs in 2015 </figcaption> </figure> <p>CEOs find roles in various organizations, including public and private <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corporation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corporation">corporations</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nonprofit_organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organizations</a>, and even some <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_organizations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Government organizations">government organizations</a> (notably <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State-owned_enterprise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State-owned enterprise">state-owned enterprises</a>). The governor and CEO of a corporation or company typically reports to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Board_of_directors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a> and is charged with maximizing the value of the business,<sup id="cite_ref-Lin_2014_1-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lin_2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may include maximizing the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Profitability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Profitability">profitability</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Market_share?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Market share">market share</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revenue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Revenue">revenue</a>, or another financial metric. In the nonprofit and government sector, CEOs typically aim at achieving outcomes related to the organization's mission, usually provided by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legislation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Legislation">legislation</a>. CEOs are also frequently assigned the role of the main manager of the organization and the highest-ranking officer in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C-suite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="C-suite">C-suite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Origins"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Origins</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Responsibilities"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Responsibilities</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#International_use"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">International use</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Related_positions"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Related positions</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_Kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Celebrity_CEOs"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Celebrity CEOs</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Criticism"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Executive_compensation"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Executive compensation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Diversity"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Diversity</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Toxic_executives"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Toxic executives</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chief_executive_officer&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Origins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The term "chief executive officer" is attested as early as 1782, when an ordinance of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States">United States of America</a> used the term to refer to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Governor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Governor">governors</a> and other leaders of the executive branches of each of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In draft additions to the <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> published online in 2011, the <i>Dictionary</i> says that the use of "CEO" as an acronym for a chief executive officer originated in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australia">Australia</a>, with the first attestation being in 1914. The first American usage cited is from 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Responsibilities">Responsibilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chief_executive_officer&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Responsibilities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>The responsibilities of an organization's CEO are set by the organization's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Board_of_directors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a> or other authority, depending on the organization's structure. They can be far-reaching or quite limited, and are typically enshrined in a formal delegation of authority regarding <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Business_administration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Business administration">business administration</a>. Typically, responsibilities include being an active decision-maker on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Strategic_management?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Strategic management">business strategy</a> and other key policy issues, as well as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leadership?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leadership">leader</a>, manager, and executor roles. The communicator role can involve speaking to the press and to the public, as well as to the organization's management and employees; the decision-making role involves high-level decisions about policy and strategy. The CEO is tasked with implementing the goals, targets and strategic objectives as determined by the board of directors.</p> <p>As an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Executive officer">executive officer</a> of the company, the CEO reports the status of the business to the board of directors, motivates employees, and drives change within the organization. As a manager, the CEO presides over the organization's day-to-day operations.<sup id="cite_ref-Investopedia_5-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Investopedia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BusinessDictionary_6-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BusinessDictionary-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CEO is the person who is ultimately accountable for a company's business decisions, including those in operations, marketing, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Business_development?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Business development">business development</a>, finance, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_resources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human resources">human resources</a>, etc. The CEO of a political party is often entrusted with fundraising, particularly for election campaigns.</p> <p>The use of the CEO title may be used by for-profit companies or non-profit or charitable organisations, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="International_use">International use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chief_executive_officer&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: International use" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>In some countries, there is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dual_board?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dual board">dual board</a> system with two separate boards, one executive board for the day-to-day business and one <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supervisory_board?