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href="#Environmental_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Environmental factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terrestrial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrestrial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Terrestrial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrestrial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Arid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_arid_habitat_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_arid_habitat_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>List of arid habitat types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_arid_habitat_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wetland_and_riparian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wetland_and_riparian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Wetland and riparian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wetland_and_riparian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples_of_wetland_and_riparian_habitat_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_wetland_and_riparian_habitat_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Examples of wetland and riparian habitat types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_wetland_and_riparian_habitat_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Forest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples_of_forest_habitat_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_forest_habitat_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Examples of forest habitat types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_forest_habitat_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freshwater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freshwater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Freshwater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freshwater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_freshwater_habitat_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_freshwater_habitat_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>List of freshwater habitat types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_freshwater_habitat_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Marine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_marine_habitat_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_marine_habitat_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>List of marine habitat types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_marine_habitat_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Urban</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microhabitat_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microhabitat_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Microhabitat types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microhabitat_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extreme_habitat_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extreme_habitat_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Extreme habitat types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extreme_habitat_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitat_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Habitat change</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Habitat_change-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Habitat change subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Habitat_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fragmentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fragmentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Fragmentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fragmentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Destruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitat_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Habitat protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monotypic_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monotypic_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Monotypic habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monotypic_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Habitat</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Habitat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86" title="موطن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موطن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Habitat" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1bitat" title="Hábitat – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hábitat" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C5%9Fay%C4%B1%C5%9F_sah%C9%99si" title="Yaşayış sahəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yaşayış sahəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Habitat" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Месцапражыванне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Месцапражыванне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F" title="हैबिटाट – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हैबिटाट" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Местообитание – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Местообитание" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0bitat" title="Hàbitat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hàbitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Habitat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Habitat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elupaik" title="Elupaik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elupaik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Ενδιαίτημα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ενδιαίτημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1bitat" title="Hábitat – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hábitat" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitato_(ekologio)" title="Habitato (ekologio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Habitato (ekologio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Habitat" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87" title="زیستگاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیستگاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_(%C3%A9cologie)" title="Habitat (écologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Habitat (écologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Habitat" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gn%C3%A1th%C3%B3g" title="Gnáthóg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gnáthóg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80rainn" title="Àrainn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Àrainn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1bitat" title="Hábitat – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hábitat" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EC%8B%9D%EC%A7%80" title="서식지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서식지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A9_(%D5%A2%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80)" title="Հաբիթաթ (բնակավայր) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հաբիթաթ (բնակավայր)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="पर्यावास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पर्यावास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Habitat" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Habitat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Habitat_(indawo_ekuphila_kuyo_izilwanyana_nezityalo)" title="I-Habitat (indawo ekuphila kuyo izilwanyana nezityalo) – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Habitat (indawo ekuphila kuyo izilwanyana nezityalo)" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAsv%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Búsvæði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Búsvæði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Habitat" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C" title="בית גידול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית גידול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Habitat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಆವಾಸಸ್ಥಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆವಾಸಸ್ಥಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ჰაბიტატი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰაბიტატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makazi_(ekolojia)" title="Makazi (ekolojia) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Makazi (ekolojia)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitatio" title="Habitatio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Habitatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izplat%C4%ABbas_are%C4%81ls" title="Izplatības areāls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Izplatības areāls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buvein%C4%97" title="Buveinė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Buveinė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lett%C3%A9r_(%C3%B6kol%C3%B3gia)" title="Élettér (ökológia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Élettér (ökológia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5_(%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Живеалиште (екологија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Живеалиште (екологија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="വാസസ്ഥലം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാസസ്ഥലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="زیوشجا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="زیوشجا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Habitat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Habitat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%81%AF%E5%9C%B0" title="生息地 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生息地" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Habitat" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Habitat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Habitat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitat" title="Abitat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Abitat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yashash_joyi" title="Yashash joyi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yashash joyi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B4%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%DA%81%D8%A7%DB%8C_(%D9%87%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="مېشت‌ځای (هبیتات) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مېشت‌ځای (هبیتات)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siedlisko_(biologia)" title="Siedlisko (biologia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Siedlisko (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Habitat" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Habitat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Местообитание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Местообитание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitati" title="Habitati – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Habitati" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambienti_(habitat)" title="Ambienti (habitat) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ambienti (habitat)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Habitat" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Habitat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Станиште – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Станиште" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Habitat" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinymp%C3%A4rist%C3%B6" title="Elinympäristö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elinympäristö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Habitat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="வாழிடம் (சூழலியல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வாழிடம் (சூழலியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88" title="แหล่งที่อยู่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แหล่งที่อยู่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%BE%D2%B3" title="Зистгоҳ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Зистгоҳ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Habitat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5" title="Оселище – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оселище" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86_(%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="مسکن (بیئیات) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مسکن (بیئیات)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_c%E1%BA%A3nh" title="Sinh cảnh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sinh cảnh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%96%E6%81%AF%E5%9C%B0" title="栖息地 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="栖息地" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A3%B2%E6%81%AF%E5%9C%B0" title="棲息地 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="棲息地" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Habitat" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A3%B2%E6%81%AF%E5%9C%B0" title="棲息地 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="棲息地" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q52105#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of environment in which an organism lives</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Habitat_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Habitat (disambiguation)">Habitat (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Breeding ground" redirects here. For the band, see <a href="/wiki/Breeding_Ground_(band)" title="Breeding Ground (band)">Breeding Ground (band)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotjan_-_Enderbury_Day_1_-_2nd_half_(62).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rotjan_-_Enderbury_Day_1_-_2nd_half_%2862%29.JPG/220px-Rotjan_-_Enderbury_Day_1_-_2nd_half_%2862%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rotjan_-_Enderbury_Day_1_-_2nd_half_%2862%29.JPG/330px-Rotjan_-_Enderbury_Day_1_-_2nd_half_%2862%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rotjan_-_Enderbury_Day_1_-_2nd_half_%2862%29.JPG/440px-Rotjan_-_Enderbury_Day_1_-_2nd_half_%2862%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2208" data-file-height="1656" /></a><figcaption>This <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reef</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Islands_Protected_Area" title="Phoenix Islands Protected Area">Phoenix Islands Protected Area</a> provides habitat for numerous marine species.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_(js)_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Antarctic_%28js%29_18.jpg/220px-Antarctic_%28js%29_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Antarctic_%28js%29_18.jpg/330px-Antarctic_%28js%29_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Antarctic_%28js%29_18.jpg/440px-Antarctic_%28js%29_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5584" data-file-height="3663" /></a><figcaption>Few creatures make the <a href="/wiki/Ice_shelf" title="Ice shelf">ice shelves</a> of <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> their habitat, but water beneath the ice can provide habitat for multiple species. Animals such as penguins have adapted to live in very cold conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibex_in_the_French_Vanoise_National_Park.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ibex_in_the_French_Vanoise_National_Park.JPG/220px-Ibex_in_the_French_Vanoise_National_Park.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ibex_in_the_French_Vanoise_National_Park.JPG/330px-Ibex_in_the_French_Vanoise_National_Park.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ibex_in_the_French_Vanoise_National_Park.JPG/440px-Ibex_in_the_French_Vanoise_National_Park.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Ibex" title="Ibex">Ibex</a> in an alpine habitat</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, <b>habitat</b> refers to the array of resources, physical and biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>. A species habitat can be seen as the physical manifestation of its <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">ecological niche</a>. Thus "habitat" is a species-specific term, fundamentally different from concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Biophysical_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Biophysical environment">environment</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a> assemblages, for which the term "habitat-type" is more appropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The physical factors may include (for example): <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moisture" title="Moisture">moisture</a>, range of <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luminous_intensity" title="Luminous intensity">light intensity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biotic_index" title="Biotic index">Biotic</a> factors include the availability of food and the presence or absence of <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predators</a>. Every species has particular habitat requirements, habitat generalist species are able to thrive in a wide array of environmental conditions while habitat specialist species require a very limited set of factors to survive. The habitat of a species is not necessarily found in a geographical area, it can be the interior of a stem, a rotten log, a rock or a clump of <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">moss</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasitic organism</a> has as its habitat the body of its <a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">host</a>, part of the host's body (such as the digestive tract), or a <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">single cell</a> within the host's body.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Habitat types are environmental categorizations of different environments based on the characteristics of a given geographical area, particularly vegetation and climate.