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User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable energy merge - Wikipedia

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energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geothermal_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geothermal_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Geothermal energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geothermal_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bio_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bio_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Bio energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bio_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biofuel_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biofuel_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Biofuel development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biofuel_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emerging_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emerging_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Emerging technologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emerging_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Energy efficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developing_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developing_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Developing countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developing_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry_and_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry_and_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Industry and policy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Industry_and_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Industry and policy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Industry_and_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-100%_renewable_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#100%_renewable_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>100% renewable energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-100%_renewable_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_policy_landscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_policy_landscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Public policy landscape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_policy_landscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shifting_taxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shifting_taxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Shifting taxes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shifting_taxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shifting_subsidies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shifting_subsidies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Shifting subsidies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shifting_subsidies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renewable_energy_targets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewable_energy_targets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Renewable energy targets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewable_energy_targets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levelling_the_playing_field" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levelling_the_playing_field"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Levelling the playing field</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levelling_the_playing_field-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Green_stimulus_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_stimulus_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Green stimulus programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_stimulus_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_sector_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_sector_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Energy sector regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_sector_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voluntary_market_mechanisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voluntary_market_mechanisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Voluntary market mechanisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voluntary_market_mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-technical_barriers_to_acceptance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-technical_barriers_to_acceptance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Non-technical barriers to acceptance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-technical_barriers_to_acceptance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Recent developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renewable_energy_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewable_energy_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Renewable energy industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewable_energy_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">User</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable energy merge</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Alternative_Energies.jpg/262px-Alternative_Energies.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Alternative_Energies.jpg/393px-Alternative_Energies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Alternative_Energies.jpg/524px-Alternative_Energies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2982" data-file-height="1942" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> are three emerging renewable sources of energy. </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 120%; padding-left: -20px; margin-left: -20px;"> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg/120px-Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg/180px-Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg/240px-Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-neutral_fuel" title="Carbon-neutral fuel">Carbon-neutral fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosswind_kite_power" title="Crosswind kite power">Crosswind kite power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_heating" title="Geothermal heating">Geothermal heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a 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power">Wind power</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_proposed_as_renewable_energy" title="Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy">Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_energy_topics_by_country_and_territory" title="List of renewable energy topics by country and territory">Topics by country and territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Marketing and policy trends</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renewable_energy_sources" title="Template:Renewable energy sources"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renewable_energy_sources" title="Template talk:Renewable energy sources"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renewable_energy_sources" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renewable energy sources"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_public_support_for_energy_sources_(Ipsos_2011).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a survey by isos shows that global support is strongest for solar and wind, followed by (in declining order) hydro, natural gas, coal and nuclear" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Global_public_support_for_energy_sources_%28Ipsos_2011%29.png/262px-Global_public_support_for_energy_sources_%28Ipsos_2011%29.png" decoding="async" width="262" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Global_public_support_for_energy_sources_%28Ipsos_2011%29.png/393px-Global_public_support_for_energy_sources_%28Ipsos_2011%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Global_public_support_for_energy_sources_%28Ipsos_2011%29.png/524px-Global_public_support_for_energy_sources_%28Ipsos_2011%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="637" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Global public support for different energy sources (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-ipsos_2011_preference_for_renewables_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipsos_2011_preference_for_renewables-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg/120px-Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg/180px-Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg/240px-Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-neutral_fuel" title="Carbon-neutral fuel">Carbon-neutral fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosswind_kite_power" title="Crosswind kite power">Crosswind kite power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_heating" title="Geothermal heating">Geothermal heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_current_power" title="Marine current power">Marine current power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmotic_power" title="Osmotic power">Osmotic power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind power</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_proposed_as_renewable_energy" title="Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy">Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_energy_topics_by_country_and_territory" title="List of renewable energy topics by country and territory">Topics by country and territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Marketing and policy trends</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renewable_energy_sources" title="Template:Renewable energy sources"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renewable_energy_sources" title="Template talk:Renewable energy sources"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renewable_energy_sources" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renewable energy sources"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Renewable energy</b> is generally defined as energy that comes from <a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">resources</a> which are naturally replenished on a human timescale such as <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">tides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">waves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">geothermal heat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas: <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_water_heating" title="Solar water heating">hot water</a>/<a href="/wiki/Space_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Space heating">space heating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motor_fuel" title="Motor fuel">motor fuels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stand-alone_power_system" title="Stand-alone power system">rural (off-grid)</a> energy services.<sup id="cite_ref-ren15_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ren15-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on <a href="/wiki/REN21" title="REN21">REN21</a>'s 2014 report, renewables contributed 19 percent to our <a href="/wiki/World_energy_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="World energy consumption">global energy consumption</a> and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Both, modern renewables, such as hydro, wind, solar and biofuels, as well as traditional biomass, contributed in about equal parts to the global energy supply. Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$214 billion in 2013, with countries like <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_States" title="Renewable energy in the United States">United States</a> heavily investing in wind, hydro, solar and biofuels.<sup id="cite_ref-ria21-GSR2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ria21-GSR2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a> is resulting in significant <a href="/wiki/Energy_security_and_renewable_technology" title="Energy security and renewable technology">energy security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a>, and economic benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-International_Energy_Agency_2012_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Energy_Agency_2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-REN21_2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REN21_2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>While many renewable energy projects are large-scale, renewable technologies are also suited to <a href="/wiki/Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural">rural</a> and remote areas and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_developing_countries" title="Renewable energy in developing countries">developing countries</a>, where energy is often crucial in <a href="/wiki/Human_development_(humanity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human development (humanity)">human development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a> has said that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-renewableenergyworld1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renewableenergyworld1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_solar_energy" title="Outline of solar energy">Outline of solar energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_renewable_energy_topics" title="Lists of renewable energy topics">Lists of renewable energy topics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></div> <p><br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_World_Energy_Consumption_by_Source_2010.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Total_World_Energy_Consumption_by_Source_2010.png/220px-Total_World_Energy_Consumption_by_Source_2010.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Total_World_Energy_Consumption_by_Source_2010.png/330px-Total_World_Energy_Consumption_by_Source_2010.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Total_World_Energy_Consumption_by_Source_2010.png/440px-Total_World_Energy_Consumption_by_Source_2010.png 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/World_energy_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="World energy consumption">World energy consumption</a> by source. Renewables accounted for 19% in 2012.</figcaption></figure> <p>Renewable energy flows involve natural phenomena such as <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">plant growth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_heating" title="Geothermal heating">geothermal heat</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> explains:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Renewable energy is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth. Included in the definition is electricity and heat generated from solar, wind, ocean, <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources.</p></blockquote> <p>Renewable energy resources and significant opportunities for <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a> exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency, and technological diversification of energy sources, would result in significant <a href="/wiki/Energy_security_and_renewable_technology" title="Energy security and renewable technology">energy security</a> and economic benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-International_Energy_Agency_2012_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Energy_Agency_2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Renewable energy sources, that derive their energy from the sun, either directly or indirectly, such as hydro and wind, are expected to be capable of supplying humanity energy for almost another 1 billion years, at which point the predicted increase in heat from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a> is expected to make the surface of the earth too hot for liquid water to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-Schroeder_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schroeder-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> concerns, coupled with <a href="/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis" title="2000s energy crisis">high oil prices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a>, and increasing government support, are driving increasing renewable energy legislation, incentives and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">commercialization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> New government spending, regulation and policies helped the industry weather the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–08">global financial crisis</a> better than many other sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-obama_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obama-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to a 2011 projection by the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a>, solar power generators may produce most of the world's electricity within 50 years, reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases that harm the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Ben_Sills_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ben_Sills-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2011, small solar PV systems provide electricity to a few million households, and micro-hydro configured into mini-grids serves many more. Over 44 million households use <a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">biogas</a> made in household-scale digesters for <a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">lighting</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooking</a>, and more than 166 million households rely on a new generation of more-efficient biomass cookstoves.<sup id="cite_ref-REN21_2011_14_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REN21_2011_14-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a> has said that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-renewableenergyworld1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renewableenergyworld1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of energy supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond, and some 120 countries have various policy targets for longer-term shares of renewable energy, including a 20% target of all electricity generated for the European Union by 2020. Some countries have much higher long-term policy targets of up to 100% renewables. Outside Europe, a diverse group of 20 or more other countries target renewable energy shares in the 2020–2030 time frame that range from 10% to 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-REN21_2013_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REN21_2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas: <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_water_heating" title="Solar water heating">hot water</a>/<a href="/wiki/Space_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Space heating">space heating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motor_fuel" title="Motor fuel">motor fuels</a>, and rural (off-grid) energy services:<sup id="cite_ref-ren15_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ren15-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Power generation</b></li></ul> <dl><dd>Renewable <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric energy</a> provides 16.3% the worlds electricity. When hydroelectric is combined with other renewables such as wind, geothermal, solar, biomass and waste: together they make the "renewables" total, 21.7% of electricity generation worldwide as of 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Renewable power generators are spread across many countries, and wind power alone already provides a significant share of electricity in some areas: for example, 14% in the U.S. state of Iowa, 40% in the northern German state of Schleswig-Holstein, and 49% in Denmark. Some countries get most of their power from renewables, including Iceland (100%), Norway (98%), Brazil (86%), Austria (62%), New Zealand (65%), and Sweden (54%).<sup id="cite_ref-ren53_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ren53-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Heating</b></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Solar_water_heating" title="Solar water heating">Solar water heating</a> makes an important contribution to <a href="/wiki/Renewable_heat" title="Renewable heat">renewable heat</a> in many countries, most notably in China, which now has 70% of the global total (180 GWth). Most of these systems are installed on multi-family apartment buildings and meet a portion of the hot water needs of an estimated 50–60 million households in China. Worldwide, total installed <a href="/wiki/Solar_water_heating" title="Solar water heating">solar water heating</a> systems meet a portion of the water heating needs of over 70 million households. The use of biomass for heating continues to grow as well. In Sweden, national use of biomass energy has surpassed that of oil. Direct geothermal for heating is also growing rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-ren53_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ren53-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Transport fuels</b></li></ul> <dl><dd>Renewable <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuels</a> have contributed to a significant decline in oil consumption in the United States since 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-ren53_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ren53-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> U.S. oil use fell 8.5% from 2005 to 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The 93 billion liters of biofuels produced worldwide in 2009 displaced the equivalent of an estimated 68 billion liters of gasoline, equal to about 5% of world gasoline production.<sup id="cite_ref-ren53_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ren53-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Overview and Rationale for renewables</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>, and energy insecurity are significant problems and addressing them requires major changes to energy infrastructures.<sup id="cite_ref-WWS2010_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWS2010-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a> technologies are essential contributors to the energy supply portfolio, as they contribute to <a href="/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">world energy security</a>, reduce dependency on <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>, and provide opportunities for mitigating <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse gases">greenhouse gases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Climate-disrupting <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a> are being replaced by clean, climate-stabilizing, non-depletable sources of energy: </p> <blockquote> <p>...the transition from coal, oil, and gas to wind, solar, and geothermal energy is well under way. In the old economy, energy was produced by burning something — oil, coal, or natural gas — leading to the carbon emissions that have come to define our economy. The new energy economy harnesses the energy in wind, the energy coming from the sun, and heat from within the earth itself.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for a variety of methods for addressing the problem of energy supply. These methods include promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power, requiring utilities to use more renewable energy, and providing tax incentives to encourage the development and use of such technologies. It is expected that renewable energy investments will pay off economically in the long term.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>EU member countries have shown support for ambitious renewable energy goals. In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a> polled the twenty-seven EU member states about the target "to increase the share of renewable energy in the EU by 20 percent by 2020". Most people in all twenty-seven countries either approved of the target or called for it to go further. Across the EU, 57 percent thought the proposed goal was "about right" and 16 percent thought it was "too modest." In comparison, 19 percent said it was "too ambitious".<sup id="cite_ref-worldpublicopinion.org_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldpublicopinion.org-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2011, new evidence has emerged that there are considerable risks associated with traditional energy sources, and that major changes to the mix of energy technologies is needed: </p> <blockquote> <p>Several mining tragedies globally have underscored the human toll of the coal supply chain. New EPA initiatives targeting air toxics, coal ash, and effluent releases highlight the environmental impacts of coal and the cost of addressing them with control technologies. The use of fracking in natural gas exploration is coming under scrutiny, with evidence of groundwater contamination and greenhouse gas emissions. Concerns are increasing about the vast amounts of water used at coal-fired and nuclear power plants, particularly in regions of the country facing water shortages. Events at the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima nuclear disaster">Fukushima nuclear plant</a> have renewed doubts about the ability to operate large numbers of nuclear plants safely over the long term. Further, cost estimates for “next generation” nuclear units continue to climb, and lenders are unwilling to finance these plants without taxpayer guarantees.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The 2014 <a href="/wiki/REN21" title="REN21">REN21</a> Global Status Report says that renewable energies are no longer just energy sources, but ways to address pressing social, political, economic and environmental problems: </p> <blockquote> <p>Today, renewables are seen not only as sources of energy, but also as tools to address many other pressing needs, including: improving energy security; reducing the health and environmental impacts associated with fossil and nuclear energy; mitigating greenhouse gas emissions; improving educational opportunities; creating jobs; reducing poverty; and increasing gender equality... Renewables have entered the mainstream.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the development of coal in the mid 19th century, nearly all energy used was renewable. Almost without a doubt the oldest known use of renewable energy, in the form of traditional biomass to fuel fires, dates from 790,000 years ago. Use of biomass for fire did not become commonplace until many hundreds of thousands of years later, sometime between 200,000 and 400,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Fire_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fire-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Probably the second oldest usage of renewable energy is harnessing the wind in order to drive ships over water. This practice can be traced back some 7000 years, to ships on the Nile.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Moving into the time of recorded history, the primary sources of traditional renewable energy were human <a href="/wiki/Manual_labour" title="Manual labour">labor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal power">animal power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Water power">water power</a>, wind, in grain crushing <a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">windmills</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">firewood</a>, a traditional biomass. A graph of energy use in the United States up until 1900 shows oil and natural gas with about the same importance in 1900 as wind and solar played in 2010. </p><p>By 1873, concerns of running out of <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> prompted experiments with using solar energy.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Development of solar engines continued until the outbreak of World War I. The importance of solar energy was recognized in a 1911 <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i> article: "in the far distant future, <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">natural fuels</a> having been exhausted [solar power] will remain as the only means of existence of the human race".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theory of <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a> was published in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the 1970s environmentalists promoted the development of renewable energy both as a replacement for the eventual <a href="/wiki/Depletion_of_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Depletion of oil">depletion of oil</a>, as well as for an escape from dependence on oil, and the first electricity generating <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a> appeared. Solar had long been used for heating and cooling, but solar panels were too costly to build solar farms until 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The IEA 2014 World Energy Outlook projects a growth of renewable energy supply from 1,700 gigawatts in 2014 to 4,550 gigawatts in 2040. Fossil fuels received about $550 billion in subsidies in 2013, compared to $120 billion for all renewable energies.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three_generations_of_technologies">Three generations of technologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Three generations of technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Renewable energy includes a number of sources and technologies at different stages of commercialization. The <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> (IEA) has defined three generations of renewable energy technologies, reaching back over 100&#160;years: </p> <ul><li><b>First-generation technologies</b></li></ul> <dl><dd>emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial revolution">industrial revolution</a> at the end of the 19th century and include <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal power</a> and heat. These technologies are widely used in locations with abundant resources. Their future use depends on the exploration of the remaining resource potential, particularly in developing countries, and on overcoming challenges related to the environment and social acceptance.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Second-generation technologies</b></li></ul> <dl><dd>include <a href="/wiki/Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">solar heating</a> and cooling, <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a>, modern forms of <a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">bioenergy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solar_photovoltaics" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar photovoltaics">solar photovoltaics</a>. These are now entering markets as a result of research, development and demonstration (RD&amp;D) investments since the 1980s. Initial investment was prompted by <a href="/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">energy security</a> concerns linked to the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">oil crises</a> of the 1970s but the enduring appeal of these technologies is due, at least in part, to environmental benefits. Many of the technologies reflect significant advancements in materials.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Markets for second-generation technologies have been strong and growing over the past decade, and these technologies have gone from being a passion for the dedicated few to a major economic sector in countries such as Germany, Spain, the United States, and Japan. Many large industrial companies and financial institutions are involved and the challenge is to broaden the market base for continued growth worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNEP2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Third-generation technologies</b></li></ul> <dl><dd>are still under development and include advanced <a href="/wiki/Biomass_gasification" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomass gasification">biomass gasification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biorefinery" title="Biorefinery">biorefinery</a> technologies, concentrating <a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar thermal">solar thermal</a> power, <a href="/wiki/Hot-dry-rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-dry-rock">hot-dry-rock</a> geothermal power, and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean energy">ocean energy</a>. Advances in <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a> may also play a major role".<sup id="cite_ref-IEA_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> First-generation technologies are well established, second-generation technologies are entering markets, and third-generation technologies heavily depend on long-term research and development commitments, where the public sector has a role to play.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Third-generation technologies are not yet widely demonstrated or have limited commercialization. Many are on the horizon and may have potential comparable to other renewable energy technologies, but still depend on attracting sufficient attention and research and development funding.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercialization">Commercialization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Commercialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global-RE-Investment-VC-Eng.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Global-RE-Investment-VC-Eng.png/220px-Global-RE-Investment-VC-Eng.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Global-RE-Investment-VC-Eng.png/330px-Global-RE-Investment-VC-Eng.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Global-RE-Investment-VC-Eng.png/440px-Global-RE-Investment-VC-Eng.png 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Global New Investments in Renewable Energy<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_GT_2011_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP_GT_2011-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Renewable energy commercialization</b> involves the <a href="/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations" title="Diffusion of innovations">deployment</a> of three generations of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> technologies dating back more than 100 years. First-generation technologies, which are already mature and economically competitive, include <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal power</a> and heat. Second-generation technologies are market-ready and are being deployed at the present time; they include <a href="/wiki/Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">solar heating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">photovoltaics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_solar_thermal_power_stations" title="List of solar thermal power stations">solar thermal power stations</a>, and modern forms of <a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">bioenergy</a>. Third-generation technologies require continued <a href="/wiki/R%26D" class="mw-redirect" title="R&amp;D">R&amp;D</a> efforts in order to make large contributions on a global scale and include advanced <a href="/wiki/Biomass_gasification" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomass gasification">biomass gasification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hot-dry-rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-dry-rock">hot-dry-rock</a> geothermal power, and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean energy">ocean energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As of 2012, renewable energy accounts for about half of new <a href="/wiki/Nameplate_capacity" title="Nameplate capacity">nameplate electrical capacity</a> installed and costs are continuing to fall.<sup id="cite_ref-irena111_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irena111-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> and political leadership helps to "level the playing field" and drive the wider acceptance of renewable energy technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-renewableenergyfocus.com_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renewableenergyfocus.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-map.ren21.net_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-map.ren21.net-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ren212011_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ren212011-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Countries such as Germany, Denmark, and Spain have led the way in implementing innovative policies which has driven most of the growth over the past decade. As of 2014, Germany has a commitment to the "<a href="/wiki/Energiewende" title="Energiewende">Energiewende</a>" transition to a sustainable energy economy, and Denmark has a commitment to <a href="/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy" title="100% renewable energy">100% renewable energy</a> by 2050. There are now 144 countries with renewable energy policy targets. </p><p>Total investment in renewable energy (including small hydro-electric projects) was $244 billion in 2012, down 12% from 2011 mainly due to dramatically lower solar prices and weakened US and EU markets.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As a share of total investment in power plants, wind and solar PV grew from 14% in 2000 to over 60% in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The top countries for investment in recent years were China, Germany, Spain, the United States, Italy, and Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-map.ren21.net_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-map.ren21.net-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-REN21_2011_35_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REN21_2011_35-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Renewable energy companies include <a href="/wiki/BrightSource_Energy" title="BrightSource Energy">BrightSource Energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Solar" title="First Solar">First Solar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamesa_Corporaci%C3%B3n_Tecnol%C3%B3gica" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamesa Corporación Tecnológica">Gamesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/GE_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="GE Energy">GE Energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goldwind" title="Goldwind">Goldwind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinovel" title="Sinovel">Sinovel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trina_Solar" title="Trina Solar">Trina Solar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vestas" title="Vestas">Vestas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yingli" title="Yingli">Yingli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-top_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-top-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-keith_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keith-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">Climate change concerns</a><sup id="cite_ref-ieapress_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieapress-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNEP2_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stern_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> are driving increasing growth in the renewable energy industries.