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supervisory board">supervisory board</a> for control purposes (selected by the shareholders). In these countries, the CEO presides over the executive board and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chairperson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairperson">chairperson</a> presides over the supervisory board, and these two roles will always be held by different people. This ensures a distinction between <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Management?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Management">management</a> by the executive board and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Governance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Governance">governance</a> by the supervisory board. This allows for clear lines of authority. The aim is to prevent a conflict of interest and too much power being concentrated in the hands of one person.</p> <p>In the United States, the board of directors (elected by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shareholder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shareholder">shareholders</a>) is often equivalent to the supervisory board, while the executive board may often be known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Executive_committee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive committee">executive committee</a> (the division/subsidiary heads and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corporate_title?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corporate title">C-level</a> officers that report directly to the CEO).</p> <p>In the United States, and in business, the executive officers are usually the top officers of a corporation, the chief executive officer (CEO) being the best-known type. The definition varies; for instance, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California_Corporate_Disclosure_Act?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="California Corporate Disclosure Act">California Corporate Disclosure Act</a> defines "executive officers" as the five most highly compensated officers not also sitting on the board of directors. In the case of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sole_proprietorship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sole proprietorship">sole proprietorship</a>, an executive officer is the sole proprietor. In the case of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Partner_(business_rank)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Partner (business rank)">partnership</a>, an executive officer is a managing partner, senior partner, or administrative partner. In the case of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limited_liability_company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limited liability company">limited liability company</a>, an executive officer is any member, manager, or officer.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Related_positions">Related positions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chief_executive_officer&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Related positions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corporate_title?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corporate title">Corporate title</a> </div> <p>Depending on the organization, a CEO may have several subordinate executives to help run the day-to-day administration of the company, each of whom has specific functional responsibilities referred to as senior executives,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> executive officers or corporate officers. Subordinate executives are given different titles in different organizations, but one common category of subordinate executive, if the CEO is also the president, is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vice_president?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vice president">vice president</a> (VP). An organization may have more than one vice president, each tasked with a different area of responsibility (e.g., VP of finance, VP of human resources). Examples of subordinate executive officers who typically report to the CEO include the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_operating_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chief operating officer">chief operating officer</a> (COO), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_financial_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chief financial officer">chief financial officer</a> (CFO), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_strategy_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chief strategy officer">chief strategy officer</a> (CSO), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_marketing_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chief marketing officer">chief marketing officer</a> (CMO) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_business_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chief business officer">chief business officer</a> (CBO). The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_relations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Public relations">public relations</a>-focused position of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_reputation_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chief reputation officer">chief reputation officer</a> is sometimes included as one such subordinate executive officer, but, as suggested by Anthony Johndrow, CEO of Reputation Economy Advisors, it can also be seen as "simply another way to add emphasis to the role of a modern-day CEO – where they are both the external face of, and the driving force behind, an organization culture".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chief_executive_officer&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Brad_D._Smith_at_Web_Summit_2014.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Brad_D._Smith_at_Web_Summit_2014.jpg/150px-Brad_D._Smith_at_Web_Summit_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="208" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2624" data-file-height="3646"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 208px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Brad_D._Smith_at_Web_Summit_2014.jpg/150px-Brad_D._Smith_at_Web_Summit_2014.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="208" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Brad_D._Smith_at_Web_Summit_2014.jpg/225px-Brad_D._Smith_at_Web_Summit_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Brad_D._Smith_at_Web_Summit_2014.jpg/300px-Brad_D._Smith_at_Web_Summit_2014.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brad_D._Smith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brad D. Smith">Brad D. Smith</a>, former CEO of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intuit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intuit">Intuit</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>In the US, the term "chief executive officer" is used primarily in business, whereas the term "executive director" is used primarily in the not-for-profit sector.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These terms are generally mutually exclusive and refer to distinct legal duties and responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CEO is the highest-ranking executive in a company, making corporate decisions, managing operations, allocating resources, and serving as the main point of communication between the board of directors and the company.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chief_executive_officer&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: United Kingdom" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In the UK, chief executive and chief executive officer are used in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Administrative geography of the United Kingdom">local government</a>, where their position in law is described as the "head of paid service",<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in business and in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philanthropy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philanthropy">charitable sector</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DChief_executive_officer%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a></sup>, the use of the term <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Director_(business)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Director (business)">director</a> for senior charity staff is deprecated to avoid confusion with the legal duties and responsibilities associated with being a charity director or trustee, which are normally non-executive (unpaid) roles. The term <b>managing director</b> is often used in lieu of chief executive officer.