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#monaco-editor-embed{height:100%}#playground-container #editor-container #editor-toolbar{border-bottom:1px solid #c4c4c4;height:3rem;margin-bottom:10px;margin-right:-2px;position:relative}#playground-container #editor-container #editor-toolbar ul.right{background-color:var(--playground-dropdown-bg);position:relative;right:0}#playground-container .playground-dragbar{background-color:var(--playground-dragbar-bg);border-left:1px solid var(--playground-dragbar-border);cursor:col-resize;margin-left:2px;padding:3px}#playground-container .playground-dragbar.left{background-color:var(--blue-tinged-bg);border-left:none;border-right:1px solid var(--playground-dragbar-border);margin-left:0}#playground-container .playground-dragbar:hover{background-color:var(--blue-tinged-tinged-strong)}#playground-container .playground-dragbar.selected{background-color:var(--blue-tinged-strong)}#playground-container 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.headline-diagram .editor .titlebar .window-name{display:none;margin-left:10px;padding-top:5px}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .line-error{background-color:#c63131;height:20px;left:0;position:absolute;width:22px}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .underline-error{background:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='6' height='3' viewBox='0 0 6 3'%3E%3Cg fill='%23c94824'%3E%3Cpolygon points='5.5 0 2.5 3 1.1 3 4.1 0'/%3E%3Cpolygon points='4 0 6 2 6 .6 5.4 0'/%3E%3Cpolygon points='0 2 1 3 2.4 3 0 .6'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E") repeat-x 0 100%;padding-bottom:3px}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .error-message{color:#444d80;font-family:var(--code-font);font-size:.8rem}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .error-behind{opacity:0}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .inline-completions{position:relative}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .inline-completions ul.dropdown{background-color:#fff;border-left:4px solid #4b9edd;color:gray;display:inline-block;font-family:var(--code-font);font-size:.8rem;margin:0;padding:0;position:absolute;width:240px}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .inline-completions ul.dropdown:before{background-color:#fff;content:" ";left:-3px;position:absolute;top:-16px;width:2px}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .inline-completions ul.dropdown li{border-bottom:1px solid #000;height:1rem;overflow-x:hidden;padding-left:4px}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .inline-completions ul.dropdown li span.result-found{color:#4b9edd}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .inline-completions ul.dropdown li span.result{color:#000;display:inline-block;width:100px}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .did-you-mean,#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .did-you-mean-icon{position:absolute}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .content{display:flex;flex-direction:row}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .content svg{margin:12px auto}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .content svg path{fill:#fff}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .content .text{background-color:#235a97;border-radius:0 0 6px 6px;border-top:1px solid #7fa2c9;flex-grow:1;flex-shrink:1;font-family:var(--code-font);font-size:.8rem;height:260px;line-height:.95rem;overflow-x:auto;position:relative}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .content .text pre{background-color:#235a97;border:none;margin:0}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .content .text pre code{font-size:14px;line-height:16px}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .content .text pre .error{background-color:rgba(255,0,0,.149);color:#ffc5c5}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .content .text .language-id{display:none}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .highlight{color:#9ed5ff}#index-2 .headline-diagram .back .content .text>div{padding-right:200px}#index-2 .next-headline-button{align-items:center;background-color:#fff;bottom:20px;color:#000;cursor:pointer;display:flex;flex-direction:row;height:30px;justify-content:center;margin-bottom:20px;padding:3px;position:absolute;right:15px;text-decoration:none;width:30px}@media screen and (-ms-high-contrast:active){#index-2 .next-headline-button{border:2px solid gray}}#index-2 .next-headline-button.focus,#index-2 .next-headline-button:hover{background-color:#eee}#index-2 .next-headline-button:active{background-color:#ddd}#index-2 .next-headline-button .fluid-button-title{font-weight:600}#index-2 .next-headline-button svg path{fill:#000}@media screen and (-ms-high-contrast:active){#index-2 .next-headline-button svg path{fill:#ff0}}#index-2 a.get-started{align-items:flex-end;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 4px 20px -6px rgba(0,0,0,.25);box-sizing:border-box;color:#000;cursor:pointer;display:flex;margin:0 