<sup id="cite_ref-UNnews_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNnews-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mak_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mak-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to a 2011 projection by the (IEA) <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a>, solar power generators may produce most of the world's electricity within 50 years, reducing harmful greenhouse gas emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-ieaiea2011_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieaiea2011-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 2012 <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union</a> address, President Barack Obama restated his commitment to renewable energy and mentioned the long-standing Interior Department commitment to permit 10,000 MW of renewable energy projects on public land in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindsay_Morris_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindsay_Morris-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Globally, there are an estimated 3 million direct jobs in renewable energy industries, with about half of them in the biofuels industry.<sup id="cite_ref-ren9_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ren9-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth">Growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GlobalREPowerCapacity-exHydro-Eng.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/GlobalREPowerCapacity-exHydro-Eng.png/220px-GlobalREPowerCapacity-exHydro-Eng.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/GlobalREPowerCapacity-exHydro-Eng.png/330px-GlobalREPowerCapacity-exHydro-Eng.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/GlobalREPowerCapacity-exHydro-Eng.png/440px-GlobalREPowerCapacity-exHydro-Eng.png 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Global growth of renewables through 2011<sup id="cite_ref-REN21-GSR-2012_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REN21-GSR-2012-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>From the end of 2004, worldwide renewable energy capacity grew at rates of 10–60% annually for many technologies. For wind power and many other renewable technologies, growth accelerated in 2009 relative to the previous four years.<sup id="cite_ref-ren15_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ren15-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> More wind power capacity was added during 2009 than any other renewable technology. However, grid-connected PV increased the fastest of all renewables technologies, with a 60% annual average growth rate.<sup id="cite_ref-ren15_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ren15-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 2010, renewable power constituted about a third of the newly built power generation capacities.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_GT_2011_Fig24_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP_GT_2011_Fig24-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Projections vary, but scientists have advanced a plan to power 100% of the world's energy with <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> by the year 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-wws_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wws-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2011 projection by the International Energy Agency, solar power generators may produce most of the world's electricity within 50 years, reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases that harm the environment. Cedric Philibert, senior analyst in the renewable energy division at the IEA said: "Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet most of the world's demand for electricity by 2060&#160;&#8211;&#32;and half of all energy needs&#160;&#8211;&#32;with wind, hydropower and biomass plants supplying much of the remaining generation". "Photovoltaic and concentrated solar power together can become the major source of electricity", Philibert said.<sup id="cite_ref-Ben_Sills_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ben_Sills-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind power</a> is growing at the rate of 30% annually, with a worldwide <a href="/wiki/Installed_wind_power_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Installed wind power capacity">installed capacity</a> of 282,482 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">megawatts</a> (MW) at the end of 2012, and is widely used in <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind power in the European Union">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_China" title="Wind power in China">Asia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_States" title="Wind power in the United States">United States</a>. At the end of 2012 the <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic">photovoltaic</a> (PV) capacity worldwide was 100,000 MW, and PV power stations are popular in <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Germany" title="Solar power in Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Italy" title="Solar power in Italy">Italy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy" title="Solar thermal energy">Solar thermal energy</a> stations operate in the USA and Spain, and the largest of these is the 354 MW <a href="/wiki/Solar_Energy_Generating_Systems" title="Solar Energy Generating Systems">Solar Energy Generating Systems</a> power plant in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_plants_in_the_Mojave_Desert" title="Solar power plants in the Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a>. The world's largest <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal power</a> installation is <a href="/wiki/The_Geysers" title="The Geysers">The Geysers</a> in California, with a rated capacity of 750 MW. <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Brazil" title="Renewable energy in Brazil">Brazil</a> has one of the largest renewable energy programs in the world, involving production of <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">ethanol fuel</a> from sugar cane, and ethanol now provides 18% of the country's automotive fuel. Ethanol fuel is also widely available in the USA. </p><p>Renewable energy sources were estimated 16.7% of global final energy consumption in 2010. By the end of 2011, total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded 1,360 GW, up 8%. Of this total, modern renewable energy accounted for an estimated 8.2%, while the share from traditional biomass has declined slightly to an estimated 8.5%. In the power renewables accounted for almost half of the 208 GW of capacity added globally during 2011. Wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) accounted for almost 40% and 30% .<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the five-years from the end of 2004 through 2009, worldwide renewable energy capacity grew at rates of 10–60 percent annually for many technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-ren15_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ren15-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 2011, UN under-secretary general <a href="/wiki/Achim_Steiner" title="Achim Steiner">Achim Steiner</a> said: "The continuing growth in this core segment of the <a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">green economy</a> is not happening by chance. The combination of government target-setting, policy support and stimulus funds is underpinning the renewable industry's rise and bringing the much needed transformation of our global energy system within reach." He added: "Renewable energies are expanding both in terms of investment, projects and geographical spread. In doing so, they are making an increasing contribution to combating climate change, countering energy poverty and energy insecurity".<sup id="cite_ref-invest2011_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-invest2011-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008 for the first time, more renewable energy than conventional power capacity was added in both the European Union and United States, demonstrating a "fundamental transition" of the world's energy markets towards renewables, according to a report released by <a href="/wiki/REN21" title="REN21">REN21</a>, a global renewable energy policy network based in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-Mart_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mart-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 2010, renewable power consisted about a third of the newly built power generation capacities.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_GT_2011_Fig24_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP_GT_2011_Fig24-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2011 projection by the International Energy Agency, solar power plants may produce most of the world's electricity within 50 years, significantly reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases that harm the environment. The IEA has said: "Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet most of the world's demand for electricity by 2060 -- and half of all energy needs -- with wind, hydropower and biomass plants supplying much of the remaining generation". "Photovoltaic and concentrated solar power together can become the major source of electricity".<sup id="cite_ref-ieaiea2011_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieaiea2011-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, China led the world in <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> production, with a total capacity of 378 <a href="/wiki/Gigawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatt">GW</a>, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">hydroelectric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a>. As of 2014, China leads the world in the production and use of wind power, <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar photovoltaic power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">smart grid</a> technologies, generating almost as much water, wind and <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a> as all of France and Germany's power plants combined. China’s renewable energy sector is growing faster than its <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> capacity. Since 2005, production of <a href="/wiki/Solar_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cells">solar cells</a> in China has expanded 100-fold. As Chinese renewable manufacturing has grown, the costs of renewable energy technologies have dropped. Innovation has helped, but the main driver of reduced costs has been market expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaen_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaen-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; margin: 12px auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Selected renewable energy global indicators</th> <th>2008</th> <th>2009</th> <th>2010</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2012</th> <th>2013 </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Investment in new renewable capacity (annual) (10<sup>9</sup> USD)</td> <td>130</td> <td>160</td> <td>211</td> <td>257</td> <td>244</td> <td>214 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Renewables power capacity (existing) (GWe)</td> <td>1,140</td> <td>1,230</td> <td>1,320</td> <td>1,360</td> <td>1,470</td> <td>1,560 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Hydropower capacity (existing) (GWe)</td> <td>885</td> <td>915</td> <td>945</td> <td>970</td> <td>990</td> <td>1,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Wind power capacity (existing) (GWe)</td> <td>121</td> <td>159</td> <td>198</td> <td>238</td> <td>283</td> <td>318 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Solar PV capacity (grid-connected) (GWe)</td> <td>16</td> <td>23</td> <td>40</td> <td>70</td> <td>100</td> <td>139 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Solar hot water capacity (existing) (GWth)</td> <td>130</td> <td>160</td> <td>185</td> <td>232</td> <td>255</td> <td>326 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Ethanol production (annual) (10<sup>9</sup> litres)</td> <td>67</td> <td>76</td> <td>86</td> <td>86</td> <td>83</td> <td>87 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Biodiesel production (annual) (10<sup>9</sup> litres)</td> <td>12</td> <td>17.8</td> <td>18.5</td> <td>21.4</td> <td>22.5</td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Countries with policy targets <br /> for renewable energy use</td> <td>79</td> <td>89</td> <td>98</td> <td>118</td> <td>138</td> <td>144 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8" style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 0.85em; text-align: left; padding: 6px 0 4px 4px;"><i>Source:</i> The Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (<a href="/wiki/REN21" title="REN21">REN21</a>)–Global Status Report<sup id="cite_ref-REN21_2011_15_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REN21_2011_15-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br /><i>Next report:</i> Release of GSR2015, with figures for 2014, is expected in June/July 2015. </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_trends">Economic trends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Economic trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:478px;max-width:478px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:293px;max-width:293px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_projected_cost_of_wind_power.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/US_projected_cost_of_wind_power.png/291px-US_projected_cost_of_wind_power.png" decoding="async" width="291" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/US_projected_cost_of_wind_power.png/437px-US_projected_cost_of_wind_power.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/US_projected_cost_of_wind_power.png/582px-US_projected_cost_of_wind_power.png 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:181px;max-width:181px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EU-PV-LCOE-Projection.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/EU-PV-LCOE-Projection.png/179px-EU-PV-LCOE-Projection.png" decoding="async" width="179" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/EU-PV-LCOE-Projection.png/269px-EU-PV-LCOE-Projection.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/EU-PV-LCOE-Projection.png/358px-EU-PV-LCOE-Projection.png 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="586" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Projection of <a href="/wiki/LCOE" class="mw-redirect" title="LCOE">levelized cost</a> for wind in the U.S. (left) and solar power in Europe<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>Renewable energy technologies are getting cheaper, through technological change and through the benefits of mass production and market competition. A 2011 IEA report said: "A portfolio of renewable energy technologies is becoming cost-competitive in an increasingly broad range of circumstances, in some cases providing investment opportunities without the need for specific economic support," and added that "cost reductions in critical technologies, such as wind and solar, are set to continue."<sup id="cite_ref-henning_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henning-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hydro-electricity and geothermal electricity produced at favorable sites are now the cheapest way to generate electricity. Renewable energy costs continue to drop, and the levelized cost of electricity (<a href="/wiki/LCOE" class="mw-redirect" title="LCOE">LCOE</a>) is declining for wind power, solar photovoltaic (<a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">PV</a>), concentrated solar power (<a href="/wiki/Concentrated_solar_power" title="Concentrated solar power">CSP</a>) and some biomass technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-irena111_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irena111-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Renewable energy is also the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources. As the cost of renewable power falls, the scope of economically viable applications increases. Renewable technologies are now often the most economic solution for new generating capacity. Where "oil-fired generation is the predominant power generation source (e.g. on islands, off-grid and in some countries) a lower-cost renewable solution almost always exists today".<sup id="cite_ref-irena111_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irena111-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>A series of studies by the US <a href="/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory" title="National Renewable Energy Laboratory">National Renewable Energy Laboratory</a> modeled the "grid in the Western US under a number of different scenarios where intermittent renewables accounted for 33 percent of the total power." In the models, inefficiencies in cycling the fossil fuel plants to compensate for the variation in solar and wind energy resulted in an additional cost of "between $0.47 and $1.28 to each MegaWatt hour generated"; however, the savings in the cost of the fuels saved "adds up to $7 billion, meaning the added costs are, at most, two percent of the savings."<sup id="cite_ref-ArsTechnica_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArsTechnica-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2012, renewable power generation technologies accounted for around half of all new power generation capacity additions globally. In 2011, additions included 41 <a href="/wiki/Gigawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatt">gigawatt</a> (GW) of new wind power capacity, 30 GW of PV, 25 GW of hydro-electricity, 6 GW of biomass, 0.5 GW of CSP, and 0.1 GW of geothermal power.<sup id="cite_ref-irena111_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irena111-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mainstream_technologies">Mainstream technologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Mainstream technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wind_power">Wind power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Wind power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind power</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shepherds_Flat_Wind_Farm_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Shepherds_Flat_Wind_Farm_2011.jpg/220px-Shepherds_Flat_Wind_Farm_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Shepherds_Flat_Wind_Farm_2011.jpg/330px-Shepherds_Flat_Wind_Farm_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Shepherds_Flat_Wind_Farm_2011.jpg/440px-Shepherds_Flat_Wind_Farm_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2693" data-file-height="1801" /></a><figcaption>The 845 MW <a href="/wiki/Shepherds_Flat_Wind_Farm" title="Shepherds Flat Wind Farm">Shepherds Flat Wind Farm</a> near <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Oregon" title="Arlington, Oregon">Arlington, Oregon</a>, USA</figcaption></figure> <p>Airflows can be used to run <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a>. Modern utility-scale wind turbines range from around 600&#160;kW to 5 MW of rated power, although turbines with rated output of 1.5–3 MW have become the most common for commercial use; the power available from the wind is a function of the cube of the wind speed, so as wind speed increases, power output increases up to the maximum output for the particular turbine.<sup id="cite_ref-EWEA_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWEA-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Areas where winds are stronger and more constant, such as offshore and high <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a> sites, are preferred locations for wind farms. Typical <a href="/wiki/Capacity_factor" title="Capacity factor">capacity factors</a> are 20-40%, with values at the upper end of the range in particularly favorable sites.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is believed to be five times total current global energy production, or 40 times current electricity demand, assuming all practical barriers needed were overcome. This would require wind turbines to be installed over large areas, particularly in areas of higher wind resources, such as offshore. As offshore wind speeds average ~90% greater than that of land, so offshore resources can contribute substantially more energy than land stationed turbines.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 2013 wind generated almost 3% of the worlds total electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Wind power development</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_by_country" title="Wind power by country">Wind power by country</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_Wind_Power_Cumulative_Capacity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Global_Wind_Power_Cumulative_Capacity.svg/240px-Global_Wind_Power_Cumulative_Capacity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Global_Wind_Power_Cumulative_Capacity.svg/360px-Global_Wind_Power_Cumulative_Capacity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Global_Wind_Power_Cumulative_Capacity.svg/480px-Global_Wind_Power_Cumulative_Capacity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Worldwide growth of wind capacity (1996–2014)<sup id="cite_ref-GWEG-2014_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GWEG-2014-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind power</a> is widely used in <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind power in the European Union">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_China" title="Wind power in China">China</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_States" title="Wind power in the United States">United States</a>. From 2004 to 2014, worldwide <a href="/wiki/Installed_wind_power_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Installed wind power capacity">installed capacity</a> of wind power has been growing from 47&#160;GW to 369&#160;GW—a more than sevenfold increase within 10 years with 2014 breaking a new record in global installations (51&#160;GW). As of the end of 2014, China, the United States and <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Germany" title="Wind power in Germany">Germany</a> combined accounted for half of total global capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-GWEG-2014_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GWEG-2014-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Several other countries have achieved relatively high levels of wind power penetration, such as 21% of stationary electricity production in <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Denmark" title="Wind power in Denmark">Denmark</a>, 18% in <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Portugal" title="Wind power in Portugal">Portugal</a>, 16% in <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Spain" title="Wind power in Spain">Spain</a>, and 14% in <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Ireland" title="Wind power in Ireland">Ireland</a> in 2010 and have since continued to expand their installed capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-wwea_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwea-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> More than 80 countries around the world are using wind power on a commercial basis.<sup id="cite_ref-ren212011_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ren212011-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_power" title="Offshore wind power">Offshore wind power</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>As of 2014, offshore wind power amounted to 8,771 megawatt of global installed capacity. Although offshore capacity doubled within three years (from 4,117&#160;MW in 2011), it accounted for only 2.3% of the total wind power capacity. The <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> is the undisputed leader of offshore power with half of the world's installed capacity ahead of Denmark, Germany, <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Belgium" title="Wind power in Belgium">Belgium</a> and China.</dd></dl> <ul><li>List of <a href="/wiki/List_of_offshore_wind_farms" title="List of offshore wind farms">offshore</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_onshore_wind_farms" title="List of onshore wind farms">onshore</a> wind farms</li></ul> <dl><dd>As of 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Alta_Wind_Energy_Center" title="Alta Wind Energy Center">Alta Wind Energy Center</a> (California, 1,020 MW) is the world's largest wind farm.<sup id="cite_ref-terragen_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terragen-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/London_Array" title="London Array">London Array</a> (630 MW) is the largest offshore wind farm in the world. The <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> is the world's leading generator of offshore wind power, followed by Denmark.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> There are several large offshore wind farms under construction and these include <a href="/wiki/Anholt_Offshore_Wind_Farm" title="Anholt Offshore Wind Farm">Anholt</a> (400 MW), <a href="/wiki/BARD_Offshore_1" title="BARD Offshore 1">BARD</a> (400 MW), <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Wind_Farm" title="Clyde Wind Farm">Clyde</a> (548 MW), <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A2nt%C3%A2nele-Cogealac_Wind_Farm" title="Fântânele-Cogealac Wind Farm">Fântânele-Cogealac</a> (600 MW), <a href="/wiki/Greater_Gabbard_wind_farm" title="Greater Gabbard wind farm">Greater Gabbard</a> (500 MW), <a href="/wiki/Lincs_Wind_Farm" title="Lincs Wind Farm">Lincs</a> (270 MW), <a href="/wiki/London_Array" title="London Array">London Array</a> (1000 MW), <a href="/wiki/Lower_Snake_River_Wind_Project" title="Lower Snake River Wind Project">Lower Snake River</a> (343 MW), <a href="/wiki/Macarthur_Wind_Farm" title="Macarthur Wind Farm">Macarthur</a> (420 MW), <a href="/wiki/Shepherds_Flat_Wind_Farm" title="Shepherds Flat Wind Farm">Shepherds Flat</a> (845 MW), and the <a href="/wiki/Sheringham_Shoal_Offshore_Wind_Farm" title="Sheringham Shoal Offshore Wind Farm">Sheringham Shoal</a> (317 MW).</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Wind power</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_onshore_wind_farms" title="List of onshore wind farms">List of onshore wind farms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_offshore_wind_farms" title="List of offshore wind farms">List of offshore wind farms</a></div> <p>Some of the second-generation renewables, such as wind power, have high potential and have already realised relatively low production costs.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-clean_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clean-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Global wind power installations increased by 35,800 MW in 2010, bringing total installed capacity up to 194,400 MW, a 22.5% increase on the 158,700 MW installed at the end of 2009. The increase for 2010 represents investments totalling €47.3 billion (US$65 billion) and for the first time more than half of all new wind power was added outside of the traditional markets of Europe and North America, mainly driven, by the continuing boom in China which accounted for nearly half of all of the installations at 16,500 MW. China now has 42,300 MW of wind power installed.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Wind power accounts for approximately 19% of electricity generated in <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Denmark" title="Wind power in Denmark">Denmark</a>, 9% in <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Spain" title="Wind power in Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Portugal" title="Wind power in Portugal">Portugal</a>, and 6% in <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Germany" title="Wind power in Germany">Germany</a> and the Republic of Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Australian state of South Australia wind power, championed by Premier Mike Rann (2002-2011), now comprises 26% of the state's electricity generation, edging out coal fired power. At the end of 2011 South Australia, with 7.2% of Australia's population, had 54%of the nation's installed wind power capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>These are some of the largest wind farms in the world: (table removed) </p><p>As of 2014, the wind industry in the USA is able to produce more power at lower cost by using taller wind turbines with longer blades, capturing the faster winds at higher elevations. This has opened up new opportunities and in Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio, the price of power from wind turbines built 300 feet to 400 feet above the ground can now compete with conventional fossil fuels like coal. Prices have fallen to about 4 cents per kilowatt-hour in some cases and utilities have been increasing the amount of wind energy in their portfolio, saying it is their cheapest option.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydropower">Hydropower</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Hydropower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg/220px-ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg/330px-ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg/440px-ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2847" data-file-height="1768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a> in China</figcaption></figure> <p>Energy in water can be harnessed and used. Since water is about 800 times <a href="/wiki/Density_of_air" title="Density of air">denser than air</a>, even a slow flowing stream of water, or moderate sea <a href="/wiki/Swell_(ocean)" title="Swell (ocean)">swell</a>, can yield considerable amounts of energy. There are many forms of water energy: </p> <ul><li>Hydroelectric energy is a term usually reserved for large-scale hydroelectric dams. The largest of which is the <a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and a smaller example is the <a href="/wiki/Akosombo_Dam" title="Akosombo Dam">Akosombo Dam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a> systems are hydroelectric power installations that typically produce up to 100&#160;kW of power. They are often used in water rich areas as a <a href="/wiki/Remote-area_power_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote-area power supply">remote-area power supply</a> (RAPS).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity</a> systems derive <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> from rivers and oceans without the creation of a large <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoir</a>.</li></ul> <p>Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use. There are now three hydroelectricity stations larger than 10 GW: the <a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> in China, <a href="/wiki/Itaipu_Dam" title="Itaipu Dam">Itaipu Dam</a> across the Brazil/Paraguay border, and <a href="/wiki/Guri_Dam" title="Guri Dam">Guri Dam</a> in Venezuela.<sup id="cite_ref-wi2012_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wi2012-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave power</a>, which captures the energy of ocean surface waves, and <a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">tidal power</a>, converting the energy of tides, are two forms of hydropower with future potential; however, they are not yet widely employed commercially. A demonstration project operated by the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Renewable_Power_Company" title="Ocean Renewable Power Company">Ocean Renewable Power Company</a> on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, and connected to the grid, harnesses tidal power from the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a>, location of world's highest tidal flow. <a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a>, which uses the temperature difference between cooler deep and warmer surface waters, has currently no economic feasibility. In 2013 hydropower generated almost 16% of the worlds total electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Hydroelectricity</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_hydroelectric_power_stations" title="List of largest hydroelectric power stations">List of largest hydroelectric power stations</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, has the world's largest instantaneous generating capacity (22,500 MW), with the <a href="/wiki/Itaipu_Dam" title="Itaipu Dam">Itaipu Dam</a> in Brazil/Paraguay in second place (14,000 MW). The Three Gorges Dam is operated jointly with the much smaller <a href="/wiki/Gezhouba_Dam" title="Gezhouba Dam">Gezhouba Dam</a> (3,115 MW). As of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup>, the total generating capacity of this two-dam complex is 25,615 MW. In 2008, this complex generated 98 TWh of electricity (81 TWh from the Three Gorges Dam and 17 TWh from the Gezhouba Dam), which is 3% more power in one year than the 95 TWh generated by Itaipu in 2008. </p> <dl><dt>Hydroelectricity</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a> is the term referring to <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> generated by <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>, accounting for 16 percent of global electricity generation – 3,427 terawatt-hours of electricity production in 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-wi2012_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wi2012-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and is expected to increase about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years. <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">Hydroelectric</a> plants have the advantage of being long-lived and many existing plants have operated for more than 100 years. </p><p>Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use. There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW: the <a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> in China, <a href="/wiki/Itaipu_Dam" title="Itaipu Dam">Itaipu Dam</a> across the Brazil/Paraguay border, and <a href="/wiki/Guri_Dam" title="Guri Dam">Guri Dam</a> in Venezuela.<sup id="cite_ref-wi2012_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wi2012-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The cost of hydroelectricity is low, making it a competitive source of renewable electricity. The average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour.<sup id="cite_ref-wi2012_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wi2012-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solar_energy">Solar energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Solar energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar energy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Topaz_Solar_Farm,_California_Valley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Topaz_Solar_Farm%2C_California_Valley.jpg/220px-Topaz_Solar_Farm%2C_California_Valley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Topaz_Solar_Farm%2C_California_Valley.jpg/330px-Topaz_Solar_Farm%2C_California_Valley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Topaz_Solar_Farm%2C_California_Valley.jpg/440px-Topaz_Solar_Farm%2C_California_Valley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of the 550-megawatt <a href="/wiki/Topaz_Solar_Farm" title="Topaz Solar Farm">Topaz Solar Farm</a> in California, USA</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar energy</a>, radiant <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a>, is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">solar heating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">photovoltaics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concentrated_solar_power" title="Concentrated solar power">concentrated solar power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_architecture" title="Solar architecture">solar architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_photosynthesis" title="Artificial photosynthesis">artificial photosynthesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ie11_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ie11-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either <a href="/wiki/Passive_solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive solar">passive solar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Active_solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Active solar">active solar</a> depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable <a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">thermal mass</a> or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">naturally circulate air</a>. Active solar technologies encompass <a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy" title="Solar thermal energy">solar thermal energy</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector" title="Solar thermal collector">solar collectors</a> for heating, and <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a>, converting <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> into <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> either directly using <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">photovoltaics</a> (PV), or indirectly using <a href="/wiki/Concentrated_solar_power" title="Concentrated solar power">concentrated solar power</a> (CSP). </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_system" title="Photovoltaic system">photovoltaic system</a> converts light into electrical <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> (DC) by taking advantage of the <a href="/wiki/Photoelectric_effect" title="Photoelectric effect">photoelectric effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Solar PV has turned into a multi-billion, <a href="/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics" title="Growth of photovoltaics">fast-growing</a> industry, continues to improve its cost-effectiveness, and has the most potential of any renewable technologies together with CSP.