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Celebrity_CEOs">Celebrity CEOs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chief_executive_officer&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Celebrity CEOs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>Business publicists since the days of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_Bernays?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a> (1891–1995) and his client <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a> (1839–1937) and even more successfully the corporate publicists for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_Ford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a>, promoted the concept of the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celebrity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celebrity">celebrity</a> CEO". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Business_journalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Business journalism">Business journalists</a> have often adopted this approach, which assumes that the corporate achievements, especially in the arena of manufacturing, are produced by uniquely talented individuals, especially the "heroic CEO". In effect, journalists celebrate a CEO who takes distinctive strategic actions. The model is the celebrity in entertainment, sports, and politics – compare the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_man_theory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great man theory">great man theory</a>". Guthey <i>et al.</i> argues that "...these individuals are not self-made, but rather are created by a process of widespread media exposure to the point that their actions, personalities, and even private lives function symbolically to represent significant dynamics and tensions prevalent in the contemporary business atmosphere".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journalism thereby exaggerates the importance of the CEO and tends to neglect harder-to-describe broader corporate factors. There is little attention to the intricately organized technical bureaucracy that actually does the work. Hubris sets in when the CEO internalizes the celebrity and becomes excessively self-confident in making complex decisions. There may be an emphasis on the sort of decisions that attract the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celebrity_journalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Celebrity journalism">celebrity journalists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Research published in 2009 by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulrike_Malmendier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulrike Malmendier">Ulrike Malmendier</a> and Geoffrey Tate indicates that "firms with award-winning CEOs subsequently underperform, in terms both of stock and of operating performance".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chief_executive_officer&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Criticism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Executive_compensation">Executive compensation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chief_executive_officer&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Executive compensation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Executive_compensation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Controversy" title="Executive compensation">Executive compensation § Controversy</a> </div> <p>Executive compensation has been a source of criticism following a dramatic rise in pay relative to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Average_worker%27s_wage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Average worker's wage">average worker's wage</a>. For example, the relative pay was 20-to-1 in 1965 in the US, but had risen to 376-to-1 by 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relative pay differs around the world, and, in some smaller countries, is still around 20-to-1.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observers differ as to whether the rise is due to competition for talent or due to lack of control by compensation committees.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, investors have demanded more say over executive pay.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Diversity">Diversity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chief_executive_officer&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Diversity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gender_diversity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#In_the_boardroom" title="Gender diversity">Gender diversity § In the boardroom</a> </div> <p>Lack of diversity amongst chief executives has also been a source of criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, 5% of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fortune_500?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fortune 500"><i>Fortune</i> 500</a> CEOs were women.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023 the number rose to 10.4% of for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_women_CEOs_of_Fortune_500_companies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of women CEOs of Fortune 500 companies">Women CEO's of Fortune 500 companies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reasons for this are explained or justified in various ways, and may include biological sex differences, male and female differences in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Big Five personality traits">Big Five personality traits</a> and temperament, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sex_differences_in_psychology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sex differences in psychology">sex differences in psychology</a> and interests, maternity and career breaks, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hypergamy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hypergamy">hypergamy</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phallogocentrism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phallogocentrism">phallogocentrism</a>, the existence of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_boy_network?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old boy network">old boy networks</a>, tradition, and the lack of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Women_in_business?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Women in business">female role models</a> in that regard.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some countries have passed laws mandating boardroom gender quotas.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023 Rockefeller Foundation awarded a grant to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korn_Ferry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korn Ferry">Korn Ferry</a> to research strategies and then action a plan to help more women to become CEO's.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Toxic_executives">Toxic executives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chief_executive_officer&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Toxic executives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toxic_leader?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toxic leader">Toxic leader</a> </div> <p>There are contentious claims that a significant number of CEO's have <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psychopath?