<sup id="cite_ref-wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus habitat types do not refer to a single species but to multiple species living in the same area. For example, terrestrial habitat types include <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a>, semi-arid or <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fresh-water" class="mw-redirect" title="Fresh-water">Fresh-water</a> habitat types include <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">streams</a>, <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">ponds</a>; marine habitat types include salt marshes, the coast, the <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">intertidal zone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">reefs</a>, bays, the open sea, the sea bed, deep water and <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">submarine vents</a>. </p><p>Habitat types may change over time. Causes of change may include a violent event (such as the eruption of a <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfire</a> or a change in oceanic currents); or change may occur more gradually over millennia with alterations in the <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> advance and retreat, and as different weather patterns bring changes of <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_irradiance" title="Solar irradiance">solar radiation</a>. Other changes come as a direct result of human activities, such as <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Plowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Plowing">plowing</a> of ancient grasslands, the diversion and damming of rivers, the draining of marshland and the dredging of the seabed. The <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduction of alien species</a> can have a devastating effect on native wildlife – through increased <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a>, through competition for resources or through the introduction of pests and diseases to which the indigenous species have no immunity. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_etymology">Definition and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "habitat" has been in use since about 1755 and derives from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>habitāre</i>, to inhabit, from <i>habēre</i>, to have or to hold. Habitat can be defined as the natural environment of an <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a>, the type of place in which it is natural for it to live and grow.<sup id="cite_ref-iG6wd_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iG6wd-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dict_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dict-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is similar in meaning to a <a href="/wiki/Biotope" title="Biotope">biotope</a>; an area of uniform environmental conditions associated with a particular community of plants and animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_factors">Environmental factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Environmental factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chief environmental factors affecting the distribution of living organisms are temperature, humidity, climate, soil and <a href="/wiki/Irradiance" title="Irradiance">light intensity</a>, and the presence or absence of all the requirements that the organism needs to sustain it. Generally speaking, animal communities are reliant on specific types of plant communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Everyman_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Everyman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some plants and animals have habitat requirements which are met in a wide range of locations. The small white butterfly <i><a href="/wiki/Pieris_rapae" title="Pieris rapae">Pieris rapae</a></i> for example is found on all the continents of the world apart from <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> feed on a wide range of <i><a href="/wiki/Brassica" title="Brassica">Brassicas</a></i> and various other plant species, and it thrives in any open location with diverse plant associations.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large blue butterfly <i><a href="/wiki/Phengaris_arion" class="mw-redirect" title="Phengaris arion">Phengaris arion</a></i> is much more specific in its requirements; it is found only in chalk <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a> areas, its larvae feed on <i><a href="/wiki/Thymus_(plant)" title="Thymus (plant)">Thymus</a></i> species, and because of complex <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycle</a> requirements it inhabits only areas in which <i><a href="/wiki/Myrmica" title="Myrmica">Myrmica</a></i> ants live.<sup id="cite_ref-Spitzer_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spitzer-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disturbance is important in the creation of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiverse</a> habitat types. In the absence of disturbance, a <a href="/wiki/Climax_community" title="Climax community">climax vegetation</a> cover develops that prevents the establishment of other species. <a href="/wiki/Wildflower" title="Wildflower">Wildflower</a> meadows are sometimes created by conservationists but most of the flowering plants used are either <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annuals</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biennial_plant" title="Biennial plant">biennials</a> and disappear after a few years in the absence of patches of bare ground on which their seedlings can grow.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutherland-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lightning strikes and toppled trees in tropical forests allow species richness to be maintained as <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_species" title="Pioneer species">pioneering species</a> move in to fill the gaps created.<sup id="cite_ref-Huggett_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huggett-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, coastal habitat types can become dominated by <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a> until the seabed is disturbed by a storm and the <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> swept away, or shifting sediment exposes new areas for <a href="/wiki/Colonisation_(biology)" title="Colonisation (biology)">colonisation.</a> Another cause of disturbance is when an area may be overwhelmed by an <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive introduced species</a> which is not kept under control by natural enemies in its new habitat.<sup id="cite_ref-0X7iN_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0X7iN-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrestrial">Terrestrial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Terrestrial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epiphytes_(Dominica).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Epiphytes_%28Dominica%29.jpg/220px-Epiphytes_%28Dominica%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Epiphytes_%28Dominica%29.jpg/330px-Epiphytes_%28Dominica%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Epiphytes_%28Dominica%29.jpg/440px-Epiphytes_%28Dominica%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Rich rainforest habitat in <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Terrestrial habitat types include forests, grasslands, wetlands and deserts. Within these broad <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biomes</a> are more specific habitat types with varying climate types, temperature regimes, soils, altitudes and vegetation. Many of these habitat types grade into each other and each one has its own typical communities of plants and animals. A habitat-type may suit a particular species well, but its presence or absence at any particular location depends to some extent on chance, on its dispersal abilities and its efficiency as a colonizer.<sup id="cite_ref-Breed_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breed-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arid">Arid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Arid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marsa_Alam_R18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Marsa_Alam_R18.jpg/220px-Marsa_Alam_R18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Marsa_Alam_R18.jpg/330px-Marsa_Alam_R18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Marsa_Alam_R18.jpg/440px-Marsa_Alam_R18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Desert scene in Egypt</figcaption></figure> <p>Arid habitats are those where there is little available water. The most extreme arid habitats are <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a>. Desert animals have a variety of adaptations to survive the dry conditions. Some frogs live in deserts, creating moist habitat types underground and hibernating while conditions are adverse. <a href="/wiki/Couch%27s_spadefoot_toad" title="Couch's spadefoot toad">Couch's spadefoot toad</a> (<i>Scaphiopus couchii</i>) emerges from its burrow when a downpour occurs and lays its eggs in the transient pools that form; the tadpoles develop with great rapidity, sometimes in as little as nine days, undergo <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphosis</a>, and feed voraciously before digging a burrow of their own.<sup id="cite_ref-96sA2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96sA2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List_of_arid_habitat_types">List of arid habitat types</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: List of arid habitat types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog_desert" title="Fog desert">Fog desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_desert" title="Polar desert">Polar desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">Steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">Savanna</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wetland_and_riparian">Wetland and riparian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wetland and riparian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other organisms cope with the drying up of their aqueous habitat in other ways. <a href="/wiki/Vernal_pool" title="Vernal pool">Vernal pools</a> are ephemeral ponds that form in the rainy season and dry up afterwards. They have their specially-adapted characteristic flora, mainly consisting of annuals, the seeds of which survive the drought, but also some uniquely adapted perennials.<sup id="cite_ref-78fxw_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78fxw-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animals adapted to these extreme habitat types also exist; <a href="/wiki/Anostraca" title="Anostraca">fairy shrimps</a> can lay "winter eggs" which are resistant to <a href="/wiki/Desiccation" title="Desiccation">desiccation</a>, sometimes being blown about with the dust, ending up in new depressions in the ground. These can survive in a dormant state for as long as fifteen years.<sup id="cite_ref-KNkKt_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KNkKt-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Killifish" title="Killifish">killifish</a> behave in a similar way; their eggs hatch and the juvenile fish grow with great rapidity when the conditions are right, but the whole population of fish may end up as eggs in <a href="/wiki/Diapause" title="Diapause">diapause</a> in the dried up mud that was once a pond.<sup id="cite_ref-KcmBa_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KcmBa-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples_of_wetland_and_riparian_habitat_types">Examples of wetland and riparian habitat types</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Examples of wetland and riparian habitat types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">Floodplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub_swamp" title="Shrub swamp">Shrub swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernal_pool" title="Vernal pool">Vernal pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_meadow" title="Wet meadow">Wet meadow</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forest">Forest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Forest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples_of_forest_habitat_types">Examples of forest habitat types</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Examples of forest habitat types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boreal_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal forest">Boreal forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_forest" title="Cloud forest">Cloud forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat_swamp_forest" title="Peat swamp forest">Peat swamp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_forest" title="Temperate coniferous forest">Temperate coniferous forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_deciduous_forest" title="Temperate deciduous forest">Temperate deciduous forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_rain_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate rain forest">Temperate rain forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorn_forest" title="Thorn forest">Thorn forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_dry_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical dry forest">Tropical dry forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_moist_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical moist forest">Tropical moist forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_rain_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical rain forest">Tropical rain forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">Woodland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freshwater">Freshwater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Freshwater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danau_Sentarum_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Danau_Sentarum_2006.jpg/220px-Danau_Sentarum_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Danau_Sentarum_2006.jpg/330px-Danau_Sentarum_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Danau_Sentarum_2006.jpg/440px-Danau_Sentarum_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Wetland habitat types in Borneo</figcaption></figure> <p>Freshwater habitat types include rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, marshes and bogs.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCNature_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCNature-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can be divided into <b>running waters</b> (rivers, streams) and <b>standing waters</b> (lakes, ponds, marshes, bogs).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some organisms are found across most of these habitat types, the majority have more specific requirements. The water velocity, its temperature and oxygen saturation are important factors, but in river systems, there are fast and slow sections, pools, <a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">bayous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Backwater_(river)" title="Backwater (river)">backwaters</a> which provide a range of habitat types. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">aquatic plants</a> can be floating, semi-submerged, submerged or grow in permanently or temporarily saturated soils besides bodies of water. Marginal plants provide important habitat for both invertebrates and vertebrates, and submerged plants provide oxygenation of the water, absorb nutrients and play a part in the reduction of pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-Cook_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List_of_freshwater_habitat_types">List of freshwater habitat types</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: List of freshwater habitat types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rivers Ponds Lakes </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine">Marine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Marine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitats</a> include brackish water, estuaries, bays, the open sea, the intertidal zone, the sea bed, reefs and deep / shallow water zones.