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Concentrated solar power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s. <a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy#Dish_designs" title="Solar thermal energy">CSP-Stirling</a> has by far the highest efficiency among all solar energy technologies. </p><p>In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> said that "the development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries' energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, and keep <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared".<sup id="cite_ref-ie11_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ie11-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 2013 solar generated less than 1% of the worlds total grid electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Solar thermal</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_solar_thermal_power_stations" title="List of solar thermal power stations">List of solar thermal power stations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PS20andPS10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/PS20andPS10.jpg/220px-PS20andPS10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/PS20andPS10.jpg/330px-PS20andPS10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/PS20andPS10.jpg/440px-PS20andPS10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1025" /></a><figcaption>Solar Towers of the <a href="/wiki/PS10" class="mw-redirect" title="PS10">PS10</a> and <a href="/wiki/PS20" class="mw-redirect" title="PS20">PS20</a> <a href="/wiki/Concentrated_solar_power" title="Concentrated solar power">solar thermal plants</a> in Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>The United States conducted much early research in photovoltaics and <a href="/wiki/Concentrated_solar_power" title="Concentrated solar power">concentrated solar power</a>. The U.S. is among the top countries in the world in electricity generated by the Sun and several of the world's largest utility-scale installations are located in the desert Southwest. </p><p>The oldest <a href="/wiki/List_of_solar_thermal_power_stations" title="List of solar thermal power stations">solar thermal power plant</a> in the world is the 354&#160;<a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">megawatt</a> (MW) <a href="/wiki/Solar_Energy_Generating_Systems" title="Solar Energy Generating Systems">SEGS thermal power plant</a>, in California.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ivanpah_Solar_Electric_Generating_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System">Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System</a> is a solar thermal power project in the California <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a>, 40 miles (64&#160;km) southwest of <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas, Nevada">Las Vegas</a>, with a gross capacity of 377&#160;MW.<sup id="cite_ref-woody_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woody-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The 280 MW <a href="/wiki/Solana_Generating_Station" title="Solana Generating Station">Solana Generating Station</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> plant near <a href="/wiki/Gila_Bend,_Arizona" title="Gila Bend, Arizona">Gila Bend</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, about 70 miles (110&#160;km) southwest of <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a>, completed in 2013. When commissioned it was the largest parabolic trough plant in the world and the first U.S. solar plant with <a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy_storage#Molten_salt_technology" title="Thermal energy storage">molten salt thermal energy storage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The solar thermal power industry is growing rapidly with 1.3 GW under construction in 2012 and more planned. Spain is the epicenter of solar thermal power development with 873 MW under construction, and a further 271 MW under development.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the United States, 5,600 MW of solar thermal power projects have been announced.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Several power plants have been constructed in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_plants_in_the_Mojave_Desert" title="Solar power plants in the Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a>, Southwestern United States. The <a href="/wiki/Ivanpah_Solar_Power_Facility" title="Ivanpah Solar Power Facility">Ivanpah Solar Power Facility</a> being the most recent. In developing countries, three <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> projects for integrated solar thermal/combined-cycle gas-turbine power plants in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> have been approved.<sup id="cite_ref-global_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Solar thermal power stations</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_plants_in_the_Mojave_Desert" title="Solar power plants in the Mojave Desert">Solar power plants in the Mojave Desert</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_solar_thermal_power_stations" title="List of solar thermal power stations">List of solar thermal power stations</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar thermal power">Solar thermal power</a> stations include the 354&#160;<a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">megawatt</a> (MW) <a href="/wiki/Solar_Energy_Generating_Systems" title="Solar Energy Generating Systems">Solar Energy Generating Systems</a> power plant in the USA, <a href="/wiki/Solnova_Solar_Power_Station" title="Solnova Solar Power Station">Solnova Solar Power Station</a> (Spain, 150&#160;MW), <a href="/wiki/Andasol_solar_power_station" title="Andasol solar power station">Andasol solar power station</a> (Spain, 100&#160;MW), <a href="/wiki/Nevada_Solar_One" title="Nevada Solar One">Nevada Solar One</a> (USA, 64&#160;MW), <a href="/wiki/PS20_solar_power_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="PS20 solar power tower">PS20 solar power tower</a> (Spain, 20&#160;MW), and the <a href="/wiki/PS10_solar_power_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="PS10 solar power tower">PS10 solar power tower</a> (Spain, 11&#160;MW). The 370 MW <a href="/wiki/Ivanpah_Solar_Power_Facility" title="Ivanpah Solar Power Facility">Ivanpah Solar Power Facility</a>, located in California's <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a>, is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction.<sup id="cite_ref-woody_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woody-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Many other plants are under construction or planned, mainly in Spain and the USA.<sup id="cite_ref-global_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In developing countries, three <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> projects for integrated solar thermal/combined-cycle gas-turbine power plants in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> have been approved.<sup id="cite_ref-global_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Solar Heating</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Solar_hot_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar hot water">Solar hot water</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar_heater_dsc00632.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Solar_heater_dsc00632.jpg/220px-Solar_heater_dsc00632.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Solar_heater_dsc00632.jpg/330px-Solar_heater_dsc00632.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Solar_heater_dsc00632.jpg/440px-Solar_heater_dsc00632.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Solar energy technologies, such as <a href="/wiki/Solar_water_heater" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar water heater">solar water heaters</a>, located on or near the buildings which they supply with energy, are a prime example of a <a href="/wiki/Soft_energy_technology" title="Soft energy technology">soft energy technology</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><br /> <a href="/wiki/Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">Solar heating</a> systems are a well known second-generation technology and generally consist of <a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector" title="Solar thermal collector">solar thermal collectors</a>, a fluid system to move the heat from the collector to its point of usage, and a reservoir or tank for heat storage. The systems may be used to heat domestic hot water, swimming pools, or homes and businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The heat can also be used for industrial process applications or as an energy input for other uses such as cooling equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In many warmer climates, a solar heating system can provide a very high percentage (50 to 75%) of domestic hot water energy. As of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup>, China has 27 million rooftop solar water heaters.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Photovoltaic development</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics" title="Growth of photovoltaics">Growth of photovoltaics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_by_country" title="Solar power by country">Solar power by country</a></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:220px;"> <div style="margin: 10px -5px -45px -45px; font-size: 0.85em;;"> <div style="padding-top:10px;margin-top:1em;max-width:240px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-height:200px;min-width:240px;max-width:240px;"> <div style="float:right;position:relative;min-height:120px;min-width:140px;max-width:140px;border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;"> <div style="position:absolute;left:1.5px;top:118px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:ForestGreen;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid ForestGreen;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Europe: 3,289 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:16.5px;top:117px;height:2px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:ForestGreen;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid ForestGreen;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Europe: 5,312 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:31.5px;top:113px;height:6px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:ForestGreen;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid ForestGreen;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Europe: 11,020 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:46.5px;top:110px;height:9px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:ForestGreen;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid ForestGreen;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Europe: 16,854 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:61.5px;top:102px;height:17px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:ForestGreen;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid ForestGreen;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Europe: 30,505 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:76.5px;top:88px;height:31px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:ForestGreen;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid ForestGreen;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Europe: 52,764 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:91.5px;top:78px;height:41px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:ForestGreen;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid ForestGreen;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Europe: 70,513 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:106.5px;top:71px;height:48px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:ForestGreen;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid ForestGreen;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Europe: 81,488 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:121.5px;top:68px;height:51px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:ForestGreen;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid ForestGreen;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Europe: 87,410 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:1.5px;top:116px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Orange;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Orange;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="APAC: 1,827 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:16.5px;top:115px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Orange;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Orange;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="APAC: 2,098 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:31.5px;top:111px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Orange;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Orange;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="APAC: 2,628 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:46.5px;top:108px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Orange;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Orange;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="APAC: 3,373 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:61.5px;top:99px;height:2px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Orange;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Orange;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="APAC: 4,951 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:76.5px;top:83px;height:4px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Orange;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Orange;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="APAC: 7,513 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:91.5px;top:71px;height:6px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Orange;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Orange;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="APAC: 12,159 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:106.5px;top:58px;height:12px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Orange;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Orange;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="APAC: 21,992 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:121.5px;top:47px;height:20px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Orange;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Orange;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="APAC: 34,991 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:1.5px;top:114px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:#2E5CB8;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid #2E5CB8;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Americas: 355 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:16.5px;top:113px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:#2E5CB8;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid #2E5CB8;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Americas: 522 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:31.5px;top:109px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:#2E5CB8;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid #2E5CB8;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Americas: 828 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:46.5px;top:106px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:#2E5CB8;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid #2E5CB8;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Americas: 1,328 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:61.5px;top:97px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:#2E5CB8;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid #2E5CB8;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Americas: 2,410 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:76.5px;top:80px;height:2px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:#2E5CB8;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid #2E5CB8;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Americas: 4,590 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:91.5px;top:66px;height:4px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:#2E5CB8;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid #2E5CB8;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Americas: 8,365 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:106.5px;top:50px;height:7px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:#2E5CB8;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid #2E5CB8;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Americas: 13,727 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:121.5px;top:35px;height:11px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:#2E5CB8;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid #2E5CB8;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Americas: 20,534 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:1.5px;top:112px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Crimson;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Crimson;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="China: 80 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:16.5px;top:111px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Crimson;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Crimson;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="China: 100 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:31.5px;top:107px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Crimson;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Crimson;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="China: 140 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:46.5px;top:104px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Crimson;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Crimson;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="China: 300 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:61.5px;top:95px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Crimson;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Crimson;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="China: 800 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:76.5px;top:78px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Crimson;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Crimson;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="China: 3,300 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:91.5px;top:62px;height:3px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Crimson;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Crimson;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="China: 6,800 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:106.5px;top:39px;height:10px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Crimson;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Crimson;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="China: 18,600 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:121.5px;top:18px;height:16px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Crimson;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Crimson;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="China: 28,199 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:1.5px;top:110px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Yellow;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Yellow;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="MEA: 1 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:16.5px;top:109px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Yellow;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Yellow;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="MEA: 2 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:31.5px;top:105px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Yellow;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Yellow;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="MEA: 3 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:46.5px;top:102px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Yellow;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Yellow;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="MEA: 25 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:61.5px;top:93px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Yellow;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Yellow;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="MEA: 80 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:76.5px;top:76px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Yellow;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Yellow;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="MEA: 205 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:91.5px;top:60px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Yellow;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Yellow;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="MEA: 570 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:106.5px;top:37px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Yellow;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Yellow;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="MEA: 953 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:121.5px;top:16px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Yellow;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Yellow;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="MEA: 1,711 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:1.5px;top:108px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Maroon;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Maroon;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="RoW: 1,108 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:16.5px;top:107px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Maroon;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Maroon;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="RoW: 1,150 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:31.5px;top:103px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Maroon;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Maroon;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="RoW: 1,226 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:46.5px;top:100px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Maroon;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Maroon;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="RoW: 1,306 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:61.5px;top:91px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Maroon;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Maroon;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="RoW: 1,590 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:76.5px;top:74px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Maroon;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Maroon;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="RoW: 2,098 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:91.5px;top:58px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Maroon;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Maroon;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="RoW: 2,098 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:106.5px;top:35px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Maroon;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Maroon;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="RoW: 2,098 megawatts"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:121.5px;top:14px;height:1px;min-width:10px;max-width:10px;background-color:Maroon;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid Maroon;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="RoW: 4,155 megawatts"></div> </div> <div style="position:absolute;height:120px;min-width:100px;max-width:100px;"> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:80px;padding:0 2px">50,000</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:90px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:50px;padding:0 2px">100,000</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:60px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:20px;padding:0 2px">150,000</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:30px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:-10px;padding:0 2px">200,000</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:0px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> </div> <div style="position:absolute;top:120px;left:100px;width:140px;"> <div style="position:absolute;left:1px;top:10px;min-width:13px;max-width:13px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2006</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:7.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:61px;top:10px;min-width:13px;max-width:13px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2010</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:67.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:121px;top:10px;min-width:13px;max-width:13px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2014</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:127.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> </div> </div> </div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div style="float: right;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics" title="Growth of photovoltaics"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Desc-i.svg/16px-Desc-i.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Desc-i.svg/24px-Desc-i.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Desc-i.svg/32px-Desc-i.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="648" /></a></span></div><div style="background-color: none; line-height: 1.3em;"> <div style="margin-bottom: 1px; width: 38%; float: left; padding-left: 8%;"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:1px solid #134E13; background-color:forestgreen; color:forestgreen;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</span>&#160;Europe</span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 1px; width: 42%; float: left;"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:1px solid #B37400; background-color:orange; color:orange;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</span>&#160;Asia-Pacific</span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 1px; width: 38%; float: left; padding-left: 8%;"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:1px solid navy; background-color:#2E5CB8; color:#2E5CB8;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</span>&#160;Americas</span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 1px; width: 42%; float: left;"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:1px solid #AD102F; background-color:crimson; color:crimson;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</span>&#160;China</span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 1px; clear: both; padding-left: 8%;"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:1px solid #B3B300; background-color:yellow; color:yellow;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</span>&#160;Middle East and Africa</span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics" title="Growth of photovoltaics">Worldwide growth</a> of PV capacity grouped by region in MW (2006–2014) </p> </div></div></div></div> <p>Photovoltaic (PV) cells, also called <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">solar cells</a>, convert light into electricity. In the 1980s and early 1990s, most photovoltaic modules were used to provide <a href="/wiki/Remote-area_power_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote-area power supply">remote-area power supply</a>, but from around 1995, industry efforts have focused increasingly on developing <a href="/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics" class="mw-redirect" title="Building integrated photovoltaics">building integrated photovoltaics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station" title="Photovoltaic power station">photovoltaic power stations</a> for grid connected applications. <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">Photovoltaics</a> (PV) uses <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">solar cells</a> assembled into <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panels</a> to convert sunlight into electricity. It's a fast-growing technology doubling its worldwide installed capacity every couple of years. <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_system" title="Photovoltaic system">PV systems</a> range from small, residential and commercial <a href="/wiki/Rooftop_photovoltaic_power_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooftop photovoltaic power station">rooftop</a> or <a href="/wiki/Building-integrated_photovoltaics" title="Building-integrated photovoltaics">building integrated</a> installations, to large utility-scale <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station" title="Photovoltaic power station">photovoltaic power station</a>. The predominant PV technology is <a href="/wiki/Crystalline_silicon" title="Crystalline silicon">crystalline silicon</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell" title="Thin-film solar cell">thin-film solar cell</a> technology accounts for about 10 percent of global photovoltaic deployment. In recent years, PV technology has improved its electricity generating <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cell efficiency">efficiency</a>, reduced the installation <a href="/wiki/Price_per_watt" class="mw-redirect" title="Price per watt">cost per watt</a> as well as its <a href="/wiki/Crystalline_silicon#Energy_payback_time" title="Crystalline silicon">energy payback time</a>, and has reached <a href="/wiki/Grid_parity" title="Grid parity">grid parity</a> in at least 30 different markets by 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-deutsche-2015-chasm_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deutsche-2015-chasm-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Financial institutions are predicting a second solar "gold rush" in the near future.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of 2014, worldwide PV capacity reached at least 177,000 megawatts. Photovoltaics grew fastest in <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_China" title="Solar power in China">China</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Japan" title="Solar power in Japan">Japan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_States" title="Solar power in the United States">United States</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Germany" title="Solar power in Germany">Germany</a> remains the world's largest overall producer of photovoltaic power, contributing about 7.0 percent to the overall electricity generation. <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Italy" title="Solar power in Italy">Italy</a> meets 7.9 percent of its electricity demands with photovoltaic power—the highest share worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-iea-pvps-snapshot-1992-2014_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iea-pvps-snapshot-1992-2014-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> For 2015, global cumulative capacity is forecasted to increase <a href="/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics#Forecast_for_2015" title="Growth of photovoltaics">by more than 50 gigawatts</a> (GW). By 2018, worldwide capacity is projected to reach as much as 430 gigawatts. This corresponds to a tripling within five years.<sup id="cite_ref-epia-2014_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epia-2014-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Solar power is forecasted to become the world's largest source of electricity by 2050, with solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power contributing 16% and 11%, respectively. This requires an increase of installed PV capacity to 4,600&#160;GW, of which more than half is expected to be deployed in China and <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_India" title="Solar power in India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA-roadmap-PV-2014_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA-roadmap-PV-2014-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Photovoltaic power stations</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations" title="List of photovoltaic power stations">List of photovoltaic power stations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giant_photovoltaic_array.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Giant_photovoltaic_array.jpg/220px-Giant_photovoltaic_array.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Giant_photovoltaic_array.jpg/330px-Giant_photovoltaic_array.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Giant_photovoltaic_array.jpg/440px-Giant_photovoltaic_array.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nellis_Solar_Power_Plant" title="Nellis Solar Power Plant">Nellis Solar Power Plant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic power plant">photovoltaic power plant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, USA</figcaption></figure> <p>Many solar photovoltaic power stations have been built, mainly in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-PV_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PV-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As of May 2012, the largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants in the world are the <a href="/wiki/Agua_Caliente_Solar_Project" title="Agua Caliente Solar Project">Agua Caliente Solar Project</a> (USA, 247 MW), <a href="/wiki/Charanka_Solar_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Charanka Solar Park">Charanka Solar Park</a> (India, 214 MW), <a href="/wiki/Golmud_Solar_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Golmud Solar Park">Golmud Solar Park</a> (China, 200 MW), <a href="/wiki/Perovo_Solar_Park" title="Perovo Solar Park">Perovo Solar Park</a> (Ukraine, 100 MW), <a href="/wiki/Sarnia_Photovoltaic_Power_Plant" title="Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant">Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant</a> (Canada, 97 MW), <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Briest_Solarpark" title="Brandenburg-Briest Solarpark">Brandenburg-Briest Solarpark</a> (Germany, 91 MW), <a href="/wiki/Solarpark_Finow_Tower" title="Solarpark Finow Tower">Solarpark Finow Tower</a> (Germany, 84.7 MW), <a href="/wiki/Montalto_di_Castro_Photovoltaic_Power_Station" title="Montalto di Castro Photovoltaic Power Station">Montalto di Castro Photovoltaic Power Station</a> (Italy, 84.2 MW), and the <a href="/wiki/Eggebek_Solar_Park" title="Eggebek Solar Park">Eggebek Solar Park</a> (Germany, 83.6 MW).<sup id="cite_ref-PV_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PV-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also many large plants under construction. The <a href="/wiki/Desert_Sunlight_Solar_Farm" title="Desert Sunlight Solar Farm">Desert Sunlight Solar Farm</a> is a 550 MW solar power plant under construction in <a href="/wiki/Riverside_County,_California" title="Riverside County, California">Riverside County, California</a>, that will use thin-film solar photovoltaic modules made by <a href="/wiki/First_Solar" title="First Solar">First Solar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rew11_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rew11-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Topaz_Solar_Farm" title="Topaz Solar Farm">Topaz Solar Farm</a> is a 550 MW photovoltaic power plant, being built in <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo_County,_California" title="San Luis Obispo County, California">San Luis Obispo County, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-re11_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-re11-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Blythe_Solar_Power_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Blythe Solar Power Project">Blythe Solar Power Project</a> is a 500 MW photovoltaic station under construction in <a href="/wiki/Riverside_County,_California" title="Riverside County, California">Riverside County, California</a>. The <a href="/wiki/California_Valley_Solar_Ranch" title="California Valley Solar Ranch">California Valley Solar Ranch</a> (CVSR) is a 250&#160;MW <a href="/wiki/Solar_photovoltaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar photovoltaic">solar photovoltaic</a> <a href="/wiki/Power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Power plant">power plant</a>, which is being built by <a href="/wiki/SunPower" title="SunPower">SunPower</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Carrizo_Plain" title="Carrizo Plain">Carrizo Plain</a>, northeast of <a href="/wiki/California_Valley,_California" title="California Valley, California">California Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The 230 MW <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_plants_in_the_Mojave_Desert#Antelope_Valley_Solar_Ranch" title="Solar power plants in the Mojave Desert">Antelope Valley Solar Ranch</a> is a <a href="/wiki/First_Solar" title="First Solar">First Solar</a> photovoltaic project which is under construction in the Antelope Valley area of the Western Mojave Desert, and due to be completed in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of these plants are integrated with agriculture and some use tracking systems that follow the sun's daily path across the sky to generate more electricity than fixed-mounted systems. There are no fuel costs or emissions during operation of the power stations. </p><p>However, when it comes to renewable energy systems and PV, it is not just large systems that matter. <a href="/wiki/Building-integrated_photovoltaics" title="Building-integrated photovoltaics">Building-integrated photovoltaics</a> or "onsite" PV systems use existing land and structures and generate power close to where it is consumed.