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychopath">psychopathic</a> tendencies, often characterized by power-seeking behavior and dominance. These individuals can often conceal their ruthlessness and antisocial behavior behind a facade of charm and eloquence. Traits such as courage and risk-taking, generally considered desirable, are often found alongside these psychopathic tendencies.</p> <p>Tara Swart, a neuroscientist at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MIT_Sloan_School_of_Management?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MIT Sloan School of Management">MIT Sloan School of Management</a>, has suggested that individuals with psychopathic traits thrive in chaotic environments and are aware that others do not. As a result, they may intentionally create chaos in the workplace.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This perspective is explored in the book <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Snakes_in_Suits?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Snakes in Suits">Snakes in Suits</a></i>, co-authored by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_D._Hare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert D. Hare">Robert D. Hare</a>.</p> <p>However, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scott_Lilienfeld?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scott Lilienfeld">Scott Lilienfeld</a> has argued that the attention given to psychopathy in the workplace by both the media and scholars has far exceeded the available scientific evidence. Emilia Bunea, writing in <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psychology_Today?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Psychology Today">Psychology Today</a></i>, has linked psychopathic traits in managers to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Workplace_bullying?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Workplace bullying">workplace bullying</a>, employee dissatisfaction, and turnover intentions. Despite this, Bunea cautions that excessive worry about supposed psychopathic managers could discourage individuals from pursuing careers in corporations and deter employees from addressing issues with difficult bosses.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chief_executive_officer&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CEO_succession?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="CEO succession">CEO succession</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CEO_of_public_schools?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="CEO of public schools">CEO of public schools</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_manager?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Executive officer">Executive officer</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founder_mode?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Founder mode">Founder mode</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glass_cliff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glass cliff">Glass cliff</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_books_written_by_CEOs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of books written by CEOs">List of books written by CEOs</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_chief_executive_officers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of chief executive officers">List of chief executive officers</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Occupational_Information_Network?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Occupational Information Network">Occupational Information Network</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prime_minister?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prime minister">Prime minister</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Department of Labor">United States Department of Labor</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chief_executive_officer&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lin_2014-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Lin_2014_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Lin_2014_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLin2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lin, Tom C. 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CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124110414/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/08/the-science-behind-why-so-many-successful-millionaires-are-psychopaths-and-why-it-doesnt-have-to-be-a-bad-thing.html">Archived</a> from the original on Nov 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Make+It&rft.atitle=1+in+5+business+leaders+may+have+psychopathic+tendencies%E2%80%94here%27s+why%2C+according+to+a+psychology+professor&rft.date=2019-04-08&rft.aulast=Chamorro-Premuzic&rft.aufirst=Tomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2019%2F04%2F08%2Fthe-science-behind-why-so-many-successful-millionaires-are-psychopaths-and-why-it-doesnt-have-to-be-a-bad-thing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChief+executive+officer" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavenport2023" class="citation web cs1">Davenport, Hannah (2023-11-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://leftfootforward.org/2023/11/mcdonalds-ceo-gets-schooled-by-mp-on-the-role-of-trade-unions/">"McDonald's CEO gets schooled by MP on the role of trade unions"</a>. <i>Left Foot Forward</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205201112/https://leftfootforward.org/2023/11/mcdonalds-ceo-gets-schooled-by-mp-on-the-role-of-trade-unions/">Archived</a> from the original on Dec 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Left+Foot+Forward&rft.atitle=McDonald%27s+CEO+gets+schooled+by+MP+on+the+role+of+trade+unions&rft.date=2023-11-15&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleftfootforward.org%2F2023%2F11%2Fmcdonalds-ceo-gets-schooled-by-mp-on-the-role-of-trade-unions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChief+executive+officer" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chief_executive_officer&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuangKisgen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Huang, Jiekun; Kisgen, Darren J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721204528/http://www.usc.edu/schools/business/FBE/seminars/papers/F_10-3-08_KISGEN-Gender.pdf">"Gender and corporate finance: Are male executives overconfident relative to female executives?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Financial Economics</i>. <b>108</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">822–</span>839. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.jfineco.2012.12.005">10.1016/j.jfineco.2012.12.005</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.usc.edu/schools/business/FBE/seminars/papers/F_10-3-08_KISGEN-Gender.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-07-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Financial+Economics&rft.atitle=Gender+and+corporate+finance%3A+Are+male+executives+overconfident+relative+to+female+executives%3F&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E822-%3C%2Fspan%3E839&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jfineco.2012.12.005&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Jiekun&rft.au=Kisgen%2C+Darren+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usc.edu%2Fschools%2Fbusiness%2FFBE%2Fseminars%2Fpapers%2FF_10-3-08_KISGEN-Gender.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChief+executive+officer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplanKlebanovSorensen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kaplan, Steven N.; Klebanov, Mark M.; Sorensen, Morten (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6606747.pdf">"Which CEO Characteristics and Abilities Matter?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of Finance</i>. <b>67</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">973–</span>1007. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1111%252Fj.1540-6261.2012.01739.x">10.1111/j.1540-6261.2012.01739.