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCNature_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCNature-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further variations include <a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">rock pools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">sand banks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">mudflats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish</a> lagoons, sandy and pebbly beaches, and <a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">seagrass</a> beds, all supporting their own flora and fauna. The <a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">benthic zone</a> or seabed provides a home for both static organisms, anchored to the <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(biology)" title="Substrate (biology)">substrate</a>, and for a large range of organisms crawling on or burrowing into the surface. Some creatures float among the waves on the surface of the water, or raft on floating debris, others swim at a range of depths, including organisms in the <a href="/wiki/Demersal_zone" title="Demersal zone">demersal zone</a> close to the seabed, and myriads of organisms drift with the currents and form the <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roff_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roff-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List_of_marine_habitat_types">List of marine habitat types</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: List of marine habitat types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">Abyssal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphotic_zone" title="Aphotic zone">Aphotic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_zone" title="Demersal zone">Demersal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">Oceanic trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagrass_meadow" title="Seagrass meadow">Seagrass meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_swamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangrove swamp">Mangrove swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">Seamount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pool</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban">Urban</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Urban"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many animals and plants have taken up residence in urban environments. They tend to be adaptable generalists and use the town's features to make their homes. <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">Rats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">mice</a> have followed man around the globe, <a href="/wiki/Pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon">pigeons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">peregrines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_World_sparrow" title="Old World sparrow">sparrows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swallow" title="Swallow">swallows</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_martin" class="mw-redirect" title="House martin">house martins</a> use the buildings for nesting, <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a> use roof space for roosting, <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a> visit the garbage bins and <a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">squirrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyotes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunks</a> roam the streets. About 2,000 coyotes are thought to live in and around <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Read_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Read-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A survey of dwelling houses in northern European cities in the twentieth century found about 175 species of invertebrate inside them, including 53 species of beetle, 21 flies, 13 butterflies and moths, 13 mites, 9 lice, 7 bees, 5 wasps, 5 cockroaches, 5 spiders, 4 ants and a number of other groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelcey_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelcey-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In warmer climates, termites are serious pests in the urban habitat; 183 species are known to affect buildings and 83 species cause serious structural damage.<sup id="cite_ref-Abe,Bignell,Higashi_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abe,Bignell,Higashi-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Microhabitat_types">Microhabitat types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Microhabitat types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Microhabitat" redirects here. For the South Korean film, see <a href="/wiki/Microhabitat_(film)" title="Microhabitat (film)"><i>Microhabitat</i> (film)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_leaf_beetle_(Aulacophora_indica)_peeking_from_a_leaf_hole_of_an_Alnus_nepalensis_tree_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/A_leaf_beetle_%28Aulacophora_indica%29_peeking_from_a_leaf_hole_of_an_Alnus_nepalensis_tree_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-A_leaf_beetle_%28Aulacophora_indica%29_peeking_from_a_leaf_hole_of_an_Alnus_nepalensis_tree_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/A_leaf_beetle_%28Aulacophora_indica%29_peeking_from_a_leaf_hole_of_an_Alnus_nepalensis_tree_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-A_leaf_beetle_%28Aulacophora_indica%29_peeking_from_a_leaf_hole_of_an_Alnus_nepalensis_tree_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/A_leaf_beetle_%28Aulacophora_indica%29_peeking_from_a_leaf_hole_of_an_Alnus_nepalensis_tree_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-A_leaf_beetle_%28Aulacophora_indica%29_peeking_from_a_leaf_hole_of_an_Alnus_nepalensis_tree_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The leaves of an <i><a href="/wiki/Alnus_nepalensis" title="Alnus nepalensis">Alnus nepalensis</a></i> tree provide a microhabitat for species like the leaf beetle <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aulacophora_indica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aulacophora indica (page does not exist)">Aulacophora indica</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A microhabitat is the small-scale physical requirements of a particular organism or population. Every habitat includes large numbers of microhabitat types with subtly different exposure to light, humidity, temperature, air movement, and other factors. The <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a> that grow on the north face of a boulder are different from those that grow on the south face, from those on the level top, and those that grow on the ground nearby; the lichens growing in the grooves and on the raised surfaces are different from those growing on the veins of quartz. Lurking among these miniature "forests" are the <a href="/wiki/Microfauna" title="Microfauna">microfauna</a>, species of <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrate</a>, each with its own specific habitat requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-ngpNx_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ngpNx-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are numerous different microhabitat types in a wood; coniferous forest, broad-leafed forest, open woodland, scattered trees, woodland verges, clearings, and glades; tree trunk, branch, twig, bud, leaf, flower, and fruit; rough bark, smooth bark, damaged bark, rotten wood, hollow, groove, and hole; canopy, shrub layer, plant layer, <a href="/wiki/Leaf_litter" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf litter">leaf litter</a>, and soil; buttress root, stump, fallen log, stem base, grass tussock, fungus, fern, and moss.<sup id="cite_ref-Offwell_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Offwell-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The greater the structural diversity in the wood, the greater the number of microhabitat types that will be present. A range of tree species with individual specimens of varying sizes and ages, and a range of features such as streams, level areas, slopes, tracks, clearings, and felled areas will provide suitable conditions for an enormous number of biodiverse plants and animals. For example, in Britain it has been estimated that various types of rotting wood are home to over 1700 species of invertebrate.<sup id="cite_ref-Offwell_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Offwell-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a parasitic organism, its habitat is the particular part of the outside or inside of its <a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">host</a> on or in which it is adapted to live. The <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycle</a> of some parasites involves several different host species, as well as free-living life stages, sometimes within vastly different microhabitat types.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such organism is the trematode (flatworm) <i><a href="/wiki/Microphallus_turgidus" title="Microphallus turgidus">Microphallus turgidus</a></i>, present in brackish water marshes in the southeastern United States. Its first intermediate host is a <a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">snail</a> and the second, a <a href="/wiki/Palaemonetes_pugio" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaemonetes pugio">glass shrimp</a>. The final host is the waterfowl or mammal that consumes the shrimp.<sup id="cite_ref-InVitro_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InVitro-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extreme_habitat_types">Extreme habitat types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Extreme habitat types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">Extremophile</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cryptoendolith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cryptoendolith.jpg/220px-Cryptoendolith.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cryptoendolith.jpg/330px-Cryptoendolith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cryptoendolith.jpg/440px-Cryptoendolith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="174" /></a><figcaption>An Antarctic rock split apart to show <a href="/wiki/Endolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endolithic">endolithic</a> lifeforms showing as a green layer a few millimeters thick</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the vast majority of life on Earth lives in <a href="/wiki/Mesophile" title="Mesophile">mesophyllic</a> (moderate) environments, a few organisms, most of them <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microbes</a>, have managed to colonise extreme environments that are unsuitable for more complex life forms. There are <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, for example, living in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Whillans" title="Lake Whillans">Lake Whillans</a>, half a mile below the ice of Antarctica; in the absence of sunlight, they must rely on organic material from elsewhere, perhaps decaying matter from glacier melt water or minerals from the underlying rock.<sup id="cite_ref-94qKN_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94qKN-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other bacteria can be found in abundance in the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a>, the deepest place in the ocean and on Earth; <a href="/wiki/Marine_snow" title="Marine snow">marine snow</a> drifts down from the surface layers of the sea and accumulates in this undersea valley, providing nourishment for an extensive community of bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-Y9kb7_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Y9kb7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other microbes live in environments lacking in oxygen, and are dependent on chemical reactions other than <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>. Boreholes drilled 300 m (1,000 ft) into the rocky seabed have found microbial communities apparently based on the products of reactions between water and the constituents of rocks. These communities have not been studied much, but may be an important part of the global <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-boiY3_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boiY3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rock in mines two miles deep also harbour microbes; these live on minute traces of hydrogen produced in slow oxidizing reactions inside the rock. These metabolic reactions allow life to exist in places with no oxygen or light, an environment that had previously been thought to be devoid of life.<sup id="cite_ref-ztVC3_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ztVC3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20160912_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20160912-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">intertidal zone</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">photic zone</a> in the oceans are relatively familiar habitat types. However the vast bulk of the ocean is inhospitable to air-breathing humans, with <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba divers</a> limited to the upper 50 m (160 ft) or so.<sup id="cite_ref-Cole_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cole-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lower limit for photosynthesis is 100 to 200 m (330 to 660 ft) and below that depth the prevailing conditions include total darkness, high pressure, little oxygen (in some places), scarce food resources and extreme cold. This habitat is very challenging to research, and as well as being little-studied, it is vast, with 79% of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a> being at depths greater than 1,000 m (3,300 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-DeepSea_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeepSea-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With no plant life, the animals in this zone are either <a href="/wiki/Detritivore" title="Detritivore">detritivores</a>, reliant on food drifting down from surface layers, or they are predators, feeding on each other. Some organisms are <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">pelagic</a>, swimming or drifting in mid-ocean, while others are benthic, living on or near the seabed. Their growth rates and metabolisms tend to be slow, their eyes may be very large to detect what little illumination there is, or they may be blind and rely on other sensory inputs. A number of deep sea creatures are <a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">bioluminescent</a>; this serves a variety of functions including predation, protection and social recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-DeepSea_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeepSea-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, the bodies of animals living at great depths are adapted to high pressure environments by having pressure-resistant <a href="/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule">biomolecules</a> and small organic molecules present in their cells known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piezolyte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piezolyte (page does not exist)">piezolytes</a>, which give the proteins the flexibility they need. There are also unsaturated fats in their membranes which prevent them from solidifying at low temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-JetfZ_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JetfZ-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dense_mass_of_anomuran_crab_Kiwa_around_deep-sea_hydrothermal_vent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dense_mass_of_anomuran_crab_Kiwa_around_deep-sea_hydrothermal_vent.jpg/220px-Dense_mass_of_anomuran_crab_Kiwa_around_deep-sea_hydrothermal_vent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dense_mass_of_anomuran_crab_Kiwa_around_deep-sea_hydrothermal_vent.jpg/330px-Dense_mass_of_anomuran_crab_Kiwa_around_deep-sea_hydrothermal_vent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dense_mass_of_anomuran_crab_Kiwa_around_deep-sea_hydrothermal_vent.jpg/440px-Dense_mass_of_anomuran_crab_Kiwa_around_deep-sea_hydrothermal_vent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="1197" /></a><figcaption>Dense mass of white crabs at a hydrothermal vent, with stalked barnacles on right</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vents</a> were first discovered in the ocean depths in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-Vent_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vent-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They result from seawater becoming heated after seeping through cracks to places where hot <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> is close to the seabed. The under-water hot springs may gush forth at temperatures of over 340 °C (640 °F) and support unique communities of organisms in their immediate vicinity.<sup id="cite_ref-Vent_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vent-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basis for this teeming life is <a href="/wiki/Chemosynthesis" title="Chemosynthesis">chemosynthesis</a>, a process by which microbes convert such substances as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> into organic molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-SnmYR_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SnmYR-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These bacteria and <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> are the primary producers in these ecosystems and support a diverse array of life. About 350 species of organism, dominated by <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">molluscs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polychaete" title="Polychaete">polychaete worms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, had been discovered around hydrothermal vents by the end of the twentieth century, most of them being new to science and <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to these habitat types.<sup id="cite_ref-DesBruy_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DesBruy-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides providing locomotion opportunities for winged animals and a conduit for the dispersal of <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> grains, <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> can be considered to be a habitat-type in its own right. There are metabolically active microbes present that actively reproduce and spend their whole existence airborne, with hundreds of thousands of individual organisms estimated to be present in a cubic meter of air. The airborne microbial community may be as diverse as that found in soil or other terrestrial environments, however, these organisms are not evenly distributed, their densities varying spatially with altitude and environmental conditions. <a href="/wiki/Aerobiology" title="Aerobiology">Aerobiology</a> has not been studied much, but there is evidence of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen fixation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">clouds</a>, and less clear evidence of carbon cycling, both facilitated by microbial activity.