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geothermal_energy">Geothermal energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Geothermal energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_electricity" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal electricity">Geothermal electricity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg/220px-NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg/330px-NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg/440px-NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Steam rising from the <a href="/wiki/Nesjavellir_Geothermal_Power_Station" title="Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Station">Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Geothermal energy is from <a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy" title="Thermal energy">thermal energy</a> generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines the <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> of matter. Earth's geothermal energy originates from the original formation of the planet (20%) and from <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a> of minerals (80%).<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_gradient" title="Geothermal gradient">geothermal gradient</a>, which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of thermal energy in the form of <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a> from the core to the surface. The adjective <i>geothermal</i> originates from the Greek roots <i>geo</i>, meaning earth, and <i>thermos</i>, meaning heat. </p><p>The heat that is used for geothermal energy can be from deep within the Earth, all the way down to Earth's core&#160;– 4,000 miles (6,400&#160;km) down. At the core, temperatures may reach over 9,000&#160;°F (5,000&#160;°C). Heat conducts from the core to surrounding rock. Extremely high temperature and pressure cause some rock to melt, which is commonly known as magma. Magma convects upward since it is lighter than the solid rock. This magma then heats rock and water in the crust, sometimes up to 700&#160;°F (371&#160;°C).<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>From <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a>, geothermal energy has been used for bathing since <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> times and for space heating since ancient Roman times, but it is now better known for <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</a>. </p> <dl><dt>Geothermal development</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_the_United_States" title="Geothermal energy in the United States">Geothermal energy in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Ford_Flat_Geothermal_Cooling_Tower.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/West_Ford_Flat_Geothermal_Cooling_Tower.JPG/170px-West_Ford_Flat_Geothermal_Cooling_Tower.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/West_Ford_Flat_Geothermal_Cooling_Tower.JPG/255px-West_Ford_Flat_Geothermal_Cooling_Tower.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/West_Ford_Flat_Geothermal_Cooling_Tower.JPG/340px-West_Ford_Flat_Geothermal_Cooling_Tower.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Geothermal plant at <a href="/wiki/The_Geysers" title="The Geysers">The Geysers</a>, California, USA</figcaption></figure> <p>Geothermal power is cost effective, reliable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but has historically been limited to areas near <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">tectonic plate</a> boundaries. Recent technological advances have expanded the range and size of viable resources, especially for applications such as home heating, opening a potential for widespread exploitation. Geothermal wells release greenhouse gases trapped deep within the earth, but these emissions are much lower per energy unit than those of fossil fuels. As a result, geothermal power has the potential to help mitigate <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> if widely deployed in place of fossil fuels. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Geothermal_Association" title="International Geothermal Association">International Geothermal Association</a> (IGA) has reported that 10,715 MW of geothermal power in 24 countries is online, which is expected to generate 67,246 GWh of electricity in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-gea2010_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gea2010-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This represents a 20% increase in geothermal power online capacity since 2005. IGA projects this will grow to 18,500 MW by 2015, due to the large number of projects presently under consideration, often in areas previously assumed to have little exploitable resource.<sup id="cite_ref-gea2010_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gea2010-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the United States led the world in <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_electricity" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal electricity">geothermal electricity</a> production with 3,086 MW of installed capacity from 77 power plants;<sup id="cite_ref-geap7_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geap7-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> the largest group of geothermal power plants in the world is located at <a href="/wiki/The_Geysers" title="The Geysers">The Geysers</a>, a geothermal field in California.<sup id="cite_ref-Khan_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Philippines follows the US as the second highest producer of geothermal power in the world, with 1,904 MW of capacity online; geothermal power makes up approximately 18% of the country's electricity generation.<sup id="cite_ref-geap7_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geap7-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Geothermal power and heat</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal power</a> plants can operate 24&#160;hours per day, providing <a href="/wiki/Baseload" class="mw-redirect" title="Baseload">baseload</a> capacity. Estimates for the world potential capacity for geothermal power generation vary widely, ranging from 40 GW by 2020 to as much as 6,000 GW.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_Geothermal_2008_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCC_Geothermal_2008-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geothermal power capacity grew from around 1 GW in 1975 to almost 10 GW in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_Geothermal_2008_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCC_Geothermal_2008-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The United States is the world leader in terms of installed capacity, representing 3.1 GW. Other countries with significant installed capacity include the Philippines (1.9 GW), Indonesia (1.2 GW), Mexico (1.0 GW), Italy (0.8 GW), Iceland (0.6 GW), Japan (0.5 GW), and New Zealand (0.5 GW).<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_Geothermal_2008_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCC_Geothermal_2008-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In some countries, geothermal power accounts for a significant share of the total electricity supply, such as in the Philippines, where geothermal represented 17 percent of the total power mix at the end of 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geothermal (ground source) heat pumps represented an estimated 30 GWth of installed capacity at the end of 2008, with other direct uses of geothermal heat (i.e., for space heating, agricultural drying and other uses) reaching an estimated 15 GWth. As of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup>, at least 76 countries use direct geothermal energy in some form.<sup id="cite_ref-renewables_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renewables-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bio_energy">Bio energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Bio energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:229px;max-width:229px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faz_S_Sofia_canavial_090607_REFON.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Faz_S_Sofia_canavial_090607_REFON.JPG/225px-Faz_S_Sofia_canavial_090607_REFON.JPG" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Faz_S_Sofia_canavial_090607_REFON.JPG/338px-Faz_S_Sofia_canavial_090607_REFON.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Faz_S_Sofia_canavial_090607_REFON.JPG/450px-Faz_S_Sofia_canavial_090607_REFON.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2176" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel#Sugarcane_in_Brazil" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sugarcane plantation</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">ethanol</a> in Brazil</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Metz_biomass_power_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Metz_biomass_power_station.jpg/225px-Metz_biomass_power_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Metz_biomass_power_station.jpg/338px-Metz_biomass_power_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Metz_biomass_power_station.jpg/450px-Metz_biomass_power_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="519" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">CHP power station</a> using wood to supplies 30,000 households in France</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Biomass is <a href="/wiki/Biomaterial" title="Biomaterial">biological material</a> derived from living, or recently living organisms. It most often refers to plants or plant-derived materials which are specifically called <a href="/wiki/Lignocellulosic_biomass" title="Lignocellulosic biomass">lignocellulosic biomass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Biomass_Energy_Center_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biomass_Energy_Center-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a>. Conversion of biomass to biofuel can be achieved by different methods which are broadly classified into: <i>thermal</i>, <i>chemical</i>, and <i>biochemical</i> methods. Wood remains the largest biomass energy source today;<sup id="cite_ref-online.wsj.com_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-online.wsj.com-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> examples include forest residues – such as dead trees, branches and <a href="/wiki/Tree_stump" title="Tree stump">tree stumps</a> –, yard clippings, wood chips and even <a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">municipal solid waste</a>. In the second sense, biomass includes plant or animal matter that can be converted into fibers or other industrial <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemicals</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuels</a>. Industrial biomass can be grown from numerous types of plants, including <a href="/wiki/Miscanthus" title="Miscanthus">miscanthus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switchgrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Switchgrass">switchgrass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poplar" class="mw-disambig" title="Poplar">poplar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and a variety of tree species, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a> to <a href="/wiki/Oil_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil palm">oil palm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>). </p><p>Plant energy is produced by crops specifically grown for use as fuel that offer high biomass output per hectare with low input energy. Some examples of these plants are wheat, which typically yield 7.5–8 tonnes of grain per hectare, and straw, which typically yield 3.5–5 tonnes per hectare in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The grain can be used for liquid transportation fuels while the straw can be burned to produce heat or electricity. Plant biomass can also be degraded from <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> to <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> through a series of chemical treatments, and the resulting sugar can then be used as a first generation biofuel. </p><p>Biomass can be converted to other usable forms of energy like <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> gas or transportation fuels like <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a>. Rotting garbage, and agricultural and human waste, all release methane gas&#160;&#8211;&#32;also called <a href="/wiki/Landfill_gas" title="Landfill gas">landfill gas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">biogas</a>. Crops, such as corn and sugarcane, can be fermented to produce the transportation fuel, ethanol. Biodiesel, another transportation fuel, can be produced from left-over food products like vegetable oils and animal fats.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Also, biomass to liquids (BTLs) and cellulosic ethanol are still under research.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> There is a great deal of research involving <a href="/wiki/Algal_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Algal fuel">algal fuel</a> or algae-derived biomass due to the fact that it's a non-food resource and can be produced at rates 5 to 10 times those of other types of land-based agriculture, such as corn and soy. Once harvested, it can be fermented to produce biofuels such as ethanol, <a href="/wiki/Butanol" title="Butanol">butanol</a>, and methane, as well as biodiesel and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>. The biomass used for electricity generation varies by region. Forest by-products, such as wood residues, are common in the United States. Agricultural waste is common in <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> (sugar cane residue) and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> (rice husks). Animal husbandry residues, such as poultry litter, are common in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI1_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI1-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuels</a> include a wide range of fuels which are derived from <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>. The term covers <a href="/wiki/Biofuels#Solid_biofuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Biofuels">solid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biofuels#Ethanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Biofuels">liquid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biofuels#Biogas" class="mw-redirect" title="Biofuels">gaseous</a> fuels.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Liquid biofuels include bioalcohols, such as bioethanol, and oils, such as biodiesel. Gaseous biofuels include <a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">biogas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landfill_gas" title="Landfill gas">landfill gas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic gas">synthetic gas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bioethanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioethanol">Bioethanol</a> is an alcoho] made by <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">fermenting</a> the sugar components of plant materials and it is made mostly from sugar and starch crops. These include maize, sugarcane and, more recently, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_sorghum" title="Sweet sorghum">sweet sorghum</a>. The latter crop is particularly suitable for growing in dryland conditions, and is being investigated by <a href="/wiki/International_Crops_Research_Institute_for_the_Semi-Arid_Tropics" title="International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics">International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics</a> for its potential to provide fuel, along with food and animal feed, in arid parts of Asia and Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>With advanced technology being developed, cellulosic biomass, such as trees and grasses, are also used as feedstocks for ethanol production. Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> additive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions. Bioethanol is widely used in the <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel_in_the_United_States" title="Ethanol fuel in the United States">United States</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel_in_Brazil" title="Ethanol fuel in Brazil">Brazil</a>. The energy costs for producing bio-ethanol are almost equal to, the energy yields from bio-ethanol. However, according to the <a href="/wiki/European_Environment_Agency" title="European Environment Agency">European Environment Agency</a>, biofuels do not address global warming concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-eea-biofuels_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eea-biofuels-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Biodiesel is made from <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_fat" title="Animal fat">animal fats</a> or recycled greases. It can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, or more commonly as a diesel additive to reduce levels of particulates, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons from diesel-powered vehicles. Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using <a href="/wiki/Transesterification" title="Transesterification">transesterification</a> and is the most common biofuel in Europe. Biofuels provided 2.7% of the world's transport fuel in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-ren212011_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ren212011-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biofuel_development">Biofuel development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Biofuel development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol fuel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable biofuel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Issues_relating_to_biofuels" title="Issues relating to biofuels">Issues relating to biofuels</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sao_Paulo_ethanol_pump_04_2008_74_zoom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Sao_Paulo_ethanol_pump_04_2008_74_zoom.jpg/220px-Sao_Paulo_ethanol_pump_04_2008_74_zoom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Sao_Paulo_ethanol_pump_04_2008_74_zoom.jpg/330px-Sao_Paulo_ethanol_pump_04_2008_74_zoom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Sao_Paulo_ethanol_pump_04_2008_74_zoom.jpg/440px-Sao_Paulo_ethanol_pump_04_2008_74_zoom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel_in_Brazil" title="Ethanol fuel in Brazil">Brazil</a> produces <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">bioethanol</a> made from sugarcane available throughout the country. A typical gas station with dual fuel service is marked "A" for <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">alcohol (ethanol)</a> and "G" for gasoline.</figcaption></figure> <p>Biofuels provided 3% of the world's transport <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-ren212011_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ren212011-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mandates for blending biofuels exist in 31 countries at the national level and in 29 states/provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-ren212011_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ren212011-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to the International Energy Agency, biofuels have the potential to meet more than a quarter of world demand for transportation fuels by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel_in_Brazil" title="Ethanol fuel in Brazil">Brazil has had an ethanol fuel program</a> which has allowed the country to become the world's second largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> (after the United States) and the world's largest exporter.<sup id="cite_ref-RFA1E_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFA1E-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Brazil's ethanol fuel program uses modern equipment and cheap <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> as feedstock, and the residual cane-waste (<a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">bagasse</a>) is used to produce heat and power.<sup id="cite_ref-MLA_2004_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLA_2004-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> There are no longer light vehicles in Brazil running on pure gasoline. By the end of 2008 there were 35,000 filling stations throughout Brazil with at least one ethanol pump.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nearly all the gasoline sold in the United States today is mixed with 10% ethanol, a mix known as E10,<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and motor vehicle manufacturers already produce vehicles designed to run on much higher ethanol blends. <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daimler_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler AG">Daimler AG</a>, and <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">GM</a> are among the automobile companies that sell "flexible-fuel" cars, trucks, and minivans that can use gasoline and ethanol blends ranging from pure gasoline up to 85% ethanol (E85). By mid-2006, there were approximately 6 million E85-compatible vehicles on U.S. roads.<sup id="cite_ref-Worldwatch_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Worldwatch-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The challenge is to expand the market for biofuels beyond the farm states where they have been most popular to date. Flex-fuel vehicles are assisting in this transition because they allow drivers to choose different fuels based on price and availability. The <i><a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_2005" title="Energy Policy Act of 2005">Energy Policy Act of 2005</a></i>, which calls for 7.5&#160;billion US gallons (28,000,000&#160;m<sup>3</sup>) of biofuels to be used annually by 2012, will also help to expand the market.<sup id="cite_ref-Worldwatch_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Worldwatch-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Modern forms of Bioenergy</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biofuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Biofuels">Biofuels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable biofuel</a></div> <p>Global <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> production for transport fuel tripled between 2000 and 2007 from 17 billion to more than 52 billion litres, while <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a> expanded more than tenfold from less than 1 billion to almost 11 billion litres. Biofuels provide 1.8% of the world's transport fuel and recent estimates indicate a continued high growth. The main producing countries for transport biofuels are the USA, Brazil, and the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> has one of the largest renewable energy programs in the world, involving production of <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">ethanol fuel</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a>, and ethanol now provides 18 percent of the country's automotive fuel. As a result of this and the exploitation of domestic deep water oil sources, Brazil, which for years had to import a large share of the petroleum needed for domestic consumption, recently reached complete self-sufficiency in liquid fuels.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EthanolPetrol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/EthanolPetrol.jpg/220px-EthanolPetrol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/EthanolPetrol.jpg/330px-EthanolPetrol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/EthanolPetrol.jpg/440px-EthanolPetrol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>Information on pump, California</figcaption></figure> <p>Nearly all the gasoline sold in the United States today is mixed with 10 percent ethanol, a mix known as E10,<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and motor vehicle manufacturers already produce vehicles designed to run on much higher ethanol blends. <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/DaimlerChrysler" class="mw-redirect" title="DaimlerChrysler">DaimlerChrysler</a>, and <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="General Motors Corporation">GM</a> are among the automobile companies that sell <a href="/wiki/Flexible-fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible-fuel">flexible-fuel</a> cars, trucks, and minivans that can use gasoline and ethanol blends ranging from pure gasoline up to 85% ethanol (E85). The challenge is to expand the market for biofuels beyond the farm states where they have been most popular to date. The <a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_2005" title="Energy Policy Act of 2005">Energy Policy Act of 2005</a>, which calls for 7.5&#160;billion US gallons (28,000,000&#160;m<sup>3</sup>) of biofuels to be used annually by 2012, will also help to expand the market.<sup id="cite_ref-world_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The growing ethanol and biodiesel industries are providing jobs in plant construction, operations, and maintenance, mostly in rural communities. According to the Renewable Fuels Association, "the ethanol industry created almost 154,000 U.S. jobs in 2005 alone, boosting household income by $5.7 billion. It also contributed about $3.5 billion in tax revenues at the local, state, and federal levels".<sup id="cite_ref-world_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Biomass</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a> for heat and power is a fully <a href="/wiki/Mature_technology" title="Mature technology">mature technology</a> which offers a ready disposal mechanism for municipal, agricultural, and industrial organic wastes. However, the industry has remained relatively stagnant over the decade to 2007, even though demand for biomass (mostly wood) continues to grow in many developing countries. One of the problems of biomass is that material directly combusted in cook stoves produces pollutants, leading to severe health and environmental consequences, although improved cook stove programmes are alleviating some of these effects. First-generation biomass technologies can be economically competitive, but may still require deployment support to overcome public acceptance and small-scale issues.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Carbon-neutral and negative fuels (Biofuels2)</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Carbon-neutral_fuel" title="Carbon-neutral fuel">Carbon-neutral fuel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methanol_economy" title="Methanol economy">Methanol economy</a></div> <p>Carbon-neutral fuels are <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fuel" title="Synthetic fuel">synthetic fuels</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel fuel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">jet fuel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ammonia_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonia motor">ammonia</a><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) produced by <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">hydrogenating</a> waste <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> recycled from <a href="/wiki/Flue-gas_emissions_from_fossil-fuel_combustion" class="mw-redirect" title="Flue-gas emissions from fossil-fuel combustion">power plant flue-gas emissions</a>, recovered from automotive <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">exhaust gas</a>, or derived from <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic acid</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Graves2011rev_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graves2011rev-147"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Such fuels are considered <a href="/wiki/Carbon-neutral" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon-neutral">carbon-neutral</a> because they do not result in a net increase in atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lackner2012_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lackner2012-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> To the extent that synthetic fuels displace <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>, or if they are produced from waste carbon or seawater carbonic acid,<sup id="cite_ref-Eisaman2012_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisaman2012-149"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and their combustion is subject to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture" class="mw-disambig" title="Carbon capture">carbon capture</a> at the flue or exhaust pipe, they result in <a href="/wiki/Negative_carbon_dioxide_emission" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative carbon dioxide emission">negative carbon dioxide emission</a> and net <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">carbon dioxide removal</a> from the atmosphere, and thus constitute a form of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_remediation" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse gas remediation">greenhouse gas remediation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goeppert2012_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goeppert2012-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such renewable fuels alleviate the costs and dependency issues of imported fossil fuels without requiring either electrification of the <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle fleet">vehicle fleet</a> or conversion to hydrogen or other fuels, enabling continued compatible and affordable vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson2012_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson2012-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Carbon-neutral fuels offer relatively low cost energy <a href="/wiki/Power_storage#Synthetic_hydrocarbon_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Power storage">storage</a>, alleviating the problems of wind and solar <a href="/wiki/Intermittency" title="Intermittency">intermittency</a>, and they enable distribution of wind, water, and solar power through existing natural gas pipelines.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson2012_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson2012-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nighttime <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a> is considered the most economical form of electrical power with which to synthesize fuel, because the <a href="/wiki/Load_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="Load curve">load curve</a> for electricity peaks sharply during the warmest hours of the day, but wind tends to blow slightly more at night than during the day, so, the price of nighttime wind power is often much less expensive than any alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson2012_151-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson2012-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Germany has built a 250 kilowatt synthetic methane plant which they are scaling up to 10 megawatts.<sup id="cite_ref-zsw-bw1_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zsw-bw1-152"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zsw-bw2_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zsw-bw2-153"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/George_Olah" class="mw-redirect" title="George Olah">George Olah</a> carbon dioxide recycling plant in <a href="/wiki/Grindav%C3%ADk" title="Grindavík">Grindavík</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> has been producing 2 million liters of <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a> transportation fuel per year from flue exhaust of the <a href="/wiki/Svartsengi_Power_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Svartsengi Power Station">Svartsengi Power Station</a> since 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It has the capacity to produce 5 million liters per year.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emerging_technologies">Emerging technologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Emerging technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other renewable energy technologies are still under development, and include <a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">cellulosic ethanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hot-dry-rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-dry-rock">hot-dry-rock</a> geothermal power, and <a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">marine energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These technologies are not yet widely demonstrated or have limited commercialization. Many are on the horizon and may have potential comparable to other renewable energy technologies, but still depend on attracting sufficient attention and research, development and demonstration (RD&amp;D) funding.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA_20-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are numerous organizations within the academic, federal, and commercial sectors conducting large scale advanced research in the field of renewable energy. This research spans several areas of focus across the renewable energy spectrum. Most of the research is targeted at improving efficiency and increasing overall energy yields.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Multiple federally supported research organizations have focused on renewable energy in recent years. Two of the most prominent of these labs are <a href="/wiki/Sandia_National_Laboratories" title="Sandia National Laboratories">Sandia National Laboratories</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory" title="National Renewable Energy Laboratory">National Renewable Energy Laboratory</a> (NREL), both of which are funded by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a> and supported by various corporate partners.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sandia has a total budget of $2.4 billion<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while NREL has a budget of $375 million.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_geothermal_system" title="Enhanced geothermal system">Enhanced geothermal system</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EGS_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/EGS_diagram.svg/170px-EGS_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/EGS_diagram.svg/255px-EGS_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/EGS_diagram.svg/340px-EGS_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_geothermal_system" title="Enhanced geothermal system">Enhanced geothermal system</a> <i>(see file description for details)</i></figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) are a new type of geothermal power technologies that do not require natural convective hydrothermal resources. The vast majority of geothermal energy within drilling reach is in dry and non-porous rock.<sup id="cite_ref-Duchane_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duchane-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> EGS technologies "enhance" and/or create geothermal resources in this "hot dry rock (HDR)" through <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing">hydraulic stimulation</a>. EGS and HDR technologies, like hydrothermal geothermal, are expected to be baseload resources which produce power 24 hours a day like a fossil plant. Distinct from hydrothermal, HDR and EGS may be feasible anywhere in the world, depending on the economic limits of drill depth. Good locations are over deep <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> covered by a thick (3–5&#160;km) layer of insulating sediments which slow heat loss.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> There are HDR and EGS systems currently being developed and tested in France, Australia, Japan, Germany, the U.S. and Switzerland. The largest EGS project in the world is a 25 megawatt demonstration plant currently being developed in the Cooper Basin, Australia. The Cooper Basin has the potential to generate 5,000–10,000&#160;MW.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>As of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup>, geothermal power development was under way in more than 40 countries, partially attributable to the development of new technologies, such as Enhanced Geothermal Systems.<sup id="cite_ref-renewables_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renewables-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The development of <a href="/wiki/Binary_cycle_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary cycle power plant">binary cycle power plants</a> and improvements in drilling and extraction technology may enable <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_geothermal_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced geothermal systems">enhanced geothermal systems</a> over a much greater geographical range than "traditional" Geothermal systems. Demonstration EGS projects are operational in the USA, Australia, Germany, France, and The United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">Cellulosic ethanol</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Several refineries that can process biomass and turn it into ethano are built by companies such as <a href="/wiki/Iogen_Corporation" title="Iogen Corporation">Iogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/POET" title="POET">POET</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abengoa" title="Abengoa">Abengoa</a>, while other companies such as the <a href="/wiki/Verenium_Corporation" title="Verenium Corporation">Verenium Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novozymes" title="Novozymes">Novozymes</a>, and Dyadic International<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> are producing enzymes which could enable future <a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol_commercialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellulosic ethanol commercialization">commercialization</a>. The shift from food crop feedstocks to waste residues and native grasses offers significant opportunities for a range of players, from farmers to biotechnology firms, and from project developers to investors.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>According to the International Energy Agency, <a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">cellulosic ethanol</a> biorefineries could allow biofuels to play a much bigger role in the future than organizations such as the IEA previously thought.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cellulosic ethanol can be made from plant matter composed primarily of inedible cellulose fibers that form the stems and branches of most plants. Crop residues (such as <a href="/wiki/Corn_stover" title="Corn stover">corn stalks</a>, wheat straw and rice straw), wood waste, and <a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">municipal solid waste</a> are potential sources of cellulosic biomass. Dedicated energy crops, such as <a href="/wiki/Panicum_virgatum" title="Panicum virgatum">switchgrass</a>, are also promising cellulose sources that can be <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">sustainably produced</a> in many regions.