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Finance&rft.atitle=Which+CEO+Characteristics+and+Abilities+Matter%3F&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E973-%3C%2Fspan%3E1007&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6261.2012.01739.x&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Steven+N.&rft.au=Klebanov%2C+Mark+M.&rft.au=Sorensen%2C+Morten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F6606747.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChief+executive+officer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShleiferVishny1997" class="citation journal cs1">Shleifer, Andrei; Vishny, Robert W. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:30728046">"A Survey of Corporate Governance"</a>. <i>The Journal of Finance</i>. <b>52</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">737–</span>783. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1111%252Fj.1540-6261.1997.tb04820.x">10.1111/j.1540-6261.1997.tb04820.x</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54538527">54538527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Finance&rft.atitle=A+Survey+of+Corporate+Governance&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E737-%3C%2Fspan%3E783&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6261.1997.tb04820.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54538527%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shleifer&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rft.au=Vishny%2C+Robert+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrs.harvard.edu%2Furn-3%3AHUL.InstRepos%3A30728046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChief+executive+officer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vancil, Richard F. <i>Passing the baton: Managing the process of CEO succession</i> (Harvard Business School Press, 1987).</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25A7%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8_%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B9%25E0%25A7%2580_%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25BE" title="প্রধান নির্বাহী কর্মকর্তা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রধান নির্বাহী কর্মকর্তা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho%25C3%25A8-ko_keng-%25C3%25AAng_chek-j%25C4%25ABm-chi%25C3%25A1" title="Choè-ko keng-êng chek-jīm-chiá – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Choè-ko keng-êng chek-jīm-chiá" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEO" title="CEO – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="CEO" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2598%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BF%25D1%258A%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Изпълнителен директор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Изпълнителен директор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executiu_en_cap" title="Executiu en cap – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Executiu en cap" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chief executive officer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrerende_direkt%25C3%25B8r" title="Administrerende direktør – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Administrerende direktør" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Executive_Officer" title="Chief Executive Officer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chief Executive Officer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegevdirektor" title="Tegevdirektor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tegevdirektor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2594%25CE%25B9%25CE%25B5%25CF%2585%25CE%25B8%25CF%258D%25CE%25BD%25CF%2589%25CE%25BD_%25CE%25A3%25CF%258D%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B2%25CE%25BF%25CF%2585%25CE%25BB%25CE%25BF%25CF%2582" title="Διευθύνων Σύμβουλος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διευθύνων Σύμβουλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_ejecutivo" title="Director ejecutivo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Director ejecutivo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%2588efa_afergvida_oficisto" title="Ĉefa afergvida oficisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉefa afergvida oficisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1_%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%2584_%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25DB%258C" title="مدیر عامل اجرایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدیر عامل اجرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directeur_g%25C3%25A9n%25C3%25A9ral" title="Directeur général – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Directeur général" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algemien_direkteur" title="Algemien direkteur – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Algemien direkteur" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%25C3%25ADomhoifigeach_feidhmi%25C3%25BAch%25C3%25A1in" title="Príomhoifigeach feidhmiúcháin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Príomhoifigeach feidhmiúcháin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_executivo" title="Director executivo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Director executivo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%25B5%259C%25EA%25B3%25A0%25EA%25B2%25BD%25EC%2598%2581%25EC%259E%2590" title="최고경영자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="최고경영자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B3%25D5%25AC%25D5%25AD%25D5%25A1%25D5%25BE%25D5%25B8%25D6%2580_%25D5%25A3%25D5%25B8%25D6%2580%25D5%25AE%25D5%25A1%25D5%25A4%25D5%25AB%25D6%2580_%25D5%25BF%25D5%25B6%25D6%2585%25D6%2580%25D5%25A5%25D5%25B6" title="Գլխավոր գործադիր տնօրեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գլխավոր գործադիր տնօրեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%2596%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF_%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%2585%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2580" title="मुख्य कार्यकारी अधिकारी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुख्य कार्यकारी अधिकारी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direktur_utama" title="Direktur utama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Direktur utama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amministratore_delegato" title="Amministratore delegato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amministratore delegato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%259E%25D7%25A0%25D7%2594%25D7%259C_%25D7%259B%25D7%259C%25D7%259C%25D7%2599" title="מנהל כללי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנהל כללי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEO" title="CEO – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="CEO" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkurugenzi" title="Mkurugenzi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mkurugenzi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEO" title="CEO – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="CEO" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalinis_direktorius" title="Generalinis direktorius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Generalinis direktorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vez%25C3%25A9rigazgat%25C3%25B3" title="Vezérigazgató – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vezérigazgató" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%2596_%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%2585%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2583%25E0%25A4%25A4" title="प्रमुख कार्यकारी अधिकृत – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="प्रमुख कार्यकारी अधिकृत" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2598%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B2%25D1%2580%25D1%2588%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Извршен директор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Извршен