<sup id="cite_ref-RSB_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSB-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are other examples of extreme habitat types where specially adapted lifeforms exist; <a href="/wiki/Tar_pit" title="Tar pit">tar pits</a> teeming with microbial life;<sup id="cite_ref-Liq_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liq-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> naturally occurring crude oil pools inhabited by the larvae of the <a href="/wiki/Helaeomyia_petrolei" title="Helaeomyia petrolei">petroleum fly</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-GByxc_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GByxc-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a> where the temperature may be as high as 71 °C (160 °F) and <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> create <a href="/wiki/Microbial_mat" title="Microbial mat">microbial mats</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Ot0z9_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ot0z9-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">cold seeps</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> and hydrogen sulfide issue from the ocean floor and support microbes and higher animals such as <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a> which form <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic associations</a> with these <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_organism" title="Anaerobic organism">anaerobic organisms</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-0YJr8_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0YJr8-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Salt_pan_(geology)" title="Salt pan (geology)">salt pans</a> that harbour <a href="/wiki/Halotolerance" title="Halotolerance">salt-tolerant</a> <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a> and also fungi such as the <a href="/wiki/Black_yeast" title="Black yeast">black yeast</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Hortaea_werneckii" title="Hortaea werneckii">Hortaea werneckii</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">basidiomycete</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Wallemia_ichthyophaga" title="Wallemia ichthyophaga">Wallemia ichthyophaga</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-Gostincar_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gostincar-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saline_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saline-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ice sheets in Antarctica which support fungi <i><a href="/wiki/Thelebolus" title="Thelebolus">Thelebolus</a></i> spp.,<sup id="cite_ref-Gostincar_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gostincar-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> glacial ice with a variety of bacteria and fungi;<sup id="cite_ref-SciR_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciR-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and snowfields on which <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> grow.<sup id="cite_ref-0yqn0_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0yqn0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Habitat_change">Habitat change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Habitat change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt_st_helens_Johnston_ridge_25_years_later.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mt_st_helens_Johnston_ridge_25_years_later.jpg/220px-Mt_st_helens_Johnston_ridge_25_years_later.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mt_st_helens_Johnston_ridge_25_years_later.jpg/330px-Mt_st_helens_Johnston_ridge_25_years_later.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mt_st_helens_Johnston_ridge_25_years_later.jpg/440px-Mt_st_helens_Johnston_ridge_25_years_later.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>Twenty-five years after the devastating eruption at <a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Helens" title="Mount St. Helens">Mount St. Helens</a>, United States, <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_species" title="Pioneer species">pioneer species</a> have moved in.</figcaption></figure> <p>Whether from natural processes or the activities of man, landscapes and their associated habitat types change over time. There are the slow <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphological</a> changes associated with the geologic processes that cause <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_uplift" title="Tectonic uplift">tectonic uplift</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a>, and the more rapid changes associated with earthquakes, landslides, storms, flooding, wildfires, <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">coastal erosion</a>, deforestation and changes in land use.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindenmayer_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindenmayer-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then there are the changes in habitat types brought on by alterations in farming practices, tourism, pollution, <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">fragmentation</a> and climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Loss of habitat is the single greatest threat to any species. If an island on which an endemic organism lives becomes uninhabitable for some reason, the species will become <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a>. Any type of habitat surrounded by a different habitat is in a similar situation to an island. If a forest is divided into parts by logging, with strips of cleared land separating woodland blocks, and the distances between the remaining fragments exceeds the distance an individual animal is able to travel, that species becomes especially vulnerable. Small populations generally lack genetic diversity and may be threatened by increased predation, increased competition, disease and unexpected catastrophe.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the edge of each forest fragment, increased light encourages secondary growth of fast-growing species and old growth trees are more vulnerable to logging as access is improved. The birds that nest in their crevices, the <a href="/wiki/Epiphyte" title="Epiphyte">epiphytes</a> that hang from their branches and the invertebrates in the <a href="/wiki/Leaf_litter" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf litter">leaf litter</a> are all adversely affected and biodiversity is reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Habitat fragmentation can be ameliorated to some extent by the provision of <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_corridor" title="Wildlife corridor">wildlife corridors</a> connecting the fragments. These can be a river, ditch, strip of trees, hedgerow or even an underpass to a highway. Without the corridors, seeds cannot disperse and animals, especially small ones, cannot travel through the hostile territory, putting populations at greater risk of <a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">local extinction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StrongEffect_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StrongEffect-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Habitat disturbance can have long-lasting effects on the environment. <i><a href="/wiki/Bromus_tectorum" title="Bromus tectorum">Bromus tectorum</a></i> is a vigorous grass from Europe which has been introduced to the United States where it has become invasive. It is highly adapted to fire, producing large amounts of flammable detritus and increasing the frequency and intensity of wildfires. In areas where it has become established, it has altered the local fire regimen to such an extant that native plants cannot survive the frequent fires, allowing it to become even more dominant.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_2004_677–688_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks_2004_677–688-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A marine example is when <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchin</a> populations "<a href="/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">explode</a>" in coastal waters and destroy all the <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">macroalgae</a> present. What was previously a <a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">kelp forest</a> becomes an <a href="/wiki/Urchin_barren" title="Urchin barren">urchin barren</a> that may last for years and this can have a profound effect on the <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a>. Removal of the sea urchins, by disease for example, can result in the seaweed returning, with an over-abundance of fast-growing kelp.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fragmentation">Fragmentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Fragmentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">Habitat fragmentation</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habitat_fragmentation&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grasp_africa-vi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Grasp_africa-vi.png/220px-Grasp_africa-vi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Grasp_africa-vi.png 1.5x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>Predicted fragmentation and destruction of <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Great Ape</a> habitat in <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/GLOBIO_Model" title="GLOBIO Model">GLOBIO</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and GRASP projects in 2002. Areas shown in black and red delineate areas of severe and moderate habitat loss, respectively.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deforestation_central_Europe_-_Rodungen_Mitteleuropa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Deforestation_central_Europe_-_Rodungen_Mitteleuropa.jpg/250px-Deforestation_central_Europe_-_Rodungen_Mitteleuropa.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Deforestation_central_Europe_-_Rodungen_Mitteleuropa.jpg/375px-Deforestation_central_Europe_-_Rodungen_Mitteleuropa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Deforestation_central_Europe_-_Rodungen_Mitteleuropa.jpg/500px-Deforestation_central_Europe_-_Rodungen_Mitteleuropa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. France is the most deforested country in Europe, with only 15% of the native vegetation remaining.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugarcane_Deforestation,_Bolivia,_2016-06-15_by_Planet_Labs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sugarcane_Deforestation%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-06-15_by_Planet_Labs.jpg/250px-Sugarcane_Deforestation%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-06-15_by_Planet_Labs.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sugarcane_Deforestation%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-06-15_by_Planet_Labs.jpg/375px-Sugarcane_Deforestation%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-06-15_by_Planet_Labs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sugarcane_Deforestation%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-06-15_by_Planet_Labs.jpg/500px-Sugarcane_Deforestation%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-06-15_by_Planet_Labs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5270" data-file-height="3953" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, 2016.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">Habitat fragmentation</a> describes the emergence of discontinuities (fragmentation) in an organism's preferred <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environment</a> (<a href="/wiki/Habitat_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat (ecology)">habitat</a>), causing <a href="/wiki/Population_fragmentation" title="Population fragmentation">population fragmentation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_decay" title="Ecosystem decay">ecosystem decay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Causes of habitat fragmentation include <a href="/wiki/Geological" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological">geological</a> processes that slowly alter the layout of the physical environment<sup id="cite_ref-Habitat_fragmentation_SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Habitat_fragmentation_SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (suspected of being <a href="/wiki/Allopatric_speciation" title="Allopatric speciation">one of the major causes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">speciation</a><sup id="cite_ref-Habitat_fragmentation_SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Habitat_fragmentation_SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and human activity such as <a href="/wiki/Conservation_development" title="Conservation development">land conversion</a>, which can alter the environment much faster and causes the <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> of many species. More specifically, habitat fragmentation is a process by which large and contiguous habitats get divided into smaller, isolated patches of habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Habitat_fragmentation_Fahrig2003_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Habitat_fragmentation_Fahrig2003-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destruction">Destruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Destruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habitat_destruction&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg/300px-Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg/450px-Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg/600px-Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2755" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>Map of the world's biodiversity hot spots, all of which are heavily threatened by habitat loss and degradation</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a> (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) occurs when a natural habitat is no longer able to support its native species. The organisms once living there have either moved to elsewhere or are dead, leading to a decrease in biodiversity and <a href="/wiki/Abundance_(ecology)" title="Abundance (ecology)">species numbers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Habitat_destruction_Calizza_Costantini_Careddu_Rossi_pp._5784–5796_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Habitat_destruction_Calizza_Costantini_Careddu_Rossi_pp._5784–5796-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Habitat_destruction_SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Habitat_destruction_SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Habitat destruction is in fact the leading cause of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a> and species <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-Habitat_destruction_Marvier-2004_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Habitat_destruction_Marvier-2004-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Humans contribute to habitat destruction through the <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">use of natural resources</a>, agriculture, industrial production and <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>). Other activities include <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">trawling</a>. Environmental factors can contribute to habitat destruction more indirectly. Geological processes, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Habitat_destruction_SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Habitat_destruction_SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>, ecosystem <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_depletion" title="Nutrient depletion">nutrient depletion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">noise pollution</a> are some examples. Loss of habitat can be preceded by an initial <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">habitat fragmentation</a>. Fragmentation and loss of habitat have become one of the most important topics of research in ecology as they are major threats to the survival of <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Habitat_destruction_WIEGAND_108–121_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Habitat_destruction_WIEGAND_108–121-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Habitat_protection">Habitat protection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Habitat protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">Habitat conservation</a></div> <p>The protection of habitat types is a necessary step in the maintenance of biodiversity because if <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a> occurs, the animals and plants reliant on that habitat suffer. Many countries have enacted legislation to protect their wildlife. This may take the form of the setting up of national parks, forest reserves and wildlife reserves, or it may restrict the activities of humans with the objective of benefiting wildlife. The laws may be designed to protect a particular species or group of species, or the legislation may prohibit such activities as the collecting of bird eggs, the hunting of animals or the removal of plants. A general law on the protection of habitat types may be more difficult to implement than a site specific requirement. A concept introduced in the United States in 1973 involves protecting the critical habitat of <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a>, and a similar concept has been incorporated into some Australian legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-Klemm_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klemm-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>International treaties may be necessary for such objectives as the setting up of marine reserves. Another international agreement, the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_Migratory_Species_of_Wild_Animals" title="Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals">Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals</a>, protects animals that migrate across the globe and need protection in more than one country.