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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allotropes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Allotropes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allotropes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Properties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.1 General properties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-States_of_matter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States_of_matter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.2 States of matter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-States_of_matter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Melting_and_boiling_points" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Melting_and_boiling_points"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.3 Melting and boiling points </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Melting_and_boiling_points-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Densities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Densities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.4 Densities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Densities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crystal_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crystal_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.5 Crystal structures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crystal_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence_and_origin_on_Earth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence_and_origin_on_Earth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.6 Occurrence and origin on Earth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence_and_origin_on_Earth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Periodic_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periodic_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Periodic table </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periodic_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomenclature_and_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenclature_and_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Nomenclature and symbols </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nomenclature_and_symbols-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Nomenclature and symbols subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature_and_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atomic_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atomic_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Atomic numbers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atomic_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Element_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Element_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Element names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Element_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Chemical symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Specific_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Specific elements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_chemical_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_chemical_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 General chemical symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_chemical_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotope_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotope_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Isotope symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotope_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_of_the_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_the_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Origin of the elements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abundance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abundance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Abundance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abundance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolving_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolving_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Evolving definitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolving_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Classical definitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Chemical definitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Robert_Boyle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robert_Boyle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Robert Boyle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robert_Boyle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isaac_Watts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isaac_Watts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Isaac Watts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isaac_Watts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antoine_Lavoisier,_Jöns_Jacob_Berzelius,_and_Dmitri_Mendeleev" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antoine_Lavoisier,_Jöns_Jacob_Berzelius,_and_Dmitri_Mendeleev"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Antoine Lavoisier, Jöns Jacob Berzelius, and Dmitri Mendeleev </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antoine_Lavoisier,_Jöns_Jacob_Berzelius,_and_Dmitri_Mendeleev-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atomic_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atomic_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Atomic definitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atomic_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery_and_recognition_of_various_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_and_recognition_of_various_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Discovery and recognition of various elements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_and_recognition_of_various_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recently_discovered_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recently_discovered_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Recently discovered elements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recently_discovered_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_the_118_known_chemical_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_the_118_known_chemical_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 List of the 118 known chemical elements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_the_118_known_chemical_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Chemical element</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 181 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-181" aria-hidden="true" > 181 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drah_kimia" title="Drah kimia – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Drah kimia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemiese_element" title="Chemiese element – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chemiese element" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemisches_Element" title="Chemisches Element – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Chemisches Element" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%A5%E1%88%A8_%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AD" title="ንጥረ ነገር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ንጥረ ነገር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="रासायनिक तत्त्व – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रासायनिक तत्त्व" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%93afodgesceaft" title="Hēafodgesceaft – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hēafodgesceaft" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="عنصر كيميائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عنصر كيميائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_quimico" title="Elemento quimico – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Elemento quimico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Քիմիական Տարրեր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քիմիական Տարրեր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B2" title="ৰাসায়নিক মৌল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰাসায়নিক মৌল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementu_qu%C3%ADmicu" title="Elementu químicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Elementu químicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%E1%BB%B9i_Kimi_rehegua" title="Apỹi Kimi rehegua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Apỹi Kimi rehegua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimy%C9%99vi_element" title="Kimyəvi element – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kimyəvi element" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA" title="شیمیایی المنت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شیمیایی المنت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datu_kimia" title="Datu kimia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Datu kimia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5" title="মৌলিক পদার্থ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মৌলিক পদার্থ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2a-ha%CC%8Dk_go%C3%A2n-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Hòa-ha̍k goân-sò͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hòa-ha̍k goân-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Химик элемент – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Химик элемент" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Хімічны элемент – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хімічны элемент" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Хімічны элемэнт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хімічны элемэнт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="रासायनिक तत्व – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रासायनिक तत्व" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementong_kimikal" title="Elementong kimikal – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Elementong kimikal" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemen_blong_Kemistri" title="Elemen blong Kemistri – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Elemen blong Kemistri" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Химичен елемент – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Химичен елемент" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemijski_element" title="Hemijski element – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hemijski element" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfenn_gimiek" title="Elfenn gimiek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Elfenn gimiek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Химиин элемент – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Химиин элемент" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_qu%C3%ADmic" title="Element químic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Element químic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Химилле элемент – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Химилле элемент" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento" title="Elemento – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Elemento" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemick%C3%BD_prvek" title="Chemický prvek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chemický prvek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhangande_yeMushonga" title="Nhangande yeMushonga – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nhangande yeMushonga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfen_gemegol" title="Elfen gemegol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Elfen gemegol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundstof" title="Grundstof – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grundstof" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A" title="عنصر كيماوي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عنصر كيماوي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemisches_Element" title="Chemisches Element – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chemisches Element" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keemiline_element" title="Keemiline element – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keemiline element" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Χημικό στοιχείο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χημικό στοιχείο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_qu%C3%ADmico" title="Elemento químico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elemento químico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemia_elemento" title="Kemia elemento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kemia elemento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementu_qu%C3%ADmicu" title="Elementu químicu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Elementu químicu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementu_kimiko" title="Elementu kimiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elementu kimiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="عنصر شیمیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عنصر شیمیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasaenik_element" title="Rasaenik element – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Rasaenik element" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumevni" title="Frumevni – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Frumevni" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ment_chimique" title="Élément chimique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élément chimique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemint_(skiekunde)" title="Elemint (skiekunde) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Elemint (skiekunde)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_chimic" title="Element chimic – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Element chimic" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAil_cheimiceach" title="Dúil cheimiceach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dúil cheimiceach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunstoo" title="Bunstoo – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bunstoo" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileamaid_cheimigeach" title="Eileamaid cheimigeach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eileamaid cheimigeach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_qu%C3%ADmico" title="Elemento químico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Elemento químico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="元素 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="元素" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5" title="તત્ત્વ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તત્ત્વ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa-ho%CC%8Dk_ngi%C3%A8n-su" title="Fa-ho̍k ngièn-su – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fa-ho̍k ngièn-su" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C_(%ED%99%94%ED%95%99)" title="원소 (화학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원소 (화학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumumea_kemikala" title="Kumumea kemikala – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kumumea kemikala" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Քիմիական տարրեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քիմիական տարրեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="रासायनिक तत्व – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रासायनिक तत्व" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemijski_element" title="Kemijski element – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kemijski element" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemial_elemento" title="Kemial elemento – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kemial elemento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimiko_nga_elemento" title="Kimiko nga elemento – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kimiko nga elemento" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Unsur kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_chimic" title="Elemento chimic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Elemento chimic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimic_element" title="Chimic element – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Chimic element" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhemikhali" title="Ikhemikhali – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ikhemikhali" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhlwa_yevanga" title="Inhlwa yevanga – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Inhlwa yevanga" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumefni" title="Frumefni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frumefni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_chimico" title="Elemento chimico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elemento chimico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99" title="יסוד כימי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יסוד כימי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anasir_kimiah" title="Anasir kimiah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Anasir kimiah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81" title="ಮೂಲಧಾತು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೂಲಧಾತು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ქიმიური ელემენტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქიმიური ელემენტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8E%D9%86_%D8%AA%DB%84%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="رساێن تۄتھ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="رساێن تۄتھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Химиялық элементтер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Химиялық элементтер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elven_gymyk" title="Elven gymyk – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Elven gymyk" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementi_za_kikemia" title="Elementi za kikemia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Elementi za kikemia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleman_chimik" title="Eleman chimik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Eleman chimik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9man_chimik" title="Éléman chimik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Éléman chimik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element" title="Element – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Element" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Химиялык элемент – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Химиялык элемент" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementum_chemicum" title="Elementum chemicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Elementum chemicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmiskais_elements" title="Ķīmiskais elements – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīmiskais elements" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_(Chimie)" title="Element (Chimie) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Element (Chimie)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheminis_elementas" title="Cheminis elementas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cheminis elementas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementi_chimici" title="Elementi chimici – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Elementi chimici" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjemisch_element" title="Sjemisch element – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjemisch element" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos" title="Elementos – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Elementos" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/selratni" title="selratni – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="selratni" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_chimich" title="Element chimich – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Element chimich" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9miai_elem" title="Kémiai elem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kémiai elem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Хемиски елемент – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хемиски елемент" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="മൂലകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൂലകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_kimiku" title="Element kimiku – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Element kimiku" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="मूलद्रव्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मूलद्रव्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ქიმიური ელემენტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქიმიური ელემენტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%89" title="عنصر كيماوى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عنصر كيماوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Unsur kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsua_kimia" title="Unsua kimia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Unsua kimia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A1-h%C5%8Fk_ngu%C3%B2ng-s%C3%B3" title="Huá-hŏk nguòng-só – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Huá-hŏk nguòng-só" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Химиянь элементсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Химиянь элементсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Химийн элемент – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Химийн элемент" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%BC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဒြပ်စင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒြပ်စင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemisch_element" title="Chemisch element – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chemisch element" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="रसायनिक तत्व – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रसायनिक तत्व" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="रसायनिक तत्त्व – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रसायनिक तत्त्व" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="元素 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="元素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemikill_Element" title="Kemikill Element – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Kemikill Element" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunnstoff" title="Grunnstoff – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grunnstoff" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunnstoff" title="Grunnstoff – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Grunnstoff" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Al%C3%A9ment" title="Êlément – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Êlément" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemente" title="Elemente – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Elemente" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_quimic" title="Element quimic – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Element quimic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D3%B1%D2%A5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Химий тӱҥлык – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Химий тӱҥлык" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8C%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95" title="ରାସାୟନିକ ମୌଳିକ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରାସାୟନିକ ମୌଳିକ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahiyyoo(elementii)" title="Wahiyyoo(elementii) – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Wahiyyoo(elementii)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimyoviy_unsur" title="Kimyoviy unsur – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kimyoviy unsur" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4" title="ਰਸਾਇਣਕ ਤੱਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਸਾਇਣਕ ਤੱਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="کیمیائی عنصر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیمیائی عنصر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%BC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဒြပ်စင် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဒြပ်စင်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_k%C3%ADmiko" title="Elemento kímiko – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Elemento kímiko" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="کيمياوي توکی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کيمياوي توکی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimikal_eliment" title="Kimikal eliment – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kimikal eliment" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B8" title="ធាតុគីមី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ធាតុគីមី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_ch%C3%ACmich" title="Element chìmich – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Element chìmich" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheemsch_Element" title="Cheemsch Element – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Cheemsch Element" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierwiastek_chemiczny" title="Pierwiastek chemiczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pierwiastek chemiczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Elemento (química) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elemento (química)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himiyaviy_element" title="Himiyaviy element – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Himiyaviy element" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_chimic" title="Element chimic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Element chimic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qallawa" title="Qallawa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qallawa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Хемічный елемент – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Хемічный елемент" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Химический элемент – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Химический элемент" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Химия элемена – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Химия элемена" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D)" title="तत्त्वम् (रसायनशास्त्रम्) – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तत्त्वम् (रसायनशास्त्रम्)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementu_ch%C3%ACmicu" title="Elementu chìmicu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Elementu chìmicu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chemical element" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element" title="Element – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Element" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_e_elementeve_kimik%C3%AB" title="Lista e elementeve kimikë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lista e elementeve kimikë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimentu_ch%C3%ACmicu" title="Elimentu chìmicu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Elimentu chìmicu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA" title="රසායනික මූලද්‍රව්‍ය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රසායනික මූලද්‍රව්‍ය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chemical element" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="ڪيميائي عنصر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪيميائي عنصر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemick%C3%BD_prvok" title="Chemický prvok – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chemický prvok" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemi%C4%8Dni_element" title="Kemični element – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kemični element" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiye_kimiko" title="Curiye kimiko – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Curiye kimiko" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="توخمی کیمیایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="توخمی کیمیایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Хемијски елемент – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хемијски елемент" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemijski_element" title="Hemijski element – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hemijski element" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Unsur kimia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkuaine" title="Alkuaine – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alkuaine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grund%C3%A4mne" title="Grundämne – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grundämne" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_(kimika)" title="Elemento (kimika) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Elemento (kimika)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தனிமம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தனிமம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afr%E1%B8%8Dis_akimyan" title="Afrḍis akimyan – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Afrḍis akimyan" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aferdis_akruran" title="Aferdis akruran – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aferdis akruran" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemende_ch%C3%ACmeche" title="Elemende chìmeche – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Elemende chìmeche" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Химик элемент – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Химик элемент" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="మూలకము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మూలకము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8" title="ธาตุ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธาตุ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%91%D3%A3" title="Унсури кимиёӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Унсури кимиёӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element" title="Element – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Element" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Химиктиг элемент – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Химиктиг элемент" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Хімічний елемент – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хімічний елемент" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="کیمیائی عنصر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیمیائی عنصر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_chimego" title="Elemento chimego – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Elemento chimego" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himine_element" title="Himine element – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Himine element" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nguyên tố hóa học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nguyên tố hóa học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6min_kiemavik" title="Lömin kiemavik – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lömin kiemavik" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keemiline_element" title="Keemiline element – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Keemiline element" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="化學元素 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="化學元素" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemisch_element" title="Chemisch element – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Chemisch element" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_kimiko" title="Elemento kimiko – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Elemento kimiko" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeet" title="Xeet – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Xeet" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical substance not composed of simpler ones</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Periodic_table_(32-col,_enwiki),_black_and_white.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Periodic_table_%2832-col%2C_enwiki%29%2C_black_and_white.png/290px-Periodic_table_%2832-col%2C_enwiki%29%2C_black_and_white.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Periodic_table_%2832-col%2C_enwiki%29%2C_black_and_white.png/435px-Periodic_table_%2832-col%2C_enwiki%29%2C_black_and_white.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Periodic_table_%2832-col%2C_enwiki%29%2C_black_and_white.png/580px-Periodic_table_%2832-col%2C_enwiki%29%2C_black_and_white.png 2x" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>The chemical elements ordered in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" title="Category:Periodic table">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Periodic table forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table#Detailed_table" title="Periodic table">18-column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table#The_long-_or_32-column_table" title="Periodic table">32-column</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_periodic_tables" title="Types of periodic tables">Alternative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">extended</a> forms</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">Periodic table history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">D. Mendeleev</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev#Periodic_table" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">1871 table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">1869 predictions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">Discovery of elements</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_chemical_elements" title="Naming of chemical elements">Naming</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies" title="List of chemical element name etymologies">etymology</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">for people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_places" title="List of chemical elements named after places">for places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical element naming controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_in_East_Asian_languages" title="Chemical elements in East Asian languages">in East Asia</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">Systematic element names</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:left; background:#eeeeff;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Names_for_sets_of_chemical_elements" title="Names for sets of chemical elements">Sets of elements</a></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By periodic table structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Groups</a> (1–18)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_1_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 1 element">1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2 (alkaline earth metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15 (pnictogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16 (chalcogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17 (halogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18 (noble gases)</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Periods</a> (1–7, ...)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">8+</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Blocks</a> (s, p, d, f, ...)