auto;max-width:244px;padding:1rem;text-decoration:none;width:100%}@media screen and 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.inline-buttons{background-color:#1a1a1a;display:flex;justify-content:center}#index-2 .call-to-action .inline-buttons a{background-color:#1a1a1a;border-left:4px solid #00273f;color:#fff;flex:1 1;margin:0!important}#index-2 .call-to-action .inline-buttons a:first-child{border-left:none}#index-2 .call-to-action .inline-buttons a:active,#index-2 .call-to-action .inline-buttons a:hover{color:#000}#index-2 .cta-redirects{overflow-y:hidden}#index-2 .cta-redirects>div{margin-bottom:-18%;position:relative}#index-2 .cta-redirects>div a{bottom:55%;position:absolute}#index-2 .release-info{display:flex;flex-direction:row;position:relative;width:100%}#index-2 .release-info .needle,#index-2 .release-info .needle-head{background-color:#000;height:68px;margin-top:-8px;position:absolute;width:2px}#index-2 .release-info .needle-head{background-color:transparent;border-left:4px solid transparent;border-right:4px solid transparent;border-top:6px solid 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a{align-items:center;background-color:#c4c4c4;color:#000;display:flex;height:2rem;justify-content:center;line-height:2.5rem;position:absolute;text-align:center;top:70%;width:2rem;z-index:2}#index-2 #m-stories .controls a:hover{background-color:#eee}#index-2 #m-stories .controls a:active{background-color:#ddd;top:calc(70% + 1px)}#index-2 #m-stories .controls a.left{left:0}#index-2 #m-stories .controls a.right{right:0}#index-2 #m-stories .copy{background:#faf9f8;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#faf9f8 48%,hsla(30,17%,98%,.125))}#index-2 #m-stories .copy p{font-size:1rem}#index-2 #m-stories .airbnb .fg,#index-2 #m-stories .goog .illustration .fg{padding-top:40px}#index-2 #m-stories .copy{padding-left:20px;padding-right:30px;position:absolute;transition:opacity .2s ease-out;width:260px}#index-2 #m-stories .copy p{padding:1rem 0}#index-2 #m-stories .copy a.migration-button{border:1px solid #000;color:#000;display:block;padding:8px 0;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;width:60%}#index-2 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.github-bar.left{left:-200px}#index-2 .github-bar.right{right:-200px}#index-2 ul#videos{margin:0;padding:0}#index-2 ul#videos li{border-left:2px solid transparent;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}#index-2 ul#videos li.active{border-color:#000}#index-2 ul#videos li a{color:#000;display:block;font-size:1rem;margin-left:6px;text-decoration:none}#index-2 ul#videos li span{font-size:.8rem;font-style:italic}#index-2 .installation-panel .flat-button{background-color:#fff;color:#000;cursor:pointer;display:block;margin-top:20px;padding:1rem;text-decoration:none}@media screen and (-ms-high-contrast:active){#index-2 .installation-panel .flat-button{border:2px solid gray}}#index-2 .installation-panel .flat-button.focus,#index-2 .installation-panel .flat-button:hover{background-color:#eee}#index-2 .installation-panel .flat-button:active{background-color:#ddd}#index-2 .installation-panel .flat-button .fluid-button-title{font-weight:600}#index-2 .installation-panel .flat-button 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div.yellow-hint-blue,#index-2 .adopt-step-stepper div.yellow-lot-blue{background-color:#ffe200}#index-2 .adopt-step-stepper div.yellow-hint-blue:after,#index-2 .adopt-step-stepper div.yellow-lot-blue:after{background-color:#3178c6;content:"";height:13px;left:0;position:absolute;width:20%}#index-2 .adopt-step-stepper div.yellow-lot-blue:after{width:60%}#index-2 .adopt-step-stepper div.first{margin-left:0}#index-2 .via-delete .highlight{background-color:#fee}#index-2 .via-delete .dim{opacity:1}.yellow{background-color:#f1dd3f;color:#000;margin-bottom:-110px}.yellow .col1{align-self:stretch;width:50%}.yellow .col1 pre{height:220px;overflow:hidden}.yellow .col1 pre code{font-size:14px;line-height:16px}.yellow a{color:#000}.darkblue.dt{position:relative}.darkblue.dt .dark-blue-trans-bg{background-color:rgba(0,39,62,.77)}.darkblue.dt .dark-blue-trans-bg a{color:#fff}.darkblue.dt .dt-background{bottom:20px;font-family:var(--code-font);font-size:1.2rem;left:20px;opacity:.2;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;top:20px;width:80%}.flex-column{flex-direction:column}.fluid-button{background-color:#fff;color:#000;display:flex;padding:.5rem 1rem;text-decoration:none}.fluid-button .fluid-button-title{font-weight:600}.fluid-button div.fluid-button-icon{align-items:center;border-left:2px solid #000;display:flex;justify-content:center;margin-left:1rem;margin-right:-1rem;min-width:4rem;text-align:center}.fluid-button.focus,.fluid-button:hover{background-color:#eee}.fluid-button:active{background-color:#ddd}.cta .cta-back a{left:20px;position:relative;top:20px;width:60px}.transparent-button{border:1px solid #fff;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;left:20px;padding:10px;position:absolute;text-decoration:none;top:40px;width:80px}.transparent-button