<sup id="cite_ref-A4iV3_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A4iV3-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even where legislation protects the environment, a lack of enforcement often prevents effective protection. However, the protection of habitat types needs to take into account the needs of the local residents for food, fuel and other resources. Faced with hunger and destitution, a farmer is likely to plough up a level patch of ground despite it being the last suitable habitat for an endangered species such as the <a href="/wiki/San_Quintin_kangaroo_rat" title="San Quintin kangaroo rat">San Quintin kangaroo rat</a>, and even kill the animal as a pest.<sup id="cite_ref-endangered_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endangered-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the interests of <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> it is desirable that local communities are educated on the uniqueness of their flora and fauna.<sup id="cite_ref-Honey_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honey-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monotypic_habitat">Monotypic habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Monotypic habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Monotypic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotypic">Monotypic</a>.</div> <p>A monotypic habitat type is a concept sometimes used in <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">conservation biology</a>, in which a single species of animal or plant is the only species of its type to be found in a specific habitat and forms a <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monoculture</a>. Even though it might seem such a habitat type is impoverished in <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> as compared with <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/polytypic" class="extiw" title="wikt:polytypic">polytypic</a> habitat types, this is not necessarily the case. Monocultures of the exotic plant <i><a href="/wiki/Hydrilla" title="Hydrilla">Hydrilla</a></i> support a similarly rich fauna of invertebrates as a more varied habitat.<sup id="cite_ref-Theel2008_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theel2008-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monotypic habitat occurs in both botanical and zoological contexts. Some <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> may create monocultural stands that prevent other species from growing there. A dominant <a href="/wiki/Colonisation_(biology)" title="Colonisation (biology)">colonization</a> can occur from retardant chemicals exuded, nutrient monopolization, or from lack of natural controls, such as <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a> or climate, that keep them in balance with their native habitat types. The <a href="/wiki/Centaurea_solstitialis" title="Centaurea solstitialis">yellow starthistle, <i>Centaurea solstitialis</i></a> is a botanical monotypic habitat example of this, currently dominating over 15,000,000 acres (61,000 km<sup>2</sup>) in California alone.<sup id="cite_ref-m9qmw_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m9qmw-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The non-native freshwater <a href="/wiki/Zebra_mussel" title="Zebra mussel">zebra mussel, <i>Dreissena polymorpha</i></a>, that colonizes areas of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watershed</a>, is a zoological monotypic habitat example; the predators or parasites that control it in its home-range in Russia are absent.<sup id="cite_ref-RnZlu_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RnZlu-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitudinal_zonation" title="Altitudinal zonation">Altitudinal zonation</a> – Natural layering of ecosystems by elevation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">Ecological niche</a> – Fit of a species living under specific environmental conditions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">Habitat conservation</a> – Management practice for protecting types of environments</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a> – Process by which a natural habitat becomes incapable of supporting its native species: the loss of habitat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">Habitat fragmentation</a> – Discontinuities in an organism's environment causing population fragmentation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_ecology" title="Landscape ecology">Landscape ecology</a> – Science of relationships between ecological processes in the environment and particular ecosystems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_life_zones_by_region" title="List of life zones by region">List of life zones by region</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWohlschlag1968" class="citation journal cs1">Wohlschlag, Donald E. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.australian.museum/media/dd/Uploads/Documents/35612/ams370_vXVI_2_lowres.8077ffe.pdf">"Fishes beneath Antarctic ice"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Australian Natural History</i>. <b>16</b>. Australian Museum: 45–48. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412130032/https://media.australian.museum/media/dd/Uploads/Documents/35612/ams370_vXVI_2_lowres.8077ffe.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2021</span>. <q>Beneath the sea ice and the terminal portions of the Ross Ice Shelf and Koettlitz Glacier tongue is an aquatic habitat that has a nearly uniform freezing temperature of -1.9°C (28.6°F) and a remarkable assemblage of animals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Natural+History&rft.atitle=Fishes+beneath+Antarctic+ice&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=45-48&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Wohlschlag&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.australian.museum%2Fmedia%2Fdd%2FUploads%2FDocuments%2F35612%2Fams370_vXVI_2_lowres.8077ffe.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrausmanMorrison2016" class="citation journal cs1">Krausman, Paul R.; Morrison, Michael L. (26 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjwmg.21121">"Another plea for standard terminology: Editor's Message"</a>. <i>The Journal of Wildlife Management</i>. <b>80</b> (7): 1143–1144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjwmg.21121">10.1002/jwmg.21121</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Wildlife+Management&rft.atitle=Another+plea+for+standard+terminology%3A+Editor%27s+Message&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1143-1144&rft.date=2016-07-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjwmg.21121&rft.aulast=Krausman&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft.au=Morrison%2C+Michael+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fjwmg.21121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwapan_Kumar_NathRevankar2006" class="citation book cs1">Swapan Kumar Nath; Revankar, Sanjay G. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xf9qAAAAMAAJ"><i>Problem-based Microbiology</i></a>. Problem-based basic science series. Saunders. p. 314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780721606309" title="Special:BookSources/9780721606309"><bdi>9780721606309</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424034740/https://books.google.com/books?id=xf9qAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2021</span>. <q>[Measles] virus habitat is humans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Problem-based+Microbiology&rft.series=Problem-based+basic+science+series&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=Saunders&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780721606309&rft.au=Swapan+Kumar+Nath&rft.au=Revankar%2C+Sanjay+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxf9qAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iG6wd-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iG6wd_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/habitat">"habitat"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=habitat&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fhabitat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dict-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dict_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/habitat">"Habitat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster Dictionary</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226061758/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/habitat">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Habitat&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fhabitat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160804015429/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/biotope">"Biotope"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/biotope">the original</a> on 4 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biotope&rft.pub=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fbiotope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Everyman-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Everyman_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Everyman's Encyclopedia; Volume 4</i>. J.M. Dent. 1967. p. 581. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0015GRC04">B0015GRC04</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everyman%27s+Encyclopedia%3B+Volume+4&rft.pages=581&rft.pub=J.M.+Dent&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0015GRC04%23id-name%3DASIN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richards_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1940" class="citation journal cs1">Richards, O.W. (1940). "The biology of the small white butterfly (<i>Pieris rapae</i>), with special reference to the factors controlling its abundance". <i>Journal of Animal Ecology</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 243–288. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1940JAnEc...9..243R">1940JAnEc...9..243R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1459">10.2307/1459</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1459">1459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Animal+Ecology&rft.atitle=The+biology+of+the+small+white+butterfly+%28Pieris+rapae%29%2C+with+special+reference+to+the+factors+controlling+its+abundance&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=243-288&rft.date=1940&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1459%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1459&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1940JAnEc...9..243R&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=O.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spitzer-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spitzer_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpitzerBenes,_J.Dandova,_J.Jaskova,_V.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Spitzer, L.; Benes, J.; Dandova, J.; Jaskova, V.; Konvicka, M. (2009). "The Large Blue butterfly (<i>Phengaris [Maculinea] arion</i>), as a conservation umbrella on a landscape scale: The case of the Czech Carpathians". <i>Ecological Indicators</i>. <b>9</b> (6): 1056–1063. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EcInd...9.1056S">2009EcInd...9.1056S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecolind.2008.12.006">10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.12.006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Indicators&rft.atitle=The+Large+Blue+butterfly+%28Phengaris+%5BMaculinea%5D+arion%29%2C+as+a+conservation+umbrella+on+a+landscape+scale%3A+The+case+of+the+Czech+Carpathians&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1056-1063&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ecolind.2008.12.006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009EcInd...9.1056S&rft.aulast=Spitzer&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Benes%2C+J.&rft.au=Dandova%2C+J.&rft.au=Jaskova%2C+V.&rft.au=Konvicka%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sutherland-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sutherland_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland,_William_J.Hill,_David_A.1995" class="citation book cs1">Sutherland, William J.; Hill, David A. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FcRZodbd9oQC&pg=PA6"><i>Managing habitat types for Conservation</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44776-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44776-8"><bdi>978-0-521-44776-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181212134623/https://books.google.com/books?id=FcRZodbd9oQC&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+habitat+types+for+Conservation&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-44776-8&rft.au=Sutherland%2C+William+J.&rft.au=Hill%2C+David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFcRZodbd9oQC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huggett-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Huggett_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_J._Huggett2004" class="citation book cs1">Richard J. Huggett (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZR68HCMmPjoC&pg=PA146"><i>Fundamentals of Biogeography</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32347-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32347-5"><bdi>978-0-415-32347-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181212134612/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZR68HCMmPjoC&pg=PA146">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Biogeography&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32347-5&rft.au=Richard+J.+Huggett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZR68HCMmPjoC%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-0X7iN-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-0X7iN_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Invasive-Species.aspx">"Invasive species"</a>. National Wildlife Federation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160531214213/http://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Invasive-Species.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Invasive+species&rft.pub=National+Wildlife+Federation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwf.org%2FWildlife%2FThreats-to-Wildlife%2FInvasive-Species.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breed-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Breed_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreed,_Michael_D.Moore,_Janice2011" class="citation book cs1">Breed, Michael D.; Moore, Janice (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lGe6UzHNcp8C&pg=PT248"><i>Animal Behavior</i></a>. Academic Press. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-091992-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-091992-8"><bdi>978-0-08-091992-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181212134407/https://books.google.com/books?id=lGe6UzHNcp8C&pg=PT248">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Behavior&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-08-091992-8&rft.au=Breed%2C+Michael+D.&rft.au=Moore%2C+Janice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlGe6UzHNcp8C%26pg%3DPT248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96sA2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96sA2_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160530230901/http://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_spadefoot.php">"Couch's spadefoot (<i>Scaphiopus couchi</i>)"</a>. Arizona–Sonora Desert Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_spadefoot.php">the original</a> on 30 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Couch%27s+spadefoot+%28Scaphiopus+couchi%29&rft.pub=Arizona%E2%80%93Sonora+Desert+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.desertmuseum.org%2Fbooks%2Fnhsd_spadefoot.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78fxw-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78fxw_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitham,_Carol_W.1998" class="citation book cs1">Witham, Carol W. (1998). <i>Ecology, Conservation, and Management of Vernal Pool Ecosystems</i>. California Native Plant Society. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-943460-37-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-943460-37-6"><bdi>978-0-943460-37-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecology%2C+Conservation%2C+and+Management+of+Vernal+Pool+Ecosystems&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=California+Native+Plant+Society&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-943460-37-6&rft.au=Witham%2C+Carol+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KNkKt-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KNkKt_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen,_Scott" class="citation web cs1">Green, Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423074123/http://www.vernalpool.org/inf_fs.htm">"Fairy shrimp"</a>. The Vernal Pool Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vernalpool.org/inf_fs.htm">the original</a> on 23 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Earth&rft.atitle=The+most+extreme+fish+on+Earth&rft.date=2015-05-21&rft.au=Walker%2C+Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fearth%2Fstory%2F20150519-the-most-extreme-fish-on-earth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCNature-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBCNature_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCNature_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160704211559/http://www.bbc.co.uk:80/nature/habitats">"Habitats"</a>. <i>BBC Nature</i>. 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(1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uRFTK3T4WTUC&pg=PR7"><i>Water Plants of the World: A Manual for the Identification of the Genera of Freshwater Macrophytes</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6193-024-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6193-024-2"><bdi>978-90-6193-024-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181212134407/https://books.google.com/books?id=uRFTK3T4WTUC&pg=PR7">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water+Plants+of+the+World%3A+A+Manual+for+the+Identification+of+the+Genera+of+Freshwater+Macrophytes&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-90-6193-024-2&rft.au=Cook%2C+C.D.K.&rft.au=Gut%2C+B.J.&rft.au=Rix%2C+E.M.