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">Atomic orbitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals" title="Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals">metallic classification</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">alkaline earth</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">post-transition</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinide</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloids</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals">dividing metals and nonmetals</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal">Nonmetals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">nonmetal halogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By other characteristics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">Coinage metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">Platinum-group metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory_metals" title="Refractory metals">Refractory metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_element" title="Heavy metal element">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_metal" title="Light metal">Light metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">Native metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">Noble metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main-group_element" title="Main-group element">Main-group elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth elements</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">Transuranium</a> elements</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_actinide" title="Major actinide">Major</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">minor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">trans-</a> actinides</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:left; background:#eeeeff;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elements</a></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements" title="List of chemical elements">List of chemical elements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">by abundance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">in human body</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_atomic_properties" title="List of elements by atomic properties">by atomic properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes" title="List of elements by stability of isotopes">by isotope stability</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">by symbol</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Properties">Properties of elements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relative_atomic_mass" title="Relative atomic mass">Relative atomic mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="Periodic table (crystal structure)">Crystal structure</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Electron <a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity" title="Electron affinity">affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">configuration</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electronegativity#Allen_electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Allen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity#Pauling_electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Pauling</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)" title="Valence (chemistry)">Valence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Data pages for elements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Abundances of the elements (data page)">Abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Atomic radii of the elements (data page)">Atomic radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Boiling points of the elements (data page)">Boiling point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Critical points of the elements (data page)">Critical point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Densities of the elements (data page)">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Elastic properties of the elements (data page)">Elasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)">Electrical resistivity</a></li> <li>Electron <a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)" title="Electron affinity (data page)">affinity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electron configurations of the elements (data page)">configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page)">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page)">Hardness</a></li> <li>Heat <a href="/wiki/Heat_capacities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heat capacities of the elements (data page)">capacity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heats_of_fusion_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of fusion of the elements (data page)">of fusion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heats_of_vaporization_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)">of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Ionization energies of the elements (data page)">Ionization energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">Melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeds_of_sound_of_the_elements" title="Speeds of sound of the elements">Speed of sound</a></li> <li>Thermal <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)">conductivity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansivities_of_the_elements" title="Thermal expansivities of the elements">expansion coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressures_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)">Vapor pressure</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#eeeeff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" title="Category:Periodic table">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry Portal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sidebar_periodic_table" title="Template:Sidebar periodic table"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sidebar_periodic_table" title="Template talk:Sidebar periodic table"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sidebar_periodic_table" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sidebar periodic table"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> A chemical element is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">chemical substance</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> all have the same number of <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a>. The number of protons is called the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> of that element. For example, oxygen has an atomic number of 8, meaning each oxygen atom has 8 protons in its nucleus. Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> in their nuclei, known as <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> of the element. Two or more atoms can combine to form <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a>. Some elements are formed from <a href="/wiki/Homonuclear_molecule" title="Homonuclear molecule">molecules of identical atoms</a>, e. g. atoms of hydrogen (H) form diatomic molecules (H2). <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">Chemical compounds</a> are substances made of atoms of different elements; they can have molecular or non-molecular structure. <a href="/wiki/Mixture" title="Mixture">Mixtures</a> are materials containing different chemical substances; that means (in case of molecular substances) that they contain different types of molecules. Atoms of one element can be transformed into atoms of a different element in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reaction" title="Nuclear reaction">nuclear reactions</a>, which change an atom's atomic number. Historically, the term "chemical element" meant a substance that cannot be broken down into constituent substances by chemical reactions, and for most practical purposes this definition still has validity. There was some controversy in the 1920s over whether isotopes deserved to be recognized as separate elements if they could be separated by chemical means.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The term "(chemical) element" is used in two different but closely related meanings:<a href="#cite_note-iupac-2">[2]</a> it can mean a chemical substance consisting of a single kind of atoms, or it can mean that kind of atoms as a component of various chemical substances. For example, molecules of water (H2O) contain atoms of hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O), so water can be said as a compound consisting of the elements hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) even though it does not contain the chemical substances (di)hydrogen (H2) and (di)oxygen (O2), as H2O molecules are different from H2 and O2 molecules. For the meaning "chemical substance consisting of a single kind of atoms", the terms "elementary substance" and "simple substance" have been suggested, but they have not gained much acceptance in English chemical literature, whereas in some other languages their equivalent is widely used. For example, the French chemical terminology distinguishes élément chimique (kind of atoms) and corps simple (chemical substance consisting of a single kind of atoms); the Russian chemical terminology distinguishes химический элемент and простое вещество. Almost all <a href="/wiki/Baryonic_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Baryonic matter">baryonic matter</a> in the universe is composed of elements (among rare exceptions are <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron stars</a>). When different elements undergo chemical reactions, atoms are rearranged into new compounds held together by <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemical bonds</a>. Only a few elements, such as <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, are found uncombined as relatively pure <a href="/wiki/Native_element_mineral" title="Native element mineral">native element minerals</a>. Nearly all other naturally occurring elements occur in the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> as compounds or mixtures. <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Air</a> is mostly a mixture of molecular <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, though it does contain compounds including <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, as well as atomic <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gas</a> which is <a href="/wiki/Chemically_inert" title="Chemically inert">chemically inert</a> and therefore does not undergo chemical reactions. The history of the discovery and use of elements began with early <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">human societies</a> that discovered native minerals like <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and gold (though the modern concept of an element was not yet understood). Attempts to classify materials such as these resulted in the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">classical elements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a>, and similar theories throughout history. Much of the modern understanding of elements developed from the work of <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a>, a Russian chemist who published the first recognizable <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a> in 1869. This table organizes the elements by increasing atomic number into rows ("<a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">periods</a>") in which the columns ("<a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">groups</a>") share recurring ("periodic") <a href="/wiki/Physical_property" title="Physical property">physical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_property" title="Chemical property">chemical properties</a>. The periodic table summarizes various properties of the elements, allowing chemists to derive relationships between them and to make predictions about elements not yet discovered, and potential new compounds. By November 2016, the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (IUPAC) had recognized a total of 118 elements. The first 94 occur naturally on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, and the remaining 24 are <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">synthetic elements</a> produced in nuclear reactions. Save for unstable radioactive elements (radioelements) which <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">decay</a> quickly, nearly all elements are available industrially in varying amounts. The <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">discovery and synthesis of further new elements</a> is an ongoing area of scientific study. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> The lightest elements are <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>, both created by <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis" title="Big Bang nucleosynthesis">Big Bang nucleosynthesis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe" title="Chronology of the universe">first 20 minutes of the universe</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Ratio" title="Ratio">ratio</a> of around 3:1 by mass (or 12:1 by number of atoms),<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> along with tiny traces of the next two elements, <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a>. Almost all other elements found in nature were made by various natural methods of <a href="/wiki/Nucleosynthesis" title="Nucleosynthesis">nucleosynthesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> On Earth, small amounts of new atoms are naturally produced in <a href="/wiki/Nucleogenic" title="Nucleogenic">nucleogenic</a> reactions, or in <a href="/wiki/Cosmogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmogenic">cosmogenic</a> processes, such as <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray_spallation" title="Cosmic ray spallation">cosmic ray spallation</a>. New atoms are also naturally produced on Earth as <a href="/wiki/Radiogenic_nuclide" title="Radiogenic nuclide">radiogenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">daughter isotopes</a> of ongoing <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a> processes such as <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">spontaneous fission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cluster_decay" title="Cluster decay">cluster decay</a>, and other rarer modes of decay. Of the 94 naturally occurring elements, those with atomic numbers 1 through 82 each have at least one <a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable isotope</a> (except for <a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">technetium</a>, element 43 and <a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">promethium</a>, element 61, which have no stable isotopes). Isotopes considered stable are those for which no radioactive decay has yet been observed. Elements with atomic numbers 83 through 94 are <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">unstable</a> to the point that radioactive decay of all isotopes can be detected. Some of these elements, notably <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a> (atomic number 83), <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> (atomic number 90), and <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> (atomic number 92), have one or more isotopes with half-lives long enough to survive as remnants of the explosive <a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">stellar nucleosynthesis</a> that produced the <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a> before the formation of our <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. At over 1.9×1019 years, over a billion times longer than the estimated age of the universe, <a href="/wiki/Bismuth-209" title="Bismuth-209">bismuth-209</a> has the longest known alpha decay half-life of any isotope, and is almost always considered on par with the 80 stable elements.<a href="#cite_note-Dume2003-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marcillac2003-8">[8]</a> The heaviest elements (those beyond plutonium, element 94) undergo radioactive decay with <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-lives</a> so short that they are not found in nature and must be <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">synthesized</a>. There are now 118 known elements. In this context, "known" means observed well enough, even from just a few decay products, to have been differentiated from other elements.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schewe-10">[10]</a> Most recently, the synthesis of element 118 (since named <a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">oganesson</a>) was reported in October 2006, and the synthesis of element 117 (<a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">tennessine</a>) was reported in April 2010.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Of these 118 elements, 94 occur naturally on Earth. Six of these occur in extreme trace quantities: <a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">technetium</a>, atomic number 43; <a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">promethium</a>, number 61; <a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">astatine</a>, number 85; <a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">francium</a>, number 87; <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a>, number 93; and <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>, number 94. These 94 elements have been detected in the universe at large, in the spectra of stars and also supernovae, where short-lived radioactive elements are newly being made. The first 94 elements have been detected directly on Earth as <a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial nuclides</a> present from the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, or as naturally occurring fission or transmutation products of uranium and thorium. The remaining 24 heavier elements, not found today either on Earth or in astronomical spectra, have been produced artificially: all are radioactive, with short half-lives; if any of these elements were present at the formation of Earth, they are certain to have completely decayed, and if present in novae, are in quantities too small to have been noted. Technetium was the first purportedly non-naturally occurring element synthesized, in 1937, though trace amounts of technetium have since been found in nature (and also the element may have been discovered naturally in 1925).<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> This pattern of artificial production and later natural discovery has been repeated with several other radioactive naturally occurring rare elements.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements" title="List of chemical elements">List of the elements are available by name, atomic number, density, melting point, boiling point</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">chemical symbol</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">ionization energy</a>. The nuclides of stable and radioactive elements are also available as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclides" title="List of nuclides">list of nuclides</a>, sorted by length of half-life for those that are unstable. One of the most convenient, and certainly the most traditional presentation of the elements, is in the form of the periodic table, which groups together elements with similar chemical properties (and usually also similar electronic structures). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atomic_number">Atomic number</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> of an element is equal to the number of protons in each atom, and defines the element.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> For example, all carbon atoms contain 6 protons in their <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">atomic nucleus</a>; so the atomic number of carbon is 6.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Carbon atoms may have different numbers of neutrons; atoms of the same element having different numbers of neutrons are known as <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> of the element.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The number of protons in the nucleus also determines its <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">electric charge</a>, which in turn determines the number of <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> of the atom in its <a href="/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization">non-ionized</a> state. The electrons are placed into <a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">atomic orbitals</a> that determine the atom's <a href="/wiki/Chemical_property" title="Chemical property">chemical properties</a>. The number of neutrons in a nucleus usually has very little effect on an element's chemical properties; except for hydrogen (for which the <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_isotope_effect" title="Kinetic isotope effect">kinetic isotope effect</a> is significant). Thus, all carbon isotopes have nearly identical chemical properties because they all have six electrons, even though they may have 6 to 8 neutrons. That is why atomic number, rather than <a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">mass number</a> or <a href="/wiki/Atomic_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic weight">atomic weight</a>, is considered the identifying characteristic of an element. The symbol for atomic number is Z. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">Isotope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope_ratio" title="Stable isotope ratio">Stable isotope ratio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclides" title="List of nuclides">List of nuclides</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">Isotopes</a> are atoms of the same element (that is, with the same number of <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> in their nucleus), but having different numbers of <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>. Thus, for example, there are three main isotopes of carbon. All carbon atoms have 6 protons, but they can have either 6, 7, or 8 neutrons. Since the mass numbers of these are 12, 13 and 14 respectively, said three isotopes are known as <a href="/wiki/Carbon-12" title="Carbon-12">carbon-12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon-13" title="Carbon-13">carbon-13</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14">carbon-14</a> (12C, 13C, and 14C). Natural carbon is a <a href="/wiki/Mixture" title="Mixture">mixture</a> of 12C (about 98.9%), 13C (about 1.1%) and about 1 atom per trillion of 14C. Most (54 of 94) naturally occurring elements have more than one stable isotope. Except for the <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_hydrogen" title="Isotopes of hydrogen">isotopes of hydrogen</a> (which differ greatly from each other in relative mass—enough to cause chemical effects), the isotopes of a given element are chemically nearly indistinguishable. All elements have radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes); most of these radioisotopes do not occur naturally. Radioisotopes typically decay into other elements via <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Inverse_beta_decay" title="Inverse beta decay">inverse beta decay</a>; some isotopes of the heaviest elements also undergo <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">spontaneous fission</a>. Isotopes that are not radioactive, are termed "stable" isotopes. All known stable isotopes occur naturally (see <a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial nuclide</a>). The many radioisotopes that are not found in nature have been characterized after being artificially produced. Certain elements have no stable isotopes and are composed only of radioisotopes: specifically the elements without any stable isotopes are technetium (atomic number 43), promethium (atomic number 61), and all observed elements with atomic number greater than 82. Of the 80 elements with at least one stable isotope, 26 have only one stable isotope. The mean number of stable isotopes for the 80 stable elements is 3.1 stable isotopes per element. The largest number of stable isotopes for a single element is 10 (for <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, element 50). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopic_mass_and_atomic_mass">Isotopic mass and atomic mass</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass">atomic mass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Relative_atomic_mass" title="Relative atomic mass">relative atomic mass</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">mass number</a> of an element, A, is the number of <a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">nucleons</a> (protons and neutrons) in the atomic nucleus. Different isotopes of a given element are distinguished by their mass number, which is written as a superscript on the left hand side of the chemical symbol (e.g., 238U). The mass number is always an integer and has units of "nucleons". Thus, <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_magnesium" title="Isotopes of magnesium">magnesium-24</a> (24 is the mass number) is an atom with 24 nucleons (12 protons and 12 neutrons). Whereas the mass number simply counts the total number of neutrons and protons and is thus an integer, the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass">atomic mass</a> of a particular isotope (or "nuclide") of the element is the mass of a single atom of that isotope, and is typically expressed in <a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">daltons</a> (symbol: Da), or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_atomic_mass_unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universal atomic mass unit (page does not exist)">universal atomic mass units</a> (symbol: u). Its <a href="/wiki/Relative_atomic_mass" title="Relative atomic mass">relative atomic mass</a> is a dimensionless number equal to the atomic mass divided by the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic mass constant">atomic mass constant</a>, which equals 1 Da. In general, the mass number of a given nuclide differs in value slightly from its relative atomic mass, since the mass of each proton and neutron is not exactly 1 Da; since the electrons contribute a lesser share to the atomic mass as neutron number exceeds proton number; and because of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_binding_energy" title="Nuclear binding energy">nuclear binding energy</a> and electron binding energy. For example, the atomic mass of chlorine-35 to five significant digits is 34.969 Da and that of chlorine-37 is 36.966 Da. However, the relative atomic mass of each isotope is quite close to its mass number (always within 1%). The only isotope whose atomic mass is exactly a <a href="/wiki/Natural_number" title="Natural number">natural number</a> is 12C, which has a mass of 12 Da; because the dalton is defined as 1/12 of the mass of a free neutral carbon-12 atom in the ground state. The <a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">standard atomic weight</a> (commonly called "atomic weight") of an element is the average of the atomic masses of all the chemical element's isotopes as found in a particular environment, weighted by isotopic abundance, relative to the atomic mass unit. This number may be a fraction that is not close to a whole number. For example, the relative atomic mass of chlorine is 35.453 u, which differs greatly from a whole number as it is an average of about 76% chlorine-35 and 24% chlorine-37. Whenever a relative atomic mass value differs by more than ~1% from a whole number, it is due to this averaging effect, as significant amounts of more than one isotope are naturally present in a sample of that element. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemically_pure_and_isotopically_pure">Chemically pure and isotopically pure</h3></div> Chemists and nuclear scientists have different definitions of a pure element. In chemistry, a pure element means a substance whose atoms all (or in practice almost all) have the same atomic number, or number of <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a>. Nuclear scientists, however, define a pure element as one that consists of only one isotope.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> For example, a copper wire is 99.99% chemically pure if 99.99% of its atoms are copper, with 29 protons each. However it is not isotopically pure since ordinary copper consists of two stable isotopes, 69% 63Cu and 31% 65Cu, with different numbers of neutrons. However, pure gold would be both chemically and isotopically pure, since ordinary gold consists only of one isotope, 197Au. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allotropes">Allotropes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">Allotropy</a></div> Atoms of chemically pure elements may bond to each other chemically in more than one way, allowing the pure element to exist in multiple <a href="/wiki/Chemical_structure" title="Chemical structure">chemical structures</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molecular_geometry" title="Molecular geometry">spatial arrangements of atoms</a>), known as <a href="/wiki/Allotrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotrope">allotropes</a>, which differ in their properties. For example, carbon can be found as <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a>, which has a tetrahedral structure around each carbon atom; <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>, which has layers of carbon atoms with a hexagonal structure stacked on top of each other; <a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">graphene</a>, which is a single layer of graphite that is very strong; <a href="/wiki/Fullerene" title="Fullerene">fullerenes</a>, which have nearly spherical shapes; and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube">carbon nanotubes</a>, which are tubes with a hexagonal structure (even these may differ from each other in electrical properties). The ability of an element to exist in one of many structural forms is known as 'allotropy'. The reference state of an element is defined by convention, usually as the thermodynamically most stable allotrope and physical state at a pressure of 1 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bar</a> and a given temperature (typically at 298.15K). However, for phosphorus, the reference state is white phosphorus even though it is not the most stable allotrope, and the reference state for carbon is graphite, because the structure of graphite is more stable than that of the other allotropes. In <a href="/wiki/Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">thermochemistry</a>, an element is defined to have an <a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_of_formation" title="Standard enthalpy of formation">enthalpy of formation</a> of zero in its reference state. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Properties">Properties</h3></div> Several kinds of descriptive categorizations can be applied broadly to the elements, including consideration of their general physical and chemical properties, their states of matter under familiar conditions, their melting and boiling points, their densities, their crystal structures as solids, and their origins. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_properties">General properties</h4></div> Several terms are commonly used to characterize the general physical and chemical properties of the chemical elements. A first distinction is between <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a>, which readily conduct <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal">nonmetals</a>, which do not, and a small group, (the <a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">metalloids</a>), having intermediate properties and often behaving as <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a>. A more refined classification is often shown in colored presentations of the periodic table. This system restricts the terms "metal" and "nonmetal" to only certain of the more broadly defined metals and nonmetals, adding additional terms for certain sets of the more broadly viewed metals and nonmetals. The version of this classification used in the periodic tables presented here includes: <a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">alkaline earth metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">post-transition metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">metalloids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reactive_nonmetal" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactive nonmetal">reactive nonmetals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gases</a>. In this system, the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and transition metals, as well as the lanthanides and the actinides, are special groups of the metals viewed in a broader sense. Similarly, the reactive nonmetals and the noble gases are nonmetals viewed in the broader sense. In some presentations, the halogens are not distinguished, with <a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">astatine</a> identified as a metalloid and the others identified as nonmetals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="States_of_matter">States of matter</h4></div> Another commonly used basic distinction among the elements is their <a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">state of matter</a> (phase), whether <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard temperature and pressure</a> (STP). Most elements are solids at STP, while several are gases. Only <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">bromine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> are liquid at 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) and 1 atmosphere pressure; <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a> are solid at that temperature, but melt at 28.4°C (83.2°F) and 29.8°C (85.6°F), respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Melting_and_boiling_points">Melting and boiling points</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling points</a>, typically expressed in degrees <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">Celsius</a> at a pressure of one atmosphere, are commonly used in characterizing the various elements. While known for most elements, either or both of these measurements is still undetermined for some of the radioactive elements available in only tiny quantities. Since helium remains a liquid even at <a href="/wiki/Absolute_zero" title="Absolute zero">absolute zero</a> at atmospheric pressure, it has only a boiling point, and not a melting point, in conventional presentations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Densities">Densities</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Densities of the elements (data page)">Densities of the elements (data page)</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> at selected <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard temperature and pressure</a> (STP) is often used in characterizing the elements. Density is often expressed in grams per cubic centimetre (g/cm3). Since several elements are gases at commonly encountered temperatures, their densities are usually stated for their gaseous forms; when liquefied or solidified, the gaseous elements have densities similar to those of the other elements. When an element has allotropes with different densities, one representative allotrope is typically selected in summary presentations, while densities for each allotrope can be stated where more detail is provided. For example, the three familiar <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon" title="Allotropes of carbon">allotropes of carbon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amorphous_carbon" title="Amorphous carbon">amorphous carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a>) have densities of 1.8–2.1, 2.267, and 3.515 g/cm3, respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crystal_structures">Crystal structures</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></div> The elements studied to date as solid samples have eight kinds of <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystal structures</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">cubic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">body-centered cubic</a>, face-centered cubic, <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal crystal system">hexagonal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monoclinic_crystal_system" title="Monoclinic crystal system">monoclinic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic_crystal_system" title="Orthorhombic crystal system">orthorhombic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trigonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigonal crystal system">rhombohedral</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tetragonal_crystal_system" title="Tetragonal crystal system">tetragonal</a>. For some of the synthetically produced transuranic elements, available samples have been too small to determine crystal structures. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Occurrence_and_origin_on_Earth">Occurrence and origin on Earth</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">Abundance of elements in Earth's crust</a></div> Chemical elements may also be categorized by their origin on Earth, with the first 94 considered naturally occurring, while those with atomic numbers beyond 94 have only been produced artificially via human-made nuclear reactions. Of the 94 naturally occurring elements, 83 are considered primordial and either <a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> or weakly radioactive. The longest-lived isotopes of the remaining 11 elements have <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half lives</a> too short for them to have been present at the beginning of the Solar System, and are therefore considered transient elements. Of these 11 transient elements, five (<a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">actinium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">protactinium</a>) are relatively common <a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">decay products</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>. The remaining six transient elements (technetium, promethium, astatine, <a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">francium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>) occur only rarely, as products of rare decay modes or nuclear reaction processes involving uranium or other heavy elements. Elements with atomic numbers 1 through 82, except 43 (technetium) and 61 (promethium), each have at least one isotope for which no radioactive decay has been observed. Observationally stable isotopes of some elements (such as <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>), however, are predicted to be slightly radioactive with very long half-lives:<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2016-19">[19]</a> for example, the half-lives predicted for the observationally stable lead isotopes range from 1035 to 10189 years. Elements with atomic numbers 43, 61, and 83 through 94 are unstable enough that their radioactive decay can be detected. Three of these elements, bismuth (element 83), thorium (90), and uranium (92) have one or more isotopes with half-lives long enough to survive as remnants of the explosive <a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">stellar nucleosynthesis</a> that produced the heavy elements before the formation of the Solar System. For example, at over 1.9×1019 years, over a billion times longer than the estimated age of the universe, <a href="/wiki/Bismuth-209" title="Bismuth-209">bismuth-209</a> has the longest known <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decay</a> half-life of any isotope.<a href="#cite_note-Dume2003-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marcillac2003-8">[8]</a> The last 24 elements (those beyond plutonium, element 94) undergo radioactive decay with short half-lives and cannot be produced as daughters of longer-lived elements, and thus are not known to occur in nature at all. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periodic_table">Periodic table</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div> <div style="background:#f8f8f8; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; width:100%; max-width:1800px; margin:0 auto; padding:2px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both"> <div style="background:#d8d8d8; padding:2px 1em;font-weight:bold;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table" title="Template:Periodic table"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table" title="Template talk:Periodic table"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <table style="border-spacing:1px;display:block;overflow:auto;width:100%;margin:0 !important"> <tbody><tr style="line-height:125%; vertical-align:top;"> <th style="text-align:left; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <th style="width:2%">  </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr style="line-height:125%; vertical-align:top;"> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;">Hydrogen & alkali metals </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">Alkaline earth metals </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;">Triels </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">Tetrels </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;">Pnictogens </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">Chalcogens </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;">Halogens </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">Noble gases </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen"><span title="H , hydrogen" style="background-color: #ff9999; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Hydrogen1H1.0080</a> </td> <td colspan="17"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium"><span title="He, helium" style="background-color: #ff9999; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Helium2He4.0026</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium"><span title="Li, lithium" style="background-color: #ff9999; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Lithium3Li6.94</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium"><span title="Be, beryllium" style="background-color: #ff9999; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Beryllium4Be9.0122</a> </td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron"><span title="B , boron" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Boron5B10.81</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon"><span title="C , carbon" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Carbon6C12.011</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span title="N , nitrogen" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Nitrogen7N14.007</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen"><span title="O , oxygen" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Oxygen8O15.999</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine"><span title="F , fluorine" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Fluorine9F18.998</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span title="Ne, neon" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Neon10Ne20.180</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium"><span title="Na, sodium" style="background-color: #ff9999; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Sodium11Na22.990</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span title="Mg, magnesium" style="background-color: #ff9999; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Magnesium12Mg24.305</a> </td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span title="Al, aluminium" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Aluminium13Al26.982</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon"><span title="Si, silicon" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Silicon14Si28.085</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus"><span title="P , phosphorus" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Phosphorus15P30.974</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur"><span title="S , sulfur" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Sulfur16S32.06</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine"><span title="Cl, chlorine" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Chlorine17Cl35.45</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span title="Ar, argon" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Argon18Ar39.95</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium"><span title="K , potassium" style="background-color: #ff9999; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Potassium19K39.098</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium"><span title="Ca, calcium" style="background-color: #ff9999; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Calcium20Ca40.078</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium"><span title="Sc, scandium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Scandium21Sc44.956</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium"><span title="Ti, titanium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Titanium22Ti47.867</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span title="V , vanadium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Vanadium23V50.942</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium"><span title="Cr, chromium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Chromium24Cr51.996</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese"><span title="Mn, manganese" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Manganese25Mn54.938</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron"><span title="Fe, iron" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Iron26Fe55.845</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt"><span title="Co, cobalt" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Cobalt27Co58.933</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel"><span title="Ni, nickel" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Nickel28Ni58.693</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper"><span title="Cu, copper" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Copper29Cu63.546</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc"><span title="Zn, zinc" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Zinc30Zn65.38</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium"><span title="Ga, gallium" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Gallium31Ga69.723</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium"><span title="Ge, germanium" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Germanium32Ge72.630</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic"><span title="As, arsenic" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Arsenic33As74.922</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium"><span title="Se, selenium" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Selenium34Se78.971</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine"><span title="Br, bromine" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Bromine35Br79.904</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton"><span title="Kr, krypton" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Krypton36Kr83.798</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><span title="Rb, rubidium" style="background-color: #ff9999; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Rubidium37Rb85.468</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium"><span title="Sr, strontium" style="background-color: #ff9999; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Strontium38Sr87.62</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium"><span title="Y , yttrium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Yttrium39Y88.906</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium"><span title="Zr, zirconium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Zirconium40Zr91.224</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium"><span title="Nb, niobium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Niobium41Nb92.906</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum"><span title="Mo, molybdenum" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Molybdenum42Mo95.95</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium"><span title="Tc, technetium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Technetium43Tc[97]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium"><span title="Ru, ruthenium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Ruthenium44Ru101.07</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium"><span title="Rh, rhodium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Rhodium45Rh102.91</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium"><span title="Pd, palladium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Palladium46Pd106.42</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver"><span title="Ag, silver" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Silver47Ag107.87</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium"><span title="Cd, cadmium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Cadmium48Cd112.41</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium"><span title="In, indium" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Indium49In114.82</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin"><span title="Sn, tin" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Tin50Sn118.71</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony"><span title="Sb, antimony" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Antimony51Sb121.76</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium"><span title="Te, tellurium" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Tellurium52Te127.60</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine"><span title="I , iodine" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Iodine53I126.90</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span title="Xe, xenon" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Xenon54Xe131.29</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium"><span title="Cs, caesium" style="background-color: #ff9999; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Caesium55Cs132.91</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium"><span title="Ba, barium" style="background-color: #ff9999; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Barium56Ba137.33</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; background:#9bff99"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium"><span title="Lu, lutetium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Lutetium71Lu174.97</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span title="Hf, hafnium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Hafnium72Hf178.49</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum"><span title="Ta, tantalum" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Tantalum73Ta180.95</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten"><span title="W , tungsten" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Tungsten74W183.84</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium"><span title="Re, rhenium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Rhenium75Re186.21</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium"><span title="Os, osmium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Osmium76Os190.23</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium"><span title="Ir, iridium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Iridium77Ir192.22</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum"><span title="Pt, platinum" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Platinum78Pt195.08</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold"><span title="Au, gold" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Gold79Au196.97</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)"><span title="Hg, mercury" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Mercury80Hg200.59</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium"><span title="Tl, thallium" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Thallium81Tl204.38</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead"><span title="Pb, lead" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Lead82Pb207.2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth"><span title="Bi, bismuth" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Bismuth83Bi208.98</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium"><span title="Po, polonium" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Polonium84Po[209]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine"><span title="At, astatine" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Astatine85At[210]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span title="Rn, radon" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Radon86Rn[222]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium"><span title="Fr, francium" style="background-color: #ff9999; border-top: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Francium87Fr[223]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"><span title="Ra, radium" style="background-color: #ff9999; border-top: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Radium88Ra[226]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; background:#9bff99"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/16px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/24px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/32px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium"><span title="Lr, lawrencium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Lawrencium103Lr[266]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium"><span title="Rf, rutherfordium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Rutherfordium104Rf[267]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span title="Db, dubnium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Dubnium105Db[268]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span title="Sg, seaborgium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Seaborgium106Sg[269]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span title="Bh, bohrium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Bohrium107Bh[270]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium"><span title="Hs, hassium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Hassium108Hs[269]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span title="Mt, meitnerium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Meitnerium109Mt[278]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span title="Ds, darmstadtium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Darmstadtium110Ds[281]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span title="Rg, roentgenium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Roentgenium111Rg[282]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium"><span title="Cn, copernicium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Copernicium112Cn[285]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span title="Nh, nihonium" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Nihonium113Nh[286]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span title="Fl, flerovium" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Flerovium114Fl[289]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium"><span title="Mc, moscovium" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Moscovium115Mc[290]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span title="Lv, livermorium" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Livermorium116Lv[293]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine"><span title="Ts, tennessine" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Tennessine117Ts[294]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span title="Og, oganesson" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Oganesson118Og[294]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="20" style="height:1.4em;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; background:#9bff99"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum"><span title="La, lanthanum" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Lanthanum57La138.91</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium"><span title="Ce, cerium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Cerium58Ce140.12</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium"><span title="Pr, praseodymium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Praseodymium59Pr140.91</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium"><span title="Nd, neodymium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Neodymium60Nd144.24</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium"><span title="Pm, promethium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Promethium61Pm[145]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium"><span title="Sm, samarium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Samarium62Sm150.36</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium"><span title="Eu, europium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Europium63Eu151.96</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span title="Gd, gadolinium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Gadolinium64Gd157.25</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium"><span title="Tb, terbium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Terbium65Tb158.93</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium"><span title="Dy, dysprosium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Dysprosium66Dy162.50</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium"><span title="Ho, holmium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Holmium67Ho164.93</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium"><span title="Er, erbium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Erbium68Er167.26</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium"><span title="Tm, thulium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Thulium69Tm168.93</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium"><span title="Yb, ytterbium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Ytterbium70Yb173.05</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; background:#9bff99"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/16px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/24px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/32px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium"><span title="Ac, actinium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Actinium89Ac[227]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium"><span title="Th, thorium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Thorium90Th232.04</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium"><span title="Pa, protactinium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Protactinium91Pa231.04</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><span title="U , uranium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Uranium92U238.03</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span title="Np, neptunium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Neptunium93Np[237]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span title="Pu, plutonium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Plutonium94Pu[244]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium"><span title="Am, americium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Americium95Am[243]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium"><span title="Cm, curium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Curium96Cm[247]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span title="Bk, berkelium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Berkelium97Bk[247]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium"><span title="Cf, californium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Californium98Cf[251]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span title="Es, einsteinium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Einsteinium99Es[252]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"><span title="Fm, fermium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Fermium100Fm[257]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span title="Md, mendelevium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Mendelevium101Md[258]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span title="No, nobelium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Nobelium102No[259]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="Periodic_table_legend_for_category"></div> <div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; font-size:100%;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> </div><div style="border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.3em;"> <a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">Primordial</a>  <a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">From decay</a>  <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">Synthetic</a> Border shows natural occurrence of the element </div><div style="border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.3em;"> <div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Published_values" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> Ar, std(E)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2013-20">[20]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display: inline-block;"> <ul><li>Ca: 40.078 — Abridged value (uncertainty omitted here)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-21">[21]</a></li> <li>Po: [209] — <a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">mass number</a> of the most stable isotope</li></ul></div></div> </div><div style="border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> </div></div> The properties of the elements are often summarized using the periodic table, which powerfully and elegantly organizes the elements by increasing atomic number into rows (<a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">"periods"</a>) in which the columns (<a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">"groups"</a>) share recurring ("periodic") physical and chemical properties. The table contains 118 confirmed elements as of 2021. Although earlier precursors to this presentation exist, its invention is generally credited to Russian chemist <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> in 1869, who intended the table to illustrate recurring trends in the properties of the elements. The layout of the table has been refined and extended over time as new elements have been discovered and new theoretical models have been developed to explain chemical behavior. Use of the periodic table is now ubiquitous in chemistry, providing an extremely useful framework to classify, systematize and compare all the many different forms of chemical behavior. The table has also found wide application in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutrition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">environmental health</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>. Its principles are especially important in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">chemical engineering</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature_and_symbols">Nomenclature and symbols</h2></div> The various chemical elements are formally identified by their unique atomic numbers, their accepted names, and their <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">chemical symbols</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atomic_numbers">Atomic numbers</h3></div> The known elements have atomic numbers from 1 to 118, conventionally presented as <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a>. Since the elements can be uniquely sequenced by atomic number, conventionally from lowest to highest (as in a periodic table), sets of elements are sometimes specified by such notation as "through", "beyond", or "from ... through", as in "through iron", "beyond uranium", or "from lanthanum through lutetium". The terms "light" and "heavy" are sometimes also used informally to indicate relative atomic numbers (not densities), as in "lighter than carbon" or "heavier than lead", though the atomic masses of the elements (their atomic weights or atomic masses) do not always increase <a href="/wiki/Monotonic_function" title="Monotonic function">monotonically</a> with their atomic numbers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Element_names">Element names</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Naming_of_chemical_elements" title="Naming of chemical elements">Naming of chemical elements</a></div> The naming of various substances now known as elements precedes the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic theory">atomic theory</a> of matter, as names were given locally by various cultures to various minerals, metals, compounds, alloys, mixtures, and other materials, though at the time it was not known which chemicals were elements and which compounds. As they were identified as elements, the existing names for anciently known elements (e.g., gold, mercury, iron) were kept in most countries. National differences emerged over the element names either for convenience, linguistic niceties, or nationalism. For example, German speakers use "Wasserstoff" (water substance) for "hydrogen", "Sauerstoff" (acid substance) for "oxygen" and "Stickstoff" (smothering substance) for "nitrogen"; English and some other languages use "sodium" for "natrium", and "potassium" for "kalium"; and the French, Italians, Greeks, Portuguese and Poles prefer "azote/azot/azoto" (from roots meaning "no life") for "nitrogen". For purposes of international communication and trade, the <a href="/wiki/Table_of_chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Table of chemical elements">official names of the chemical elements</a> both ancient and more recently recognized are decided by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (IUPAC), which has decided on a sort of international English language, drawing on traditional English names even when an element's chemical symbol is based on a Latin or other traditional word, for example adopting "gold" rather than "aurum" as the name for the 79th element (Au). IUPAC prefers the British spellings "<a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>" and "caesium" over the U.S. spellings "aluminum" and "cesium", and the U.S. "sulfur" over British "sulphur". However, elements that are practical to sell in bulk in many countries often still have locally used national names, and countries whose national language does not use the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> are likely to use the IUPAC element names. According to IUPAC, element names are not proper nouns; therefore, the full name of an element is not capitalized in English, even if derived from a <a href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">proper noun</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">californium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">einsteinium</a>. Isotope names are also uncapitalized if written out, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Carbon-12" title="Carbon-12">carbon-12</a> or <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">uranium-235</a>. Chemical element symbols (such as Cf for californium and Es for einsteinium), are always capitalized (see below). In the second half of the 20th century, physics laboratories became able to produce elements with half-lives too short for an appreciable amount of them to exist at any time. These are also named by IUPAC, which generally adopts the name chosen by the discoverer. This practice can lead to the controversial question of which research group actually discovered an element, a question that delayed the naming of elements with atomic number of 104 and higher for a considerable amount of time. (See <a href="/wiki/Element_naming_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Element naming controversy">element naming controversy</a>). Precursors of such controversies involved the nationalistic namings of elements in the late 19th century. For example, <a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">lutetium</a> was named in reference to Paris, France. The Germans were reluctant to relinquish naming rights to the French, often calling it cassiopeium. Similarly, the British discoverer of <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a> originally named it columbium, in reference to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. It was used extensively as such by American publications before the international standardization (in 1950). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_symbols">Chemical symbols</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For lists of current chemical symbols, symbols not currently used, and other symbols that may look like chemical symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">Chemical symbol</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Specific_elements">Specific elements</h4></div> Before chemistry became a <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemists</a> designed arcane symbols for both metals and common compounds. These were however used as abbreviations in diagrams or procedures; there was no concept of atoms combining to form <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a>. With his advances in the atomic theory of matter, <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a> devised his own simpler symbols, based on circles, to depict molecules. The current system of chemical notation was invented by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius">Jöns Jacob Berzelius</a> in 1814. In this system, chemical symbols are not mere abbreviations—though each consists of letters of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. They are intended as universal symbols for people of all languages and alphabets. Since Latin was the common language of science at Berzelius' time, his symbols were abbreviations based on the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> names of elements (they may be Classical Latin names of elements known since antiquity or <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> coinages for later elements). The symbols are not followed by a period (full stop) as with abbreviations. In most cases, Latin names of elements as used by Berzelius have the same roots as the modern English name. For example, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> has the symbol "H" from Neo-Latin hydrogenium, which has the same Greek roots as English hydrogen. However, in eleven cases Latin (as used by Berzelius) and English names of elements have different roots. Eight of them are the seven <a href="/wiki/Metals_of_antiquity" title="Metals of antiquity">metals of antiquity</a> and a metalloid also known since antiquity: "Fe" (Latin ferrum) for <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, "Hg" (Latin hydrargyrum) for <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, "Sn" (Latin stannum) for <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, "Au" (Latin aurum) for gold, "Ag" (Latin argentum) for <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, "Pb" (Latin plumbum) for <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, "Cu" (Latin cuprum) for <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, and "Sb" (Latin stibium) for <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>. The three other mismatches between Neo-Latin (as used by Berzelius) and English names are "Na" (Neo-Latin natrium) for <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, "K" (Neo-Latin kalium) for <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, and "W" (Neo-Latin wolframium) for <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>. These mismatches came from different suggestings of naming the elements in the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern era</a>. Initially Berzelius had suggested "So" and "Po" for sodium and potassium, but he changed the symbols to "Na" and "K" later in the same year. Elements discovered after 1814 were also assigned unique chemical symbols, based on the name of the element. The use of Latin as the universal language of science was fading, but chemical names of newly discovered elements came to be borrowed from language to language with little or no modifications. Symbols of elements discovered after 1814 match their names in English, French (ignoring the <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> on ⟨é⟩), and German (though German often allows alternate spellings with ⟨k⟩ or ⟨z⟩ instead of ⟨c⟩: e.g., the name of <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> may be spelled Calcium or Kalzium in German, but its symbol is always "Ca"). Other languages sometimes modify element name spellings: Spanish iterbio (ytterbium), Italian afnio (hafnium), Swedish moskovium (moscovium); but those modifications do not affect chemical symbols: Yb, Hf, Mc. Chemical symbols are understood internationally when element names might require translation. There have been some differences in the past. For example, Germans in the past have used "J" (for the name Jod) for iodine, but now use "I" and Iod. The first letter of a chemical symbol is always capitalized, as in the preceding examples, and the subsequent letters, if any, are always lower case. Thus, the symbols for californium and einsteinium are Cf and Es. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_chemical_symbols">General chemical symbols</h4></div> There are also symbols in chemical equations for groups of elements, for example in comparative formulas. These are often a single capital letter, and the letters are reserved and not used for names of specific elements. For example, "X" indicates a variable group (usually a halogen) in a class of compounds, while "R" is a <a href="/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)" title="Radical (chemistry)">radical</a>, meaning a compound structure such as a hydrocarbon chain. The letter "Q" is reserved for "heat" in a chemical reaction. "Y" is also often used as a general chemical symbol, though it is also the symbol of <a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">yttrium</a>. "Z" is also often used as a general variable group. "E" is used in organic chemistry to denote an <a href="/wiki/Polar_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar effect">electron-withdrawing group</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Electrophile" title="Electrophile">electrophile</a>; similarly "Nu" denotes a <a href="/wiki/Nucleophile" title="Nucleophile">nucleophile</a>. "L" is used to represent a general <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligand</a> in <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">inorganic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">organometallic chemistry</a>. "M" is also often used in place of a general metal. At least two other, two-letter generic chemical symbols are also in informal use, "Ln" for any <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanide</a> and "An" for any <a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinide</a>. "Rg" was formerly used for any <a href="/wiki/Rare_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare gas">rare gas</a> element, but the group of rare gases has now been renamed <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gases</a> and "Rg" now refers to <a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">roentgenium</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Isotope_symbols">Isotope symbols</h4></div> Isotopes of an element are distinguished by mass number (total protons and neutrons), with this number combined with the element's symbol. IUPAC prefers that isotope symbols be written in superscript notation when practical, for example 12C and 235U. However, other notations, such as carbon-12 and uranium-235, or C-12 and U-235, are also used. As a special case, the three naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen are often specified as H for 1H (<a href="/wiki/Protium" class="mw-redirect" title="Protium">protium</a>), D for 2H (<a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a>), and T for 3H (<a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a>). This convention is easier to use in chemical equations, replacing the need to write out the mass number each time. Thus, the formula for <a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">heavy water</a> may be written D2O instead of 2H2O. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_elements">Origin of the elements</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chemical_element" title="Special:EditPage/Chemical element">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chemical+element%22">"Chemical element"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chemical+element%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Chemical+element%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chemical+element%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chemical+element%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chemical+element%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (April 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nucleosynthesis" title="Nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Universe_content_pie_chart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Universe_content_pie_chart.jpg/370px-Universe_content_pie_chart.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="522" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Universe_content_pie_chart.jpg/555px-Universe_content_pie_chart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Universe_content_pie_chart.jpg/740px-Universe_content_pie_chart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Estimated distribution of dark matter and dark energy in the universe. Only the fraction of the mass and energy labeled "atoms" is composed of elements.</figcaption></figure> Only about 4% of the total mass of the universe is made of atoms or <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a>, and thus represented by elements. This fraction is about 15% of the total matter, with the remainder of the matter (85%) being <a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">dark matter</a>. The nature of dark matter is unknown, but it is not composed of atoms of elements because it contains no protons, neutrons, or electrons. (The remaining non-matter part of the mass of the universe is composed of the even less well understood <a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">dark energy</a>). The 94 naturally occurring elements were produced by at least four classes of astrophysical process. Most of the hydrogen, helium and a very small quantity of lithium were produced in the first few minutes of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis" title="Big Bang nucleosynthesis">Big Bang nucleosynthesis</a> happened only once; the other processes are ongoing. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">Nuclear fusion</a> inside stars produces elements through stellar nucleosynthesis, including all elements from carbon to <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> in atomic number. Elements higher in atomic number than iron, including heavy elements like uranium and plutonium, are produced by various forms of explosive nucleosynthesis in <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star_merger" title="Neutron star merger">neutron star mergers</a>. The light elements <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> are produced mostly through <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray_spallation" title="Cosmic ray spallation">cosmic ray spallation</a> (fragmentation induced by <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a>) of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. In the early phases of the Big Bang, nucleosynthesis of hydrogen resulted in the production of hydrogen-1 (protium, 1H) and helium-4 (4He), as well as a smaller amount of deuterium (2H) and tiny amounts (on the order of 10−10) of lithium and beryllium. Even smaller amounts of boron may have been produced in the Big Bang, since it has been observed in some very old stars, while carbon has not.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> No elements heavier than boron were produced in the Big Bang. As a result, the primordial abundance of atoms (or ions) consisted of ~75% 1H, 25% 4He, and 0.01% deuterium, with only tiny traces of lithium, beryllium, and perhaps boron.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Subsequent enrichment of <a href="/wiki/Galactic_spheroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Galactic spheroid">galactic halos</a> occurred due to stellar nucleosynthesis and <a href="/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">supernova nucleosynthesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-synthesis-24">[24]</a> However, the element abundance in <a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergalactic space">intergalactic space</a> can still closely resemble primordial conditions, unless it has been enriched by some means. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nucleosynthesis_periodic_table.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nucleosynthesis_periodic_table.svg/390px-Nucleosynthesis_periodic_table.svg.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nucleosynthesis_periodic_table.svg/585px-Nucleosynthesis_periodic_table.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nucleosynthesis_periodic_table.svg/780px-Nucleosynthesis_periodic_table.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Periodic table showing the cosmogenic origin of each element in the Big Bang, or in large or small stars. Small stars can produce certain elements up to sulfur, by the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_process" title="Alpha process">alpha process</a>. Supernovae are needed to produce "heavy" elements (those beyond iron and nickel) rapidly by neutron buildup, in the <a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a>. Certain large stars slowly produce other elements heavier than iron, in the <a href="/wiki/S-process" title="S-process">s-process</a>; these may then be blown into space in the off-gassing of <a href="/wiki/Planetary_nebulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary nebulae">planetary nebulae</a></figcaption></figure> On Earth (and elsewhere), trace amounts of various elements continue to be produced from other elements as products of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation" title="Nuclear transmutation">nuclear transmutation</a> processes. These include some produced by <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a> or other nuclear reactions (see <a href="/wiki/Cosmogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmogenic">cosmogenic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nucleogenic" title="Nucleogenic">nucleogenic</a> nuclides), and others produced as <a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">decay products</a> of long-lived primordial nuclides.<a href="#cite_note-Earnshaw1997-25">[25]</a> For example, trace (but detectable) amounts of <a href="/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14">carbon-14</a> (14C) are continually produced in the air by cosmic rays impacting nitrogen atoms, and argon-40 (40Ar) is continually produced by the decay of primordially occurring but unstable potassium-40 (40K). Also, three primordially occurring but radioactive actinides, thorium, uranium, and plutonium, decay through a series of recurrently produced but unstable elements such as radium and <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a>, which are transiently present in any sample of containing these metals. Three other radioactive elements, technetium, promethium, and neptunium, occur only incidentally in natural materials, produced as individual atoms by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a> of the nuclei of various heavy elements or in other rare nuclear processes. Besides the 94 naturally occurring elements, several <a href="/wiki/Artificial_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial element">artificial elements</a> have been produced by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a> technology. By 2016, these experiments had produced all elements up to atomic number 118. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abundance">Abundance</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">Abundance of the chemical elements</a></div> The following graph (note log scale) shows the abundance of elements in our Solar System. The table shows the 12 most common elements in our galaxy (estimated spectroscopically), as measured in <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">parts per million</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-croswell-26">[26]</a> Nearby galaxies that have evolved along similar lines have a corresponding enrichment of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. The more distant galaxies are being viewed as they appeared in the past, so their abundances of elements appear closer to the primordial mixture. As physical laws and processes appear common throughout the <a href="/wiki/Visible_universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible universe">visible universe</a>, however, scientists expect that these galaxies evolved elements in similar abundance. The abundance of elements in the Solar System is in keeping with their origin from nucleosynthesis in the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> and a number of progenitor supernova stars. Very abundant hydrogen and helium are products of the Big Bang, but the next three elements are rare since they had little time to form in the Big Bang and are not made in stars (they are, however, produced in small quantities by the breakup of heavier elements in interstellar dust, as a result of impact by cosmic rays). Beginning with carbon, elements are produced in stars by buildup from alpha particles (helium nuclei), resulting in an alternatingly larger abundance of elements with even atomic numbers (these are also more stable). In general, such elements up to iron are made in large stars in the process of becoming <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovas</a>. Iron-56 is particularly common, since it is the most stable nuclide that can easily be made from alpha particles (being a product of decay of radioactive nickel-56, ultimately made from 14 helium nuclei). Elements heavier than iron are made in energy-absorbing processes in large stars, and their abundance in the universe (and on Earth) generally decreases with their atomic number. The <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">abundance of the chemical elements</a> on Earth varies from air to crust to ocean, and in various types of life. The abundance of elements in Earth's crust differs from that in the Solar System (as seen in the Sun and massive planets like Jupiter) mainly in selective loss of the very lightest elements (hydrogen and helium) and also volatile neon, carbon (as hydrocarbons), nitrogen and sulfur, as a result of solar heating in the early formation of the Solar System. Oxygen, the most abundant Earth element by mass, is retained on Earth by combination with silicon. Aluminium at 8% by mass is more common in the Earth's crust than in the universe and solar system, but the composition of the far more bulky mantle, which has magnesium and iron in place of aluminium (which occurs there only at 2% of mass) more closely mirrors the elemental composition of the solar system, save for the noted loss of volatile elements to space, and loss of iron which has migrated to the Earth's core. The <a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">composition of the human body</a>, by contrast, more closely follows the composition of <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a>—save that the human body has additional stores of carbon and nitrogen necessary to form the <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acids</a>, together with <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> in the nucleic acids and energy transfer molecule <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">adenosine triphosphate</a> (ATP) that occurs in the cells of all living organisms. Certain kinds of <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> require particular additional elements, for example the <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a> in green plants, the <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mollusc_shell" title="Mollusc shell">mollusc shells</a>, or the iron in the <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>' <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SolarSystemAbundances.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SolarSystemAbundances.svg/590px-SolarSystemAbundances.svg.png" decoding="async" width="590" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SolarSystemAbundances.svg/885px-SolarSystemAbundances.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SolarSystemAbundances.svg/1180px-SolarSystemAbundances.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Abundances of the chemical elements in the Solar System. Hydrogen and helium are most common, from the Big Bang. The next three elements (Li, Be, B) are rare because they are poorly synthesized in the Big Bang and also in stars. The two general trends in the remaining stellar-produced elements are: (1) an alternation of abundance in elements as they have even or odd atomic numbers (the <a href="/wiki/Oddo%E2%80%93Harkins_rule" title="Oddo–Harkins rule">Oddo–Harkins rule</a>), and (2) a general decrease in abundance as elements become heavier. Iron is especially common because it represents the minimum energy nuclide that can be made by fusion of helium in supernovae.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Elements in our galaxy</th> <th>Parts per million by mass </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td>739,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td> <td>240,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td>10,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td>4,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td> <td>1,340 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td>1,090 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td>960 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td>650 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td>580 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td>440 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td>210 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td>100 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div> <table style="text-align: center; display: inline-block;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="120" style="background:#d8d8d8">Essential elements<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Szklarska2019-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Enderle2020-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-bromine-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-essentialmetals-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(by_nutritional_elements)" title="Template:Periodic table (by nutritional elements)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(by_nutritional_elements)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (by nutritional elements)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(by_nutritional_elements)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (by nutritional elements)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:white;background:#006000">H </td> <td colspan="17">  </td> <td>He </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ebba36;">Li </td> <td>Be </td> <td colspan="11">  </td> <td style="background:#dd9;">B </td> <td style="color:white;background:#006000;">C </td> <td style="color:white;background:#006000;">N </td> <td style="color:white;background:#006000;">O </td> <td style="background:#ebba36;">F </td> <td>Ne </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#00b000;">Na </td> <td style="background:#00b000;">Mg </td> <td colspan="11">  </td> <td style="background:#dd9;">Al </td> <td style="background:#ebba36;">Si </td> <td style="background:#00b000;">P </td> <td style="background:#00b000;">S </td> <td style="background:#00b000;">Cl </td> <td>Ar </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#00b000;">K </td> <td style="background:#00b000;">Ca </td> <td> </td> <td>Sc </td> <td style="background:#dd9;">Ti </td> <td style="background:#ebba36;">V </td> <td>Cr </td> <td style="background:#7f0;">Mn </td> <td style="background:#7f0;">Fe </td> <td style="background:#7f0;">Co </td> <td style="background:#ebba36;">Ni </td> <td style="background:#7f0;">Cu </td> <td style="background:#7f0;">Zn </td> <td>Ga </td> <td>Ge </td> <td style="background:#dd9;">As </td> <td style="background:#7f0;">Se </td> <td style="background:#7f0;">Br </td> <td>Kr </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dd9;">Rb </td> <td style="background:#dd9;">Sr </td> <td> </td> <td>Y </td> <td>Zr </td> <td>Nb </td> <td style="background:#7f0;">Mo </td> <td>Tc </td> <td>Ru </td> <td>Rh </td> <td>Pd </td> <td>Ag </td> <td style="background:#dd9;">Cd </td> <td>In </td> <td>Sn </td> <td style="background:#dd9;">Sb </td> <td style="background:#dd9;">Te </td> <td style="background:#7f0;">I </td> <td>Xe </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cs </td> <td style="background:#dd9;">Ba </td> <td>* </td> <td>Lu </td> <td>Hf </td> <td>Ta </td> <td style="background:#dd9;">W </td> <td>Re </td> <td>Os </td> <td>Ir </td> <td>Pt </td> <td>Au </td> <td>Hg </td> <td>Tl </td> <td>Pb </td> <td>Bi </td> <td>Po </td> <td>At </td> <td>Rn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fr </td> <td>Ra </td> <td>** </td> <td>Lr </td> <td>Rf </td> <td>Db </td> <td>Sg </td> <td>Bh </td> <td>Hs </td> <td>Mt </td> <td>Ds </td> <td>Rg </td> <td>Cn </td> <td>Nh </td> <td>Fl </td> <td>Mc </td> <td>Lv </td> <td>Ts </td> <td>Og </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="19">  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td>* </td> <td style="background:#dd9;">La </td> <td style="background:#dd9;">Ce </td> <td style="background:#dd9;">Pr </td> <td style="background:#dd9;">Nd </td> <td>Pm </td> <td style="background:#dd9;">Sm </td> <td style="background:#dd9;">Eu </td> <td style="background:#dd9;">Gd </td> <td>Tb </td> <td>Dy </td> <td>Ho </td> <td>Er </td> <td>Tm </td> <td>Yb </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td>** </td> <td>Ac </td> <td>Th </td> <td>Pa </td> <td style="background:#dd9;">U </td> <td>Np </td> <td>Pu </td> <td>Am </td> <td>Cm </td> <td>Bk </td> <td>Cf </td> <td>Es </td> <td>Fm </td> <td>Md </td> <td>No </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="font-size:70%;width: 50em;border:1px #aaa solid;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="text-align:left">Legend:</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  The <a href="/wiki/CHON" class="mw-redirect" title="CHON">four basic organic elements</a> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Quantity elements </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Essential <a href="/wiki/Dietary_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary element">trace elements</a> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Essentiality or function in mammals debated </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  No evidence for biological action in mammals, but essential or beneficial in some organisms. (In the case of the <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanides</a>, the definition of an essential nutrient as being indispensable and irreplaceable is not completely applicable due to their extreme similarity. The stable early lanthanides La–Nd are known to stimulate the growth of various lanthanide-using organisms, and Sm–Gd show lesser effects for some such organisms. The later elements in the lanthanide series do not appear to have such effects.)<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolving_definitions">Evolving definitions</h3></div> The concept of an "element" as an indivisible substance has developed through three major historical phases: Classical definitions (such as those of the ancient Greeks), chemical definitions, and atomic definitions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_definitions">Classical definitions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classical_element#Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Classical element">Classical element § Hellenistic philosophy</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient philosophy</a> posited a set of <a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">classical elements</a> to explain observed patterns in <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>. These elements originally referred to <a href="/wiki/Earth_(classical_element)" title="Earth (classical element)">earth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_(classical_element)" title="Water (classical element)">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_(classical_element)" title="Air (classical element)">air</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fire_(classical_element)" title="Fire (classical element)">fire</a> rather than the chemical elements of modern science. The term 'elements' (stoicheia) was first used by Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> around 360 BCE in his dialogue <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a>, which includes a discussion of the composition of inorganic and organic bodies and is a speculative treatise on chemistry. Plato believed the elements introduced a century earlier by <a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a> were composed of small <a href="/wiki/Regular_polyhedron" title="Regular polyhedron">polyhedral</a> <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Forms" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of Forms">forms</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedron" title="Tetrahedron">tetrahedron</a> (fire), <a href="/wiki/Octahedron" title="Octahedron">octahedron</a> (air), <a href="/wiki/Icosahedron" title="Icosahedron">icosahedron</a> (water), and <a href="/wiki/Cube" title="Cube">cube</a> (earth).<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 350 BCE, also used the term stoicheia and added a fifth element, <a href="/wiki/Aether_(classical_element)" title="Aether (classical element)">aether</a>, which formed the heavens. Aristotle defined an element as: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Element – one of those bodies into which other bodies can decompose, and that itself is not capable of being divided into other.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_definitions">Chemical definitions</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Robert_Boyle">Robert Boyle</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/80px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>, as section. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_element&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Chemical_element" title="Talk:Chemical element">talk page</a> may contain suggestions. (March 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portret_van_Robert_Boyle,_RP-P-OB-4578_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Portret_van_Robert_Boyle%2C_RP-P-OB-4578_%28cropped%29.jpg/156px-Portret_van_Robert_Boyle%2C_RP-P-OB-4578_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Portret_van_Robert_Boyle%2C_RP-P-OB-4578_%28cropped%29.jpg/234px-Portret_van_Robert_Boyle%2C_RP-P-OB-4578_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Portret_van_Robert_Boyle%2C_RP-P-OB-4578_%28cropped%29.jpg/312px-Portret_van_Robert_Boyle%2C_RP-P-OB-4578_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1363" data-file-height="1749" /></a><figcaption>Robert Boyle, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1740</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sceptical_chymist_1661_Boyle_Title_page_AQ18_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sceptical_chymist_1661_Boyle_Title_page_AQ18_%283%29.jpg/220px-Sceptical_chymist_1661_Boyle_Title_page_AQ18_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sceptical_chymist_1661_Boyle_Title_page_AQ18_%283%29.jpg/330px-Sceptical_chymist_1661_Boyle_Title_page_AQ18_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sceptical_chymist_1661_Boyle_Title_page_AQ18_%283%29.jpg/440px-Sceptical_chymist_1661_Boyle_Title_page_AQ18_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="5616" /></a><figcaption>Title page of The Sceptical Chymist, published in 1661</figcaption></figure> In 1661, in <a href="/wiki/The_Sceptical_Chymist" title="The Sceptical Chymist">The Sceptical Chymist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a> proposed his theory of corpuscularism which favoured the analysis of matter as constituted of irreducible units of matter (atoms); and, choosing to side with neither Aristotle's view of the four elements nor <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a>' view of three fundamental elements, left open the question of the number of elements. Boyle argued against a pre-determined number of elements—directly against Paracelsus' three <a href="/wiki/Principle_(chemistry)" title="Principle (chemistry)">principles</a> (sulfur, mercury, and salt), indirectly against the <a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">"Aristotelian" elements</a> (earth, water, air, and fire), for Boyle felt that the arguments against the former were at least as valid against the latter. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Much of what I am to deliver ... may be indifferently apply'd to the four Peripatetick Elements, and the three Chymical Principles ... the Chymical Hypothesis seeming to be much more countenanc'd by Experience then the other, it will be expedient to insist chiefly upon the disproving of that; especially since most of the Arguments that are imploy'd against it, may, by a little variation, be made ... at least as strongly against the less plausible, Aristotelian Doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle166136-37">[37]</a></blockquote> Then Boyle stated his view in four propositions. In the first and second, he suggests that matter consists of particles, but that these particles may be difficult to separate. Boyle used the concept of "corpuscles"—or "atomes",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle166138-38">[38]</a> as he also called them—to explain how a limited number of elements could combine into a vast number of compounds. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Propos. I. ... At the first Production of mixt Bodies, the Universal Matter whereof they ... consisted, was actually divided into little Particles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle166137-39">[39]</a> ... The Generation ... and wasting of Bodies ... and ... the Chymical Resolutions of mixt Bodies, and ... Operations of ... Fires upon them ... manifest their consisting of parts very minute... Epicurus ... as you well know, supposes ... all ... Bodies ... to be produc'd by ... Atomes, moving themselves to and fro ... in the ... Infinite Vacuum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle166137–38-40">[40]</a> ... Propos. II. ... These minute Particles ... were ... associated into minute ... Clusters ... not easily dissipable into such Particles as compos'd them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle166138–39-41">[41]</a> ... If we assigne to the Corpuscles, whereof each Element consists, a peculiar size and shape ... such ... Corpuscles may be mingled in such various Proportions, and ... connected so many ... wayes, that an almost incredible number of ... Concretes may be compos'd of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle166142-42">[42]</a></blockquote> Boyle explained that gold reacts with <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a>, and mercury with nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and sulfur to produce various "compounds", and that they could be recovered from those compounds, just as would be expected of elements. Yet, Boyle did not consider gold,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle166129-43">[43]</a> mercury,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle166141-44">[44]</a> or lead<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle166129-43">[43]</a> elements, but rather—together with wine<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1661145-45">[45]</a>—"perfectly mixt bodies". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Quicksilver ... with Aqua fortis will be brought into a ... white Powder ... with Sulphur it will compose a blood-red ... Cinaber. And yet out of all these exotick Compounds, we may recover the very same running Mercury.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle166140–41-46">[46]</a> ... Propos. III. ... From most of such mixt Bodies ... there may by the Help of the Fire, be actually obtain'd a determinate number (whether Three, Four or Five, or fewer or more) of Substances ... The Chymists are wont to call the Ingredients of mixt Bodies, Principles, as the Aristotelians name them Elements. ... Principles ... as not being compounded of any more primary Bodies: and Elements, in regard that all mix'd Bodies are compounded of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle166146-47">[47]</a></blockquote> Even though Boyle is primarily regarded as the first modern chemist, The Sceptical Chymist still contains old ideas about the elements, alien to a contemporary viewpoint. Sulfur, for example, is not only the familiar yellow non-metal but also an inflammable "spirit".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1661145-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Isaac_Watts">Isaac Watts</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Isaac_Watts,_D.D..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Portrait_of_Isaac_Watts%2C_D.D..jpg/150px-Portrait_of_Isaac_Watts%2C_D.D..jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Portrait_of_Isaac_Watts%2C_D.D..jpg/225px-Portrait_of_Isaac_Watts%2C_D.D..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Portrait_of_Isaac_Watts%2C_D.D..jpg/299px-Portrait_of_Isaac_Watts%2C_D.D..jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Isaac Watts by John Shury, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1830</figcaption></figure> In 1724, in his book <a href="/wiki/Logick" class="mw-redirect" title="Logick">Logick</a>, the English minister and logician <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Watts" title="Isaac Watts">Isaac Watts</a> enumerated the elements then recognized by chemists. Watts' list of elements included two of Paracelsus' principles (sulfur and salt) and two classical elements (earth and water) as well as "spirit". Watts did, however, note a lack of consensus among chemists.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Elements are such Substances as cannot be resolved, or reduced, into two or more Substances of different Kinds. ... Followers of Aristotle made Fire, Air, Earth and Water to be the four Elements, of which all earthly Things were compounded; and they suppos'd the Heavens to be a Quintessence, or fifth sort of Body, distinct from all these : But, since experimental Philosophy ... have been better understood, this Doctrine has been abundantly refuted. The Chymists make Spirit, Salt, Sulphur, Water and Earth to be their five Elements, because they can reduce all terrestrial Things to these five :.. tho' they are not all agreed.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antoine_Lavoisier,_Jöns_Jacob_Berzelius,_and_Dmitri_Mendeleev">Antoine Lavoisier, Jöns Jacob Berzelius, and Dmitri Mendeleev</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mendeleev%27s_1869_periodic_table.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mendeleev%27s_1869_periodic_table.svg/300px-Mendeleev%27s_1869_periodic_table.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mendeleev%27s_1869_periodic_table.svg/450px-Mendeleev%27s_1869_periodic_table.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mendeleev%27s_1869_periodic_table.svg/600px-Mendeleev%27s_1869_periodic_table.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendeleev">Mendeleev</a>'s 1869 periodic table: An experiment on a system of elements. Based on their atomic weights and chemical similarities.</figcaption></figure>The first modern list of elements was given in <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a>'s 1789 <a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_%C3%89l%C3%A9mentaire_de_Chimie" title="Traité Élémentaire de Chimie">Elements of Chemistry</a>, which contained 33 elements, including <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caloric_theory" title="Caloric theory">caloric</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> By 1818, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius">Jöns Jacob Berzelius</a> had determined atomic weights for 45 of the 49 then-accepted elements. <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> had 63 elements in his 1869 periodic table. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DIMendeleevCab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/DIMendeleevCab.jpg/170px-DIMendeleevCab.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/DIMendeleevCab.jpg/255px-DIMendeleevCab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/DIMendeleevCab.jpg/340px-DIMendeleevCab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="1593" /></a><figcaption>Dmitri Mendeleev, 1897</figcaption></figure> From Boyle until the early 20th century, an element was defined as a pure substance that cannot be decomposed into any simpler substance and cannot be transformed into other elements by chemical processes. Elements at the time were generally distinguished by their atomic weights, a property measurable with fair accuracy by available analytical techniques. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atomic_definitions">Atomic definitions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Moseley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dd/Henry_Moseley.jpg/220px-Henry_Moseley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dd/Henry_Moseley.jpg/330px-Henry_Moseley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/dd/Henry_Moseley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moseley" title="Henry Moseley">Henry Moseley</a></figcaption></figure> The 1913 discovery by English physicist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moseley" title="Henry Moseley">Henry Moseley</a> that the nuclear charge is the physical basis for the atomic number, further refined when the nature of protons and <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> became appreciated, eventually led to the current definition of an element based on atomic number (number of protons). The use of atomic numbers, rather than atomic weights, to distinguish elements has greater predictive value (since these numbers are integers) and also resolves some ambiguities in the chemistry-based view due to varying properties of isotopes and <a href="/wiki/Allotrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotrope">allotropes</a> within the same element. Currently, IUPAC defines an element to exist if it has isotopes with a lifetime longer than the 10−14 seconds it takes the nucleus to form an electronic cloud.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> By 1914, eighty-seven elements were known, all naturally occurring (see <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">Discovery of chemical elements</a>). The remaining naturally occurring elements were discovered or isolated in subsequent decades, and various additional elements have also been produced synthetically, with much of that work pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a>. In 1955, element 101 was discovered and named <a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">mendelevium</a> in honor of D. I. Mendeleev, the first to arrange the elements periodically. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_and_recognition_of_various_elements">Discovery and recognition of various elements</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">Discovery of chemical elements</a>.</div> Ten materials familiar to various prehistoric cultures are now known to be elements: Carbon, copper, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, iron, lead, mercury, silver, sulfur, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>. Three additional materials now accepted as elements, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>, were recognized as distinct substances before 1500 AD. <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> were isolated before 1750. Most of the remaining naturally occurring elements were identified and characterized by 1900, including: <ul><li>Such now-familiar <a href="/wiki/Industry_(manufacturing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry (manufacturing)">industrial</a> materials as <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, magnesium, and tungsten</li> <li>Reactive metals such as <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, potassium, and <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogens</a> <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">bromine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a></li> <li>Gases such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, helium, <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a></li> <li>Most of the <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare-earth elements">rare-earth elements</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">cerium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">lanthanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">neodymium</a></li> <li>The more common <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> elements, including uranium, thorium, and <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a></li></ul> Elements isolated or produced since 1900 include: <ul><li>The three remaining undiscovered stable elements: <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">hafnium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">lutetium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">rhenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a>, which was first produced synthetically in 1940 by <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a>, but is now also known from a few long-persisting natural occurrences</li> <li>The three incidentally occurring natural elements (<a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a>, promethium, and technetium), which were all first produced synthetically but later discovered in trace amounts in geological samples</li> <li>Four scarce decay products of uranium or thorium (astatine, francium, <a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">actinium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">protactinium</a>), and</li> <li>All synthetic <a href="/wiki/Transuranic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transuranic">transuranic</a> elements, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">americium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">curium</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recently_discovered_elements">Recently discovered elements</h3></div> The first <a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">transuranium element</a> (element with an atomic number greater than 92) discovered was <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a> in 1940. Since 1999, the <a href="/wiki/IUPAC/IUPAP_Joint_Working_Party" title="IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party">IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party</a> has considered claims for the discovery of new elements. As of January 2016, all 118 elements have been confirmed by IUPAC as being discovered. The discovery of element 112 was acknowledged in 2009, and the name copernicium and the chemical symbol Cn were suggested for it.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The name and symbol were officially endorsed by IUPAC on 19 February 2010.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The heaviest element that is believed to have been synthesized to date is element 118, <a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">oganesson</a>, on 9 October 2006, by the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">Flerov Laboratory</a> of Nuclear Reactions in <a href="/wiki/Dubna" title="Dubna">Dubna</a>, Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Schewe-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a>, element 117 was the latest element claimed to be discovered, in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-jinr-55">[55]</a> On 28 November 2016, scientists at the IUPAC officially recognized the names for the four newest elements, with atomic numbers 113, 115, 117, and 118.<a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-20161130-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20161201-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_the_118_known_chemical_elements">List of the 118 known chemical elements</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements" title="List of chemical elements">List of chemical elements</a></div> The following sortable table shows the 118 known elements. <ul><li>Atomic number, Element, and Symbol all serve independently as unique identifiers.</li> <li>Element names are those accepted by <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a>.</li> <li>Block indicates the periodic table <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">block</a> for each element: red = s-block, yellow = p-block, blue = d-block, green = f-block.