svg{margin-right:8px}.transparent-button.focus,.transparent-button:hover{background-color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.063)}.transparent-button:active{background-color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.125);border:1px solid hsla(0,0%,100%,.376)}.flow-links{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.clicky-grey-button{background-color:#d8d8d8;color:#000;display:flex;flex-direction:column-reverse;height:10rem;margin-bottom:20px;margin-right:20px;padding:18px;position:relative;text-decoration:none;width:16rem}.clicky-grey-button.white-theme{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #000}.clicky-grey-button.white-theme:hover{background-color:#eee}.clicky-grey-button.white-theme:active{background-color:#f2f2f2;margin-bottom:19px}@media screen and (-ms-high-contrast:active){.clicky-grey-button{border:1px solid gray}.clicky-grey-button svg 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li{list-style:none;margin-left:0}@media(max-width:800px){.columns{flex-direction:column;margin:0}}div#like-dislike-subnav div{font-size:14px;padding-left:4px;padding-top:16px}div#like-dislike-subnav div button{align-items:center;background:none;border:none;color:var(--text-color);display:inline-flex;flex-direction:row}div#like-dislike-subnav div button svg{fill:var(--text-color);color:var(--text-color);margin-right:4px}#beta{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#9b9a4e,#9b9a4e 10px,#6e6a33 0,#6e6a33 20px);background-color:"#c63131";color:#fff;padding:4px 4px 6px;text-align:center;text-shadow:0 2px 4px #000}#doc-layout{display:flex;flex-direction:row}#handbook-content{margin:auto;max-width:1200px;min-width:0;padding:0 2rem}@media(max-width:480px){#handbook-content{padding:0}}#handbook-content>h1{font-size:3.5rem;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;line-height:3.5rem}@media(max-width:800px){#handbook-content>h1{font-size:2.5rem;margin-left:1rem;margin-right:1rem}}#handbook-content article{display:flex;flex-direction:row;width:100%}@media(max-width:999px){#handbook-content article{flex-direction:column}}#handbook-content .whitespace,#handbook-content .whitespace-tight{margin:0 auto 1rem;overflow:hidden;padding:2rem}@media(max-width:999px){#handbook-content .whitespace,#handbook-content .whitespace-tight{order:2}}#handbook-content .whitespace-tight{padding:1.2rem 2rem}#handbook-content aside{flex-shrink:0;margin-left:20px;width:13rem}@media(min-width:1000px){#handbook-content aside{display:block}}@media(max-width:999px){#handbook-content aside{margin-left:0;order:1;position:relative;top:0;width:100%;z-index:98}}#handbook-content aside nav{margin-bottom:1rem;position:sticky;top:30px}#handbook-content aside nav.deprecated{top:7rem}#handbook-content aside h5{font-size:16px;font-weight:600;margin:0}#handbook-content aside ul{padding:0}#handbook-content aside ul li{list-style:none}#handbook-content aside ul a{border-left:2px solid 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header{font-size:.8rem;margin-bottom:.5rem}#handbook-content .prev-next p{margin-bottom:.4rem}#handbook-content .prev-next header,#handbook-content .prev-next p{color:var(--text-color)}#handbook-content .prev-next:hover h3,#handbook-content .prev-next:hover svg path{fill:var(--text-color);color:var(--text-color)}#handbook-content .prev-next .nav-content{flex:1 1;padding-right:1rem}#handbook-content .prev-next.next{flex-direction:row-reverse;padding-left:1rem;padding-right:0;text-align:right}#handbook-content .prev-next.next .arrow{margin-left:20px;margin-right:0}#handbook-content .prev-next.next svg{transform:scaleX(-1)}#handbook-content .vertical-line{background-color:#e3e3e3;flex-basis:2px;flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0;height:80px;min-width:2px}#handbook-content .docs-footer{border-top:1px solid var(--border-color);display:flex;flex-direction:row-reverse;height:2rem;margin:0 -2rem;padding:0}#handbook-content .docs-footer h5{font-weight:400;margin:0;padding:.5rem 1rem 0 0}#handbook-content .docs-footer button{align-items:center;background:none;border:none;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color);color:var(--text-color);cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;flex-direction:row;padding:0 1rem}#handbook-content .docs-footer button:hover{background-color:var(--border-color)}#handbook-content .docs-footer button svg{fill:var(--text-color);color:var(--text-color);margin-right:4px}#handbook-content #deprecated-header{align-items:center;background-color:#fff4cf;color:#000;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;margin:0 -2rem;padding:1rem 2rem 1rem 0;position:sticky;top:0;z-index:1}#handbook-content #deprecated-header [id]:before{height:110px;margin-top:-110px}@media(max-width:800px){#handbook-content #deprecated-header{flex-direction:column;margin:0;padding:1rem}#handbook-content #deprecated-header h3{font-size:.8rem}#handbook-content #deprecated-header #deprecated-icon{margin-right:1rem}#handbook-content #deprecated-header #deprecated-action{margin-top:1rem}}#handbook-content #deprecated-header #deprecated-content{align-items:center;display:flex}#handbook-content #deprecated-header #deprecated-content #deprecated-icon{text-align:center;width:2rem}#handbook-content #deprecated-header h3{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:400;margin-bottom:.5rem;margin-top:0}#handbook-content #deprecated-header p{margin-bottom:.2rem;margin-top:0}#handbook-content #deprecated-header #deprecated-action{flex-shrink:0}#handbook-content #deprecated-header #deprecated-action a{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #000;color:#000;padding:.2rem .5rem;text-decoration:none}#handbook-content #deprecated-header #deprecated-action a:hover{background-color:#eee}#handbook-content .markdown table.cli-option{display:table}#handbook-content .markdown table.cli-option tr{width:100%}#handbook-content .markdown table.cli-option tr p{margin:0;padding:0}#handbook-content .markdown table.cli-option tr code{word-wrap:normal}#handbook-content .markdown table.cli-option tr.odd{background-color:var(--background-color)!important}#handbook-content .markdown table.cli-option tr.even{background-color:var(--background-minor-highlight-color)!important}#handbook-content .markdown table.cli-option ul{margin:0;padding:0}#handbook-content .markdown table.cli-option ul li{list-style:none;margin:0 0 8px}#handbook-content .markdown table.cli-option tr.option-description td{border-top:none;margin-top:0}.circle-bg{background-color:#719af4;color:#000;display:inline-block;line-height:31px;margin-right:3px;margin-top:12px;overflow:hidden;position:relative;text-align:center}.circle-bg,.circle-bg img{border-radius:16px;height:32px;width:32px}.circle-bg img{left:0;position:absolute;top:0}.bottom-section-content{flex:1 1;padding:1rem 2rem}@media(max-width:480px){.small-columns{flex-direction:column!important}}.inline-popup{background:var(--background-color);border-radius:2px;box-shadow:0 30px 90px -20px rgba(0,0,0,.3),0 0 1px 1px 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solid #bf1818;color:#000;display:flex;margin-right:-2px;position:absolute}pre .error .code{display:none}pre .error-behind{color:#fee;-webkit-user-select:none;user-select:none;visibility:transparent}pre .arrow{background-color:#eee;border-left:1px solid #eee;border-top:1px solid #eee;height:8px;margin-left:.1rem;position:relative;top:-7px;transform:translateY(25%) rotate(45deg);width:8px}pre .popover{background-color:#eee;border-radius:3px;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:10px;margin-top:10px;padding:0 .5rem .6rem}pre .inline-completions ul.dropdown{background-color:#e7e7e7;border-left:4px solid #4b9edd;color:#333;display:inline-block;font-family:var(--code-font);font-size:.8rem;margin:0;padding:0;position:absolute;width:240px}pre .inline-completions ul.dropdown:before{background-color:#4b9edd;content:" ";left:-3px;position:absolute;top:-1.2rem;width:2px}pre .inline-completions ul.dropdown li{margin-bottom:4px;overflow-x:hidden;padding-left:4px}pre .inline-completions ul.dropdown li.deprecated{text-decoration:line-through}pre .inline-completions ul.dropdown li span.result-found{color:#2265a5}pre .inline-completions ul.dropdown li span.result{color:#000;display:inline-block;width:100px}.dark-theme .markdown pre{background-color:#d8d8d8;border-color:#ddd;filter:invert(98%) hue-rotate(180deg)}data-lsp{border-bottom:1px dotted transparent;transition-timing-function:ease;transition:border-color .3s}@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){data-lsp{transition:none}}.tag-container{position:relative}.tag-container .twoslash-annotation{color:#187abf;font-family:JetBrains Mono,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,Courier New,monospace;position:absolute;right:-210px;width:200px}.tag-container .twoslash-annotation svg{float:left;margin-left:-44px}.tag-container .twoslash-annotation.left{left:-200px;right:auto}.tag-container .twoslash-annotation.left svg{float:right;margin-right:-5px}.markdown{scroll-behavior:smooth}.markdown h1,.markdown h2,.markdown 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d="m1 13 6-6-6-6" stroke="#000" stroke-width="2"></path></svg></span></button><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/asp-net-core.html">ASP.NET Core</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/gulp.html">Gulp</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/dom-manipulation.html">DOM Manipulation</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/migrating-from-javascript.html">Migrating from JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/babel-with-typescript.html">Using Babel with TypeScript</a></li></ul></li><li class="closed"><button aria-expanded="false">What's New<span class="open"><svg fill="none" height="9" viewBox="0 0 14 9" width="14" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m1 1 6 6 6-6" stroke="#000" stroke-width="2"></path></svg></span><span class="closed"><svg