&rft.au=Schneller%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuRFTK3T4WTUC%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roff-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roff_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoff,_John2013" class="citation book cs1">Roff, John (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HSLGGARRtfYC&pg=PA105"><i>Marine Conservation Ecology</i></a>. Routledge. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-53838-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-53838-4"><bdi>978-1-136-53838-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181212134407/https://books.google.com/books?id=HSLGGARRtfYC&pg=PA105">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Orca Book Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citycritterswild0000read/page/2">2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55469-394-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55469-394-8"><bdi>978-1-55469-394-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+Critters%3A+Wildlife+in+the+Urban+Jungle&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Orca+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-55469-394-8&rft.au=Read%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcitycritterswild0000read&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelcey-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kelcey_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_G._Kelcey,_John_G.2015" class="citation book cs1">John G. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vertebrates+and+Invertebrates+of+European+Cities%3ASelected+Non-Avian+Fauna&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4939-1698-6&rft.au=John+G.+Kelcey%2C+John+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIt7HCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abe,Bignell,Higashi-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abe,Bignell,Higashi_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbe,_Y.Bignell,_David_EdwardHigashi,_T.2014" class="citation book cs1">Abe, Y.; Bignell, David Edward; Higashi, T. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pg3oCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA437"><i>Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology</i></a>. Springer. p. 437. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-3223-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-017-3223-9"><bdi>978-94-017-3223-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181212134408/https://books.google.com/books?id=pg3oCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA437">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Termites%3A+Evolution%2C+Sociality%2C+Symbioses%2C+Ecology&rft.pages=437&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-94-017-3223-9&rft.au=Abe%2C+Y.&rft.au=Bignell%2C+David+Edward&rft.au=Higashi%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpg3oCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ngpNx-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ngpNx_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414150015/https://www.anbg.gov.au/lichen/ecology-habitats-micro.html">"Microhabitat types"</a>. <i>Australian National Botanic Gardens, Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (An Australian Government Initiative)</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+National+Botanic+Gardens%2C+Centre+for+Australian+National+Biodiversity+Research+%28An+Australian+Government+Initiative%29&rft.atitle=Microhabitat+types&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anbg.gov.au%2Flichen%2Fecology-habitats-micro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Offwell-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Offwell_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Offwell_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160608065237/http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/woodland_manage/woodbio3.htm">"Woodlands & Biodiversity"</a>. Offwell Woodland & Wildlife Trust. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/woodland_manage/woodbio3.htm">the original</a> on 8 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Woodlands+%26+Biodiversity&rft.pub=Offwell+Woodland+%26+Wildlife+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.countrysideinfo.co.uk%2Fwoodland_manage%2Fwoodbio3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis,_E.E.Campbell,_J.F.Sukhdeo,_M.V.K.2002" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, E.E.; Campbell, J.F.; Sukhdeo, M.V.K. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-es.s.chiba-u.ac.jp/~takeuchi/snowalgae_ak.html">the original</a> on 29 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Snow+algae+on+Alaskan+glaciers&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Takeuchi%2C+Nozomu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-es.s.chiba-u.ac.jp%2F~takeuchi%2Fsnowalgae_ak.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindenmayer-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lindenmayer_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindenmayer,_David_B.Fischer,_Joern2013" class="citation book cs1">Lindenmayer, David B.; Fischer, Joern (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tpMKTIoJixMC&pg=PA1"><i>Habitat Fragmentation and Landscape Change: An Ecological and Conservation Synthesis</i></a>. Island Press. pp. 1–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59726-606-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59726-606-2"><bdi>978-1-59726-606-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181212134653/https://books.google.com/books?id=tpMKTIoJixMC&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2010</span> – via GeoScienceWorld.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Rainforest+collapse+triggered+Pennsylvanian+tetrapod+diversification+in+Euramerica&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1079-1082&rft.date=2010-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FG31182.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Geo....38.1079S&rft.aulast=Sahney&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Benton%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Falcon-Lang%2C+Howard+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeology.geoscienceworld.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F38%2F12%2F1079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Habitat_destruction_Marvier-2004-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Habitat_destruction_Marvier-2004_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarvierKareivaNeubert2004" class="citation journal cs1">Marvier, Michelle; Kareiva, Peter; Neubert, Michael G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x">"Habitat Destruction, Fragmentation, and Disturbance Promote Invasion by Habitat Generalists in a Multispecies Metapopulation"</a>. <i>Risk Analysis</i>. <b>24</b> (4): 869–878. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004RiskA..24..869M">2004RiskA..24..869M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0272-4332.2004.00485.x">10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0272-4332">0272-4332</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15357806">15357806</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44809930">44809930</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723082930/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Risk+Analysis&rft.atitle=Habitat+Destruction%2C+Fragmentation%2C+and+Disturbance+Promote+Invasion+by+Habitat+Generalists+in+a+Multispecies+Metapopulation&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=869-878&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44809930%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004RiskA..24..869M&rft.issn=0272-4332&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0272-4332.2004.00485.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15357806&rft.aulast=Marvier&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft.au=Kareiva%2C+Peter&rft.au=Neubert%2C+Michael+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%2Fj.0272-4332.2004.00485.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Habitat_destruction_WIEGAND_108–121-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Habitat_destruction_WIEGAND_108–121_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWIEGANDREVILLAMOLONEY2005" class="citation journal cs1">WIEGAND, THORSTEN; REVILLA, ELOY; MOLONEY, KIRK A. (February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x">"Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Dynamics"</a>. <i>Conservation Biology</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 108–121. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ConBi..19..108W">2005ConBi..19..108W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2005.00208.x">10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0888-8892">0888-8892</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33258495">33258495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Biology&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Habitat+Loss+and+Fragmentation+on+Population+Dynamics&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=108-121&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2005.00208.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33258495%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0888-8892&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005ConBi..19..108W&rft.aulast=WIEGAND&rft.aufirst=THORSTEN&rft.au=REVILLA%2C+ELOY&rft.au=MOLONEY%2C+KIRK+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2005.00208.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klemm-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Klemm_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Klemm,_Cyrille1997" class="citation book cs1">de Klemm, Cyrille (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oadPwh_8wqMC&pg=PA65"><i>Comparative Analysis of the Effectiveness of Legislation for the Protection of Wild Flora in Europe</i></a>. Council of Europe. pp. 65–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-871-3429-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-871-3429-5"><bdi>978-92-871-3429-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181212134630/https://books.google.com/books?id=oadPwh_8wqMC&pg=PA65">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Analysis+of+the+Effectiveness+of+Legislation+for+the+Protection+of+Wild+Flora+in+Europe&rft.pages=65-70&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-92-871-3429-5&rft.au=de+Klemm%2C+Cyrille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoadPwh_8wqMC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A4iV3-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A4iV3_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cms.int/">"Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals"</a>. UNEP/CMS Secretariat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110307065602/http://www.cms.int/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Convention+on+the+Conservation+of+Migratory+Species+of+Wild+Animals&rft.pub=UNEP%2FCMS+Secretariat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cms.int%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-endangered-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-endangered_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5YYqd4ROFfkC&pg=PA750"><i>Endangered Wildlife and Plants of the World</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. 2001. p. 750. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7200-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7200-1"><bdi>978-0-7614-7200-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181212134650/https://books.google.com/books?id=5YYqd4ROFfkC&pg=PA750">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endangered+Wildlife+and+Plants+of+the+World&rft.pages=750&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7200-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5YYqd4ROFfkC%26pg%3DPA750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Honey-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Honey_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoney2008" class="citation book cs1">Honey, Martha (2008). <i>Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise?</i>. 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(2008). "Differential influence of a monotypic and diverse native aquatic plant bed on a macroinvertebrate assemblage; an experimental implication of exotic plant induced habitat". <i>Hydrobiologia</i>. <b>600</b>: 77–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10750-007-9177-z">10.1007/s10750-007-9177-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19880476">19880476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrobiologia&rft.atitle=Differential+influence+of+a+monotypic+and+diverse+native+aquatic+plant+bed+on+a+macroinvertebrate+assemblage%3B+an+experimental+implication+of+exotic+plant+induced+habitat&rft.volume=600&rft.pages=77-87&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10750-007-9177-z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19880476%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Theel%2C+Heather+J.&rft.au=Dibble%2C+Eric+D.&rft.au=Madsen%2C+John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m9qmw-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-m9qmw_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061231024708/http://wric.ucdavis.edu/yst/images/none/nc4.JPG">"1970 distribution of yellow starthistle in the U.S."</a> <i>Yellow Starthistle Information</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">UCD</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wric.ucdavis.edu/yst/images/none/nc4.JPG">the original</a> on 31 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yellow+Starthistle+Information&rft.atitle=1970+distribution+of+yellow+starthistle+in+the+U.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwric.ucdavis.edu%2Fyst%2Fimages%2Fnone%2Fnc4.JPG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RnZlu-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RnZlu_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Invasive-Species/Invasive-Mussels.aspx">"Invasive Mussels"</a>. National Wildlife Federation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817005333/https://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Invasive-Species/Invasive-Mussels.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Invasive+Mussels&rft.pub=National+Wildlife+Federation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwf.org%2FWildlife%2FThreats-to-Wildlife%2FInvasive-Species%2FInvasive-Mussels.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Habitats" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Habitats">Habitats</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" 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navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></li> <li>Properties (<a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism"> Energy processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Growth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structure#Biological" title="Structure">Order</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Regulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">Reproduction</a> (<a href="/wiki/Self-replication" title="Self-replication">Self-replication</a>), <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">Response to environment</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological organisation">Hierarchy of life</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a> > <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecule</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">Organelle</a> > <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">Cell</a> > <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissue</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">Organ</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biological_system" title="Biological system">Organ system</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">Organism</a> > <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biocoenosis" title="Biocoenosis">Community</a> > <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism#In_science" title="Reductionism">Reductionistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence"> Emergent property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical philosophy">Mechanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory"> Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_law" title="Scientific law"> Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biology_journals" title="List of biology journals">Biology journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">Common name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemical basis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">Chemical bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Chemical element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">Lipids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">Matter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_biology" title="Quantum biology">Quantum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">Monomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">Nucleic acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">Polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Proteins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">Cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_cycle" title="Cell cycle">Cell cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_theory" title="Cell theory">Cell theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">Cell signaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">Fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">Meiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">Mitosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">Gene expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_gene_expression" title="Regulation of gene expression">Gene regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">Genomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transcriptional_modification" title="Post-transcriptional