директор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%2596%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF_%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%2585%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2580" title="मुख्य कार्यकारी अधिकारी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मुख्य कार्यकारी अधिकारी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25B3_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D9%2586%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF%25D9%2589" title="الريس التنفيدى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الريس التنفيدى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketua_pegawai_eksekutif" title="Ketua pegawai eksekutif – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ketua pegawai eksekutif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%25A1%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25BE%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2586%25E1%2580%25B1%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA_%25E1%2580%25A1%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%25BE%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%2581%25E1%2580%25BB%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%25BA" title="အမှုဆောင် အရာရှိချုပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အမှုဆောင် အရာရှိချုပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestuursvoorzitter" title="Bestuursvoorzitter – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bestuursvoorzitter" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%2596_%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%2585%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2583%25E0%25A4%25A4" title="प्रमुख कार्यकारी अधिकृत – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रमुख कार्यकारी अधिकृत" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%259C%2580%25E9%25AB%2598%25E7%25B5%258C%25E5%2596%25B6%25E8%25B2%25AC%25E4%25BB%25BB%25E8%2580%2585" title="最高経営責任者 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="最高経営責任者" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daglig_leder" title="Daglig leder – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Daglig leder" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagleg_leiar" title="Dagleg leiar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dagleg leiar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosh_ijrochi_direktor" title="Bosh ijrochi direktor – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bosh ijrochi direktor" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25AE%25E0%25A9%2581%25E0%25A9%25B1%25E0%25A8%2596_%25E0%25A8%2595%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%259C%25E0%25A8%2595%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A9%2580_%25E0%25A8%2585%25E0%25A8%25A7%25E0%25A8%25BF%25E0%25A8%2595%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A9%2580" title="ਮੁੱਖ ਕਾਰਜਕਾਰੀ ਅਧਿਕਾਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੁੱਖ ਕਾਰਜਕਾਰੀ ਅਧਿਕਾਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chief executive officer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diretor-executivo" title="Diretor-executivo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Diretor-executivo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_general" title="Director general – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Director general" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Executive_Officer" title="Chief Executive Officer – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Chief Executive Officer" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chief executive officer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryeshefi_ekzekutiv" title="Kryeshefi ekzekutiv – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kryeshefi ekzekutiv" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chief executive officer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25DB%2595%25DA%2595%25DB%258E%25D9%2588%25DB%2595%25D8%25A8%25DB%2595%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AC%25DB%258E%25D8%25A8%25DB%2595%25D8%25AC%25DB%258E%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1" title="بەڕێوەبەری جێبەجێکار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەڕێوەبەری جێبەجێکار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izvr%25C5%25A1ni_direktor" title="Izvršni direktor – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Izvršni direktor" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toimitusjohtaja" title="Toimitusjohtaja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toimitusjohtaja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkst%25C3%25A4llande_direkt%25C3%25B6r" title="Verkställande direktör – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Verkställande direktör" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%2588_%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AF%2586%25E0%25AE%25AF%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AF%258D_%25E0%25AE%2585%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D" title="முதன்மை செயல் அலுவலர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முதன்மை செயல் அலுவலர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%25AE%25E0%25B1%2581%25E0%25B0%2596%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25AF_%25E0%25B0%2595%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25AF%25E0%25B0%25A8%25E0%25B0%25BF%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B5%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%25B9%25E0%25B0%2595_%25E0%25B0%2585%25E0%25B0%25A7%25E0%25B0%25BF%25E0%25B0%2595%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B0%25BF" title="ముఖ్య కార్యనిర్వాహక అధికారి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ముఖ్య కార్యనిర్వాహక అధికారి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B8%2598%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2588%25E0%25B9%2589%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25AB%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B9%2589%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%259A%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%25AB%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A3" title="ประธานเจ้าหน้าที่บริหาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประธานเจ้าหน้าที่บริหาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%25B0cra_kurulu_ba%25C5%259Fkan%25C4%25B1" title="İcra kurulu başkanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İcra kurulu başkanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D1%2587%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Головний виконавчий директор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Головний виконавчий директор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%2586%25DB%258C%25D9%2581_%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25DA%25AF%25D8%25B2%25DB%258C%25DA%25A9%25D9%25B9%25D9%2588_%25D8%25A2%25D9%2581%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B1" title="چیف ایگزیکٹو آفیسر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چیف ایگزیکٹو آفیسر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%25E1%25BB%2595ng_gi%25C3%25A1m_%25C4%2591%25E1%25BB%2591c_%25C4%2591i%25E1%25BB%2581u_h%25C3%25A0nh" title="Tổng giám đốc điều hành – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tổng giám đốc điều hành" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%258F%25B8%25E6%2594%25BF" title="司政 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="司政" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25A6%2596%25E5%25B8%25AD%25E6%2589%25A7%25E8%25A1%258C%25E5%25AE%2598" title="首席执行官 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="首席执行官" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%25A1%258C%25E6%2594%25BF%25E7%25B8%25BD%25E8%25A3%2581" title="行政總裁 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="行政總裁" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25A6%2596%25E5%25B8%25AD%25E6%2589%25A7%25E8%25A1%258C%25E5%25AE%2598" title="首席执行官 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="首席执行官" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul 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