fill="none" height="14" viewBox="0 0 9 14" width="9" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m1 13 6-6-6-6" stroke="#000" stroke-width="2"></path></svg></span></button><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-5-7.html">TypeScript 5.7</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-5-6.html">TypeScript 5.6</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-5-5.html">TypeScript 5.5</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-5-4.html">TypeScript 5.4</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-5-3.html">TypeScript 5.3</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-5-2.html">TypeScript 5.2</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-5-1.html">TypeScript 5.1</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-5-0.html">TypeScript 5.0</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-4-9.html">TypeScript 4.9</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-4-8.html">TypeScript 4.8</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-4-7.html">TypeScript 4.7</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-4-6.html">TypeScript 4.6</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-4-5.html">TypeScript 4.5</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-4-4.html">TypeScript 4.4</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-4-3.html">TypeScript 4.3</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-4-2.html">TypeScript 4.2</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-4-1.html">TypeScript 4.1</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-4-0.html">TypeScript 4.0</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-3-9.html">TypeScript 3.9</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-3-8.html">TypeScript 3.8</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-3-7.html">TypeScript 3.7</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-3-6.html">TypeScript 3.6</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-3-5.html">TypeScript 3.5</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-3-4.html">TypeScript 3.4</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-3-3.html">TypeScript 3.3</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-3-2.html">TypeScript 3.2</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-3-1.html">TypeScript 3.1</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-3-0.html">TypeScript 3.0</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-2-9.html">TypeScript 2.9</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-2-8.html">TypeScript 2.8</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-2-7.html">TypeScript 2.7</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-2-6.html">TypeScript 2.6</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-2-5.html">TypeScript 2.5</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-2-4.html">TypeScript 2.4</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-2-3.html">TypeScript 2.3</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-2-2.html">TypeScript 2.2</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-2-1.html">TypeScript 2.1</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-2-0.html">TypeScript 2.0</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-1-8.html">TypeScript 1.8</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-1-7.html">TypeScript 1.7</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-1-6.html">TypeScript 1.6</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-1-5.html">TypeScript 1.5</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-1-4.html">TypeScript 1.4</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-1-3.html">TypeScript 1.3</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-1-1.html">TypeScript 1.1</a></li></ul></li><li class="closed"><button aria-expanded="false">Declaration Files<span class="open"><svg fill="none" height="9" viewBox="0 0 14 9" width="14" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m1 1 6 6 6-6" stroke="#000" stroke-width="2"></path></svg></span><span class="closed"><svg fill="none" height="14" viewBox="0 0 9 14" width="9" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m1 13 6-6-6-6" stroke="#000" stroke-width="2"></path></svg></span></button><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/declaration-files/introduction.html">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/declaration-files/by-example.html">Declaration Reference</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/declaration-files/library-structures.html">Library Structures</a></li><li class="closed"><button aria-expanded="false">.d.ts Templates<span class="open"><svg fill="none" height="9" viewBox="0 0 14 9" width="14" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m1 1 6 6 6-6" stroke="#000" stroke-width="2"></path></svg></span><span class="closed"><svg fill="none" height="14" viewBox="0 0 9 14" width="9" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m1 13 