modification">Post-transcriptional modification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_(biology)" title="Function (biology)">Function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">Genetic drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">Gene flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroevolution" title="Macroevolution">Macroevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microevolution" title="Microevolution">Microevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">Speciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Diversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Alga">Alga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant form <br /> and function</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis (botany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">Phloem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Plant stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">Xylem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animal form <br />and function</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">Breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Digestive system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Homeostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Immune system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_environment" title="Internal environment">Internal environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_system" title="Muscular system">Muscular system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system" title="Reproductive system">Reproductive system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Biogeochemical cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_interaction" title="Biological interaction">Biological interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_(ecology)" title="Community (ecology)">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_ecology" title="Ecosystem ecology">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Habitat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">niche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiome" title="Microbiome">Microbiome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_(biology)" title="Resource (biology)">Resources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/140px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/210px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/280px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="2856" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_methods_in_biology" title="List of research methods in biology">Research <br /> methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laboratory <br /> techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation (genetics)">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gel_electrophoresis" title="Gel electrophoresis">Gel electrophoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugation" title="Centrifugation">Centrifugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_culture" title="Cell culture">Cell culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_microarray" title="DNA microarray">DNA microarray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein" title="Green fluorescent protein">Green fluorescent protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_(molecular_biology)" title="Vector (molecular biology)">vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_assay" title="Enzyme assay">Enzyme assay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_purification" title="Protein purification">Protein purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_blot" title="Western blot">Western blot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_blot" title="Northern blot">Northern blot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_blot" title="Southern blot">Southern blot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restriction_enzyme" title="Restriction enzyme">Restriction enzyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">Polymerase chain reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-hybrid_screening" title="Two-hybrid screening">Two-hybrid screening</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_silico" title="In silico">in silico</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Field techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belt_transect" title="Belt transect">Belt transect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_and_recapture" title="Mark and recapture">mark and recapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_discovery_curve" title="Species discovery curve">species discovery curve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobiology" title="Aerobiology">Aerobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrostology" title="Agrostology">Agrostology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">Bacteriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeology" title="Biogeology">Biogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">Biomechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">Biophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosemiotics" title="Biosemiotics">Biosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_microbiology" title="Cellular microbiology">Cellular microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_biology" title="Cognitive biology">Cognitive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryobiology" title="Cryobiology">Cryobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytogenetics" title="Cytogenetics">Cytogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Embryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">Freshwater biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative biology">Generative biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geobiology" title="Geobiology">Geobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Gerontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">Herpetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">Histology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_biology" title="Human biology">Human biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyology" title="Ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipidology" title="Lipidology">Lipidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalogy" title="Mammalogy">Mammalogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_and_theoretical_biology" title="Mathematical and theoretical biology">Mathematical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">Mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neontology" title="Neontology">Neontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_science" title="Nutritional science">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">Osteology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitology" title="Parasitology">Parasitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photobiology" title="Photobiology">Photobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteomics" title="Proteomics">Proteomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protistology" title="Protistology">Protistology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_biology" title="Quantum biology">Quantum biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational biology">Relational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_biology" title="Reproductive biology">Reproductive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_biology" title="Structural biology">Structural biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">Synthetic biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Systems biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teratology" title="Teratology">Teratology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">Virology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virophysics" title="Virophysics">Virophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenobiology" title="Xenobiology">Xenobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Glossaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_biology" title="Glossary of biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ecology" title="Glossary of ecology">Ecological terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">Plant morphology terms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/16px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/24px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Biology" title="Category:Biology">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Biology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Biology">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Biology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Biology">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ecology:_Modelling_ecosystems:_Trophic_components" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modelling_ecosystems" title="Template:Modelling ecosystems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modelling_ecosystems" title="Template talk:Modelling ecosystems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modelling_ecosystems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modelling ecosystems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ecology:_Modelling_ecosystems:_Trophic_components" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_model" title="Ecosystem model">Modelling ecosystems</a>: <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic</a> components</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiotic_component" title="Abiotic component">Abiotic component</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiotic_stress" title="Abiotic stress">Abiotic stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_ecology" title="Behavioral ecology">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Biogeochemical cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotic_component" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotic component">Biotic component</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotic_stress" title="Biotic stress">Biotic stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">Carrying capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_(biology)" title="Competition (biology)">Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_ecology" title="Ecosystem ecology">Ecosystem ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_model" title="Ecosystem model">Ecosystem model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_world_hypothesis" title="Green world hypothesis">Green world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_species" title="Keystone species">Keystone species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feeding_behaviours" title="List of feeding behaviours">List of feeding behaviours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_theory_of_ecology" title="Metabolic theory of ecology">Metabolic theory of ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivity_(ecology)" title="Productivity (ecology)">Productivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_(biology)" title="Resource (biology)">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration ecology">Restoration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Autotroph" title="Autotroph">Producers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autotroph" title="Autotroph">Autotrophs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemosynthesis" title="Chemosynthesis">Chemosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemotroph" title="Chemotroph">Chemotrophs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_species" title="Foundation species">Foundation species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetotroph" title="Kinetotroph">Kinetotrophs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixotroph" title="Mixotroph">Mixotrophs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myco-heterotrophy" title="Myco-heterotrophy">Myco-heterotrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycotroph" title="Mycotroph">Mycotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organotroph" title="Organotroph">Organotrophs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoheterotroph" title="Photoheterotroph">Photoheterotrophs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthetic_efficiency" title="Photosynthetic efficiency">Photosynthetic efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phototroph" title="Phototroph">Phototrophs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_nutritional_groups" title="Primary nutritional groups">Primary nutritional groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">Primary production</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Consumer_(food_chain)" title="Consumer (food chain)">Consumers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">Apex predator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacterivore" title="Bacterivore">Bacterivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">Carnivores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemoorganotroph" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemoorganotroph">Chemoorganotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foraging" title="Foraging">Foraging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalist_and_specialist_species" title="Generalist and specialist species">Generalist and specialist species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraguild_predation" title="Intraguild predation">Intraguild predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">Herbivores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotroph" title="Heterotroph">Heterotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotrophic_nutrition" title="Heterotrophic nutrition">Heterotrophic nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insectivore" title="Insectivore">Insectivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopredator" title="Mesopredator">Mesopredators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopredator_release_hypothesis" title="Mesopredator release hypothesis">Mesopredator release hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">Omnivores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimal_foraging_theory" title="Optimal foraging theory">Optimal foraging theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planktivore" title="Planktivore">Planktivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">Predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prey_switching" title="Prey switching">Prey switching</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Decomposer" title="Decomposer">Decomposers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemoorganoheterotrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemoorganoheterotrophy">Chemoorganoheterotrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">Decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detritivore" title="Detritivore">Detritivores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detritus" title="Detritus">Detritus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Microorganism#Habitats_and_ecology" title="Microorganism">Microorganisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriophage" title="Bacteriophage">Bacteriophage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithoautotroph" title="Lithoautotroph">Lithoautotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithotroph" title="Lithotroph">Lithotrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_microorganisms" title="Marine microorganisms">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_cooperation" title="Microbial cooperation">Microbial cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_ecology" title="Microbial ecology">Microbial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_food_web" title="Microbial food web">Microbial food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_intelligence" title="Microbial intelligence">Microbial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_loop" title="Microbial loop">Microbial loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_mat" title="Microbial mat">Microbial mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_metabolism" title="Microbial metabolism">Microbial metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phage_ecology" title="Phage ecology">Phage ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">Food webs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomagnification" title="Biomagnification">Biomagnification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_efficiency" title="Ecological efficiency">Ecological efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_pyramid" title="Ecological pyramid">Ecological pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_flow_(ecology)" title="Energy flow (ecology)">Energy flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">Food chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic level</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Example webs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_ecosystem#Trophic_relationships" title="Lake ecosystem">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_ecosystem#Trophic_relationships" title="River ecosystem">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_food_web" title="Soil food web">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritrophic_interactions_in_plant_defense" title="Tritrophic interactions in plant defense">Tritrophic interactions in plant defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_food_web" title="Marine food web">Marine food webs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">cold seeps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent#Biological_communities" title="Hydrothermal vent">hydrothermal vents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_ecology" title="Intertidal ecology">intertidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest#Trophic_ecology" title="Kelp forest">kelp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Gyre" title="North