</li> <li>Group and period refer to an element's position in the periodic table. Group numbers here show the currently accepted numbering; for older numberings, see <a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group (periodic table)</a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="16" style="vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_chemical_elements" title="Template:List of chemical elements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:List of chemical elements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_chemical_elements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of chemical elements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">List of chemical elements</div> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th colspan="3"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Element</a> </th> <th>Origin of name<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> </th> <th style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a> </th> <th style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a> </th> <th data-sort-type-number=""><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(E)<a href="#cite_note-saw-60">[a]</a> </th> <th data-sort-type-number=""><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a><a href="#cite_note-prediction-61">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-density-62">[c]</a> </th> <th data-sort-type-number=""><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a><a href="#cite_note-mp-63">[d]</a> </th> <th data-sort-type-number=""><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a><a href="#cite_note-bp-64">[e]</a> </th> <th data-sort-type-number=""><a href="/wiki/Specific_heat_capacity" title="Specific heat capacity">Specific heat capacity</a><a href="#cite_note-heatcapacity-65">[f]</a> </th> <th data-sort-type-number=""><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a><a href="#cite_note-electronegativity-66">[g]</a> </th> <th data-sort-type-number="" style="padding: 0"><a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">Abundance in Earth's crust</a><a href="#cite_note-abundance-67">[h]</a> </th> <th>Origin<a href="#cite_note-origin-68">[i]</a> </th> <th>Phase at <abbr title="at room temperature">r.t.</abbr><a href="#cite_note-phase-69">[j]</a> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">Z </th> <th style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">Symbol</a> </th> <th>Name </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">Da</a>) </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Density#Unit" title="Density"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>⁠g/cm3⁠</a>) </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>) </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(K) </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Specific_heat_capacity#Units" title="Specific heat capacity"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠J/g · K⁠</a>) </th> <th> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠mg/kg⁠) </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>  </th></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="H"> <td style="text-align:center">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center">H </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> roots hydro- + -gen, '<a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>-forming' </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#ff9999;color:black;" data-sort-value="1001"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#s-block" title="Block (periodic table)">s-block</a> </td> <td>1.0080 </td> <td>0.00008988 </td> <td>14.01 </td> <td>20.28 </td> <td>14.304 </td> <td>2.20 </td> <td>1400 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="He"> <td style="text-align:center">2 </td> <td style="text-align:center">He </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Greek hḗlios '<a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a>' </td> <td>18 </td> <td>1 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#ff9999;color:black;" data-sort-value="1002">s-block </td> <td>4.0026 </td> <td>0.0001785 </td> <td>–<a href="#cite_note-helium-70">[k]</a> </td> <td>4.22 </td> <td>5.193 </td> <td>– </td> <td>0.008 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>gas </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Li"> <td style="text-align:center">3 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Li </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Greek líthos '<a href="/wiki/Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone">stone</a>' </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#ff9999;color:black;" data-sort-value="1003">s-block </td> <td>6.94 </td> <td>0.534 </td> <td>453.69 </td> <td>1560 </td> <td>3.582 </td> <td>0.98 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a> </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Be"> <td style="text-align:center">4 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Be </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">Beryl</a>, mineral (ultimately after <a href="/wiki/Belur,_Karnataka" title="Belur, Karnataka">Belur, Karnataka</a>, India?)<a href="#cite_note-71">[60]</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#ff9999;color:black;" data-sort-value="1004">s-block </td> <td>9.0122 </td> <td>1.85 </td> <td>1560 </td> <td>2742 </td> <td>1.825 </td> <td>1.57 </td> <td>2.8 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="B"> <td style="text-align:center">5 </td> <td style="text-align:center">B </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Borax" title="Borax">Borax</a>, mineral (from <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82#Arabic" class="extiw" title="wikt:بورق">bawraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: *bōrag) </td> <td>13 </td> <td>2 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2005"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#p-block" title="Block (periodic table)">p-block</a> </td> <td>10.81 </td> <td>2.34 </td> <td>2349 </td> <td>4200 </td> <td>1.026 </td> <td>2.04 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="C"> <td style="text-align:center">6 </td> <td style="text-align:center">C </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> carbo '<a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>' </td> <td>14 </td> <td>2 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2006">p-block </td> <td>12.011 </td> <td>2.267 </td> <td>>4000 </td> <td>4300 </td> <td>0.709 </td> <td>2.55 </td> <td>200 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="N"> <td style="text-align:center">7 </td> <td style="text-align:center">N </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Greek nítron + -gen, '<a href="/wiki/Niter" title="Niter">niter</a>-forming' </td> <td>15 </td> <td>2 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2007">p-block </td> <td>14.007 </td> <td>0.0012506 </td> <td>63.15 </td> <td>77.36 </td> <td>1.04 </td> <td>3.04 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>gas </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="O"> <td style="text-align:center">8 </td> <td style="text-align:center">O </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Greek oxy- + -gen, '<a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acid</a>-forming' </td> <td>16 </td> <td>2 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2008">p-block </td> <td>15.999 </td> <td>0.001429 </td> <td>54.36 </td> <td>90.20 </td> <td>0.918 </td> <td>3.44 </td> <td>461000 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>gas </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="F"> <td style="text-align:center">9 </td> <td style="text-align:center">F </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Latin fluo 'to flow' </td> <td>17 </td> <td>2 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2009">p-block </td> <td>18.998 </td> <td>0.001696 </td> <td>53.53 </td> <td>85.03 </td> <td>0.824 </td> <td>3.98 </td> <td>585 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>gas </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Ne"> <td style="text-align:center">10 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Ne </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Greek néon 'new' </td> <td>18 </td> <td>2 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2010">p-block </td> <td>20.180 </td> <td>0.0009002 </td> <td>24.56 </td> <td>27.07 </td> <td>1.03 </td> <td>– </td> <td>0.005 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>gas </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Na"> <td style="text-align:center">11 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Na </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Coined by <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> who first isolated it, from English soda (specifically <a href="/wiki/Caustic_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Caustic soda">caustic soda</a>), via Italian from Arabic ṣudāʕ 'headache'  ·  Symbol Na, from <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/natrium#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:natrium">natrium</a>, coined from German <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Natron" class="extiw" title="wikt:Natron">Natron</a> '<a href="/wiki/Natron" title="Natron">natron</a>' </td> <td>1 </td> <td>3 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#ff9999;color:black;" data-sort-value="1011">s-block </td> <td>22.990 </td> <td>0.968 </td> <td>370.87 </td> <td>1156 </td> <td>1.228 </td> <td>0.93 </td> <td>23600 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Mg"> <td style="text-align:center">12 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Mg </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Magnesia_(regional_unit)" title="Magnesia (regional unit)">Magnesia</a> region, eastern <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#ff9999;color:black;" data-sort-value="1012">s-block </td> <td>24.305 </td> <td>1.738 </td> <td>923 </td> <td>1363 </td> <td>1.023 </td> <td>1.31 </td> <td>23300 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Al"> <td style="text-align:center">13 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Al </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">Alumina</a>, from Latin alumen (gen. aluminis) 'bitter salt, <a href="/wiki/Alum" title="Alum">alum</a>' </td> <td>13 </td> <td>3 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2013">p-block </td> <td>26.982 </td> <td>2.70 </td> <td>933.47 </td> <td>2792 </td> <td>0.897 </td> <td>1.61 </td> <td>82300 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Si"> <td style="text-align:center">14 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Si </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Latin silex '<a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a>' (originally silicium) </td> <td>14 </td> <td>3 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2014">p-block </td> <td>28.085 </td> <td>2.3290 </td> <td>1687 </td> <td>3538 </td> <td>0.705 </td> <td>1.9 </td> <td>282000 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="P"> <td style="text-align:center">15 </td> <td style="text-align:center">P </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Greek phōsphóros 'light-bearing' </td> <td>15 </td> <td>3 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2015">p-block </td> <td>30.974 </td> <td>1.823 </td> <td>317.30 </td> <td>550 </td> <td>0.769 </td> <td>2.19 </td> <td>1050 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="S"> <td style="text-align:center">16 </td> <td style="text-align:center">S </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Latin </td> <td>16 </td> <td>3 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2016">p-block </td> <td>32.06 </td> <td>2.07 </td> <td>388.36 </td> <td>717.87 </td> <td>0.71 </td> <td>2.58 </td> <td>350 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Cl"> <td style="text-align:center">17 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Cl </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Greek chlōrós 'greenish yellow' </td> <td>17 </td> <td>3 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2017">p-block </td> <td>35.45 </td> <td>0.0032 </td> <td>171.6 </td> <td>239.11 </td> <td>0.479 </td> <td>3.16 </td> <td>145 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>gas </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Ar"> <td style="text-align:center">18 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Ar </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Greek argós 'idle' (it is <a href="/wiki/Chemically_inert" title="Chemically inert">inert</a>) </td> <td>18 </td> <td>3 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2018">p-block </td> <td>39.95 </td> <td>0.001784 </td> <td>83.80 </td> <td>87.30 </td> <td>0.52 </td> <td>– </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>gas </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="K"> <td style="text-align:center">19 </td> <td style="text-align:center">K </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> potassa '<a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>', from pot + ash  ·  Symbol K, from Neo-Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kalium#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:kalium">kalium</a>, from German </td> <td>1 </td> <td>4 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#ff9999;color:black;" data-sort-value="1019">s-block </td> <td>39.098 </td> <td>0.89 </td> <td>336.53 </td> <td>1032 </td> <td>0.757 </td> <td>0.82 </td> <td>20900 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Ca"> <td style="text-align:center">20 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Ca </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Latin calx '<a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a>' </td> <td>2 </td> <td>4 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#ff9999;color:black;" data-sort-value="1020">s-block </td> <td>40.078 </td> <td>1.55 </td> <td>1115 </td> <td>1757 </td> <td>0.647 </td> <td>1.00 </td> <td>41500 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Sc"> <td style="text-align:center">21 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Sc </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Latin Scandia '<a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>' </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3021"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#d-block" title="Block (periodic table)">d-block</a> </td> <td>44.956 </td> <td>2.985 </td> <td>1814 </td> <td>3109 </td> <td>0.568 </td> <td>1.36 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Ti"> <td style="text-align:center">22 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Ti </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Titans" title="Titans">Titans</a>, children of <a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ouranos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouranos">Ouranos</a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3022">d-block </td> <td>47.867 </td> <td>4.506 </td> <td>1941 </td> <td>3560 </td> <td>0.523 </td> <td>1.54 </td> <td>5650 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="V"> <td style="text-align:center">23 </td> <td style="text-align:center">V </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_of_Freyja" class="mw-redirect" title="List of names of Freyja">Vanadis</a>, a name for Norse goddess <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>4 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3023">d-block </td> <td>50.942 </td> <td>6.11 </td> <td>2183 </td> <td>3680 </td> <td>0.489 </td> <td>1.63 </td> <td>120 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Cr"> <td style="text-align:center">24 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Cr </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Greek chróma '<a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a>' </td> <td>6 </td> <td>4 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3024">d-block </td> <td>51.996 </td> <td>7.15 </td> <td>2180 </td> <td>2944 </td> <td>0.449 </td> <td>1.66 </td> <td>102 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Mn"> <td style="text-align:center">25 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Mn </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Corrupted from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/magnesia#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:magnesia">magnesia</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/negra#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:negra">negra</a>; see <a href="#Mg">magnesium</a> </td> <td>7 </td> <td>4 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3025">d-block </td> <td>54.938 </td> <td>7.21 </td> <td>1519 </td> <td>2334 </td> <td>0.479 </td> <td>1.55 </td> <td>950 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Fe"> <td style="text-align:center">26 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Fe </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">English, from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic">Proto-Celtic</a> *īsarnom 'iron', from a root meaning 'blood'  ·  Symbol Fe, from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ferrum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:ferrum">ferrum</a> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>4 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3026">d-block </td> <td>55.845 </td> <td>7.874 </td> <td>1811 </td> <td>3134 </td> <td>0.449 </td> <td>1.83 </td> <td>56300 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Co"> <td style="text-align:center">27 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Co </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kobold#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Kobold">Kobold</a>, '<a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">goblin</a>' </td> <td>9 </td> <td>4 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3027">d-block </td> <td>58.933 </td> <td>8.90 </td> <td>1768 </td> <td>3200 </td> <td>0.421 </td> <td>1.88 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Ni"> <td style="text-align:center">28 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Ni </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Nickel, a mischievous <a href="/wiki/Sprite_(folklore)" title="Sprite (folklore)">sprite</a> in German miner mythology </td> <td>10 </td> <td>4 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3028">d-block </td> <td>58.693 </td> <td>8.908 </td> <td>1728 </td> <td>3186 </td> <td>0.444 </td> <td>1.91 </td> <td>84 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Cu"> <td style="text-align:center">29 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Cu </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">English, from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cuprum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:cuprum">cuprum</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> </td> <td>11 </td> <td>4 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3029">d-block </td> <td>63.546 </td> <td>8.96 </td> <td>1357.77 </td> <td>2835 </td> <td>0.385 </td> <td>1.90 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Zn"> <td style="text-align:center">30 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Zn </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Most likely German <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Zinke#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Zinke">Zinke</a>, 'prong, tooth', but some suggest <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF#Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:سنگ">sang</a> 'stone' </td> <td>12 </td> <td>4 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3030">d-block </td> <td>65.38 </td> <td>7.14 </td> <td>692.88 </td> <td>1180 </td> <td>0.388 </td> <td>1.65 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Ga"> <td style="text-align:center">31 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Ga </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Latin <a href="/wiki/Gallia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallia">Gallia</a> '<a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>' </td> <td>13 </td> <td>4 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2031">p-block </td> <td>69.723 </td> <td>5.91 </td> <td>302.9146 </td> <td>2673 </td> <td>0.371 </td> <td>1.81 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Ge"> <td style="text-align:center">32 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Ge </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Latin <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> '<a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>' </td> <td>14 </td> <td>4 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2032">p-block </td> <td>72.630 </td> <td>5.323 </td> <td>1211.40 </td> <td>3106 </td> <td>0.32 </td> <td>2.01 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="As"> <td style="text-align:center">33 </td> <td style="text-align:center">As </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Middle English, from <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/arsenic#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:arsenic">arsenic</a>, from Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀρσενικόν">arsenikón</a> 'yellow arsenic' (influenced by <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀρσενικός">arsenikós</a> 'masculine, virile'), from a <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asian</a> <a href="/wiki/Wanderword" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanderword">wanderword</a> ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</a>: *zarniya-ka, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'golden' </td> <td>15 </td> <td>4 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2033">p-block </td> <td>74.922 </td> <td>5.727 </td> <td>1090<a href="#cite_note-arsenic-72">[l]</a> </td> <td>887 </td> <td>0.329 </td> <td>2.18 </td> <td>1.8 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Se"> <td style="text-align:center">34 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Se </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B7#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:σελήνη">selḗnē</a> '<a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">moon</a>' </td> <td>16 </td> <td>4 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2034">p-block </td> <td>78.971 </td> <td>4.81 </td> <td>453 </td> <td>958 </td> <td>0.321 </td> <td>2.55 </td> <td>0.05 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Br"> <td style="text-align:center">35 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Br </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B2%CF%81%E1%BF%B6%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:βρῶμος">brômos</a> 'stench' </td> <td>17 </td> <td>4 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2035">p-block </td> <td>79.904 </td> <td>3.1028 </td> <td>265.8 </td> <td>332.0 </td> <td>0.474 </td> <td>2.96 </td> <td>2.4 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a> </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Kr"> <td style="text-align:center">36 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Kr </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%85%CF%80%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:κρυπτός">kryptós</a> 'hidden' </td> <td>18 </td> <td>4 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2036">p-block </td> <td>83.798 </td> <td>0.003749 </td> <td>115.79 </td> <td>119.93 </td> <td>0.248 </td> <td>3.00 </td> <td>1×10−4 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>gas </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Rb"> <td style="text-align:center">37 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Rb </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rubidus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:rubidus">rubidus</a> 'deep red' </td> <td>1 </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#ff9999;color:black;" data-sort-value="1037">s-block </td> <td>85.468 </td> <td>1.532 </td> <td>312.46 </td> <td>961 </td> <td>0.363 </td> <td>0.82 </td> <td>90 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Sr"> <td style="text-align:center">38 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Sr </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Strontian" title="Strontian">Strontian</a>, a village in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, where it was found </td> <td>2 </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#ff9999;color:black;" data-sort-value="1038">s-block </td> <td>87.62 </td> <td>2.64 </td> <td>1050 </td> <td>1655 </td> <td>0.301 </td> <td>0.95 </td> <td>370 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Y"> <td style="text-align:center">39 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Y </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Ytterby" title="Ytterby">Ytterby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, where it was found; see <a href="#Tb">terbium</a>, <a href="#Er">erbium</a>, <a href="#Yb">ytterbium</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3039">d-block </td> <td>88.906 </td> <td>4.472 </td> <td>1799 </td> <td>3609 </td> <td>0.298 </td> <td>1.22 </td> <td>33 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Zr"> <td style="text-align:center">40 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Zr </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">Zircon</a>, mineral, from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> zargun 'gold-hued' </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3040">d-block </td> <td>91.224 </td> <td>6.52 </td> <td>2128 </td> <td>4682 </td> <td>0.278 </td> <td>1.33 </td> <td>165 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Nb"> <td style="text-align:center">41 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Nb </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Niobe" title="Niobe">Niobe</a>, daughter of king <a href="/wiki/Tantalus" title="Tantalus">Tantalus</a> in Greek myth; see <a href="#Ta">tantalum</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3041">d-block </td> <td>92.906 </td> <td>8.57 </td> <td>2750 </td> <td>5017 </td> <td>0.265 </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Mo"> <td style="text-align:center">42 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Mo </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8D%CE%B2%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:μολύβδαινα">molýbdaina</a> 'piece of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>', from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CF%8C%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:μόλυβδος">mólybdos</a> 'lead', due to confusion with lead ore <a href="/wiki/Galena" title="Galena">galena</a> (PbS) </td> <td>6 </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3042">d-block </td> <td>95.95 </td> <td>10.28 </td> <td>2896 </td> <td>4912 </td> <td>0.251 </td> <td>2.16 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Tc"> <td style="text-align:center">43 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Tc </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:τεχνητός">tekhnētós</a> 'artificial' </td> <td>7 </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3043">d-block </td> <td>[97]<a href="#cite_note-saw-60">[a]</a> </td> <td>11 </td> <td>2430 </td> <td>4538 </td> <td>– </td> <td>1.9 </td> <td>~ 3×10−9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">from decay</a> </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Ru"> <td style="text-align:center">44 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Ru </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Neo-Latin <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a> '<a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>' </td> <td>8 </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3044">d-block </td> <td>101.07 </td> <td>12.45 </td> <td>2607 </td> <td>4423 </td> <td>0.238 </td> <td>2.2 </td> <td>0.001 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Rh"> <td style="text-align:center">45 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Rh </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BF%A5%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%8C%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ῥοδόεις">rhodóeis</a> '<a href="/wiki/Rose_(color)" title="Rose (color)">rose-colored</a>', from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BF%A5%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ῥόδον">rhódon</a> '<a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">rose</a>' </td> <td>9 </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3045">d-block </td> <td>102.91 </td> <td>12.41 </td> <td>2237 </td> <td>3968 </td> <td>0.243 </td> <td>2.28 </td> <td>0.001 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Pd"> <td style="text-align:center">46 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Pd </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a>, asteroid, then considered a planet </td> <td>10 </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3046">d-block </td> <td>106.42 </td> <td>12.023 </td> <td>1828.05 </td> <td>3236 </td> <td>0.244 </td> <td>2.20 </td> <td>0.015 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Ag"> <td style="text-align:center">47 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Ag </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">English, from Proto-Germanic  ·  Symbol Ag, from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/argentum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:argentum">argentum</a> </td> <td>11 </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3047">d-block </td> <td>107.87 </td> <td>10.49 </td> <td>1234.93 </td> <td>2435 </td> <td>0.235 </td> <td>1.93 </td> <td>0.075 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Cd"> <td style="text-align:center">48 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Cd </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Neo-Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cadmia#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:cadmia">cadmia</a> '<a href="/wiki/Calamine_(mineral)" title="Calamine (mineral)">calamine</a>', from King <a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a>, mythic founder of Thebes </td> <td>12 </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3048">d-block </td> <td>112.41 </td> <td>8.65 </td> <td>594.22 </td> <td>1040 </td> <td>0.232 </td> <td>1.69 </td> <td>0.159 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="In"> <td style="text-align:center">49 </td> <td style="text-align:center">In </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/indicum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:indicum">indicum</a> '<a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">indigo</a>', the blue color found in its spectrum </td> <td>13 </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2049">p-block </td> <td>114.82 </td> <td>7.31 </td> <td>429.75 </td> <td>2345 </td> <td>0.233 </td> <td>1.78 </td> <td>0.25 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Sn"> <td style="text-align:center">50 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Sn </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">English, from Proto-Germanic  ·  Symbol Sn, from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stannum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:stannum">stannum</a> </td> <td>14 </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2050">p-block </td> <td>118.71 </td> <td>7.265 </td> <td>505.08 </td> <td>2875 </td> <td>0.228 </td> <td>1.96 </td> <td>2.3 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Sb"> <td style="text-align:center">51 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Sb </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antimonium#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:antimonium">antimonium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimony#Etymology" title="Antimony">of unclear origin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymologies</a> suggest Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀντί">antí</a> 'against' + <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:μόνος">mónos</a> 'alone', or <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> anti-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moine#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:moine">moine</a> 'monk's bane', but could be from or related to Arabic <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%AF#Arabic" class="extiw" title="wikt:إثمد">ʾiṯmid</a> 'antimony'  ·  Symbol Sb, from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stibium#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:stibium">stibium</a> '<a href="/wiki/Stibnite" title="Stibnite">stibnite</a>' </td> <td>15 </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2051">p-block </td> <td>121.76 </td> <td>6.697 </td> <td>903.78 </td> <td>1860 </td> <td>0.207 </td> <td>2.05 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Te"> <td style="text-align:center">52 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Te </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tellus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:tellus">tellus</a> 'ground, earth' </td> <td>16 </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2052">p-block </td> <td>127.60 </td> <td>6.24 </td> <td>722.66 </td> <td>1261 </td> <td>0.202 </td> <td>2.1 </td> <td>0.001 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="I"> <td style="text-align:center">53 </td> <td style="text-align:center">I </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">French <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:">iode</a>, from Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%B0%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AE%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἰοειδής">ioeidḗs</a> 'violet' </td> <td>17 </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2053">p-block </td> <td>126.90 </td> <td>4.933 </td> <td>386.85 </td> <td>457.4 </td> <td>0.214 </td> <td>2.66 </td> <td>0.45 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Xe"> <td style="text-align:center">54 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Xe </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BE%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ξένον">xénon</a>, neuter of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BE%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ξένος">xénos</a> 'strange, foreign' </td> <td>18 </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2054">p-block </td> <td>131.29 </td> <td>0.005894 </td> <td>161.4 </td> <td>165.03 </td> <td>0.158 </td> <td>2.60 </td> <td>3×10−5 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>gas </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Cs"> <td style="text-align:center">55 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Cs </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caesius#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:caesius">caesius</a> 'sky-blue' </td> <td>1 </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#ff9999;color:black;" data-sort-value="1055">s-block </td> <td>132.91 </td> <td>1.93 </td> <td>301.59 </td> <td>944 </td> <td>0.242 </td> <td>0.79 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Ba"> <td style="text-align:center">56 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Ba </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%8D%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:βαρύς">barýs</a> 'heavy' </td> <td>2 </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#ff9999;color:black;" data-sort-value="1056">s-block </td> <td>137.33 </td> <td>3.51 </td> <td>1000 </td> <td>2170 </td> <td>0.204 </td> <td>0.89 </td> <td>425 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="La"> <td style="text-align:center">57 </td> <td style="text-align:center">La </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BB%E1%BE%B0%CE%BD%CE%B8%E1%BE%B0%CC%81%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:λᾰνθᾰ́νειν">lanthánein</a> 'to lie hidden' </td> <td>f-block groups </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#9bff99;color:black;" data-sort-value="4057"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#f-block" title="Block (periodic table)">f-block</a> </td> <td>138.91 </td> <td>6.162 </td> <td>1193 </td> <td>3737 </td> <td>0.195 </td> <td>1.1 </td> <td>39 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Ce"> <td style="text-align:center">58 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Ce </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres (dwarf planet)</a>, then considered a planet </td> <td>f-block groups </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#9bff99;color:black;" data-sort-value="4058">f-block </td> <td>140.12 </td> <td>6.770 </td> <td>1068 </td> <td>3716 </td> <td>0.192 </td> <td>1.12 </td> <td>66.5 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Pr"> <td style="text-align:center">59 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Pr </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:πράσιος">prásios</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:δίδυμος">dídymos</a> 'green twin' </td> <td>f-block groups </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#9bff99;color:black;" data-sort-value="4059">f-block </td> <td>140.91 </td> <td>6.77 </td> <td>1208 </td> <td>3793 </td> <td>0.193 </td> <td>1.13 </td> <td>9.2 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Nd"> <td style="text-align:center">60 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Nd </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:νέος">néos</a> dídymos 'new twin' </td> <td>f-block groups </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#9bff99;color:black;" data-sort-value="4060">f-block </td> <td>144.24 </td> <td>7.01 </td> <td>1297 </td> <td>3347 </td> <td>0.19 </td> <td>1.14 </td> <td>41.5 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Pm"> <td style="text-align:center">61 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Pm </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Titans" title="Titans">Titan</a> </td> <td>f-block groups </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#9bff99;color:black;" data-sort-value="4061">f-block </td> <td>[145] </td> <td>7.26 </td> <td>1315 </td> <td>3273 </td> <td>– </td> <td>1.13 </td> <td>2×10−19 </td> <td>from decay </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Sm"> <td style="text-align:center">62 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Sm </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Samarskite" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarskite">Samarskite</a>, a mineral named after <a href="/wiki/Vasili_Samarsky-Bykhovets" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets">V. Samarsky-Bykhovets</a>, Russian mine official </td> <td>f-block groups </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#9bff99;color:black;" data-sort-value="4062">f-block </td> <td>150.36 </td> <td>7.52 </td> <td>1345 </td> <td>2067 </td> <td>0.197 </td> <td>1.17 </td> <td>7.05 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Eu"> <td style="text-align:center">63 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Eu </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> </td> <td>f-block groups </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#9bff99;color:black;" data-sort-value="4063">f-block </td> <td>151.96 </td> <td>5.244 </td> <td>1099 </td> <td>1802 </td> <td>0.182 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Gd"> <td style="text-align:center">64 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Gd </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinite" title="Gadolinite">Gadolinite</a>, a mineral named after <a href="/wiki/Johan_Gadolin" title="Johan Gadolin">Johan Gadolin</a>, Finnish chemist, physicist and mineralogist </td> <td>f-block groups </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#9bff99;color:black;" data-sort-value="4064">f-block </td> <td>157.25 </td> <td>7.90 </td> <td>1585 </td> <td>3546 </td> <td>0.236 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>6.2 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Tb"> <td style="text-align:center">65 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Tb </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Ytterby" title="Ytterby">Ytterby</a>, Sweden, where it was found; see <a href="#Y">yttrium</a>, <a href="#Er">erbium</a>, <a href="#Yb">ytterbium</a> </td> <td>f-block groups </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#9bff99;color:black;" data-sort-value="4065">f-block </td> <td>158.93 </td> <td>8.23 </td> <td>1629 </td> <td>3503 </td> <td>0.182 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Dy"> <td style="text-align:center">66 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Dy </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B4%CF%85%CF%83%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:δυσπρόσιτος">dysprósitos</a> 'hard to get' </td> <td>f-block groups </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#9bff99;color:black;" data-sort-value="4066">f-block </td> <td>162.50 </td> <td>8.540 </td> <td>1680 </td> <td>2840 </td> <td>0.17 </td> <td>1.22 </td> <td>5.2 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Ho"> <td style="text-align:center">67 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Ho </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Neo-Latin Holmia '<a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>' </td> <td>f-block groups </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#9bff99;color:black;" data-sort-value="4067">f-block </td> <td>164.93 </td> <td>8.79 </td> <td>1734 </td> <td>2993 </td> <td>0.165 </td> <td>1.23 </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Er"> <td style="text-align:center">68 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Er </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Ytterby" title="Ytterby">Ytterby</a>, where it was found; see <a href="#Y">yttrium</a>, <a href="#Tb">terbium</a>, <a href="#Yb">ytterbium</a> </td> <td>f-block groups </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#9bff99;color:black;" data-sort-value="4068">f-block </td> <td>167.26 </td> <td>9.066 </td> <td>1802 </td> <td>3141 </td> <td>0.168 </td> <td>1.24 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Tm"> <td style="text-align:center">69 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Tm </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Thule" title="Thule">Thule</a>, the ancient name for an unclear northern location </td> <td>f-block groups </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#9bff99;color:black;" data-sort-value="4069">f-block </td> <td>168.93 </td> <td>9.32 </td> <td>1818 </td> <td>2223 </td> <td>0.16 </td> <td>1.25 </td> <td>0.52 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Yb"> <td style="text-align:center">70 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Yb </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Ytterby" title="Ytterby">Ytterby</a>, where it was found; see <a href="#Y">yttrium</a>, <a href="#Tb">terbium</a>, <a href="#Er">erbium</a> </td> <td>f-block groups </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#9bff99;color:black;" data-sort-value="4070">f-block </td> <td>173.05 </td> <td>6.90 </td> <td>1097 </td> <td>1469 </td> <td>0.155 </td> <td>1.1 </td> <td>3.2 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Lu"> <td style="text-align:center">71 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Lu </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Latin <a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a> '<a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>' </td> <td>3 </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3071">d-block </td> <td>174.97 </td> <td>9.841 </td> <td>1925 </td> <td>3675 </td> <td>0.154 </td> <td>1.27 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Hf"> <td style="text-align:center">72 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Hf </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Neo-Latin Hafnia '<a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>' (from <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/havn#Danish" class="extiw" title="wikt:havn">havn</a>, harbor) </td> <td>4 </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3072">d-block </td> <td>178.49 </td> <td>13.31 </td> <td>2506 </td> <td>4876 </td> <td>0.144 </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Ta"> <td style="text-align:center">73 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Ta </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">King <a href="/wiki/Tantalus" title="Tantalus">Tantalus</a>, father of Niobe in Greek myth; see <a href="#Nb">niobium</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3073">d-block </td> <td>180.95 </td> <td>16.69 </td> <td>3290 </td> <td>5731 </td> <td>0.14 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="W"> <td style="text-align:center">74 </td> <td style="text-align:center">W </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Swedish <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tung#Swedish" class="extiw" title="wikt:tung">tung</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sten#Swedish" class="extiw" title="wikt:sten">sten</a> 'heavy stone'  ·  Symbol W, from Wolfram, from <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> wolf-rahm 'wolf's foam' describing the mineral <a href="/wiki/Wolframite" title="Wolframite">wolframite</a><a href="#cite_note-sweetums-73">[61]</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3074">d-block </td> <td>183.84 </td> <td>19.25 </td> <td>3695 </td> <td>6203 </td> <td>0.132 </td> <td>2.36 </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Re"> <td style="text-align:center">75 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Re </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Rhenus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:Rhenus">Rhenus</a> '<a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>' </td> <td>7 </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3075">d-block </td> <td>186.21 </td> <td>21.02 </td> <td>3459 </td> <td>5869 </td> <td>0.137 </td> <td>1.9 </td> <td>7×10−4 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Os"> <td style="text-align:center">76 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Os </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%80%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AE#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ὀσμή">osmḗ</a> '<a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">smell</a>' </td> <td>8 </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3076">d-block </td> <td>190.23 </td> <td>22.59 </td> <td>3306 </td> <td>5285 </td> <td>0.13 </td> <td>2.2 </td> <td>0.002 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Ir"> <td style="text-align:center">77 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Ir </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a>, Greek goddess of rainbow </td> <td>9 </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3077">d-block </td> <td>192.22 </td> <td>22.56 </td> <td>2719 </td> <td>4701 </td> <td>0.131 </td> <td>2.20 </td> <td>0.001 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Pt"> <td style="text-align:center">78 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Pt </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/platina#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:platina">platina</a> 'little silver', from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plata#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:plata">plata</a> 'silver' </td> <td>10 </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3078">d-block </td> <td>195.08 </td> <td>21.45 </td> <td>2041.4 </td> <td>4098 </td> <td>0.133 </td> <td>2.28 </td> <td>0.005 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Au"> <td style="text-align:center">79 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Au </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">English, from same Proto-Indo-European root as 'yellow'  ·  Symbol Au, from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aurum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:aurum">aurum</a> </td> <td>11 </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3079">d-block </td> <td>196.97 </td> <td>19.3 </td> <td>1337.33 </td> <td>3129 </td> <td>0.129 </td> <td>2.54 </td> <td>0.004 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Hg"> <td style="text-align:center">80 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Hg </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a>, Roman god of commerce, communication, and luck, known for his speed and mobility  ·  Symbol Hg, from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hydrargyrum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:hydrargyrum">hydrargyrum</a>, from Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%91%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ὑδράργυρος">hydrárgyros</a> 'water-silver' </td> <td>12 </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3080">d-block </td> <td>200.59 </td> <td>13.534 </td> <td>234.43 </td> <td>629.88 </td> <td>0.14 </td> <td>2.00 </td> <td>0.085 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>liquid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Tl"> <td style="text-align:center">81 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Tl </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:θαλλός">thallós</a> 'green shoot / twig' </td> <td>13 </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2081">p-block </td> <td>204.38 </td> <td>11.85 </td> <td>577 </td> <td>1746 </td> <td>0.129 </td> <td>1.62 </td> <td>0.85 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Pb"> <td style="text-align:center">82 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Pb </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">English, from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic">Proto-Celtic</a> *ɸloudom, from a root meaning 'flow'  ·  Symbol Pb, from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plumbum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:plumbum">plumbum</a> </td> <td>14 </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2082">p-block </td> <td>207.2 </td> <td>11.34 </td> <td>600.61 </td> <td>2022 </td> <td>0.129 </td> <td>1.87 (<a href="/wiki/Oxidation_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation State">2+</a>) 2.33 (4+) </td> <td>14 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Bi"> <td style="text-align:center">83 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Bi </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">German <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wismut#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Wismut">Wismut</a>, via Latin and Arabic from Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%88%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%8D%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:ψιμύθιον">psimúthion</a> 'white lead' </td> <td>15 </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2083">p-block </td> <td>208.98 </td> <td>9.78 </td> <td>544.7 </td> <td>1837 </td> <td>0.122 </td> <td>2.02 </td> <td>0.009 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Po"> <td style="text-align:center">84 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Po </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Polonia#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:Polonia">Polonia</a> '<a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>', home country of discoverer <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> </td> <td>16 </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2084">p-block </td> <td>[209]<a href="#cite_note-saw-60">[a]</a> </td> <td>9.196 </td> <td>527 </td> <td>1235 </td> <td>– </td> <td>2.0 </td> <td>2×10−10 </td> <td>from decay </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="At"> <td style="text-align:center">85 </td> <td style="text-align:center">At </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%84%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἄστατος">ástatos</a> 'unstable'; it has no stable isotopes </td> <td>17 </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2085">p-block </td> <td>[210] </td> <td>(8.91–8.95) </td> <td>575 </td> <td>610 </td> <td>– </td> <td>2.2 </td> <td>3×10−20 </td> <td>from decay </td> <td><a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">unknown phase</a> </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Rn"> <td style="text-align:center">86 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Rn </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Radium_emanation" class="mw-redirect" title="Radium emanation">Radium emanation</a>, originally the name of <a href="/wiki/Radon-222" title="Radon-222">222Rn</a> </td> <td>18 </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2086">p-block </td> <td>[222] </td> <td>0.00973 </td> <td>202 </td> <td>211.3 </td> <td>0.094 </td> <td>2.2 </td> <td>4×10−13 </td> <td>from decay </td> <td>gas </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Fr"> <td style="text-align:center">87 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Fr </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, home country of discoverer <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Perey" title="Marguerite Perey">Marguerite Perey</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#ff9999;color:black;" data-sort-value="1087">s-block </td> <td>[223] </td> <td>(2.48) </td> <td>281 </td> <td>890 </td> <td>– </td> <td>>0.79<a href="#cite_note-74">[62]</a> </td> <td>~ 1×10−18 </td> <td>from decay </td> <td>unknown phase </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Ra"> <td style="text-align:center">88 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Ra </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Coined in French by discoverer <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a>, from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/radius#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:radius">radius</a> '<a href="/wiki/Ray_(optics)" title="Ray (optics)">ray</a>' </td> <td>2 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#ff9999;color:black;" data-sort-value="1088">s-block </td> <td>[226] </td> <td>5.5 </td> <td>973 </td> <td>2010 </td> <td>0.094 </td> <td>0.9 </td> <td>9×10−7 </td> <td>from decay </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Ac"> <td style="text-align:center">89 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Ac </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀκτίς">aktís</a> 'ray' </td> <td>f-block groups </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#9bff99;color:black;" data-sort-value="4089">f-block </td> <td>[227] </td> <td>10 </td> <td>1323 </td> <td>3471 </td> <td>0.12 </td> <td>1.1 </td> <td>5.5×10−10 </td> <td>from decay </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Th"> <td style="text-align:center">90 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Th </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a>, the Norse god of thunder </td> <td>f-block groups </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#9bff99;color:black;" data-sort-value="4090">f-block </td> <td>232.04 </td> <td>11.7 </td> <td>2115 </td> <td>5061 </td> <td>0.113 </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>9.6 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Pa"> <td style="text-align:center">91 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Pa </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">English prefix <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/proto-#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:proto-">proto-</a> (from Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CF%81%E1%BF%B6%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:πρῶτος">prôtos</a> 'first, before') + <a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">actinium</a>; protactinium decays into actinium. </td> <td>f-block groups </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#9bff99;color:black;" data-sort-value="4091">f-block </td> <td>231.04 </td> <td>15.37 </td> <td>1841 </td> <td>4300 </td> <td>– </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>1.4×10−6 </td> <td>from decay </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="U"> <td style="text-align:center">92 </td> <td style="text-align:center">U </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, the seventh planet </td> <td>f-block groups </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#9bff99;color:black;" data-sort-value="4092">f-block </td> <td>238.03 </td> <td>19.1 </td> <td>1405.3 </td> <td>4404 </td> <td>0.116 </td> <td>1.38 </td> <td>2.7 </td> <td>primordial </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Np"> <td style="text-align:center">93 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Np </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>, the eighth planet </td> <td>f-block groups </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#9bff99;color:black;" data-sort-value="4093">f-block </td> <td>[237] </td> <td>20.45 </td> <td>917 </td> <td>4273 </td> <td>– </td> <td>1.36 </td> <td>≤ 3×10−12 </td> <td>from decay </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Pu"> <td style="text-align:center">94 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Pu </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>, dwarf planet, then considered a planet </td> <td>f-block groups </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#9bff99;color:black;" data-sort-value="4094">f-block </td> <td>[244] </td> <td>19.85 </td> <td>912.5 </td> <td>3501 </td> <td>– </td> <td>1.28 </td> <td>≤ 3×10−11 </td> <td>from decay </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Am"> <td style="text-align:center">95 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Am </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, where the element was first synthesized, by analogy with its <a href="/wiki/Homologous_series" title="Homologous series">homolog</a> <a href="#Eu">europium</a> </td> <td>f-block groups </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#9bff99;color:black;" data-sort-value="4095">f-block </td> <td>[243] </td> <td>12 </td> <td>1449 </td> <td>2880 </td> <td>– </td> <td>1.13 </td> <td>– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">synthetic</a> </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Cm"> <td style="text-align:center">96 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Cm </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a>, physicists and chemists </td> <td>f-block groups </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#9bff99;color:black;" data-sort-value="4096">f-block </td> <td>[247] </td> <td>13.51 </td> <td>1613 </td> <td>3383 </td> <td>– </td> <td>1.28 </td> <td>– </td> <td>synthetic </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Bk"> <td style="text-align:center">97 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Bk </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>, where it was first synthesized </td> <td>f-block groups </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#9bff99;color:black;" data-sort-value="4097">f-block </td> <td>[247] </td> <td>14.78 </td> <td>1259 </td> <td>2900 </td> <td>– </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>– </td> <td>synthetic </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Cf"> <td style="text-align:center">98 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Cf </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, where it was first synthesized in <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">LBNL</a> </td> <td>f-block groups </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#9bff99;color:black;" data-sort-value="4098">f-block </td> <td>[251] </td> <td>15.1 </td> <td>1173 </td> <td>(1743)<a href="#cite_note-prediction-61">[b]</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>– </td> <td>synthetic </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Es"> <td style="text-align:center">99 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Es </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, German physicist </td> <td>f-block groups </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#9bff99;color:black;" data-sort-value="4099">f-block </td> <td>[252] </td> <td>8.84 </td> <td>1133 </td> <td>(1269) </td> <td>– </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>– </td> <td>synthetic </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Fm"> <td style="text-align:center">100 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Fm </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>, Italian physicist </td> <td>f-block groups </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#9bff99;color:black;" data-sort-value="4100">f-block </td> <td>[257] </td> <td>(9.7)<a href="#cite_note-prediction-61">[b]</a> </td> <td>(1125)<a href="#cite_note-75">[63]</a> (1800)<a href="#cite_note-76">[64]</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>– </td> <td>synthetic </td> <td>unknown phase </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Md"> <td style="text-align:center">101 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Md </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a>, Russian chemist who proposed the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a> </td> <td>f-block groups </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#9bff99;color:black;" data-sort-value="4101">f-block </td> <td>[258] </td> <td>(10.3) </td> <td>(1100) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>– </td> <td>synthetic </td> <td>unknown phase </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="No"> <td style="text-align:center">102 </td> <td style="text-align:center">No </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a>, Swedish chemist and engineer </td> <td>f-block groups </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#9bff99;color:black;" data-sort-value="4102">f-block </td> <td>[259] </td> <td>(9.9) </td> <td>(1100) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>– </td> <td>synthetic </td> <td>unknown phase </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Lr"> <td style="text-align:center">103 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Lr </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a>, American physicist </td> <td>3 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3103">d-block </td> <td>[266] </td> <td>(14.4) </td> <td>(1900) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>– </td> <td>synthetic </td> <td>unknown phase </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Rf"> <td style="text-align:center">104 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Rf </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a>, chemist and physicist from New Zealand </td> <td>4 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3104">d-block </td> <td>[267] </td> <td>(17) </td> <td>(2400) </td> <td>(5800) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>synthetic </td> <td>unknown phase </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Db"> <td style="text-align:center">105 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Db </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Dubna" title="Dubna">Dubna</a>, Russia, where it was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">JINR</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3105">d-block </td> <td>[268] </td> <td>(21.6) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>synthetic </td> <td>unknown phase </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Sg"> <td style="text-align:center">106 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Sg </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Seaborg" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn Seaborg">Glenn Seaborg</a>, American chemist </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3106">d-block </td> <td>[267] </td> <td>(23–24) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>synthetic </td> <td>unknown phase </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Bh"> <td style="text-align:center">107 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Bh </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>, Danish physicist </td> <td>7 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3107">d-block </td> <td>[270] </td> <td>(26–27) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>synthetic </td> <td>unknown phase </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Hs"> <td style="text-align:center">108 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Hs </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Neo-Latin Hassia '<a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>', a state in Germany </td> <td>8 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3108">d-block </td> <td>[271] </td> <td>(27–29) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>synthetic </td> <td>unknown phase </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Mt"> <td style="text-align:center">109 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Mt </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a>, Austrian physicist </td> <td>9 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3109">d-block </td> <td>[278] </td> <td>(27–28) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>synthetic </td> <td>unknown phase </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Ds"> <td style="text-align:center">110 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Ds </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, Germany, where it was first synthesized in the <a href="/wiki/GSI_Helmholtz_Centre_for_Heavy_Ion_Research" title="GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research">GSI</a> labs </td> <td>10 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3110">d-block </td> <td>[281] </td> <td>(26–27) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>synthetic </td> <td>unknown phase </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Rg"> <td style="text-align:center">111 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Rg </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a>, German physicist </td> <td>11 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3111">d-block </td> <td>[282] </td> <td>(22–24) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>synthetic </td> <td>unknown phase </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Cn"> <td style="text-align:center">112 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Cn </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a>, Polish astronomer </td> <td>12 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#99ccff;color:black;" data-sort-value="3112">d-block </td> <td>[285] </td> <td>(14.0) </td> <td>(283±11) </td> <td>(340±10)<a href="#cite_note-prediction-61">[b]</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>synthetic </td> <td>unknown phase </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Nh"> <td style="text-align:center">113 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Nh </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:日本">Nihon</a> '<a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>', where it was first synthesized in <a href="/wiki/Riken" title="Riken">Riken</a> </td> <td>13 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2113">p-block </td> <td>[286] </td> <td>(16) </td> <td>(700) </td> <td>(1400) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>synthetic </td> <td>unknown phase </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Fl"> <td style="text-align:center">114 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Fl </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, part of <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">JINR</a>, where it was synthesized; itself named after <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Flyorov" title="Georgy Flyorov">Georgy Flyorov</a>, Russian physicist </td> <td>14 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2114">p-block </td> <td>[289] </td> <td>(11.4±0.3) </td> <td>(284±50)<a href="#cite_note-prediction-61">[b]</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>synthetic </td> <td>unknown phase </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Mc"> <td style="text-align:center">115 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Mc </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Russia, where it was first synthesized in <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">JINR</a> </td> <td>15 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2115">p-block </td> <td>[290] </td> <td>(13.5) </td> <td>(700) </td> <td>(1400) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>synthetic </td> <td>unknown phase </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Lv"> <td style="text-align:center">116 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Lv </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Livermore,_California" title="Livermore, California">Livermore, California</a> </td> <td>16 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2116">p-block </td> <td>[293] </td> <td>(12.9) </td> <td>(700) </td> <td>(1100) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>synthetic </td> <td>unknown phase </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Ts"> <td style="text-align:center">117 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Ts </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, US, home to <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">ORNL</a> </td> <td>17 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2117">p-block </td> <td>[294] </td> <td>(7.1–7.3) </td> <td>(700) </td> <td>(883) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>synthetic </td> <td>unknown phase </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Og"> <td style="text-align:center">118 </td> <td style="text-align:center">Og </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Oganessian" title="Yuri Oganessian">Yuri Oganessian</a>, Russian physicist </td> <td>18 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#fdff8c;color:black;" data-sort-value="2118">p-block </td> <td>[294] </td> <td>(7) </td> <td>(325±15) </td> <td>(450±10) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>synthetic </td> <td>unknown phase </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-saw-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-saw_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-saw_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-saw_60-2">c</a> Standard atomic weight<div><ul><li>'1.0080': abridged value, uncertainty ignored here</li><li>'[97]', [ ] notation: mass number of most stable isotope</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-prediction-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prediction_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prediction_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prediction_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prediction_61-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prediction_61-4">e</a> Values in ( ) brackets are predictions </li> <li id="cite_note-density-62"><a href="#cite_ref-density_62-0">^</a> Density (<a href="/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Densities of the elements (data page)">sources</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-mp-63"><a href="#cite_ref-mp_63-0">^</a> Melting point in <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a> (K) (<a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">sources</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-bp-64"><a href="#cite_ref-bp_64-0">^</a> Boiling point in <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a> (K) (<a href="/wiki/Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Boiling points of the elements (data page)">sources</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-heatcapacity-65"><a href="#cite_ref-heatcapacity_65-0">^</a> Heat capacity (<a href="/wiki/Heat_capacities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heat capacities of the elements (data page)">sources</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-electronegativity-66"><a href="#cite_ref-electronegativity_66-0">^</a> Electronegativity by Pauling (<a href="/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page)">source</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-abundance-67"><a href="#cite_ref-abundance_67-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">Abundance of elements in Earth's crust</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-origin-68"><a href="#cite_ref-origin_68-0">^</a> Primordial (=Earth's origin), from decay, or synthetic </li> <li id="cite_note-phase-69"><a href="#cite_ref-phase_69-0">^</a> Phase at <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">Standard state</a> (25°C [77°F], 100 kPa) </li> <li id="cite_note-helium-70"><a href="#cite_ref-helium_70-0">^</a> Melting point: helium does not solidify at a pressure of 1 atmosphere. Helium can only solidify at pressures above 25 atm. </li> <li id="cite_note-arsenic-72"><a href="#cite_ref-arsenic_72-0">^</a> Arsenic sublimes at 1 atmosphere pressure. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_roles_of_the_elements" title="Biological roles of the elements">Biological roles of the elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_database" title="Chemical database">Chemical database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">Discovery of chemical elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Element_collecting" title="Element collecting">Element collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional element">Fictional element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_of_stability" title="Island of stability">Island of stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclides" title="List of nuclides">List of nuclides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Densities of the elements (data page)">List of the elements' densities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Mineral (nutrient)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_systems_of_small_molecules" title="Periodic systems of small molecules">Periodic systems of small molecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prices_of_chemical_elements" title="Prices of chemical elements">Prices of chemical elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">Systematic element name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_nuclides" title="Table of nuclides">Table of nuclides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roles_of_chemical_elements" title="Roles of chemical elements">Roles of chemical elements</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Helge Kragh (2000). 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Retrieved 11 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wolframium+Wolfram+Tungsten&rft.pub=Elementymology+%26+Elements+Multidict&rft.aulast=van+der+Krogt&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3DW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+element" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Originally assessed as 0.7 by Pauling but never revised after other elements' electronegativities were updated for precision. Predicted to be higher than that of caesium. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoningsBeneš" class="citation journal cs1">Konings, Rudy J. M.; Beneš, Ondrej. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.3474238">"The Thermodynamic Properties of the 𝑓-Elements and Their Compounds. I. The Lanthanide and Actinide Metals"</a>. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.3474238">10.1063/1.3474238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physical+and+Chemical+Reference+Data&rft.atitle=The+Thermodynamic+Properties+of+the+%F0%9D%91%93-Elements+and+Their+Compounds.+I.+The+Lanthanide+and+Actinide+Metals&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.3474238&rft.aulast=Konings&rft.aufirst=Rudy+J.+M.&rft.au=Bene%C5%A1%2C+Ondrej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faip.scitation.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1063%2F1.3474238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+element" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/100/fermium">"Fermium"</a>. RSC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RSC&rft.atitle=Fermium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsc.org%2Fperiodic-table%2Felement%2F100%2Ffermium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+element" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle1661" class="citation book cs1">Boyle, R. (1661). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22914/22914-h/22914-h.htm">The Sceptical Chymist: or Chymico-Physical Doubts & Paradoxes, Touching the Spagyrist's Principles Commonly call'd Hypostatical; As they are wont to be Propos'd and Defended by the Generality of Alchymists. Whereunto is præmis'd Part of another Discourse relating to the same Subject</a>. Printed by J. Cadwell for J. Crooke.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sceptical+Chymist%3A+or+Chymico-Physical+Doubts+%26+Paradoxes%2C+Touching+the+Spagyrist%27s+Principles+Commonly+call%27d+Hypostatical%3B+As+they+are+wont+to+be+Propos%27d+and+Defended+by+the+Generality+of+Alchymists.+Whereunto+is+pr%C3%A6mis%27d+Part+of+another+Discourse+relating+to+the+same+Subject&rft.pub=Printed+by+J.+Cadwell+for+J.