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_photosynthesis" title="Artificial photosynthesis">Artificial photosynthesis</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Artificial photosynthesis uses techniques including <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a> to store solar electromagnetic energy in chemical bonds by splitting water to produce hydrogen and then using carbon dioxide to make methanol.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Researchers in this field are striving to design molecular mimics of photosynthesis that utilize a wider region of the solar spectrum, employ catalytic systems made from abundant, inexpensive materials that are robust, readily repaired, non-toxic, stable in a variety of environmental conditions and perform more efficiently allowing a greater proportion of photon energy to end up in the storage compounds, i.e., carbohydrates (rather than building and sustaining living cells).<sup id="cite_ref-faunce_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faunce-169"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, prominent research faces hurdles, Sun Catalytix a MIT spin-off stopped scaling up their prototype fuel-cell in 2012, because it offers few savings over other ways to make hydrogen from sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algae_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Algae fuels">Algae fuels</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Producing liquid fuels from oil-rich varieties of algae is an ongoing research topic. Various microalgae grown in open or closed systems are being tried including some system that can be set up in brownfield and desert lands.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power#Experimental_solar_power" title="Solar power">Experimental solar power</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Concentrated photovoltaics (CPV) systems employ sunlight concentrated onto photovoltaic surfaces for the purpose of electricity generation. <a href="/wiki/Thermogenerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermogenerator">Thermoelectric</a>, or "thermovoltaic" devices convert a temperature difference between dissimilar materials into an electric current.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rance_tidal_power_plant.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rance_tidal_power_plant.JPG/220px-Rance_tidal_power_plant.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rance_tidal_power_plant.JPG/330px-Rance_tidal_power_plant.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rance_tidal_power_plant.JPG/440px-Rance_tidal_power_plant.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rance_Tidal_Power_Station" title="Rance Tidal Power Station">Rance Tidal Power Station</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>Marine energy (also sometimes referred to as ocean energy) refers to the energy carried by <a href="/wiki/Ocean_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean wave">ocean waves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">ocean temperature differences</a>. The movement of water in the world's oceans creates a vast store of <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a>, or energy in motion. This energy can be harnessed to generate electricity to power homes, transport and industries. The term marine energy encompasses both <a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">wave power</a>&#160;&#8211;&#32;power from surface waves, and <a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">tidal power</a>&#160;&#8211;&#32;obtained from the kinetic energy of large bodies of moving water. <a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_power" title="Offshore wind power">Offshore wind power</a> is not a form of marine energy, as wind power is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a>, even if the <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a> are placed over water. The <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a> have a tremendous amount of energy and are close to many if not most concentrated populations. Ocean energy has the potential of providing a substantial amount of new renewable energy around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ocean_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean energy">Ocean energy</a> is all forms of renewable energy derived from the sea including wave energy, tidal energy, river current, ocean current energy, offshore wind, salinity gradient energy and ocean thermal gradient energy.<sup id="cite_ref-OE1_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OE1-172"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>The <a href="/wiki/Rance_Tidal_Power_Station" title="Rance Tidal Power Station">Rance Tidal Power Station</a> (240 MW) is the world's first <a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">tidal</a> power station. The facility is located on the estuary of the <a href="/wiki/Rance_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rance River">Rance River</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. Opened on the 26th November 1966, it is currently operated by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectricit%C3%A9_de_France" title="Électricité de France">Électricité de France</a>, and is the largest tidal power station in the world, in terms of installed capacity.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>First proposed more than thirty years ago, systems to harvest utility-scale electrical power from ocean waves have recently been gaining momentum as a viable technology. The potential for this technology is considered promising, especially on west-facing coasts with latitudes between 40 and 60 degrees:<sup id="cite_ref-je_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je-173"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <blockquote> <p>In the United Kingdom, for example, the Carbon Trust recently estimated the extent of the economically viable offshore resource at 55 TWh per year, about 14% of current national demand. Across Europe, the technologically achievable resource has been estimated to be at least 280 TWh per year. In 2003, the U.S. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) estimated the viable resource in the United States at 255 TWh per year (6% of demand).<sup id="cite_ref-je_173-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je-173"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <dl><dd>There are currently nine projects, completed or in-development, off the coasts of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> to harness the rise and fall of waves by <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Power_Technologies" title="Ocean Power Technologies">Ocean Power Technologies</a>. The current maximum power output is 1.5 MW (<a href="/wiki/Reedsport,_Oregon" title="Reedsport, Oregon">Reedsport, Oregon</a>), with development underway for 100 MW (<a href="/wiki/Coos_Bay,_Oregon" title="Coos Bay, Oregon">Coos Bay, Oregon</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-OPT_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OPT-174"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_efficiency">Energy efficiency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Energy efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></div> <p>Moving towards energy sustainability will require changes not only in the way energy is supplied, but in the way it is used, and reducing the amount of energy required to deliver various goods or services is essential. Opportunities for improvement on the demand side of the energy equation are as rich and diverse as those on the supply side, and often offer significant economic benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>A sustainable energy economy requires commitments to both renewables and efficiency. Renewable energy and <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a> are said to be the "twin pillars" of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">sustainable energy</a> policy. <a href="/wiki/American_Council_for_an_Energy-Efficient_Economy" title="American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy">The American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy</a> has explained that both resources must be developed in order to stabilize and reduce carbon dioxide emissions:<sup id="cite_ref-am_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-am-176"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>Efficiency is essential to slowing the energy demand growth so that rising clean energy supplies can make deep cuts in fossil fuel use. If energy use grows too fast, renewable energy development will chase a receding target. Likewise, unless clean energy supplies come online rapidly, slowing demand growth will only begin to reduce total emissions; reducing the carbon content of energy sources is also needed.<sup id="cite_ref-am_176-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-am-176"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The IEA has stated that renewable energy and energy efficiency policies are complementary tools for the development of a sustainable energy future, and should be developed together instead of being developed in isolation.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developing_countries">Developing countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Developing countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_developing_countries" title="Renewable energy in developing countries">Renewable energy in developing countries</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar-Panel-Cooker-in-front-of-hut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Solar-Panel-Cooker-in-front-of-hut.jpg/220px-Solar-Panel-Cooker-in-front-of-hut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Solar-Panel-Cooker-in-front-of-hut.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Solar_cooker" title="Solar cooker">Solar cookers</a> use sunlight as energy source for outdoor cooking</figcaption></figure> <p>Renewable energy can be particularly suitable for developing countries. In rural and remote areas, transmission and distribution of energy generated from fossil fuels can be difficult and expensive. Producing renewable energy locally can offer a viable alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-aus_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aus-178"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> Technology advances are opening up a huge new market for solar power: the approximately 1.3 billion people around the world who don't have access to grid electricity. Even though they are typically very poor, these people have to pay far more for lighting than people in rich countries because they use inefficient kerosene lamps. Solar power costs half as much as lighting with kerosene.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> An estimated 3 million households get power from small solar PV systems.<sup id="cite_ref-re10_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-re10-180"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kenya is the world leader in the number of solar power systems installed per capita. More than 30,000 very small solar panels, each producing 12 to 30 watts, are sold in Kenya annually. Some <a href="/wiki/Small_Island_Developing_States" title="Small Island Developing States">Small Island Developing States</a> (SIDS) are also turning to solar power to reduce their costs and increase their sustainability.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Micro-hydro configured into mini-grids also provide power. Over 44 million households use <a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">biogas</a> made in household-scale digesters for <a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">lighting</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooking</a>, and more than 166 million households rely on a new generation of more-efficient biomass cookstoves.<sup id="cite_ref-REN21_2011_14_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REN21_2011_14-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Clean liquid fuel sourced from renewable feedstocks are used for cooking and lighting in energy-poor areas of the developing world. Alcohol fuels (ethanol and methanol) can be produced sustainably from non-food sugary, starchy, and cellulostic feedstocks. Project Gaia, Inc. and CleanStar Mozambique are implementing clean cooking programs with liquid ethanol stoves in Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria and Mozambique.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Renewable energy projects in many developing countries have demonstrated that renewable energy can directly contribute to <a href="/wiki/Poverty_reduction" title="Poverty reduction">poverty reduction</a> by providing the energy needed for creating businesses and employment. Renewable energy technologies can also make indirect contributions to alleviating poverty by providing energy for cooking, space heating, and lighting. Renewable energy can also contribute to education, by providing electricity to schools.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry_and_policy">Industry and policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Industry and policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global-RE-Investment-VC-Eng.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Global-RE-Investment-VC-Eng.png/220px-Global-RE-Investment-VC-Eng.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Global-RE-Investment-VC-Eng.png/330px-Global-RE-Investment-VC-Eng.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Global-RE-Investment-VC-Eng.png/440px-Global-RE-Investment-VC-Eng.png 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Global New Investments in Renewable Energy<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_GT_2011_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP_GT_2011-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a> includes more than $70 billion in direct spending and tax credits for clean energy and associated transportation programs. <a href="/wiki/Clean_Edge" title="Clean Edge">Clean Edge</a> suggests that the commercialization of clean energy will help countries around the world pull out of the current economic malaise.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-184"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Leading renewable energy companies include <a href="/wiki/First_Solar" title="First Solar">First Solar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamesa_Corporaci%C3%B3n_Tecnol%C3%B3gica" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamesa Corporación Tecnológica">Gamesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/GE_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="GE Energy">GE Energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Q-Cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Q-Cells">Q-Cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharp_Solar" title="Sharp Solar">Sharp Solar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>, <a href="/wiki/SunOpta" title="SunOpta">SunOpta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suntech_Power" title="Suntech Power">Suntech Power</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vestas" title="Vestas">Vestas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The military has also focused on the use of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_fuels" title="Renewable fuels">renewable fuels</a> for military vehicles. Unlike fossil fuels, renewable fuels can be produced in any country, creating a strategic advantage. The US military has already committed itself to have 50% of its energy consumption come from alternative sources.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Renewable_Energy_Agency" title="International Renewable Energy Agency">International Renewable Energy Agency</a> (IRENA) is an <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">intergovernmental organization</a> for promoting the adoption of renewable energy worldwide. It aims to provide concrete policy advice and facilitate <a href="/wiki/Capacity_building" title="Capacity building">capacity building</a> and technology transfer. IRENA was formed on 26 January 2009, by 75&#160;countries signing the charter of IRENA.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As of March 2010, IRENA has 143&#160;member states who all are considered as founding members, of which 14 have also ratified the statute.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2011, 119 countries have some form of national renewable energy policy target or renewable support policy. National targets now exist in at least 98 countries. There is also a wide range of policies at state/provincial and local levels.<sup id="cite_ref-ren212011_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ren212011-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>United Nations' Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a> has said that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-renewableenergyworld1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renewableenergyworld1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In October 2011, he "announced the creation of a high-level group to drum up support for energy access, energy efficiency and greater use of renewable energy. The group is to be co-chaired by Kandeh Yumkella, the chair of UN Energy and director general of the UN Industrial Development Organisation, and Charles Holliday, chairman of Bank of America".<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="100%_renewable_energy"><span id="100.25_renewable_energy"></span>100% renewable energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: 100% renewable energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy" title="100% renewable energy">100% renewable energy</a></div> <p>The incentive to use 100% renewable energy, for electricity, transport, or even total primary energy supply globally, has been motivated by <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> and other ecological as well as economic concerns. The <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> has said that there are few fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet most of total global energy demand. Renewable energy use has grown much faster than even advocates anticipated.<sup id="cite_ref-pg11_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pg11-190"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of energy supply. Also, Professors S. Pacala and <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Socolow" title="Robert H. Socolow">Robert H. Socolow</a> have developed a series of "<a href="/wiki/Stabilization_wedges" class="mw-redirect" title="Stabilization wedges">stabilization wedges</a>" that can allow us to maintain our quality of life while avoiding catastrophic climate change, and "renewable energy sources," in aggregate, constitute the largest number of their "wedges." <sup id="cite_ref-Pacala_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pacala-191"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In reviewing 164 recent scenarios of future renewable energy growth, the report noted that the majority expected renewable sources to supply more than 17% of total energy by 2030, and 27% by 2050; the highest forecast projected 43% supplied by renewables by 2030 and 77% by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_2011_17_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCC_2011_17-192"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mark_Z._Jacobson" title="Mark Z. Jacobson">Mark Z. Jacobson</a>, professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and director of its Atmosphere and Energy Program says producing all new energy with <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050. Barriers to implementing the renewable energy plan are seen to be "primarily social and political, not technological or economic". Jacobson says that energy costs with a wind, solar, water system should be similar to today's energy costs.<sup id="cite_ref-enpol2011_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enpol2011-193"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, in the United States, the independent National Research Council has noted that <i>sufficient domestic renewable resources exist to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation and thus help confront issues related to climate change, energy security, and the escalation of energy costs</i> Renewable energy is an attractive option because renewable resources available in the United States, taken collectively, can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand." .<sup id="cite_ref-NRC_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRC-194"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most significant barriers to the widespread implementation of large-scale renewable energy and low carbon energy strategies are primarily political and not technological. According to the 2013 <i>Post Carbon Pathways</i> report, which reviewed many international studies, the key roadblocks are: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">climate change denial</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels_lobby" title="Fossil fuels lobby">fossil fuels lobby</a>, political inaction, unsustainable energy consumption, outdated energy infrastructure, and financial constraints.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Wiseman_et_al_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Wiseman_et_al-195"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_policy_landscape">Public policy landscape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Public policy landscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public policy has a role to play in renewable energy commercialization because the free market system has some fundamental limitations. As the <a href="/wiki/Stern_Review" title="Stern Review">Stern Review</a> points out: </p> <blockquote> <p>In a liberalised energy market, investors, operators and consumers should face the full cost of their decisions. But this is not the case in many economies or energy sectors. Many policies distort the market in favour of existing fossil fuel technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-Stern2_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern2-196"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Solar_Energy_Society" title="International Solar Energy Society">International Solar Energy Society</a> has stated that "historical incentives for the conventional energy resources continue even today to bias markets by burying many of the real societal costs of their use".<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fossil-fuel energy systems have different production, transmission, and end-use costs and characteristics than do renewable energy systems, and new promotional policies are needed to ensure that renewable systems develop as quickly and broadly as is socially desirable.<sup id="cite_ref-jacob2010_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacob2010-198"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lester_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Lester Brown">Lester Brown</a> states that the market "does not incorporate the indirect costs of providing goods or services into prices, it does not value nature's services adequately, and it does not respect the sustainable-yield thresholds of natural systems".<sup id="cite_ref-Br_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Br-199"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It also favors the near term over the long term, thereby showing limited concern for future generations.<sup id="cite_ref-Br_199-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Br-199"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tax and subsidy shifting can help overcome these problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-200"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shifting_taxes">Shifting taxes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: Shifting taxes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tax shifting has been widely discussed and endorsed by economists. It involves lowering income taxes while raising levies on environmentally destructive activities, in order to create a more responsive market. For example, a tax on coal that included the increased health care costs associated with breathing polluted air, the costs of acid rain damage, and the costs of climate disruption would encourage investment in renewable technologies. Several Western European countries are already shifting taxes in a process known there as environmental tax reform.<sup id="cite_ref-Br_199-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Br-199"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, Sweden launched a new 10-year environmental tax shift designed to convert 30 billion kroner ($3.9 billion) of income taxes to taxes on environmentally destructive activities. Other European countries with significant tax reform efforts are France, Italy, Norway, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Asia's two leading economies, Japan and China, are considering carbon taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-Br_199-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Br-199"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shifting_subsidies">Shifting subsidies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: Shifting subsidies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Energy_subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy subsidies">Energy subsidies</a></div> <p>Just as there is a need for tax shifting, there is also a need for subsidy shifting. Subsidies are not an inherently bad thing as many technologies and industries emerged through government subsidy schemes. The Stern Review explains that of 20 key innovations from the past 30&#160;years, only one of the 14 was funded entirely by the private sector and nine were totally publicly funded.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In terms of specific examples, the Internet was the result of publicly funded links among computers in government laboratories and research institutes. And the combination of the federal tax deduction and a robust state tax deduction in California helped to create the modern wind power industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_200-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-200"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lester Brown has argued that "a world facing the prospect of economically disruptive climate change can no longer justify subsidies to expand the burning of coal and oil. Shifting these subsidies to the development of climate-benign energy sources such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal power is the key to stabilizing the earth's climate."<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_200-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-200"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The International Solar Energy Society advocates "leveling the playing field" by redressing the continuing inequities in public subsidies of energy technologies and R&amp;D, in which the fossil fuel and nuclear power receive the largest share of financial support.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some countries are eliminating or reducing climate disrupting subsidies and Belgium, France, and Japan have phased out all subsidies for coal. Germany is reducing its coal subsidy. The subsidy dropped from $5.4 billion in 1989 to $2.8&#160;billion in 2002, and in the process Germany lowered its coal use by 46&#160;percent. China cut its coal subsidy from $750&#160;million in 1993 to $240&#160;million in 1995 and more recently has imposed a high-sulfur coal tax.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_200-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-200"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, the United States has been increasing its support for the fossil fuel and nuclear industries.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_200-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-200"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2011, an IEA report entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Deploying_Renewables_2011" title="Deploying Renewables 2011">Deploying Renewables 2011</a></i> said "subsidies in green energy technologies that were not yet competitive are justified in order to give an incentive to investing into technologies with clear environmental and energy security benefits". The IEA's report disagreed with claims that renewable energy technologies are only viable through costly subsidies and not able to produce energy reliably to meet demand.<sup id="cite_ref-henning_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henning-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewable_energy_targets">Renewable energy targets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: Renewable energy targets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Setting national renewable energy targets can be an important part of a renewable energy policy and these targets are usually defined as a percentage of the primary energy and/or electricity generation mix. For example, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> has prescribed an indicative renewable energy target of 12 per cent of the total EU <a href="/wiki/Energy_mix" title="Energy mix">energy mix</a> and 22 per cent of electricity consumption by 2010. National targets for individual EU Member States have also been set to meet the overall target. Other developed countries with defined national or regional targets include Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, Switzerland, and some US States.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP3_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP3-203"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>National targets are also an important component of renewable energy strategies in some <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>. Developing countries with renewable energy targets include China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Brazil, Egypt, Mali, and South Africa. The targets set by many developing countries are quite modest when compared with those in some industrialized countries.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP3_203-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP3-203"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Renewable energy targets in most countries are indicative and nonbinding but they have assisted government actions and regulatory frameworks. The United Nations Environment Program has suggested that making renewable energy targets legally binding could be an important policy tool to achieve higher renewable energy market penetration.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP3_203-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP3-203"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Levelling_the_playing_field">Levelling the playing field</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: Levelling the playing field"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IEA has identified three actions which will allow renewable energy and other clean energy technologies to "more effectively compete for private sector capital". </p> <ul><li>"First, energy prices must appropriately reflect the "true cost" of energy (e.g. through carbon pricing) so that the positive and negative impacts of energy production and consumption are fully taken into account". Example: <a href="/wiki/Hinkley_Point_C_nuclear_power_station" title="Hinkley Point C nuclear power station">New UK nuclear plants</a> cost £92.50/MWh,<sup id="cite_ref-bbcstrike_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcstrike-204"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-telestrike_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telestrike-205"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> whereas offshore wind farms in the UK are supported with €74.2/MWh<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> at a price of £150 in 2011 falling to £130 per MWh in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Denmark, the price can be €84/MWh.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Second, inefficient fossil fuel subsidies must be removed, while ensuring that all citizens have access to affordable energy".</li> <li>"Third, governments must develop policy frameworks that encourage private sector investment in lower-carbon energy options".<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_stimulus_programs">Green stimulus programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section: Green stimulus programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to the <a href="/wiki/Late-2000s_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-2000s financial crisis">global financial crisis in the late 2000s</a>, the world's major governments made "green stimulus" programs one of their main policy instruments for supporting economic recovery. Some <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$188 billion</span> in green stimulus funding had been allocated to renewable energy and energy efficiency, to be spent mainly in 2010 and in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-ren27_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ren27-210"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_sector_regulation">Energy sector regulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section: Energy sector regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public policy determines the extent to which renewable energy (RE) is to be incorporated into a developed or developing country’s generation mix. Energy sector regulators implement that policy—thus affecting the pace and pattern of RE investments and connections to the grid. Energy regulators often have authority to carry out a number of functions that have implications for the financial feasibility of renewable energy projects. Such functions include issuing licenses, setting performance standards, monitoring the performance of regulated firms, determining the price level and structure of tariffs, establishing uniform systems of accounts, arbitrating stakeholder disputes (like interconnection cost allocations), performing management audits, developing agency human resources (expertise), reporting sector and commission activities to government authorities, and coordinating decisions with other government agencies. Thus, regulators make a wide range of decisions that affect the financial outcomes associated with RE investments. In addition, the sector regulator is in a position to give advice to the government regarding the full implications of focusing on climate change or energy security. The energy sector regulator is the natural advocate for efficiency and cost-containment throughout the process of designing and implementing RE policies. Since policies are not self-implementing, energy sector regulators become a key facilitator (or blocker) of renewable energy investments.<sup id="cite_ref-PURC_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PURC-211"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voluntary_market_mechanisms">Voluntary market mechanisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section: Voluntary market mechanisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Voluntary markets, also referred to as green power markets, are driven by consumer preference. Voluntary markets allow a consumer to choose to do more than policy decisions require and reduce the environmental impact of their electricity use. Voluntary green power products must offer a significant benefit and value to buyers to be successful. Benefits may include zero or reduced greenhouse gas emissions, other pollution reductions or other environmental improvements on power stations. <sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The driving force behind voluntary green electricity within the EU are the liberalized electricity markets and the RES Directive. According to the directive the EU Member States must ensure that the origin of electricity produced from renewables can be guaranteed and therefore a “guarantee of origin” must be issued (article 15). Environmental organisations are using the voluntary market to create new renewables and improving sustainability of the existing power production. In the US the main tool to track and stimulate voluntary actions is Green-e program managed by <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Resource_Solutions" title="Center for Resource Solutions">Center for Resource Solutions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Europe the main voluntary tool used by the NGOs to promote sustainable electricity production is <a href="/wiki/EKOenergy" title="EKOenergy">EKOenergy</a> label.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-technical_barriers_to_acceptance">Non-technical barriers to acceptance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section: Non-technical barriers to acceptance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many energy markets, institutions, and policies have been developed to support the production and use of fossil fuels.<sup id="cite_ref-jacob2010_198-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacob2010-198"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Newer and cleaner technologies may offer social and environmental benefits, but utility operators often reject renewable resources because they are trained to think only in terms of big, conventional power plants.<sup id="cite_ref-epsov_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epsov-215"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Consumers often ignore renewable power systems because they are not given accurate price signals about electricity consumption. Intentional market distortions (such as subsidies), and unintentional market distortions (such as split incentives) may work against renewables.<sup id="cite_ref-epsov_215-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epsov-215"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_K._Sovacool" title="Benjamin K. Sovacool">Benjamin K. Sovacool</a> has argued that "some of the most surreptitious, yet powerful, impediments facing renewable energy and energy efficiency in the United States are more about <i>culture</i> and <i>institutions</i> than engineering and science".<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The obstacles to the widespread commercialization of renewable energy technologies are primarily political, not technical,<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and there have been many studies which have identified a range of "non-technical barriers" to renewable energy use.