Pacific Gyre">North Pacific Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_the_San_Francisco_Estuary#Food_web" title="Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary">San Francisco Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">tide pool</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascendency" title="Ascendency">Ascendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">Bioaccumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climax_community" title="Climax community">Climax community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_exclusion_principle" title="Competitive exclusion principle">Competitive exclusion principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer%E2%80%93resource_interactions" title="Consumer–resource interactions">Consumer–resource interactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copiotroph" title="Copiotroph">Copiotrophs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominance_(ecology)" title="Dominance (ecology)">Dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_network" title="Ecological network">Ecological network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_succession" title="Ecological succession">Ecological succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_quality" title="Energy quality">Energy quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_systems_language" title="Energy systems language">Energy systems language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-ratio_(oceanography)" title="F-ratio (oceanography)">f-ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_conversion_ratio" title="Feed conversion ratio">Feed conversion ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_frenzy" title="Feeding frenzy">Feeding frenzy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesotrophic_soil" title="Mesotrophic soil">Mesotrophic soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">Nutrient cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligotroph" title="Oligotroph">Oligotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_the_plankton" title="Paradox of the plankton">Paradox of the plankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_cascade" title="Trophic cascade">Trophic cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_mutualism" title="Trophic mutualism">Trophic mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_state_index" title="Trophic state index">Trophic state index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Defense,<br />counter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-predator_adaptation" title="Anti-predator adaptation">Anti-predator adaptations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimatic_behaviour" title="Deimatic behaviour">Deimatic behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbivore_adaptations_to_plant_defense" title="Herbivore adaptations to plant defense">Herbivore adaptations to plant defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">Mimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivory" title="Plant defense against herbivory">Plant defense against herbivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling#Predator_avoidance" title="Shoaling and schooling">Predator avoidance in schooling fish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ecology:_Modelling_ecosystems:_Other_components" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modelling_ecosystems" title="Template:Modelling ecosystems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modelling_ecosystems" title="Template talk:Modelling ecosystems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modelling_ecosystems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modelling ecosystems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ecology:_Modelling_ecosystems:_Other_components" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_model" title="Ecosystem model">Modelling ecosystems</a>: Other components</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population<br />ecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundance_(ecology)" title="Abundance (ecology)">Abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allee_effect" title="Allee effect">Allee effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer-resource_model" title="Consumer-resource model">Consumer-resource model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depensation" title="Depensation">Depensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_yield" title="Ecological yield">Ecological yield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_population_size" title="Effective population size">Effective population size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraspecific_competition" title="Intraspecific competition">Intraspecific competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistic_function" title="Logistic function">Logistic function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_growth_model" title="Malthusian growth model">Malthusian growth model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_sustainable_yield" title="Maximum sustainable yield">Maximum sustainable yield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">Overpopulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_cycle" title="Population cycle">Population cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_model" title="Population model">Population modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_size" title="Population size">Population size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotka%E2%80%93Volterra_equations" title="Lotka–Volterra equations">Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_(biology)" title="Recruitment (biology)">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_population_size" title="Small population size">Small population size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_stability" title="Ecological stability">Stability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_resilience" title="Ecological resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_(ecology)" title="Resistance (ecology)">Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_generalized_Lotka%E2%80%93Volterra_model" title="Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model">Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Density_dependence" title="Density dependence">Density-dependent inhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_effects_of_biodiversity" title="Ecological effects of biodiversity">Ecological effects of biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_extinction" title="Ecological extinction">Ecological extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">Endemic species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagship_species" title="Flagship species">Flagship species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_(statistics)" title="Ordination (statistics)">Gradient analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioindicator" title="Bioindicator">Indicator species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a> / <a href="/wiki/Native_species" title="Native species">Native species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latitudinal_gradients_in_species_diversity" title="Latitudinal gradients in species diversity">Latitudinal gradients in species diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_viable_population" title="Minimum viable population">Minimum viable population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_neutral_theory_of_biodiversity" title="Unified neutral theory of biodiversity">Neutral theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupancy%E2%80%93abundance_relationship" title="Occupancy–abundance relationship">Occupancy–abundance relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_viability_analysis" title="Population viability analysis">Population viability analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priority_effect" title="Priority effect">Priority effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapoport%27s_rule" title="Rapoport's rule">Rapoport's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_abundance_distribution" title="Relative abundance distribution">Relative abundance distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_species_abundance" title="Relative species abundance">Relative species abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_diversity" title="Species diversity">Species diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_homogeneity" title="Species homogeneity">Species homogeneity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_richness" title="Species richness">Species richness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_distribution" title="Species distribution">Species distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species%E2%80%93area_relationship" title="Species–area relationship">Species–area curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_species" title="Umbrella species">Umbrella species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Species<br />interaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antibiosis" title="Antibiosis">Antibiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_interaction" title="Biological interaction">Biological interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commensalism" title="Commensalism">Commensalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_(ecology)" title="Community (ecology)">Community ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_facilitation" title="Ecological facilitation">Ecological facilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interspecific_competition" title="Interspecific competition">Interspecific competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">Parasitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_effect" title="Storage effect">Storage effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">Symbiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Spatial_ecology" title="Spatial ecology">Spatial<br />ecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-boundary_subsidy" title="Cross-boundary subsidy">Cross-boundary subsidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cline_(biology)" title="Cline (biology)">Ecocline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotone" title="Ecotone">Ecotone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotype" title="Ecotype">Ecotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disturbance_(ecology)" title="Disturbance (ecology)">Disturbance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_effects" title="Edge effects">Edge effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster%27s_rule" title="Foster's rule">Foster's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">Habitat fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_free_distribution" title="Ideal free distribution">Ideal free distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_disturbance_hypothesis" title="Intermediate disturbance hypothesis">Intermediate disturbance hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_biogeography" title="Insular biogeography">Insular biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_change_modeling" title="Land change modeling">Land change modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_ecology" title="Landscape ecology">Landscape ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_epidemiology" title="Landscape epidemiology">Landscape epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_limnology" title="Landscape limnology">Landscape limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapopulation" title="Metapopulation">Metapopulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patch_dynamics" title="Patch dynamics">Patch dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R/K_selection_theory" title="R/K selection theory"><i>r</i>/<i>K</i> selection theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_selection_function" title="Resource selection function">Resource selection function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source%E2%80%93sink_dynamics" title="Source–sink dynamics">Source–sink dynamics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">Niche</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">Ecological niche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_trap" title="Ecological trap">Ecological trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_engineer" title="Ecosystem engineer">Ecosystem engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_distribution_modelling" title="Species distribution modelling">Environmental niche modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_(ecology)" title="Guild (ecology)">Guild</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Habitat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">marine habitats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limiting_similarity" title="Limiting similarity">Limiting similarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niche_apportionment_models" title="Niche apportionment models">Niche apportionment models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niche_construction" title="Niche construction">Niche construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niche_differentiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Niche differentiation">Niche differentiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontogenetic_niche_shift" title="Ontogenetic niche shift">Ontogenetic niche shift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Non-trophic_networks" title="Non-trophic networks">Other<br />networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_rules" title="Assembly rules">Assembly rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateman%27s_principle" title="Bateman's principle">Bateman's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">Ecological collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_debt" title="Ecological debt">Ecological debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_debt" title="Ecological debt">Ecological deficit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_flow_(ecology)" title="Energy flow (ecology)">Ecological energetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_indicator" title="Ecological indicator">Ecological indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_threshold" title="Ecological threshold">Ecological threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_diversity" title="Ecosystem diversity">Ecosystem diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">Emergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_debt" title="Extinction debt">Extinction debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleiber%27s_law" title="Kleiber's law">Kleiber's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liebig%27s_law_of_the_minimum" title="Liebig's law of the minimum">Liebig's law of the minimum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_value_theorem" title="Marginal value theorem">Marginal value theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorson%27s_rule" title="Thorson's rule">Thorson's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerosere" title="Xerosere">Xerosere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allometry" title="Allometry">Allometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_stable_state" title="Alternative stable state">Alternative stable state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_nature" title="Balance of nature">Balance of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_data_visualization" title="Biological data visualization">Biological data visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_forecasting" title="Ecological forecasting">Ecological forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Ecological humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_stoichiometry" title="Ecological stoichiometry">Ecological stoichiometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopath" title="Ecopath">Ecopath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_based_fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem based fisheries">Ecosystem based fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endolith" title="Endolith">Endolith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ecology" title="Evolutionary ecology">Evolutionary ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_ecology" title="Functional ecology">Functional ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroecology" title="Macroecology">Macroecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microecosystem" title="Microecosystem">Microecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Natural environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime_shift" title="Regime shift">Regime shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexecology" title="Sexecology">Sexecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_ecology" title="Theoretical ecology">Theoretical ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ecology" title="Outline of ecology">Outline of ecology</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/21px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/42px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/21px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/42px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/42px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52105#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52105#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52105#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85058159">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Habitat (écologie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12044227t">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Habitat (écologie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12044227t">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007545834905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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