+Crooke&rft.date=1661&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F22914%2F22914-h%2F22914-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+element" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chemical_elements" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chemical elements">Chemical elements</a>.</div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chemical_element" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Chemical element">Chemical element</a>.</div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks project <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Wikijunior">Wikijunior</a> has a children's book on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/wikijunior:The_Elements" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:wikijunior:The Elements"> The Elements</a></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/General_Chemistry/Chemistries_of_Various_Elements" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements">General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2004" class="citation book cs1">Ball, P. (2004). The Elements: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-284099-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-284099-8"><bdi>978-0-19-284099-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-284099-8&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+element" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2003" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl">Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850340-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850340-8"><bdi>978-0-19-850340-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%3A+An+A%E2%80%93Z+Guide+to+the+Elements&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850340-8&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturesbuildingb0000emsl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+element" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2009" class="citation book cs1">Gray, T. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementsvisualex0000gray">The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe</a>. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57912-814-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57912-814-2"><bdi>978-1-57912-814-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements%3A+A+Visual+Exploration+of+Every+Known+Atom+in+the+Universe&rft.pub=Black+Dog+%26+Leventhal+Publishers+Inc&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-57912-814-2&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felementsvisualex0000gray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+element" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScerri2007" class="citation book cs1">Scerri, E.R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/periodictableits0000scer">The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530573-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530573-9"><bdi>978-0-19-530573-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Periodic+Table%2C+Its+Story+and+Its+Significance&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530573-9&rft.aulast=Scerri&rft.aufirst=E.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperiodictableits0000scer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+element" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrathern2000" class="citation book cs1">Strathern, P. (2000). Mendeleyev's Dream: The Quest for the Elements. <a href="/wiki/Hamish_Hamilton_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamish Hamilton Ltd">Hamish Hamilton Ltd</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-14065-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-14065-9"><bdi>978-0-241-14065-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mendeleyev%27s+Dream%3A+The+Quest+for+the+Elements&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton+Ltd&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-241-14065-9&rft.aulast=Strathern&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+element" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKean2011" class="citation book cs1">Kean, Sam (2011). The Disappearing Spoon: And Other True Tales of Madness, Love, and the History of the World from the Periodic Table of the Elements. Back Bay Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Disappearing+Spoon%3A+And+Other+True+Tales+of+Madness%2C+Love%2C+and+the+History+of+the+World+from+the+Periodic+Table+of+the+Elements&rft.pub=Back+Bay+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Kean&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+element" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.D._McNaughtA._Wilkinson1997" class="citation book cs1">A.D. McNaught; A. Wilkinson, eds. (1997). Compendium of Chemical Terminology (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook">10.1351/goldbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9678550-9-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9678550-9-7"><bdi>978-0-9678550-9-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+Chemical+Terminology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell+Scientific+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2Fgoldbook&rft.isbn=978-0-9678550-9-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+element" class="Z3988"> XML on-line corrected version: created by M. Nic, J. Jirat, B. Kosata; updates compiled by A. Jenkins</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodicvideos.com/">Videos for each element</a> by the University of Nottingham</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00546sz">"Chemical Elements"</a>, In Our Time, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Paul Strathern, Mary Archer and <a href="/wiki/John_Murrell_(chemist)" title="John Murrell (chemist)">John Murrell</a> (25 May 2000)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Template:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Template talk:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Periodic table forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_periodic_tables" title="Types of periodic tables">Alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">Extended periodic table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Names_for_sets_of_chemical_elements" title="Names for sets of chemical elements">Sets of elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By periodic table structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2 (Alkaline earth metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13 (Triels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14 (Tetrels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15 (Pnictogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16 (Chalcogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17 (Halogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18 (Noble gases)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">8+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Aufbau_model" title="Extended periodic table">Aufbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Fricke" title="Extended periodic table">Fricke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Pyykkö" title="Extended periodic table">Pyykkö</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Blocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals" title="Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals">metallicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">Lanthanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">Post-transition metals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_metalloids" title="Lists of metalloids">Lists of metalloids by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals">Dividing line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal">Nonmetals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">Noble gases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Other sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">Platinum-group metals (PGM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory_metals" title="Refractory metals">Refractory metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">Coinage metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">Noble metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_element" title="Heavy metal element">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">Native metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">Transuranium elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">Superheavy elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_actinide" title="Major actinide">Major actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">Minor actinides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements" title="List of chemical elements">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By: <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">Abundance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">in humans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_atomic_properties" title="List of elements by atomic properties">Atomic properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes" title="List of elements by stability of isotopes">Nuclear stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">Symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Properties">Properties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aqueous_ions_by_element" title="List of aqueous ions by element">Aqueous chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="Periodic table (crystal structure)">Crystal structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(electron_configurations)" title="Periodic table (electron configurations)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_symbol" title="Term symbol">Term symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Data pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Abundances of the elements (data page)">Abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Atomic radii of the elements (data page)">Atomic radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Boiling points of the elements (data page)">Boiling point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Critical points of the elements (data page)">Critical point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Densities of the elements (data page)">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Elastic properties of the elements (data page)">Elasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)">Electrical resistivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)" title="Electron affinity (data page)">Electron affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electron configurations of the elements (data page)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page)">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page)">Hardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_capacities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heat capacities of the elements (data page)">Heat capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_fusion_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of fusion of the elements (data page)">Heat of fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_vaporization_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)">Heat of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Ionization energies of the elements (data page)">Ionization energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">Melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeds_of_sound_of_the_elements" title="Speeds of sound of the elements">Speed of sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)">Thermal conductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansivities_of_the_elements" title="Thermal expansivities of the elements">Thermal expansion coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressures_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)">Vapor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">Element discoveries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev#Periodic_table" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">1871 table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">1869 predictions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_chemical_elements" title="Naming of chemical elements">Naming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies" title="List of chemical element name etymologies">etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical element naming controversies">controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_places" title="List of chemical elements named after places">for places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">for people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_in_East_Asian_languages" title="Chemical elements in East Asian languages">in East Asian languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic element name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivial_name" title="Trivial name">Trivial name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" title="Category:Periodic table">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Elements" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Elements">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Isotopes_of_the_chemical_elements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_element_isotopes" title="Template:Navbox element isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_element_isotopes" title="Template talk:Navbox element isotopes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_element_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox element isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Isotopes_of_the_chemical_elements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">Isotopes</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">chemical elements</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:110%;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="border-spacing:1px;display:block;overflow:auto;width:100%;margin:0 !important"> <tbody><tr style="line-height:125%; vertical-align:top;"> <th style="text-align:right; width:3%; background:transparent"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td style="width:2%">  </td> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:85%; line-height:125%; vertical-align:top;"> <th style="text-align:left; vertical-align:bottom; background:transparent"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a> </th> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;">Hydrogen and alkali metals </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">Alkaline earth metals </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;">Pnictogens </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">Chalcogens </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;">Halogens </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">Noble gases </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:transparent"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">①</a> </th> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#ff9999;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_hydrogen" title="Isotopes of hydrogen">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_hydrogen#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of hydrogen">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a></div>1 </td> <td colspan="17"> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#ff9999;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_helium" title="Isotopes of helium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_helium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of helium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a></div>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:transparent"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">②</a> </th> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#ff9999;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_lithium" title="Isotopes of lithium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_lithium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of lithium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a></div>3 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#ff9999;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_beryllium" title="Isotopes of beryllium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_beryllium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of beryllium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a></div>4 </td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_boron" title="Isotopes of boron">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_boron#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of boron">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a></div>5 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_carbon" title="Isotopes of carbon">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_carbon#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of carbon">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a></div>6 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_nitrogen" title="Isotopes of nitrogen">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_nitrogen#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of nitrogen">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a></div>7 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_oxygen" title="Isotopes of oxygen">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_oxygen#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of oxygen">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a></div>8 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_fluorine" title="Isotopes of fluorine">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_fluorine#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of fluorine">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a></div>9 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_neon" title="Isotopes of neon">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_neon#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of neon">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a></div>10 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:transparent"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">③</a> </th> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#ff9999;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_sodium" title="Isotopes of sodium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_sodium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of sodium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a></div>11 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#ff9999;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_magnesium" title="Isotopes of magnesium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_magnesium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of magnesium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a></div>12 </td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_aluminium" title="Isotopes of aluminium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_aluminium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of aluminium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a></div>13 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_silicon" title="Isotopes of silicon">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_silicon#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of silicon">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a></div>14 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_phosphorus" title="Isotopes of phosphorus">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_phosphorus#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of phosphorus">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a></div>15 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_sulfur" title="Isotopes of sulfur">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_sulfur#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of sulfur">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a></div>16 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_chlorine" title="Isotopes of chlorine">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_chlorine#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of chlorine">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a></div>17 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_argon" title="Isotopes of argon">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_argon#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of argon">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a></div>18 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:transparent"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">④</a> </th> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#ff9999;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_potassium" title="Isotopes of potassium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_potassium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of potassium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a></div>19 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#ff9999;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_calcium" title="Isotopes of calcium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_calcium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of calcium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a></div>20 </td> <td> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_scandium" title="Isotopes of scandium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_scandium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of scandium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a></div>21 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_titanium" title="Isotopes of titanium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_titanium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of titanium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a></div>22 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_vanadium" title="Isotopes of vanadium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_vanadium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of vanadium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a></div>23 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_chromium" title="Isotopes of chromium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_chromium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of chromium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a></div>24 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_manganese" title="Isotopes of manganese">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_manganese#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of manganese">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a></div>25 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_iron" title="Isotopes of iron">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_iron#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of iron">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a></div>26 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_cobalt" title="Isotopes of cobalt">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_cobalt#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of cobalt">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a></div>27 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_nickel" title="Isotopes of nickel">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_nickel#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of nickel">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a></div>28 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_copper" title="Isotopes of copper">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_copper#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of copper">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a></div>29 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_zinc" title="Isotopes of zinc">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_zinc#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of zinc">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a></div>30 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_gallium" title="Isotopes of gallium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_gallium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of gallium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a></div>31 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_germanium" title="Isotopes of germanium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_germanium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of germanium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a></div>32 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_arsenic" title="Isotopes of arsenic">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_arsenic#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of arsenic">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a></div>33 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_selenium" title="Isotopes of selenium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_selenium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of selenium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a></div>34 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_bromine" title="Isotopes of bromine">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_bromine#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of bromine">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a></div>35 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_krypton" title="Isotopes of krypton">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_krypton#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of krypton">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a></div>36 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:transparent"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">⑤</a> </th> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#ff9999;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_rubidium" title="Isotopes of rubidium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_rubidium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of rubidium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a></div>37 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#ff9999;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_strontium" title="Isotopes of strontium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_strontium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of strontium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a></div>38 </td> <td> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_yttrium" title="Isotopes of yttrium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_yttrium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of yttrium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a></div>39 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_zirconium" title="Isotopes of zirconium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_zirconium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of zirconium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a></div>40 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_niobium" title="Isotopes of niobium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_niobium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of niobium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a></div>41 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_molybdenum" title="Isotopes of molybdenum">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_molybdenum#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of molybdenum">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a></div>42 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_technetium" title="Isotopes of technetium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_technetium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of technetium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a></div>43 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_ruthenium" title="Isotopes of ruthenium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_ruthenium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of ruthenium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a></div>44 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_rhodium" title="Isotopes of rhodium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_rhodium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of rhodium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a></div>45 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_palladium" title="Isotopes of palladium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_palladium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of palladium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a></div>46 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_silver" title="Isotopes of silver">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_silver#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of silver">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a></div>47 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_cadmium" title="Isotopes of cadmium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_cadmium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of cadmium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a></div>48 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_indium" title="Isotopes of indium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_indium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of indium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a></div>49 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_tin" title="Isotopes of tin">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_tin#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of tin">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a></div>50 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_antimony" title="Isotopes of antimony">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_antimony#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of antimony">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a></div>51 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_tellurium" title="Isotopes of tellurium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_tellurium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of tellurium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a></div>52 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_iodine" title="Isotopes of iodine">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_iodine#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of iodine">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a></div>53 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_xenon" title="Isotopes of xenon">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_xenon#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of xenon">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a></div>54 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:transparent"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">⑥</a> </th> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#ff9999;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_caesium" title="Isotopes of caesium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_caesium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of caesium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a></div>55 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#ff9999;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_barium" title="Isotopes of barium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_barium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of barium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a></div>56 </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; background:#9bff99;"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_lutetium" title="Isotopes of lutetium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_lutetium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of lutetium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a></div>71 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_hafnium" title="Isotopes of hafnium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_hafnium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of hafnium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a></div>72 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_tantalum" title="Isotopes of tantalum">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_tantalum#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of tantalum">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a></div>73 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_tungsten" title="Isotopes of tungsten">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_tungsten#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of tungsten">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a></div>74 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_rhenium" title="Isotopes of rhenium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_rhenium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of rhenium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a></div>75 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_osmium" title="Isotopes of osmium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_osmium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of osmium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a></div>76 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_iridium" title="Isotopes of iridium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_iridium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of iridium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a></div>77 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_platinum" title="Isotopes of platinum">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_platinum#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of platinum">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a></div>78 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_gold" title="Isotopes of gold">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_gold#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of gold">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a></div>79 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_mercury" title="Isotopes of mercury">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_mercury#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of mercury">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a></div>80 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_thallium" title="Isotopes of thallium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_thallium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of thallium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a></div>81 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_lead" title="Isotopes of lead">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_lead#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of lead">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a></div>82 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_bismuth" title="Isotopes of bismuth">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_bismuth#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of bismuth">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a></div>83 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_polonium" title="Isotopes of polonium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_polonium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of polonium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a></div>84 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_astatine" title="Isotopes of astatine">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_astatine#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of astatine">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a></div>85 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_radon" title="Isotopes of radon">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_radon#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of radon">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a></div>86 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:transparent"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">⑦</a> </th> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#ff9999;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_francium" title="Isotopes of francium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_francium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of francium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a></div>87 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#ff9999;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_radium" title="Isotopes of radium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_radium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of radium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a></div>88 </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; background:#9bff99;"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/16px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/24px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/32px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_lawrencium" title="Isotopes of lawrencium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_lawrencium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of lawrencium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a></div>103 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_rutherfordium" title="Isotopes of rutherfordium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_rutherfordium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of rutherfordium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a></div>104 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_dubnium" title="Isotopes of dubnium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_dubnium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of dubnium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a></div>105 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_seaborgium" title="Isotopes of seaborgium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_seaborgium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of seaborgium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a></div>106 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_bohrium" title="Isotopes of bohrium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_bohrium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of