<sup id="cite_ref-ieapress_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieapress-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NREL_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NREL-218"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GREMS_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GREMS-219"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These barriers are impediments which put renewable energy at a marketing, institutional, or policy disadvantage relative to other forms of energy. Key barriers include:<sup id="cite_ref-NREL_218-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NREL-218"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GREMS_219-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GREMS-219"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Difficulty overcoming established energy systems, which includes difficulty introducing innovative energy systems, particularly for <a href="/wiki/Distributed_generation" title="Distributed generation">distributed generation</a> such as photovoltaics, because of technological lock-in, electricity markets designed for centralized power plants, and market control by established operators. As the <a href="/wiki/Stern_Review" title="Stern Review">Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change</a> points out:</li></ul> <blockquote> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>National grids are usually tailored towards the operation of centralised power plants and thus favour their performance. Technologies that do not easily fit into these networks may struggle to enter the market, even if the technology itself is commercially viable. This applies to distributed generation as most grids are not suited to receive electricity from many small sources. Large-scale renewables may also encounter problems if they are sited in areas far from existing grids.<sup id="cite_ref-Stern2_196-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern2-196"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </blockquote> <ul><li>Lack of government policy support, which includes the lack of policies and regulations supporting deployment of renewable energy technologies and the presence of policies and regulations hindering renewable energy development and supporting conventional energy development. Examples include subsidies for fossil-fuels, insufficient consumer-based renewable energy incentives, government underwriting for nuclear plant accidents, and complex zoning and permitting processes for renewable energy.</li> <li>Lack of information dissemination and consumer awareness.</li> <li>Higher capital cost of renewable energy technologies compared with conventional energy technologies.</li> <li>Inadequate financing options for renewable energy projects, including insufficient access to affordable financing for project developers, entrepreneurs and consumers.</li> <li>Imperfect capital markets, which includes failure to internalize all costs of conventional energy (e.g., effects of air pollution, risk of supply disruption)<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and failure to internalize all benefits of renewable energy (e.g., cleaner air, energy security).</li> <li>Inadequate workforce skills and training, which includes lack of adequate scientific, technical, and manufacturing skills required for renewable energy production; lack of reliable installation, maintenance, and inspection services; and failure of the educational system to provide adequate training in new technologies.</li> <li>Lack of adequate codes, standards, utility interconnection, and net-metering guidelines.</li> <li>Poor public perception of renewable energy system aesthetics.</li> <li>Lack of stakeholder/community participation and co-operation in energy choices and renewable energy projects.</li></ul> <p>With such a wide range of non-technical barriers, there is no "silver bullet" solution to drive the transition to renewable energy. So ideally there is a need for several different types of policy instruments to complement each other and overcome different types of barriers.<sup id="cite_ref-GREMS_219-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GREMS-219"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>A policy framework must be created that will level the playing field and redress the imbalance of traditional approaches associated with fossil fuels. The policy landscape must keep pace with broad trends within the energy sector, as well as reflecting specific social, economic and environmental priorities.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_developments">Recent developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section: Recent developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Re_investment_2007-2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Re_investment_2007-2017.jpg/600px-Re_investment_2007-2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Re_investment_2007-2017.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>Projected renewable energy investment growth globally (2007–2017)<sup id="cite_ref-ce-1_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ce-1-223"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A number of events in 2006 pushed renewable energy up the political agenda, including the US mid-term elections in November, which confirmed <a href="/wiki/Clean_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean energy">clean energy</a> as a mainstream issue. Also in 2006, the Stern Review<sup id="cite_ref-Stern_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies now, and argued that economic growth need not be incompatible with cutting energy consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to a trend analysis from the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">climate change concerns</a><sup id="cite_ref-UNEP2_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> coupled with recent <a href="/wiki/Oil_price_increases_since_2003" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil price increases since 2003">high oil prices</a><sup id="cite_ref-high_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-high-225"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and increasing government support are driving increasing rates of investment in the renewable energy and energy efficiency industries.<sup id="cite_ref-UNnews_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNnews-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Investment capital flowing into renewable energy reached a record US$77 billion in 2007, with the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Energy_Trends" title="Clean Energy Trends">upward trend</a> continuing in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-mak_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mak-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a> still dominates, but there is now increasing activity from companies in China, India and Brazil. Chinese companies were the second largest recipient of venture capital in 2006 after the United States. In the same year, India was the largest net buyer of companies abroad, mainly in the more established European markets.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>New government spending, regulation, and policies helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than many other sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-obama_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obama-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Most notably, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a> included more than $70 billion in direct spending and tax credits for clean energy and associated transportation programs. This policy-stimulus combination represents the largest federal commitment in U.S. history for renewables, advanced transportation, and energy conservation initiatives. Based on these new rules, many more utilities strengthened their clean-energy programs.<sup id="cite_ref-obama_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obama-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Clean_Edge" title="Clean Edge">Clean Edge</a> suggests that the commercialization of clean energy will help countries around the world deal with the current economic malaise.<sup id="cite_ref-obama_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obama-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Once-promising solar energy company, <a href="/wiki/Solyndra" title="Solyndra">Solyndra</a>, became involved in a political controversy involving U.S. President Barack Obama's <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">administration</a>'s authorization of a $535 million loan guarantee to the Corporation in 2009 as part of a program to promote alternative energy growth.<sup id="cite_ref-bare_url_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bare_url-226"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-daily_caller_September_1,_2011_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daily_caller_September_1,_2011-228"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The company ceased all business activity, filed for <a href="/wiki/Chapter_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapter 11">Chapter 11</a> <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a>, and laid-off nearly all of its employees in early September 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his January 24, 2012, <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union</a> address, President Barack Obama restated his commitment to renewable energy. Obama said that he "will not walk away from the promise of clean energy." Obama called for a commitment by the Defense Department to purchase 1,000 MW of renewable energy. He also mentioned the long-standing Interior Department commitment to permit 10,000 MW of renewable energy projects on public land in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindsay_Morris_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindsay_Morris-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2012, renewable energy plays a major role in the energy mix of many countries globally. Renewables are becoming increasingly economic in both developing and developed countries. Prices for renewable energy technologies, primarily wind power and solar power, continued to drop, making renewables competitive with conventional energy sources. Without a level playing field, however, high market penetration of renewables is still dependent on a robust promotional policies. Fossil fuel subsidies, which are far higher than those for renewable energy, remain in place and quickly need to be phased out.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a> has said that "renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity".<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In October 2011, he "announced the creation of a high-level group to drum up support for energy access, energy efficiency and greater use of renewable energy. The group is to be co-chaired by Kandeh Yumkella, the chair of UN Energy and director general of the UN Industrial Development Organisation, and Charles Holliday, chairman of Bank of America".<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Worldwide use of solar power and wind power continued to grow significantly in 2012. Solar electricity consumption increased by 58 percent, to 93 terawatt-hours (TWh). Use of wind power in 2012 increased by 18.1 percent, to 521.3 TWh.<sup id="cite_ref-vitals_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vitals-234"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Global solar and wind energy installed capacities continued to expand even though new investments in these technologies declined during 2012. Worldwide investment in solar power in 2012 was $140.4 billion, an 11 percent decline from 2011, and wind power investment was down 10.1 percent, to $80.3 billion. But due to lower production costs for both technologies, total installed capacities grew sharply.<sup id="cite_ref-vitals_234-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vitals-234"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This investment decline, but growth in installed capacity, may again occur in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Analysts expect the market to triple by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Renewable_energy_industry">Renewable energy industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Edit section: Renewable energy industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vestas_Turbine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Vestas_Turbine.JPG/220px-Vestas_Turbine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Vestas_Turbine.JPG/330px-Vestas_Turbine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Vestas_Turbine.JPG/440px-Vestas_Turbine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A Vestas wind turbine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klassieren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Klassieren.jpg/220px-Klassieren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Klassieren.jpg/330px-Klassieren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Klassieren.jpg/440px-Klassieren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="1658" /></a><figcaption>Monocrystalline solar cell</figcaption></figure> <p>Total investment in renewable energy reached $211 billion in 2010, up from $160 billion in 2009. The top countries for investment in 2010 were China, Germany, the United States, Italy, and Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-REN21_2011_35_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REN21_2011_35-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Continued growth for the renewable energy sector is expected and promotional policies helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than many other sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-obama_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obama-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Wind power companies</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_industry" title="Wind power industry">Wind power industry</a></div> <p>As of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Vestas" title="Vestas">Vestas</a> (from Denmark) is the world's top wind turbine manufacturer in terms of percentage of market volume, and <a href="/wiki/Sinovel" title="Sinovel">Sinovel</a> (from China) is in second place. Together Vestas and Sinovel delivered 10,228 MW of new wind power capacity in 2010, and their market share was 25.9 percent. <a href="/wiki/GE_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="GE Energy">GE Energy</a> (USA) was in third place, closely followed by <a href="/wiki/Goldwind" title="Goldwind">Goldwind</a>, another Chinese supplier. German <a href="/wiki/Enercon" title="Enercon">Enercon</a> ranks fifth in the world, and is followed in sixth place by Indian-based <a href="/wiki/Suzlon" title="Suzlon">Suzlon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Photovoltaic companies</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies" title="List of photovoltaics companies">List of photovoltaics companies</a></div> <p>The solar PV market has been growing for the past few years. According to solar PV research company, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pvinsights.com">PVinsights</a>, worldwide shipment of solar modules in 2011 was around 25 GW, and the shipment year over year growth was around 40%. The top 5 solar module players in 2011 in turns are Suntech, First Solar, Yingli, Trina, and Sungen. The top 5 solar module companies possessed 51.3% market share of solar modules, according to PVinsights' market intelligence report. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>2013<br />Ranking</th> <th>Solar Module <br /> Company</th> <th>Change from<br />2012</th> <th>Country </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yingli_Green_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Yingli Green Energy">Yingli Green Energy</a></td> <td>–</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> China </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trina_Solar" title="Trina Solar">Trina Solar</a></td> <td>+1</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> USA </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sharp_Solar" title="Sharp Solar">Sharp Solar</a></td> <td>+3</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Japan </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Solar" title="Canadian Solar">Canadian Solar</a></td> <td>–</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Canada </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jinko_Solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinko Solar">Jinko Solar</a></td> <td>+3</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> China </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReneSola&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ReneSola (page does not exist)">ReneSola</a></td> <td>+7</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> China </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Solar" title="First Solar">First Solar</a></td> <td>-2</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> China </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanwha_Solarone" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanwha Solarone">Hanwha Solarone</a></td> <td>+2</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> South Korea </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kyocera" title="Kyocera">Kyocera</a></td> <td>+5</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Japan </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/JA_Solar" class="mw-redirect" title="JA Solar">JA Solar</a></td> <td>-3</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> China </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"><span style="font-size:85%;">Sources:</span><sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The PV industry has seen drops in module prices since 2008. In late 2011, factory-gate prices for crystalline-silicon photovoltaic modules dropped below the $1.00/W mark. The $1.00/W installed cost, is often regarded in the PV industry as marking the achievement of <a href="/wiki/Grid_parity" title="Grid parity">grid parity</a> for PV. These reductions have taken many stakeholders, including industry analysts, by surprise, and perceptions of current solar power economics often lags behind reality. Some stakeholders still have the perspective that solar PV remains too costly on an unsubsidized basis to compete with conventional generation options. Yet technological advancements, manufacturing process improvements, and industry re-structuring, mean that further price reductions are likely in coming years.<sup id="cite_ref-reconsidering_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reconsidering-241"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debate">Debate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Edit section: Debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_debate" title="Renewable energy debate">Renewable energy debate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_proposed_as_renewable_energy" title="Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy">Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Green_job" title="Green job">Green job</a></div> <p>Renewable electricity production, from sources such as wind power and solar power, is sometimes criticized for being variable or <a href="/wiki/Intermittent_power_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermittent power source">intermittent</a>, but is not true for concentrated solar, geothermal and biofuels, that have continuity. In any case, the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> has stated that deployment of renewable technologies usually increases the diversity of electricity sources and, through local generation, contributes to the flexibility of the system and its resistance to central shocks.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been "not in my back yard" (<a href="/wiki/NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBY</a>) concerns relating to the visual and other impacts of some <a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">wind farms</a>, with local residents sometimes fighting or blocking construction.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the USA, the Massachusetts <a href="/wiki/Cape_Wind" title="Cape Wind">Cape Wind</a> project was delayed for years partly because of aesthetic concerns. However, residents in other areas have been more positive. According to a town councilor, the overwhelming majority of locals believe that the <a href="/wiki/Ardrossan_Wind_Farm" title="Ardrossan Wind Farm">Ardrossan Wind Farm</a> in Scotland has enhanced the area.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-244"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>A recent UK Government document states that "projects are generally more likely to succeed if they have broad public support and the consent of local communities. This means giving communities both a say and a stake".<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In countries such as Germany and Denmark many renewable projects are owned by communities, particularly through <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative</a> structures, and contribute significantly to overall levels of renewable energy deployment.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The market for renewable energy technologies has continued to grow. <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> concerns and increasing in <a href="/wiki/Green_job" title="Green job">green jobs</a>, coupled with <a href="/wiki/Oil_price_increases_since_2003" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil price increases since 2003">high oil prices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a>, oil wars, <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spills</a>, promotion of <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicles</a> and renewable electricity, nuclear disasters and increasing government support, are driving increasing renewable energy legislation, incentives and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">commercialization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> New government spending, regulation and policies helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than many other sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-obama_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obama-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 98px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 96px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pretty_flamingos_-_geograph.org.uk_-_578705.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Burbo, NW-England"><img alt="Burbo, NW-England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Pretty_flamingos_-_geograph.org.uk_-_578705.jpg/144px-Pretty_flamingos_-_geograph.org.uk_-_578705.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Pretty_flamingos_-_geograph.org.uk_-_578705.jpg/216px-Pretty_flamingos_-_geograph.org.uk_-_578705.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Pretty_flamingos_-_geograph.org.uk_-_578705.jpg/287px-Pretty_flamingos_-_geograph.org.uk_-_578705.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Burbo_Bank_Offshore_Wind_Farm" title="Burbo Bank Offshore Wind Farm">Burbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">NW-England</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fentonwindpark1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sunrise at the Fenton Wind Farm in Minnesota, USA"><img alt="Sunrise at the Fenton Wind Farm in Minnesota, USA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Fentonwindpark1.jpg/260px-Fentonwindpark1.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Fentonwindpark1.jpg/391px-Fentonwindpark1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Fentonwindpark1.jpg/520px-Fentonwindpark1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sunrise at the <a href="/wiki/Fenton_Wind_Farm" title="Fenton Wind Farm">Fenton Wind Farm</a> in Minnesota, USA</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:12-05-08_AS1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The CSP-station Andasol in Andalusia, Spain"><img alt="The CSP-station Andasol in Andalusia, Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/12-05-08_AS1.JPG/293px-12-05-08_AS1.JPG" decoding="async" width="196" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/12-05-08_AS1.JPG/440px-12-05-08_AS1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/12-05-08_AS1.JPG/585px-12-05-08_AS1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Concentrated_solar_power" title="Concentrated solar power">CSP</a>-station <a href="/wiki/Andasol_Solar_Power_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Andasol Solar Power Station">Andasol</a> in Andalusia, Spain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IvanpahRunning.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ivanpah solar plant in the Mojave Desert, California, United States"><img alt="Ivanpah solar plant in the Mojave Desert, California, United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/IvanpahRunning.JPG/294px-IvanpahRunning.JPG" decoding="async" width="196" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/IvanpahRunning.JPG/441px-IvanpahRunning.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/IvanpahRunning.JPG/587px-IvanpahRunning.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ivanpah_Solar_Electric_Generating_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System">Ivanpah solar plant</a> in the Mojave Desert, <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_County,_California" title="San Bernardino County, California">California</a>, United States</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_gorges_dam_from_space.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Three Gorges Dam and Gezhouba Dam, China"><img alt="Three Gorges Dam and Gezhouba Dam, China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Three_gorges_dam_from_space.jpg/320px-Three_gorges_dam_from_space.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Three_gorges_dam_from_space.jpg/481px-Three_gorges_dam_from_space.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Three_gorges_dam_from_space.jpg/640px-Three_gorges_dam_from_space.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3924" data-file-height="2394" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gezhouba_Dam" title="Gezhouba Dam">Gezhouba Dam</a>, China</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 196.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 194.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ouagadougou_shop.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Shop selling PV panels in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"><img alt="Shop selling PV panels in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ouagadougou_shop.JPG/292px-Ouagadougou_shop.JPG" decoding="async" width="195" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ouagadougou_shop.JPG/438px-Ouagadougou_shop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ouagadougou_shop.JPG/583px-Ouagadougou_shop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shop selling <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">PV</a> panels in <a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 179.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 177.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotor_stump_remover_recover_a_tree_roots_for_a_biomass_central..JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Stump harvesting to increases recovery of biomass from forests"><img alt="Stump harvesting to increases recovery of biomass from forests" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Rotor_stump_remover_recover_a_tree_roots_for_a_biomass_central..JPG/266px-Rotor_stump_remover_recover_a_tree_roots_for_a_biomass_central..JPG" decoding="async" width="178" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Rotor_stump_remover_recover_a_tree_roots_for_a_biomass_central..JPG/400px-Rotor_stump_remover_recover_a_tree_roots_for_a_biomass_central..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Rotor_stump_remover_recover_a_tree_roots_for_a_biomass_central..JPG 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="347" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stump harvesting to increases recovery of <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> from forests</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SolarFachwerkhaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A small, roof-top mounted PV system in Bonn, Germany"><img alt="A small, roof-top mounted PV system in Bonn, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SolarFachwerkhaus.jpg/252px-SolarFachwerkhaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SolarFachwerkhaus.jpg/379px-SolarFachwerkhaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SolarFachwerkhaus.jpg/505px-SolarFachwerkhaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A small, roof-top mounted <a href="/wiki/PV_system" class="mw-redirect" title="PV system">PV system</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 218.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 216.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Westmill_Solar_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The community-owned Westmill Solar Park in South East England"><img alt="The community-owned Westmill Solar Park in South East England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Westmill_Solar_2.jpg/325px-Westmill_Solar_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="217" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Westmill_Solar_2.jpg/489px-Westmill_Solar_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Westmill_Solar_2.jpg/650px-Westmill_Solar_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2623" data-file-height="1574" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The community-owned <a href="/wiki/Westmill_Solar_Co-operative" title="Westmill Solar Co-operative">Westmill Solar Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East England</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Komekura_Photovoltaic_power_plant_Jan2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Komekurayama a photovoltaic power station in Kofu, Japan"><img alt="Komekurayama a photovoltaic power station in Kofu, Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Mount_Komekura_Photovoltaic_power_plant_Jan2012.JPG/260px-Mount_Komekura_Photovoltaic_power_plant_Jan2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="174" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Mount_Komekura_Photovoltaic_power_plant_Jan2012.JPG/391px-Mount_Komekura_Photovoltaic_power_plant_Jan2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Mount_Komekura_Photovoltaic_power_plant_Jan2012.JPG/520px-Mount_Komekura_Photovoltaic_power_plant_Jan2012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Komekurayama_Solar_Power_Plant" title="Komekurayama Solar Power Plant">Komekurayama</a> a <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station" title="Photovoltaic power station">photovoltaic power station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kofu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kofu">Kofu</a>, Japan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krafla_geothermal_power_station_wiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Krafla, a geothermal power station in Iceland"><img alt="Krafla, a geothermal power station in Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Krafla_geothermal_power_station_wiki.jpg/260px-Krafla_geothermal_power_station_wiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Krafla_geothermal_power_station_wiki.jpg/391px-Krafla_geothermal_power_station_wiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Krafla_geothermal_power_station_wiki.jpg/520px-Krafla_geothermal_power_station_wiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Krafla_Power_Station" title="Krafla Power Station">Krafla</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal power station">geothermal power station</a> in Iceland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 90px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 88px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biomasseheizwerk_Spillern_Nordansicht.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Biomass heating plant in Austria"><img alt="Biomass heating plant in Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Biomasseheizwerk_Spillern_Nordansicht.jpg/132px-Biomasseheizwerk_Spillern_Nordansicht.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Biomasseheizwerk_Spillern_Nordansicht.jpg/198px-Biomasseheizwerk_Spillern_Nordansicht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Biomasseheizwerk_Spillern_Nordansicht.jpg/264px-Biomasseheizwerk_Spillern_Nordansicht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1897" data-file-height="2801" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Biomass heating plant in Austria</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 281.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 279.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivanpah_SEGS_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="]], USA."><img alt="]], USA." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ivanpah_SEGS_%282%29.JPG/419px-Ivanpah_SEGS_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ivanpah_SEGS_%282%29.JPG/630px-Ivanpah_SEGS_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ivanpah_SEGS_%282%29.JPG/838px-Ivanpah_SEGS_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4222" data-file-height="1966" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">]], USA.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 233.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 231.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. President Barack Obama&#39;s solar speach at DeSoto in 2009"><img alt="U.S. President Barack Obama&#39;s solar speach at DeSoto in 2009" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Solar-crop.jpg/347px-Solar-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Solar-crop.jpg/521px-Solar-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Solar-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="315" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s solar speach at <a href="/wiki/DeSoto_Next_Generation_Solar_Energy_Center" title="DeSoto Next Generation Solar Energy Center">DeSoto</a> in 2009</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Windmills_south_of_Dumas,_TX_IMG_0570.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Landowners in the US typically receive $3,000 to $5,000 per year in rental income from each wind turbine, while farmers continue to grow crops or graze cattle up to the foot of the turbines.[249]"><img alt="Landowners in the US typically receive $3,000 to $5,000 per year in rental income from each wind turbine, while farmers continue to grow crops or graze cattle up to the foot of the turbines.[249]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Windmills_south_of_Dumas%2C_TX_IMG_0570.JPG/260px-Windmills_south_of_Dumas%2C_TX_IMG_0570.JPG" decoding="async" width="174" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Windmills_south_of_Dumas%2C_TX_IMG_0570.JPG/391px-Windmills_south_of_Dumas%2C_TX_IMG_0570.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Windmills_south_of_Dumas%2C_TX_IMG_0570.JPG/520px-Windmills_south_of_Dumas%2C_TX_IMG_0570.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Landowners in the US typically receive $3,000 to $5,000 per year in rental income from each wind turbine, while farmers continue to grow crops or graze cattle up to the foot of the turbines.