6-6-6-6" stroke="#000" stroke-width="2"></path></svg></span></button><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/declaration-files/templates/module-d-ts.html">Modules .d.ts</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/declaration-files/templates/module-plugin-d-ts.html">Module: Plugin</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/declaration-files/templates/module-class-d-ts.html">Module: Class</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/declaration-files/templates/module-function-d-ts.html">Module: Function</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/declaration-files/templates/global-d-ts.html">Global .d.ts</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/declaration-files/templates/global-modifying-module-d-ts.html">Global: Modifying Module</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/declaration-files/do-s-and-don-ts.html">Do's and Don'ts</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/declaration-files/deep-dive.html">Deep Dive</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/declaration-files/publishing.html">Publishing</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/declaration-files/consumption.html">Consumption</a></li></ul></li><li class="closed"><button aria-expanded="false">JavaScript<span class="open"><svg fill="none" height="9" viewBox="0 0 14 9" width="14" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m1 1 6 6 6-6" stroke="#000" stroke-width="2"></path></svg></span><span class="closed"><svg fill="none" height="14" viewBox="0 0 9 14" width="9" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m1 13 6-6-6-6" stroke="#000" stroke-width="2"></path></svg></span></button><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/intro-to-js-ts.html">JS Projects Utilizing TypeScript</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/type-checking-javascript-files.html">Type Checking JavaScript Files</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/jsdoc-supported-types.html">JSDoc Reference</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/declaration-files/dts-from-js.html">Creating .d.ts Files from .js files</a></li></ul></li><li class="closed"><button aria-expanded="false">Project Configuration<span class="open"><svg fill="none" height="9" viewBox="0 0 14 9" width="14" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m1 1 6 6 6-6" stroke="#000" stroke-width="2"></path></svg></span><span class="closed"><svg fill="none" height="14" viewBox="0 0 9 14" width="9" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m1 13 6-6-6-6" stroke="#000" stroke-width="2"></path></svg></span></button><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/tsconfig-json.html">What is a tsconfig.json</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/compiler-options-in-msbuild.html">Compiler Options in MSBuild</a></li><li><a href="/tsconfig/">TSConfig Reference</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/compiler-options.html">tsc CLI Options</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/project-references.html">Project References</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/integrating-with-build-tools.html">Integrating with Build Tools</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/configuring-watch.html">Configuring Watch</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/nightly-builds.html">Nightly Builds</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav><div id="handbook-content" role="article"><h1>The TypeScript Handbook</h1><article><div class="whitespace raised"><div class="markdown"><h2 id="about-this-handbook" style="position:relative;"><a href="#about-this-handbook" aria-label="about this handbook permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>About this Handbook</h2> <p>Over 20 years after its introduction to the programming community, JavaScript is now one of the most widespread cross-platform languages ever created. Starting as a small scripting language for adding trivial interactivity to webpages, JavaScript has grown to be a language of choice for both frontend and backend applications of every size. While the size, scope, and complexity of programs written in JavaScript has grown exponentially, the ability of the JavaScript language to express the relationships between different units of code has not. Combined with JavaScript’s rather peculiar runtime semantics, this mismatch between language and program complexity has made JavaScript development a difficult task to manage at scale.</p> <p>The most common kinds of errors that programmers write can be described as type errors: a certain kind of value was used where a different kind of value was expected. This could be due to simple typos, a failure to understand the API surface of a library, incorrect assumptions about runtime behavior, or other errors. The goal of TypeScript is to be a static typechecker for JavaScript programs - in other words, a tool that runs before your code runs (static) and ensures that the types of the program are correct (typechecked).