bohrium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a></div>107 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_hassium" title="Isotopes of hassium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_hassium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of hassium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a></div>108 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_meitnerium" title="Isotopes of meitnerium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_meitnerium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of meitnerium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a></div>109 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_darmstadtium" title="Isotopes of darmstadtium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_darmstadtium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of darmstadtium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a></div>110 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_roentgenium" title="Isotopes of roentgenium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_roentgenium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of roentgenium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a></div>111 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_copernicium" title="Isotopes of copernicium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_copernicium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of copernicium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a></div>112 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_nihonium" title="Isotopes of nihonium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_nihonium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of nihonium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a></div>113 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_flerovium" title="Isotopes of flerovium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_flerovium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of flerovium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a></div>114 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_moscovium" title="Isotopes of moscovium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_moscovium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of moscovium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a></div>115 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_livermorium" title="Isotopes of livermorium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_livermorium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of livermorium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a></div>116 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_tennessine" title="Isotopes of tennessine">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_tennessine#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of tennessine">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a></div>117 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_oganesson" title="Isotopes of oganesson">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_oganesson#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of oganesson">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a></div>118 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:transparent"><a href="/wiki/Period_8_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 8 element">⑧</a> </th> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#eee;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_ununennium" title="Isotopes of ununennium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_ununennium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of ununennium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Ununennium" title="Ununennium">Uue</a></div>119 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#eee;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_unbinilium" title="Isotopes of unbinilium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_unbinilium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of unbinilium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Unbinilium" title="Unbinilium">Ubn</a></div>120 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="20" style="height:1.4em;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_lanthanum" title="Isotopes of lanthanum">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_lanthanum#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of lanthanum">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a></div>57 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_cerium" title="Isotopes of cerium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_cerium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of cerium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a></div>58 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_praseodymium" title="Isotopes of praseodymium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_praseodymium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of praseodymium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a></div>59 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_neodymium" title="Isotopes of neodymium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_neodymium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of neodymium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a></div>60 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_promethium" title="Isotopes of promethium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_promethium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of promethium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a></div>61 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_samarium" title="Isotopes of samarium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_samarium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of samarium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a></div>62 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_europium" title="Isotopes of europium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_europium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of europium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a></div>63 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_gadolinium" title="Isotopes of gadolinium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_gadolinium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of gadolinium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a></div>64 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_terbium" title="Isotopes of terbium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_terbium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of terbium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a></div>65 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_dysprosium" title="Isotopes of dysprosium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_dysprosium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of dysprosium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a></div>66 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_holmium" title="Isotopes of holmium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_holmium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of holmium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a></div>67 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_erbium" title="Isotopes of erbium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_erbium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of erbium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a></div>68 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_thulium" title="Isotopes of thulium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_thulium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of thulium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a></div>69 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_ytterbium" title="Isotopes of ytterbium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_ytterbium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of ytterbium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a></div>70 </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/16px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/24px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/32px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_actinium" title="Isotopes of actinium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_actinium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of actinium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a></div>89 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_thorium" title="Isotopes of thorium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_thorium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of thorium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a></div>90 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_protactinium" title="Isotopes of protactinium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_protactinium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of protactinium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a></div>91 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_uranium" title="Isotopes of uranium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_uranium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of uranium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a></div>92 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_neptunium" title="Isotopes of neptunium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_neptunium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of neptunium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a></div>93 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_plutonium" title="Isotopes of plutonium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_plutonium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of plutonium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a></div>94 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_americium" title="Isotopes of americium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_americium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of americium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a></div>95 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_curium" title="Isotopes of curium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_curium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of curium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a></div>96 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_berkelium" title="Isotopes of berkelium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_berkelium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of berkelium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a></div>97 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_californium" title="Isotopes of californium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_californium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of californium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a></div>98 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_einsteinium" title="Isotopes of einsteinium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_einsteinium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of einsteinium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a></div>99 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_fermium" title="Isotopes of fermium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_fermium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of fermium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a></div>100 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_mendelevium" title="Isotopes of mendelevium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_mendelevium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of mendelevium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a></div>101 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_nobelium" title="Isotopes of nobelium">Isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_nobelium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of nobelium">§ List</a></div><div style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a></div>102 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:#f0f0f0;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_nuclides" title="Table of nuclides">Table of nuclides</a></li> <li>Categories: <a href="/wiki/Category:Isotopes" title="Category:Isotopes">Isotopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tables_of_nuclides" title="Category:Tables of nuclides">Tables of nuclides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metastable_isotopes" title="Category:Metastable isotopes">Metastable isotopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_isotopes_by_element" title="Category:Lists of isotopes by element">Isotopes by element</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Branches_of_chemistry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Branches_of_chemistry" title="Template:Branches of chemistry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Branches_of_chemistry" title="Template talk:Branches of chemistry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Branches_of_chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Branches of chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Branches_of_chemistry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Branches of <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chemical_formulae" title="Glossary of chemical formulae">Glossary of chemical formulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biomolecules" title="List of biomolecules">List of biomolecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inorganic_compounds" title="List of inorganic compounds">List of inorganic compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">Analytical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_chemistry" title="Instrumental chemistry">Instrumental chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroanalytical_methods" title="Electroanalytical methods">Electroanalytical methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet%E2%80%93visible_spectroscopy" title="Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy">UV-Vis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">NMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_ionization" title="Electron ionization">EI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry" title="Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry">ICP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization" title="Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization">MALDI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_process" title="Separation process">Separation process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">HPLC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">Crystallography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characterization_(materials_science)" title="Characterization (materials science)">Characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titration" title="Titration">Titration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_chemistry" title="Wet chemistry">Wet chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetry" title="Calorimetry">Calorimetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental_analysis" title="Elemental analysis">Elemental analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_chemistry" title="Theoretical chemistry">Theoretical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chemistry" title="Quantum chemistry">Quantum chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_chemistry" title="Mathematical chemistry">Mathematical chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_modelling" title="Molecular modelling">Molecular modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_mechanics" title="Molecular mechanics">Molecular mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_dynamics" title="Molecular dynamics">Molecular dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_geometry" title="Molecular geometry">Molecular geometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VSEPR_theory" title="VSEPR theory">VSEPR theory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">Physical</a></th><td 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<li><a href="/wiki/Sonochemistry" title="Sonochemistry">Sonochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_chemistry" title="Structural chemistry">Structural chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_physics" title="Chemical physics">Chemical physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_physics" title="Molecular physics">Molecular physics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femtochemistry" title="Femtochemistry">Femtochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">Chemical kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photochemistry" title="Photochemistry">Photochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_chemistry" title="Spin chemistry">Spin chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_chemistry" title="Microwave chemistry">Microwave chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_chemistry" title="Equilibrium chemistry">Equilibrium chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanochemistry" title="Mechanochemistry">Mechanochemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">Inorganic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">Coordination chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetochemistry" title="Magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">Organometallic chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organolanthanide_chemistry" title="Organolanthanide chemistry">Organolanthanide chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom cluster">Cluster chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_chemistry" title="Solid-state chemistry">Solid-state chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramic chemistry">Ceramic chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereochemistry" title="Stereochemistry">Stereochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkane_stereochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkane stereochemistry">Alkane stereochemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_organic_chemistry" title="Physical organic chemistry">Physical organic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic reactions">Organic reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">Organic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrosynthetic_analysis" title="Retrosynthetic analysis">Retrosynthetic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enantioselective_synthesis" title="Enantioselective synthesis">Enantioselective synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_synthesis" title="Total synthesis">Total synthesis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Semisynthesis" title="Semisynthesis">Semisynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fullerene_chemistry" title="Fullerene chemistry">Fullerene chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_chemistry" title="Polymer chemistry">Polymer chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrochemistry">Petrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_covalent_chemistry" title="Dynamic covalent chemistry">Dynamic covalent chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioorthogonal_chemistry" title="Bioorthogonal chemistry">Bioorthogonal chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_chemistry" title="Medicinal chemistry">Medicinal chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurochemistry" title="Neurochemistry">Neurochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganic_chemistry" title="Bioorganic chemistry">Bioorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganometallic_chemistry" title="Bioorganometallic chemistry">Bioorganometallic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinorganic_chemistry" title="Bioinorganic chemistry">Bioinorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysical_chemistry" title="Biophysical chemistry">Biophysical chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">Interdisciplinarity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry" title="Nuclear chemistry">Nuclear chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiochemistry" title="Radiochemistry">Radiochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_chemistry" title="Radiation chemistry">Radiation chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide_chemistry" title="Actinide chemistry">Actinide chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stellar_chemistry" title="Stellar chemistry">Stellar chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">Biogeochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogeochemistry" title="Photogeochemistry">Photogeochemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry">Environmental chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Atmospheric chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean chemistry">Ocean chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_chemistry" title="Clay chemistry">Clay chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbochemistry" title="Carbochemistry">Carbochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrate chemistry">Carbohydrate chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_physical_chemistry" title="Food physical chemistry">Food physical chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_chemistry" title="Agricultural chemistry">Agricultural chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_chemistry" title="Soil chemistry">Soil chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry_education" title="Chemistry education">Chemistry education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_chemistry" title="Amateur chemistry">Amateur chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_chemistry" title="General chemistry">General chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_chemistry" title="Clandestine chemistry">Clandestine chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_chemistry" title="Forensic chemistry">Forensic chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_toxicology" title="Forensic toxicology">Forensic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanochemistry" title="Nanochemistry">Nanochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supramolecular_chemistry" title="Supramolecular chemistry">Supramolecular chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">Chemical synthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">Green chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Click_chemistry" title="Click chemistry">Click chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_chemistry" title="Combinatorial chemistry">Combinatorial chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">Stoichiometry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_science" title="Polymer science">Polymer science</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry">History of chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemistry" title="Timeline of chemistry">Timeline of chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">of element discoveries</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_central_science" title="The central science">The central science</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">Chemical reaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">Catalysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chemical element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">Chemical compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">Chemical substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">Chemical bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry" title="Category:Chemistry">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chemistry" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chemistry">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemistry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemistry">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Elements_of_nature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nature" title="Template:Nature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nature" title="Template talk:Nature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elements_of_nature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Elements of <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">Matter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">particles</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">chemical elements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">geological</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth" title="Internal structure of Earth">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis">Gaia hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere (Earth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Clouds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlight" title="Moonlight">Moonlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">Wind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Natural environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(physics)" title="Field (physics)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin (abiogenesis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Evolutionary history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological organisation">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiology</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">Organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protista</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryotes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Viruses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nature" title="Category:Nature">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biology_nav" title="Template:Biology nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biology_nav" title="Template talk:Biology nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biology_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biology nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Introduction (<a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_genetics" title="Introduction to genetics">Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_evolution" title="Introduction to evolution">Evolution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_biology" title="Outline of biology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_biology_articles" title="Index of biology articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></li> <li>Properties (<a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism"> Energy processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Growth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structure#Biological" title="Structure">Order</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Regulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">Reproduction</a> (<a href="/wiki/Self-replication" title="Self-replication">Self-replication</a>), <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">Response to environment</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological organisation">Hierarchy of life</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a> > <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecule</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">Organelle</a> > <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">Cell</a> > <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissue</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">Organ</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biological_system" title="Biological system">Organ system</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">Organism</a> > <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biocoenosis" title="Biocoenosis">Community</a> > <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism#In_science" title="Reductionism">Reductionistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence"> Emergent property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical philosophy">Mechanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory"> Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_law" title="Scientific law"> Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biology_journals" title="List of biology journals">Biology journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">Common name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemical basis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">Chemical bond</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chemical element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">Lipids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">Matter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_biology" title="Quantum biology">Quantum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">Monomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">Nucleic acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">Polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Proteins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">Cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_cycle" title="Cell cycle">Cell cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_theory" title="Cell theory">Cell theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">Cell signaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">Fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">Meiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">Mitosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">Gene expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_gene_expression" title="Regulation of gene expression">Gene regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">Genomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transcriptional_modification" title="Post-transcriptional modification">Post-transcriptional modification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_(biology)" title="Function (biology)">Function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">Genetic drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">Gene flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroevolution" title="Macroevolution">Macroevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microevolution" title="Microevolution">Microevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">Speciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Diversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Alga">Alga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant form and function</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis (botany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">Phloem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Plant stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">Xylem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animal form and function</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">Breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Digestive system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Homeostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Immune system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_environment" title="Internal environment">Internal environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_system" title="Muscular system">Muscular system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system" title="Reproductive system">Reproductive system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Biogeochemical cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_interaction" title="Biological interaction">Biological interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_(ecology)" title="Community (ecology)">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_ecology" title="Ecosystem ecology">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">Habitat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">niche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiome" title="Microbiome">Microbiome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_(biology)" title="Resource (biology)">Resources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/140px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/210px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/280px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="2856" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_methods_in_biology" title="List of research methods in biology">Research methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laboratory techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation (genetics)">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gel_electrophoresis" title="Gel electrophoresis">Gel electrophoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugation" title="Centrifugation">Centrifugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_culture" title="Cell culture">Cell culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_microarray" title="DNA microarray">DNA microarray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein" title="Green fluorescent protein">Green fluorescent protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_(molecular_biology)" title="Vector (molecular biology)">vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_assay" title="Enzyme assay">Enzyme assay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_purification" title="Protein purification">Protein purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_blot" title="Western blot">Western blot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_blot" title="Northern blot">Northern blot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_blot" title="Southern blot">Southern blot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restriction_enzyme" title="Restriction enzyme">Restriction enzyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">Polymerase chain reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-hybrid_screening" title="Two-hybrid screening">Two-hybrid screening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_silico" title="In silico">in silico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Field techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belt_transect" title="Belt transect">Belt transect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_and_recapture" title="Mark and recapture">mark and recapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_discovery_curve" title="Species discovery curve">species discovery curve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobiology" title="Aerobiology">Aerobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrostology" title="Agrostology">Agrostology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">Bacteriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeology" title="Biogeology">Biogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">Biomechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">Biophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosemiotics" title="Biosemiotics">Biosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_microbiology" title="Cellular microbiology">Cellular microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_biology" title="Cognitive biology">Cognitive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryobiology" title="Cryobiology">Cryobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytogenetics" title="Cytogenetics">Cytogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Embryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">Freshwater biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative biology">Generative biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geobiology" title="Geobiology">Geobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Gerontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">Herpetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">Histology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_biology" title="Human biology">Human biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyology" title="Ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipidology" title="Lipidology">Lipidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalogy" title="Mammalogy">Mammalogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_and_theoretical_biology" title="Mathematical and theoretical biology">Mathematical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">Mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neontology" title="Neontology">Neontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_science" title="Nutritional science">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">Osteology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitology" title="Parasitology">Parasitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photobiology" title="Photobiology">Photobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteomics" title="Proteomics">Proteomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protistology" title="Protistology">Protistology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_biology" title="Quantum biology">Quantum biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational biology">Relational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_biology" title="Reproductive biology">Reproductive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_biology" title="Structural biology">Structural biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">Synthetic biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Systems biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teratology" title="Teratology">Teratology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">Virology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virophysics" title="Virophysics">Virophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenobiology" title="Xenobiology">Xenobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Glossaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_biology" title="Glossary of biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ecology" title="Glossary of ecology">Ecological terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">Plant morphology terms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/16px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/24px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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