<sup id="cite_ref-nine_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nine-249"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_feasibility_of_Wind_turbine_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Design feasibility of Wind turbine systems">Design feasibility of Wind turbine systems</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lists">Lists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Edit section: Lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_about_renewable_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists about renewable energy">Lists about renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_energy_storage_projects" class="mw-redirect" title="List of energy storage projects">List of energy storage projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_large_wind_farms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of large wind farms">List of large wind farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_notable_renewable_energy_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of notable renewable energy organizations">List of notable renewable energy organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_energy_topics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of renewable energy topics by country">List of renewable energy topics by country</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topics">Topics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Edit section: Topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Energy_Trends" title="Clean Energy Trends">Clean Energy Trends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_electricity_by_source" title="Cost of electricity by source">Cost of electricity by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotax" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecotax">Ecotax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EKOenergy" title="EKOenergy">EKOenergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_security_and_renewable_technology" title="Energy security and renewable technology">Energy security and renewable technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_tariff" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental tariff">Environmental tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed-in_Tariff" class="mw-redirect" title="Feed-in Tariff">Feed-in Tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Renewable_Energy_Agency" title="International Renewable Energy Agency">International Renewable Energy Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PV_financial_incentives" class="mw-redirect" title="PV financial incentives">PV financial incentives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocky Mountain Institute">Rocky Mountain Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Clean_Tech_Revolution" title="The Clean Tech Revolution">The Clean Tech Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Third_Industrial_Revolution:_How_Lateral_Power_is_Transforming_Energy,_the_Economy,_and_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="The Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power is Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World">The Third Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_for_Renewable_Energy" title="World Council for Renewable Energy">World Council for Renewable Energy</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People">People</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_people_associated_with_renewable_energy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="List of people associated with renewable energy (page does not exist)">List of people associated with renewable energy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Blakers" title="Andrew Blakers">Andrew Blakers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Boxwell&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Boxwell (page does not exist)">Michael Boxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_L._Crowther" title="Richard L. Crowther">Richard L. Crowther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dehlsen" title="James Dehlsen">James Dehlsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Diesendorf" title="Mark Diesendorf">Mark Diesendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Disch" title="Rolf Disch">Rolf Disch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Droege&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Droege (page does not exist)">Peter Droege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Faiman" title="David Faiman">David Faiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Josef_Fell" title="Hans-Josef Fell">Hans-Josef Fell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Fraker" title="Harrison Fraker">Harrison Fraker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Goodall" title="Chris Goodall">Chris Goodall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gr%C3%A4tzel" title="Michael Grätzel">Michael Grätzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Green_(professor)" title="Martin Green (professor)">Martin Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hamrin" title="Jan Hamrin">Jan Hamrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Hayes" title="Denis Hayes">Denis Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetsunari_Iida" title="Tetsunari Iida">Tetsunari Iida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Z._Jacobson" title="Mark Z. Jacobson">Mark Z. Jacobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Krauter" title="Stefan Krauter">Stefan Krauter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Leggett" title="Jeremy Leggett">Jeremy Leggett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Levine" class="mw-disambig" title="Richard Levine">Richard Levine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amory_Lovins" title="Amory Lovins">Amory Lovins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Makale" title="Gaspar Makale">Gaspar Makale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Makower" title="Joel Makower">Joel Makower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Martinot" title="Eric Martinot">Eric Martinot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mills_(solar_researcher)" title="David Mills (solar researcher)">David Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Ming" class="mw-disambig" title="Huang Ming">Huang Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_L._Northrup_Jr." title="Leonard L. Northrup Jr.">Leonard L. Northrup Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Nozik" title="Arthur Nozik">Arthur Nozik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monica_Oliphant" title="Monica Oliphant">Monica Oliphant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_R._Ovshinsky" title="Stanford R. Ovshinsky">Stanford R. Ovshinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Palmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Palmer">Luis Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Pears" title="Alan Pears">Alan Pears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Pelosse" title="Hélène Pelosse">Hélène Pelosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Pernick" title="Ron Pernick">Ron Pernick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Radford" title="Phil Radford">Phil Radford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Rifkin" title="Jeremy Rifkin">Jeremy Rifkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Scheer" title="Hermann Scheer">Hermann Scheer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengrong_Shi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhengrong Shi">Zhengrong Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_K._Sovacool" title="Benjamin K. Sovacool">Benjamin K. Sovacool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Stoner,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas H. Stoner, Jr.">Thomas H. Stoner, Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Taylor_(environmentalist)" title="Peter Taylor (environmentalist)">Peter Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Trombe" title="Félix Trombe">Félix Trombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Twidell" title="John Twidell">John Twidell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Vosseler" title="Martin Vosseler">Martin Vosseler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Wenham" title="Stuart Wenham">Stuart Wenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Wilder" title="Clint Wilder">Clint Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I._Yellott" title="John I. Yellott">John I. Yellott</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ipsos_2011_preference_for_renewables-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ipsos_2011_preference_for_renewables_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFIpsos2011">Ipsos 2011</a>, p.&#160;3<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFIpsos2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Omar Ellabban, Haitham Abu-Rub, Frede Blaabjerg, <i>Renewable energy resources: Current status, future prospects and their enabling technology.</i> <a href="/wiki/Renewable_and_Sustainable_Energy_Reviews" title="Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews">Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews</a> 39, (2014), 748–764, p 749, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2014.07.113">10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.113</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ren15-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ren15_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ren15_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ren15_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ren15_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ren15_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">REN21 (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harbortaxgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/REN21_GSR_2010_full_revised-Sept2010.pdf">Renewables 2010 Global Status Report</a> p. 15. <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209489738">.mw-parser-output .brokenref{display:none}</style><span class="brokenref">Cite error: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209489738"><span class="brokenref">The named reference "ren15" was defined multiple times with different content (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_duplicate_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key">help page</a>).</span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ria21-GSR2014-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ria21-GSR2014_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFREN212014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/REN21" title="REN21">REN21</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/Resources/GSR/2014/GSR2014_full%20report_low%20res.pdf"><i>Renewables 2014: Global Status Report</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp.&#160;13, 17, 21, 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9815934-2-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9815934-2-6"><bdi>978-3-9815934-2-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webcitation.org/6SKF06GAX">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Renewables+2014%3A+Global+Status+Report&amp;rft.pages=13%2C+17%2C+21%2C+25&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-9815934-2-6&amp;rft.au=REN21&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ren21.net%2FPortals%2F0%2Fdocuments%2FResources%2FGSR%2F2014%2FGSR2014_full%2520report_low%2520res.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3ARfassbind%2Fsandbox%2FReneable+energy+merge" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-International_Energy_Agency_2012-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-International_Energy_Agency_2012_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-International_Energy_Agency_2012_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Energy_Agency2012" class="citation web cs1">International Energy Agency (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea.org/Textbase/npsum/ETP2012SUM.pdf">"Energy Technology Perspectives 2012"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Energy+Technology+Perspectives+2012&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.au=International+Energy+Agency&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2FTextbase%2Fnpsum%2FETP2012SUM.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3ARfassbind%2Fsandbox%2FReneable+energy+merge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNEP-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNEP_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNEP_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNEP_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNEP_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNEP_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNEP_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unep.org/pdf/72_Glob_Sust_Energy_Inv_Report_(2007).pdf">"Global Trends in Sustainable Energy Investment 2007: Analysis of Trends and Issues in the Financing of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in OECD and Developing Countries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.unep.org/">http://www.unep.org/</a></i>. United Nations Environment Programme. 2007. p.&#160;3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webcitation.org/6TIFLZQC2">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2010). <i>Transitioning to a Renewable Energy Future</i>, <a href="/wiki/International_Solar_Energy_Society" title="International Solar Energy Society">International Solar Energy Society</a>, January, 54 pages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a> (2006). <i><a href="/wiki/Stern_Review_on_the_Economics_of_Climate_Change" class="mw-redirect" title="Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change">Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change</a></i>, 575 pages.</li> <li>International Council for Science (c2006). <i>Discussion Paper by the Scientific and Technological Community for the 14th session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development</i>, 17 pages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> (2006). <i>World Energy Outlook 2006: Summary and Conclusions</i>, <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, 11 pages.</li> <li>International Energy Agency (2007). <i>Renewables in global energy supply: An IEA facts sheet</i>, OECD, 34 pages.</li> <li>International Energy Agency (2008). <i>Deploying Renewables: Principles for Effective Policies</i>, OECD, 8 pages.</li> <li>International Energy Agency (2011). <i><a href="/wiki/Deploying_Renewables_2011" title="Deploying Renewables 2011">Deploying Renewables 2011</a>: Best and Future Policy Practice</i>, OECD.</li> <li>International Energy Agency (2011). <i><a href="/wiki/Solar_Energy_Perspectives" title="Solar Energy Perspectives">Solar Energy Perspectives</a></i>, OECD.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amory_Lovins" title="Amory Lovins">Lovins, Amory</a> (2011). <i><a href="/wiki/Reinventing_Fire:_Bold_Business_Solutions_for_the_New_Energy_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reinventing Fire: Bold Business Solutions for the New Energy Era">Reinventing Fire: Bold Business Solutions for the New Energy Era</a></i>, Chelsea Green Publishing, 334 pages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Makower" title="Joel Makower">Makower, Joel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ron_Pernick" title="Ron Pernick">Ron Pernick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clint_Wilder" title="Clint Wilder">Clint Wilder</a> (2009). <i><a href="/wiki/Clean_Energy_Trends" title="Clean Energy Trends">Clean Energy Trends</a> 2009</i>, <a href="/wiki/Clean_Edge" title="Clean Edge">Clean Edge</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory" title="National Renewable Energy Laboratory">National Renewable Energy Laboratory</a> (2006). <i>Non-technical Barriers to Solar Energy Use: Review of Recent Literature</i>, Technical Report, NREL/TP-520-40116, September, 30 pages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/REN21" title="REN21">REN21</a> (2008). <i>Renewables 2007 Global Status Report</i>, Paris: REN21 Secretariat, 51 pages.</li> <li>REN21 (2009). <i>Renewables Global Status Report: 2009 Update</i>, Paris: REN21 Secretariat.</li> <li>REN21 (2010). <i>Renewables 2010 Global Status Report</i>, Paris: REN21 Secretariat, 78 pages.</li> <li>REN21 (2011). <i>Renewables 2011: Global Status Report</i>, Paris: REN21 Secretariat.</li> <li>REN21 (2012). <i>Renewables 2012: Global Status Report</i>, Paris: REN21 Secretariat.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Energy_Finance&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="New Energy Finance (page does not exist)">New Energy Finance</a> Ltd. (2007). <i>Global Trends in Sustainable Energy Investment 2007: Analysis of Trends and Issues in the Financing of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in OECD and Developing Countries</i>, 52 pages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldwatch_Institute" title="Worldwatch Institute">Worldwatch Institute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress" title="Center for American Progress">Center for American Progress</a> (2006). <i>American energy: The renewable path to energy security</i>, 40 pages.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irena.org/menu/index.aspx?mnu=Subcat&amp;PriMenuID=36&amp;CatID=141&amp;SubcatID=494">Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2014</a> (February 2015), <i><a href="/wiki/International_Renewable_Energy_Agency" title="International Renewable Energy Agency">International Renewable Energy Agency</a>.</i> &#160; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_RE_Power_Costs_Summary.pdf">Executive summary</a> (8 pages). &#160; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grist.org/climate-energy/renewable-energy-is-getting-cheaper-and-cheaper-in-6-charts/">More concise summary</a> (3 pages).</li> <li>COMMERCIAL-PART</li> <li>Aitken, Donald W. (2010). <i>Transitioning to a Renewable Energy Future</i>, <a href="/wiki/International_Solar_Energy_Society" title="International Solar Energy Society">International Solar Energy Society</a>, January, 54 pages.</li> <li>EurObserv'ER (2012). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/bilan12.asp">The state of renewable energies in Europe</a></i>, 250 pages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a> (2006). <i><a href="/wiki/Stern_Review_on_the_Economics_of_Climate_Change" class="mw-redirect" title="Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change">Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change</a></i>, 575 pages.</li> <li>International Council for Science (c2006). <i>Discussion Paper by the Scientific and Technological Community for the 14th session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development</i>, 17 pages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> (2006). <i>World Energy Outlook 2006: Summary and Conclusions</i>, <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, 11 pages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> (2007). <i>Renewables in global energy supply: An IEA facts sheet</i>, OECD, 34 pages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> (2008). <i>Deploying Renewables: Principles for Effective Policies</i>, OECD, 8 pages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> (2011). <i><a href="/wiki/Deploying_Renewables_2011" title="Deploying Renewables 2011">Deploying Renewables 2011</a>: Best and Future Policy Practice</i>, OECD.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> (2011). <i><a href="/wiki/Solar_Energy_Perspectives" title="Solar Energy Perspectives">Solar Energy Perspectives</a></i>, OECD.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amory_B._Lovins" class="mw-redirect" title="Amory B. Lovins">Lovins, Amory B.</a> (2011). <i><a href="/wiki/Reinventing_Fire:_Bold_Business_Solutions_for_the_New_Energy_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reinventing Fire: Bold Business Solutions for the New Energy Era">Reinventing Fire: Bold Business Solutions for the New Energy Era</a></i>, Chelsea Green Publishing, 334 pages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Makower" title="Joel Makower">Makower, Joel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ron_Pernick" title="Ron Pernick">Ron Pernick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clint_Wilder" title="Clint Wilder">Clint Wilder</a> (2009). <i><a href="/wiki/Clean_Energy_Trends" title="Clean Energy Trends">Clean Energy Trends</a> 2009</i>, <a href="/wiki/Clean_Edge" title="Clean Edge">Clean Edge</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory" title="National Renewable Energy Laboratory">National Renewable Energy Laboratory</a> (2006). <i>Non-technical Barriers to Solar Energy Use: Review of Recent Literature</i>, Technical Report, NREL/TP-520-40116, September, 30 pages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Pernick" title="Ron Pernick">Pernick, Ron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clint_Wilder" title="Clint Wilder">Wilder, Clint</a> (2012). <i><a href="/wiki/Clean_Tech_Nation" title="Clean Tech Nation">Clean Tech Nation: How the U.S. Can Lead in the New Global Economy</a></i>, HarperCollins.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/REN21" title="REN21">REN21</a> (2008). <i>Renewables 2007 Global Status Report</i>, Paris: REN21 Secretariat, 51 pages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/REN21" title="REN21">REN21</a> (2009). <i>Renewables Global Status Report: 2009 Update</i>, Paris: REN21 Secretariat.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/REN21" title="REN21">REN21</a> (2010). <i>Renewables 2010 Global Status Report</i>, Paris: REN21 Secretariat, 78 pages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/REN21" title="REN21">REN21</a> (2011). <i>Renewables 2011: Global Status Report</i>, Paris: REN21 Secretariat.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/REN21" title="REN21">REN21</a> (2012). <i>Renewables 2012: Global Status Report</i>, Paris: REN21 Secretariat.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/REN21" title="REN21">REN21</a> (2013). <i>Renewables 2013: Global Status Report</i>, (Paris: REN21 Secretariat), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9815934-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9815934-0-2">978-3-9815934-0-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Energy_Finance&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="New Energy Finance (page does not exist)">New Energy Finance</a> Ltd. (2007). <i>Global Trends in Sustainable Energy Investment 2007: Analysis of Trends and Issues in the Financing of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in OECD and Developing Countries</i>, 52 pages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldwatch_Institute" title="Worldwatch Institute">Worldwatch Institute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress" title="Center for American Progress">Center for American Progress</a> (2006). <i>American energy: The renewable path to energy security</i>, 40 pages.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Rfassbind/sandbox/Reneable_energy_merge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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href="/wiki/List_of_onshore_wind_farms" title="List of onshore wind farms">List of onshore wind farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_onshore_wind_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of onshore wind farms in the United Kingdom">List of onshore wind farms in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_offshore_wind_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of offshore wind farms in the United Kingdom">List of offshore wind farms in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_offshore_wind_farms_in_the_United_States" title="List of offshore wind farms in the United States">List of offshore wind farms in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_offshore_wind_farms_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of offshore wind farms by country">Lists of offshore wind farms by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_offshore_wind_farms_by_water_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of offshore wind farms by water area">Lists of offshore wind farms by water area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_wind_farms_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of wind farms by country">Lists of wind farms by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wind_farms_in_Australia" title="List of wind farms in Australia">List of wind farms in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wind_farms_in_Canada" title="List of wind farms in Canada">List of wind farms in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wind_farms_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wind farms in Iran">List of wind farms in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wind_farms_in_Kosovo" title="List of wind farms in Kosovo">List of wind farms in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wind_farms_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wind farms in New Zealand">List of wind farms in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wind_farms_in_Romania" title="List of wind farms in Romania">List of wind farms in Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wind_farms_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wind farms in Sweden">List of wind farms in Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wind_farms_in_the_United_States" title="List of wind farms in the United States">List of wind farms in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wind_turbine_manufacturers" title="List of wind turbine manufacturers">List of wind turbine manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar power</a> lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_solar_energy_articles" title="Index of solar energy articles">Index of solar energy articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_concentrating_solar_thermal_power_companies" title="List of concentrating solar thermal power companies">List of concentrating solar thermal power companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies" title="List of photovoltaics companies">List of photovoltaics companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations" title="List of photovoltaic power stations">List of photovoltaic power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pioneering_solar_buildings" title="List of pioneering solar buildings">List of pioneering solar buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rooftop_photovoltaic_installations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rooftop photovoltaic installations">List of rooftop photovoltaic installations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solar_car_teams" title="List of solar car teams">List of solar car teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solar_powered_products" class="mw-redirect" title="List of solar powered products">List of solar powered products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solar_thermal_power_stations" title="List of solar thermal power stations">List of solar thermal power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_solar_power" title="Category:People associated with solar power"> People associated with solar power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_renewable_energy" title="List of books about renewable energy">List of books about renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_electricity_production_from_renewable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by electricity production from renewable sources">List of countries by electricity production from renewable sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geothermal_power_stations" title="List of geothermal power stations">List of geothermal power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_hydroelectric_power_stations" title="Lists of hydroelectric power stations">Lists of hydroelectric power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_hydroelectric_power_stations" title="List of largest hydroelectric power stations">List of largest hydroelectric power stations</a></li> <li>List of people associated with renewable energy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_energy_organizations" title="List of renewable energy organizations">List of renewable energy organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_energy_topics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of renewable energy topics by country">List of renewable energy topics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_electricity_production_from_renewable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by electricity production from renewable sources">List of U.S. states by electricity production from renewable sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" title="Template:Renewable energy by country and territory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" title="Template talk:Renewable energy by country and territory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renewable energy by country and territory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_energy_topics_by_country_and_territory" title="List of renewable energy topics by country and territory">Renewable energy by country and territory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Africa" title="Renewable energy in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Ethiopia" title="Renewable energy in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kenya" title="Renewable energy in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Morocco" title="Renewable energy in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Seychelles" title="Renewable energy in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_South_Africa" title="Renewable energy in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Asia" title="Renewable energy in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Afghanistan" title="Renewable energy in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Bangladesh" title="Renewable energy in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Bhutan" title="Renewable energy in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Brunei" title="Renewable energy in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_India" title="Renewable energy in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kazakhstan" title="Renewable energy in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Nepal" title="Renewable energy in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Pakistan" title="Renewable energy in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Palestine" title="Renewable energy in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Renewable energy in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Taiwan" title="Renewable energy in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Thailand" title="Renewable energy in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Vietnam" title="Renewable energy in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_European_Union" title="Renewable energy in the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Austria" title="Renewable energy in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Renewable energy in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cyprus#Renewable_energy" title="Energy in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Denmark" title="Renewable energy in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Finland" title="Renewable energy in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_France" title="Renewable energy in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Germany" title="Renewable energy in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Greece" title="Renewable energy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Hungary" title="Renewable energy in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Renewable energy in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Italy" title="Renewable energy in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Lithuania" title="Renewable energy in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Netherlands" title="Renewable energy in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Portugal" title="Renewable energy in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Spain" title="Renewable energy in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Albania" title="Renewable energy in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Armenia" title="Renewable energy in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Belarus" title="Renewable energy in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Norway" title="Renewable energy in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Russia" title="Renewable energy in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Switzerland#Renewable_energy_in_Switzerland" title="Energy in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Ukraine" title="Renewable energy in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Canada" title="Renewable energy in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Costa_Rica" title="Renewable energy in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Honduras" title="Renewable energy in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Mexico" title="Renewable energy in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_States" title="Renewable energy in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Australia" title="Renewable energy in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Renewable energy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_French_Polynesia" title="Renewable energy in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_New_Zealand" title="Renewable energy in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Tuvalu" title="Renewable energy in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Brazil" title="Renewable energy in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Chile" title="Renewable energy in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Colombia" title="Renewable energy in Colombia">Colombia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Renewable_energy_by_country" title="Category:Renewable energy by country">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wind_power" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wind_power" title="Template:Wind power"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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href="/wiki/Wind-powered_vehicle" title="Wind-powered vehicle">Land vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_power" title="Offshore wind power">Offshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">Turbines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind_turbines_on_public_display" title="Wind turbines on public display">on public display</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">Windmill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panemone_windmill" title="Panemone windmill">panemone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">Wind farms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_wind_farms" title="Lists of wind farms">Lists of wind farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_wind_energy" title="Community wind energy">Community-owned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_offshore_wind_farms" title="List of offshore wind farms">Offshore farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_onshore_wind_farms" title="List of onshore wind farms">Onshore farms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">Wind turbines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind-turbine_aerodynamics" title="Wind-turbine aerodynamics">Aerodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_wind_turbine" title="Airborne wind turbine">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosswind_kite_power" title="Crosswind kite power">Crosswind kite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine_design" title="Wind turbine design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_wind_turbine" title="Floating wind turbine">Floating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacelle_(wind_turbine)" title="Nacelle (wind turbine)">Nacelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_bearing" title="Pitch bearing">Pitch bearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QBlade" title="QBlade">QBlade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_wind_turbine" title="Small wind turbine">Small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_wind_turbines" title="Unconventional wind turbines">Unconventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical-axis_wind_turbine" title="Vertical-axis wind turbine">Vertical-axis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savonius_wind_turbine" title="Savonius wind turbine">Savonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darrieus_wind_turbine" title="Darrieus wind turbine">Darrieus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_system" title="Yaw system">Yaw system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_bearing" title="Yaw bearing">bearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_drive" title="Yaw drive">drive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_industry" title="Wind power industry">Wind power industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wind_power_consulting_companies" title="List of wind power consulting companies">Consulting companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wind_turbine_manufacturers" title="List of wind turbine manufacturers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_energy_software" title="Wind energy software">Software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wind_turbine_manufacturers" title="List of wind turbine manufacturers">Manufacturers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enercon" title="Enercon">Enercon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Wind" title="GE Wind">GE Wind</a> <ul><li>including <a href="/wiki/GE_Offshore_Wind" title="GE Offshore Wind">GE Offshore Wind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldwind" title="Goldwind">Goldwind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordex" title="Nordex">Nordex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senvion" title="Senvion">Senvion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Gamesa" title="Siemens Gamesa">Siemens Gamesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzlon" title="Suzlon">Suzlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestas" title="Vestas">Vestas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sustainable_energy_research_2020%E2%80%93present#Wind_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020–present">2020s in wind power research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betz%27s_law" title="Betz&#39;s law">Betz's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_element_momentum_theory" title="Blade element momentum theory">Blade element momentum theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacity_factor" title="Capacity factor">Capacity factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">Energy storage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grid_energy_storage" title="Grid energy storage">grid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_subsidy" title="Energy subsidy">Energy subsidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current" title="High-voltage direct current">HVDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_power" title="Hybrid power">Hybrid power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laddermill" title="Laddermill">Laddermill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_energy_gain" title="Net energy gain">Net energy gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip-speed_ratio" title="Tip-speed ratio">Tip-speed ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_renewable_energy" title="Variable renewable energy">Variable renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_power_plant" title="Virtual power plant">Virtual power plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_forecasting" title="Wind power forecasting">Wind power forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_profile_power_law" title="Wind profile power law">Wind profile power law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_resource_assessment" title="Wind resource assessment">Wind resource assessment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Micon-Turbine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Micon-Turbine.JPG/32px-Micon-Turbine.JPG" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Micon-Turbine.JPG/48px-Micon-Turbine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Micon-Turbine.JPG/64px-Micon-Turbine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wind_power" title="Portal:Wind power">Wind power&#32;portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Wind_power" title="Category:Wind power">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wind_power" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wind power">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> Additional portals:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Solar_energy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_energy" title="Template:Solar energy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_energy" title="Template talk:Solar energy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_energy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar energy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solar_energy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar energy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_solar_energy_articles" title="Index of solar energy articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_solar_energy" title="Outline of solar energy">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells" title="Timeline of solar cells">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">The Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_irradiance" title="Solar irradiance">Solar irradiance</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemasolar_Thermosolar_Plant_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gemasolar_Thermosolar_Plant_3.jpg/125px-Gemasolar_Thermosolar_Plant_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gemasolar_Thermosolar_Plant_3.jpg/188px-Gemasolar_Thermosolar_Plant_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gemasolar_Thermosolar_Plant_3.jpg/250px-Gemasolar_Thermosolar_Plant_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5015" data-file-height="2700" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PS10_solar_power_tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/PS10_solar_power_tower.jpg/125px-PS10_solar_power_tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/PS10_solar_power_tower.jpg/188px-PS10_solar_power_tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/PS10_solar_power_tower.jpg/250px-PS10_solar_power_tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="436" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Planta_Solar_PS20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Planta_Solar_PS20.jpg/125px-Planta_Solar_PS20.