</p> <p>If you are coming to TypeScript without a JavaScript background, with the intention of TypeScript being your first language, we recommend you first start reading the documentation on either the <a href="https://developer.microsoft.com/javascript/">Microsoft Learn JavaScript tutorial</a> or read <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Guide">JavaScript at the Mozilla Web Docs</a>. If you have experience in other languages, you should be able to pick up JavaScript syntax quite quickly by reading the handbook.</p> <h2 id="how-is-this-handbook-structured" style="position:relative;"><a href="#how-is-this-handbook-structured" aria-label="how is this handbook structured permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>How is this Handbook Structured</h2> <p>The handbook is split into two sections:</p> <ul> <li> <p><strong>The Handbook</strong></p> <p>The TypeScript Handbook is intended to be a comprehensive document that explains TypeScript to everyday programmers. You can read the handbook by going from top to bottom in the left-hand navigation.</p> <p>You should expect each chapter or page to provide you with a strong understanding of the given concepts. The TypeScript Handbook is not a complete language specification, but it is intended to be a comprehensive guide to all of the language’s features and behaviors.</p> <p>A reader who completes the walkthrough should be able to:</p> <ul> <li>Read and understand commonly-used TypeScript syntax and patterns</li> <li>Explain the effects of important compiler options</li> <li>Correctly predict type system behavior in most cases</li> </ul> <p>In the interests of clarity and brevity, the main content of the Handbook will not explore every edge case or minutiae of the features being covered. You can find more details on particular concepts in the reference articles.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Reference Files</strong></p> <p>The reference section below the handbook in the navigation is built to provide a richer understanding of how a particular part of TypeScript works. You can read it top-to-bottom, but each section aims to provide a deeper explanation of a single concept - meaning there is no aim for continuity.</p> </li> </ul> <h3 id="non-goals" style="position:relative;"><a href="#non-goals" aria-label="non goals permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Non-Goals</h3> <p>The Handbook is also intended to be a concise document that can be comfortably read in a few hours. Certain topics won’t be covered in order to keep things short.</p> <p>Specifically, the Handbook does not fully introduce core JavaScript basics like functions, classes, and closures. Where appropriate, we’ll include links to background reading that you can use to read up on those concepts.</p> <p>The Handbook also isn’t intended to be a replacement for a language specification. In some cases, edge cases or formal descriptions of behavior will be skipped in favor of high-level, easier-to-understand explanations. Instead, there are separate reference pages that more precisely and formally describe many aspects of TypeScript’s behavior. The reference pages are not intended for readers unfamiliar with TypeScript, so they may use advanced terminology or reference topics you haven’t read about yet.</p> <p>Finally, the Handbook won’t cover how TypeScript interacts with other tools, except where necessary. Topics like how to configure TypeScript with webpack, rollup, parcel, react, babel, closure, lerna, rush, bazel, preact, vue, angular, svelte, jquery, yarn, or npm are out of scope - you can find these resources elsewhere on the web.</p> <h2 id="get-started" style="position:relative;"><a href="#get-started" aria-label="get started permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Get Started</h2> <p>Before getting started with <a href="/docs/handbook/2/basic-types.html">The Basics</a>, we recommend reading one of the following introductory pages. These introductions are intended to highlight key similarities and differences between TypeScript and your favored programming language, and clear up common misconceptions specific to those languages.</p> <ul> <li><a href="/docs/handbook/typescript-from-scratch.html">TypeScript for the New Programmer</a></li> <li><a href="/docs/handbook/typescript-in-5-minutes.html">TypeScript for JavaScript Programmers</a></li> <li><a href="/docs/handbook/typescript-in-5-minutes-oop.html">TypeScript for Java/C# Programmers</a></li> <li><a href="/docs/handbook/typescript-in-5-minutes-func.html">TypeScript for Functional Programmers</a></li> </ul> <p>Otherwise, jump to <a href="/docs/handbook/2/basic-types.html">The Basics</a>.</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class="" aria-label="table of contents"><h5>On this page</h5><ul class="handbook-on-this-page-section-list"><li><a href="#about-this-handbook">About this Handbook</a></li><li><a href="#how-is-this-handbook-structured">How is this 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