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Planta_Solar_PS20.jpg/188px-Planta_Solar_PS20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Planta_Solar_PS20.jpg/250px-Planta_Solar_PS20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4715" data-file-height="2900" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy" title="Solar thermal energy">Thermal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passive_solar_building_design" title="Passive solar building design">Passive solar building design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_air_conditioning" title="Solar air conditioning">Solar air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_chimney" title="Solar chimney">Solar chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_pond" title="Solar pond">Solar pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_water_heating" title="Solar water heating">Solar water heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">Thermal mass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">Photovoltaics</a><br />and related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics" title="Concentrator photovoltaics">Concentrator photovoltaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_solar" title="Floating solar">Floating solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanocrystal_solar_cell" title="Nanocrystal solar cell">Nanocrystal solar cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_solar_cell" title="Organic solar cell">Organic solar cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_system" title="Photovoltaic system">Photovoltaic array</a> (and systems)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect" title="Photovoltaic effect">Photovoltaic effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">Photovoltaic module</a> (solar panel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station" title="Photovoltaic power station">Photovoltaic power station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">Solar cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concentrated_solar_power" title="Concentrated solar power">Concentrated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics" title="Concentrator photovoltaics">Concentrator photovoltaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliostat" title="Heliostat">Heliostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_trough" title="Parabolic trough">Parabolic trough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_tower" title="Solar power tower">Solar power tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_tracker" title="Solar tracker">Solar tracker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental<br />and proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_chemical" title="Solar chemical">Solar chemical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_photosynthesis" title="Artificial photosynthesis">artificial photosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-pumped_laser" title="Solar-pumped laser">Solar-pumped laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_updraft_tower" title="Solar updraft tower">Solar updraft tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoelectric_generator" title="Thermoelectric generator">Thermoelectric generator</a></li> <li>Space-related <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_sail" title="Magnetic sail">Magnetic sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_sail" title="Solar sail">Solar sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal_rocket" title="Solar thermal rocket">Solar thermal rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-based_solar_power" title="Space-based solar power">Space-based solar power</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_by_country" title="Solar power by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar power in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Armenia" title="Solar power in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Australia" title="Solar power in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Austria" title="Solar power in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Belgium" title="Solar power in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Brazil" title="Solar power in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Canada" title="Solar power in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_China" title="Solar power in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Solar power in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Denmark" title="Solar power in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar power in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Germany" title="Solar power in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Greece" title="Solar power in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_India" title="Solar power in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Israel" title="Solar power in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Italy" title="Solar power in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Japan" title="Solar power in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar power in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar power in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Mexico" title="Solar power in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Morocco" title="Solar power in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Myanmar" title="Solar power in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_Netherlands" title="Solar power in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_New_Zealand" title="Solar power in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Pakistan" title="Solar power in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Portugal" title="Solar power in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Romania" title="Solar power in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Solar power in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Somalia" title="Solar power in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_South_Africa" title="Solar power in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Spain" title="Solar power in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Thailand" title="Solar power in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Turkey" title="Solar power in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Ukraine" title="Solar power in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_States" title="Solar power in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Yemen" title="Solar power in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Shade_Control_Act" title="Solar Shade Control Act">Solar Shade Control Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Distribution<br />and uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grid_energy_storage" title="Grid energy storage">Grid energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase-change_material" title="Phase-change material">Phase-change material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy_storage" title="Thermal energy storage">Thermal energy storage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_thermal_energy_storage" title="Seasonal thermal energy storage">seasonal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adoption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_electricity_by_source" title="Cost of electricity by source">Cost by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed-in_tariff" title="Feed-in tariff">Feed-in tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_incentives_for_photovoltaics" title="Financial incentives for photovoltaics">Financial incentives for photovoltaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_metering" title="Net metering">Net metering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_balloon" title="Solar balloon">Solar balloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_water_heating" title="Solar water heating">Solar water heating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrivoltaics" title="Agrivoltaics">Agrivoltaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">Greenhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytunnel" title="Polytunnel">Polytunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Row_cover" title="Row cover">Row cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-powered_pump" title="Solar-powered pump">Solar-powered pump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Building</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building-integrated_photovoltaics" title="Building-integrated photovoltaics">Building-integrated photovoltaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_solar_building_design" title="Passive solar building design">Passive solar building design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lighting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daylighting_(architecture)" title="Daylighting (architecture)">Daylighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_solar_lighting" title="Hybrid solar lighting">Hybrid solar lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_tube" title="Light tube">Light tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_lamp" title="Solar lamp">Solar lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Tuki" title="Solar Tuki">Solar Tuki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Process heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salt_evaporation_pond" title="Salt evaporation pond">Salt evaporation pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_furnace" title="Solar furnace">Solar furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_pond" title="Solar pond">Solar pond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_cooker" title="Solar cooker">Solar cooker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disinfection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_solarization" title="Soil solarization">Soil solarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_water_disinfection" title="Solar water disinfection">Solar water disinfection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Desalination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_still" title="Solar still">Solar still</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water heating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_combisystem" title="Solar combisystem">Solar combisystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_controller" title="Solar controller">Solar controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_water_heating" title="Solar water heating">Solar water heating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Photovoltaics" title="Template:Photovoltaics">Photovoltaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_power_by_country" title="Template:Solar power by country">Solar power by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Solar_energy" title="Category:Solar energy">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Solar_energy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Solar energy">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bioenergy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bioenergy" title="Template:Bioenergy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bioenergy" title="Template talk:Bioenergy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bioenergy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bioenergy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bioenergy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bioenergy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_fuel" title="Alcohol fuel">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algae_fuel" title="Algae fuel">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Biobutanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioliquids" title="Bioliquids">Bioliquids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(energy)" title="Biomass (energy)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">Cooking oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil_fuel" title="Vegetable oil fuel">vegetable oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">cellulosic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">mixtures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_fuel" title="Methanol fuel">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stover" title="Stover">Stover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_stover" title="Corn stover">corn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontederia_crassipes#Bioenergy" title="Pontederia crassipes">Water hyacinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy from<br />foodstock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelina_sativa#Biodiesel_and_jet_fuel" title="Camelina sativa">Camelina sativa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">Cassava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil#Industry" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">Potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">Rapeseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sunflower" title="Common sunflower">Sunflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">Yam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonfood_crop" title="Nonfood crop">Non-food<br />energy crops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arundo" title="Arundo">Arundo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andropogon_gerardi" title="Andropogon gerardi">Big bluestem</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelina" title="Camelina">Camelina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triadica_sebifera" title="Triadica sebifera">Chinese tallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemnoideae" title="Lemnoideae">Duckweed</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jatropha_curcas" title="Jatropha curcas">Jatropha curcas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscanthus_%C3%97_giganteus" title="Miscanthus × giganteus"><i>Miscanthus</i> × <i>giganteus</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pongamia" title="Pongamia">Pongamia pinnata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicornia#Industrial_use" title="Salicornia">Salicornia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panicum_virgatum" title="Panicum virgatum">Switchgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioconversion_of_biomass_to_mixed_alcohol_fuels" title="Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels">Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy_with_carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage">Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_heating_system" title="Biomass heating system">Biomass heating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorefinery" title="Biorefinery">Biorefinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">Fischer–Tropsch process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_biotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial biotechnology">Industrial biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">Pellet fuel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_mill" title="Pellet mill">mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_stove" title="Pellet stove">stove</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabatier_reaction" title="Sabatier reaction">Sabatier reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_depolymerization" title="Thermal depolymerization">Thermal depolymerization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agflation" title="Agflation">Agflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol_commercialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellulosic ethanol commercialization">Cellulosic ethanol commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_content_of_biofuel" title="Energy content of biofuel">Energy content of biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_vs._fuel" title="Food vs. fuel">Food vs. fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_relating_to_biofuels" title="Issues relating to biofuels">Issues relating to biofuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable biofuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environmental_technology" title="Template:Environmental technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environmental_technology" title="Template talk:Environmental technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environmental_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_technology" title="Clean technology">Clean technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_smart_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate smart agriculture">Climate smart agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-innovation" title="Eco-innovation">Eco-innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotechnology" title="Ecotechnology">Ecotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recycling" title="Energy recycling">Energy recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Design">Environmental Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_design" title="Environmental impact design">Environmental impact design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">Green building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_vehicle" title="Green vehicle">Green vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_community_design" title="Healthy community design">Environmentally healthy community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest_design" title="Public interest design">Public interest design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">Sustainability science</a></li> <li>Sustainable (<a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable food systems">food systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">transport</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg/100px-Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg/150px-Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg/200px-Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2421" data-file-height="3831" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Air pollution (<a href="/wiki/Emission_standard" title="Emission standard">control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">dispersion modeling</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solid_waste_treatment_technologies" title="List of solid waste treatment technologies">Solid waste treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li> <li>Water (<a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">agricultural wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">industrial wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waste-water_treatment_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waste-water treatment technologies">waste-water treatment technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">water purification</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">Electrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">Energy development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery" title="Energy recovery">Energy recovery</a></li> <li>Fuel (<a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel" title="Alternative fuel">alternative fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-neutral_fuel" title="Carbon-neutral fuel">carbon-neutral fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_technologies" title="Hydrogen technologies">hydrogen technologies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_energy_storage_projects" class="mw-redirect" title="List of energy storage projects">List of energy storage projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_lighting" title="Sustainable lighting">Sustainable lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transportation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">hybrid vehicle</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Building (<a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">Energy conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery" title="Energy recovery">Energy recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recycling" title="Energy recycling">Energy recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">Environmental remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_in_green_buildings" title="Glass in green buildings">Glass in green buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing">Green computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_buildings" title="High-performance buildings">High-performance buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_rehabilitation" title="Land rehabilitation">Land rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">Nature conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hydropower" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hydropower" title="Template:Hydropower"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hydropower" title="Template talk:Hydropower"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hydropower" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hydropower"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hydropower" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a> generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conventional_hydroelectric_power_stations" title="List of conventional hydroelectric power stations">List of conventional hydroelectric power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity" title="Pumped-storage hydroelectricity">Pumped-storage hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg/100px-ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg/150px-ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg/200px-ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2847" data-file-height="1768" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a> equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_turbine" title="Francis turbine">Francis turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaplan_turbine" title="Kaplan turbine">Kaplan turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyson_turbine" title="Tyson turbine">Tyson turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlov_helical_turbine" title="Gorlov helical turbine">Gorlov helical turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelton_wheel" title="Pelton wheel">Pelton wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgo_turbine" title="Turgo turbine">Turgo turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-flow_turbine" title="Cross-flow turbine">Cross-flow turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">Water wheel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sustainability" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sustainability" title="Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sustainability" title="Template talk:Sustainability"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainability" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sustainability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sustainability" title="Outline of sustainability">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sustainability_articles" title="Index of sustainability articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability#Principles_and_concepts" title="Sustainability">Principles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Consumption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropization" title="Anthropization">Anthropization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-sustainability" title="Micro-sustainability">Micro-sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-consumption">Over-consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_return_on_investment" title="Social return on investment">Social return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_advertising" title="Sustainability advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_brand" title="Sustainability brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_marketing_myopia" title="Sustainability marketing myopia">Marketing myopia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_systemic_change_resistance" title="Sustainability and systemic change resistance">Systemic change resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population control">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">Sustainable industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_agriculture" title="Civic agriculture">Civic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture" title="Community-supported agriculture">Community-supported agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_well_(condenser)" title="Air well (condenser)">Air well (condenser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioretention" title="Bioretention">Bioretention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioswale" title="Bioswale">Bioswale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_roof" title="Blue roof">Blue roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catchwater" title="Catchwater">Catchwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_pond" title="Dew pond">Dew pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_footprint" title="Water footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_tank" title="Irrigation tank">Irrigation tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">Rainwater harvesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_tank" title="Rainwater tank">Rainwater tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_drainage_system" title="Sustainable drainage system">Sustainable drainage system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_box_filter" title="Tree box filter">Tree box filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Water conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">Water recycling shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_design" title="Water-sensitive urban design">Water-sensitive urban design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accountability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_environmental_responsibility" title="Corporate environmental responsibility">Corporate environmental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">Corporate social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">Environmental accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_measurement" title="Sustainability measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_metrics_and_indices" title="Sustainability metrics and indices">Metrics and indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">Standards and certification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_yield" title="Sustainable yield">Sustainable yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_business" title="Sustainable business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_community" title="Sustainable community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">Environmental finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Finance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopark" title="Geopark">Geopark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_marketing" title="Green marketing">Marketing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">Green roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_livelihood" title="Sustainable livelihood">Livelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_movement" title="Organic movement">Organic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainability organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">Refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_business" title="Socially responsible business">Socially responsible business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_marketing" title="Socially responsible marketing">Socially responsible marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sourcing" title="Sustainable sourcing">Sourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sustainability" title="Space sustainability">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_drainage_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable urban drainage systems">Urban drainage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_infrastructure" title="Sustainable urban infrastructure">Urban infrastructure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">Sustainable management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_environmental_management" title="Sustainability and environmental management">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_landscape_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated landscape management">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_materials_management" title="Sustainable materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_management" title="Planetary management">Planetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements and <br />conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference on the Human Environment"><span class="wrap">UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brundtland_Commission" title="Brundtland Commission">Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Common_Future" title="Our Common Future"><i>Our Common Future</i> (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development" title="Rio Declaration on Environment and Development">Rio Declaration on Environment and Development</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21 (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Principles" title="Lisbon Principles">Lisbon Principles</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Charter" title="Earth Charter">Earth Charter</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">UN Millennium Declaration (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002" title="Earth Summit 2002">Earth Summit 2002</a> (Rio+10, Johannesburg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">UN Conference on Sustainable Development</a> (Rio+20, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability" title="Category:Sustainability">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability_lists" title="Category:Sustainability lists">Lists</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">Science</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_studies" title="Sustainability studies">Studies</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_degrees" title="List of environmental degrees">Degrees</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><strong class="error"><a href="/wiki/Template:Good_article" title="Template:Good article">Template:Good article</a> is only for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles" title="Wikipedia:Good articles">Wikipedia:Good articles</a>.</strong> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Category:Low-carbon_economy" title="Category:Low-carbon economy">Category:Low-carbon economy</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Technological_change" title="Category:Technological change">Category:Technological change</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_policy" title="Category:Energy policy">Category:Energy policy</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Renewable_energy" title="Category:Renewable energy"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Renewable_energy_technology" title="Category:Renewable energy technology">Category:Renewable energy technology</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Renewable_energy_policy" title="Category:Renewable energy policy"> </a> <a 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[\"CITEREFEisaman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaunceLubitzRutherfordMacFarlane2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraunhofer-Gesellschaft2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiles_Parkinson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoeppertCzaunPrakashOlah2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGravesEbbesenMogensenLackner2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenning_Gloystein2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHooper2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHubbert,_M._King1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIEA2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIPCC2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Energy_Agency2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Renewable_Energy_Agency2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobson,_Mark_Z._and_Delucchi,_Mark_A.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsonDelucchi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsonDelucchi2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_A._Mathews_\u0026amp;_Hao_Tan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Wiseman_et_al2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK._Kris_Hirst\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKevin_Bullis2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLackner2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindsay_Morris2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM_Bazilian,_I_Onyeji,_M_Liebreich,_I_MacGill,_J_Chase,_J_Shah,_D_Gielen...2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacedo_Isaias,_M._Lima_Verde_Leal_and_J._Azevedo_Ramos_da_Silva2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_A._Delucchi_and_Mark_Z._Jacobson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_Tran2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMatt_Lucky,_Michelle_Ray,_and_Mark_Konold2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGrew2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Research_Council2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNemzer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatrick_Barkham2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Gipe2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearsonEisaman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFREN21\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFREN212011\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFREN212013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFREN212014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRoland_Gribben_and_Denise_Roland2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS.C.E._Jupe,_A._Michiorri,_P.C._Taylor2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._Pacala_and_R._Socolow2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchröderSmith2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon_Gourlay2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpellman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteve_Leone2011\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSynapse_Energy_Economics2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTildy_Bayar2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimmer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurcotte2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTweed\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorldwatch_Institute2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFhttp\u0026#58;//www.iea.org2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFjobs\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"As of\"] = 5,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bioenergy\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 94,\n [\"Colbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Colend\"] = 3,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 5,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Renewable Energy\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 15,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Environmental technology\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 10,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Hydropower\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Image frame\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend0\"] = 5,\n [\"Main\"] = 15,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Renewable energy by country\"] = 1,\n [\"Renewable energy lists\"] = 1,\n [\"Renewable energy sources\"] = 2,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 11,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Solar energy\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 6,\n [\"Sustainability\"] = 1,\n [\"US$\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikinews category\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Wind power\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","26.4"],["?","200","18.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","7.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","7.5"],["recursiveClone 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