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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comedy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comedy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Comedy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comedy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Writing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Science and technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Science and technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artificial_intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artificial_intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Artificial intelligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artificial_intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Improvisation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ارتجال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ارتجال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisaci%C3%B3n" title="Improvisación – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Improvisación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mprovizasiya" title="İmprovizasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İmprovizasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Импровизация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Импровизация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisaci%C3%B3" title="Improvisació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Improvisació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um%C4%9Bleck%C3%A1_improvizace" title="Umělecká improvizace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Umělecká improvizace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisation" title="Improvisation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Improvisation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisation" title="Improvisation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Improvisation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisatsioon" title="Improvisatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Improvisatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αυτοσχεδιασμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοσχεδιασμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisaci%C3%B3n" title="Improvisación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Improvisación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inprobisazio" title="Inprobisazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Inprobisazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="بداهه‌پردازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بداهه‌پردازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisation_(concept)" title="Improvisation (concept) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Improvisation (concept)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisaci%C3%B3n" title="Improvisación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Improvisación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A6%89%ED%9D%A5" title="즉흥 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="즉흥" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B4%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Իմպրովիզացիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իմպրովիզացիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvizacija" title="Improvizacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Improvizacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisasi" title="Improvisasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Improvisasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvvisazione" title="Improvvisazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Improvvisazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8" title="אלתור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלתור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisasi" title="Improvisasi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Improvisasi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="იმპროვიზაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იმპროვიზაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Импровизация – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Импровизация" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Импровизация – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Импровизация" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvizacija" title="Improvizacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Improvizacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisatie" title="Improvisatie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Improvisatie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improviz%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Improvizáció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Improvizáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisatie" title="Improvisatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Improvisatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B3%E8%88%88" title="即興 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="即興" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisasjon" title="Improvisasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Improvisasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisasjon" title="Improvisasjon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Improvisasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisacion" title="Improvisacion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Improvisacion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvizatsiya" title="Improvizatsiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Improvizatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improviza%C8%9Bie" title="Improvizație – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Improvizație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Импровизация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Импровизация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvizimi" title="Improvizimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Improvizimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisation" title="Improvisation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Improvisation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisointi" title="Improvisointi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Improvisointi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisation" title="Improvisation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Improvisation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D2%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B7%D3%A3" title="Бадеҳасозӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бадеҳасозӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fa%C3%A7lama" title="Doğaçlama – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğaçlama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improwizasi%C3%BDa" title="Improwizasiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Improwizasiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Імпровізація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Імпровізація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process of devising a solution to a requirement in an ad hoc fashion</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Improvisations" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Improvisations_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Improvisations (disambiguation)">Improvisations (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Improvisation" title="Special:EditPage/Improvisation">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Improvisation%22">"Improvisation"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Improvisation%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Improvisation%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Improvisation%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Improvisation%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Improvisation%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Improvisation</b>, often shortened to <b>improv</b>, is the activity of making or doing something not planned beforehand, using whatever can be found.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origin of the word itself is in the Latin "improvisus", which literally means un-foreseen. Improvisation in the <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">performing arts</a> is a very spontaneous performance without specific or scripted preparation. The skills of improvisation can apply to many different faculties across all artistic, scientific, physical, cognitive, academic, and non-academic disciplines; see <a href="/wiki/Applied_improvisation" title="Applied improvisation">Applied improvisation</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skills_and_techniques">Skills and techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvisation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Skills and techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Improvisation" title="Special:EditPage/Improvisation">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The skills of improvisation can apply to many different abilities or forms of communication and expression across all artistic, scientific, physical, cognitive, academic, and non-academic disciplines. For example, improvisation can make a significant contribution in music, dance, cooking, presenting a speech, sales, personal or romantic relationships, sports, flower arranging, martial arts, psychotherapy, and much more. </p><p>Techniques of improvisation are widely used in training for performing arts or entertainment; for example, music, theatre and dance. To "<i><a href="/wiki/Extemporization_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extemporization (music)">extemporize</a></i>" or "ad lib" is basically the same as improvising. Colloquial terms such as "playing by ear", "take it as it comes", and "making it up as [one] goes along" are all used to describe improvisation. </p><p>The simple act of speaking requires a good deal of improvisation because the mind is addressing its own thought and creating its unrehearsed delivery in words, sounds and gestures, forming unpredictable statements that further feed the thought process (the performer as the listener), creating an enriched process that is not unlike instantaneous composition with a given set or repertoire of elements.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Where the improvisation is intended to solve a problem on a temporary basis, the "proper" solution being unavailable at the time, it may be known as a "<a href="/wiki/Stopgap" title="Stopgap">stop-gap</a>". This applies to the field of engineering. Another improvisational, group problem-solving technique being used in organizations of all kinds is <i><a href="/wiki/Brainstorming" title="Brainstorming">brainstorming</a></i>, in which any and all ideas that a group member may have are permitted and encouraged to be expressed, regardless of actual practicality. As in all improvisation, the process of brainstorming opens up the minds of the people involved to new, unexpected and possibly useful ideas. The colloquial term for this is "<a href="/wiki/Thinking_outside_the_box" title="Thinking outside the box">thinking outside the box</a>." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts_and_entertainment">Arts and entertainment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvisation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arts and entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvisation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Performing arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Improv_austin_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Improv_austin_2009.jpg/220px-Improv_austin_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Improv_austin_2009.jpg/330px-Improv_austin_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Improv_austin_2009.jpg/440px-Improv_austin_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ComedySportz" title="ComedySportz">ComedySportz</a> Austin performing a shortform game based on direction from the audience with the help of Red Dirt Improv; in this case spoofing a hard rock band performing a song made up on the stage</figcaption></figure> <p>Improvisation can be thought of as an "on the spot" or "<a href="/wiki/Off_the_cuff" title="Off the cuff">off the cuff</a>" spontaneous moment of sudden inventiveness that can just come to mind, body and spirit as an inspiration. <a href="/wiki/Viola_Spolin" title="Viola Spolin">Viola Spolin</a> created <a href="/wiki/Theater_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater games">theater games</a> as a method of training improvisational acting.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her son, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sills" title="Paul Sills">Paul Sills</a> popularized improvisational theater, or IMPROV, by using Spolin's techniques to train <a href="/wiki/The_Second_City" title="The Second City">The Second City</a> in Chicago, the first totally improvisational theater company in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">for some particularly gifted performers, no preparation or training is needed.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Improvisation in any life or art form can occur more often if it is practiced as a way of encouraging creative behavior. That practice includes learning to use one's <a href="/wiki/Intuition_(knowledge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intuition (knowledge)">intuition</a>, as well as learning a technical understanding of the necessary skills and concerns within the domain in which one is improvising. This can be when an individual or group is acting, dancing, singing, playing <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a>, talking, creating artworks, problem-solving, or reacting in the moment and in response to the stimulus of one's immediate environment and inner feelings. This can result in the invention of new thought patterns, new practices, new structures or symbols, and/or new ways to act. </p><p>Improvisation was originally rarely used on dramatic television. A major exception was the situation comedy <i><a href="/wiki/Mork_%26_Mindy" title="Mork & Mindy">Mork & Mindy</a></i> where star <a href="/wiki/Robin_Williams" title="Robin Williams">Robin Williams</a> was allotted specific sections in each episode where he was allowed to perform freely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music">Music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvisation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">Musical improvisation</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">Musical improvisation</a> is usually defined as the spontaneous performance of music without previous preparation or any written notes.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, the art of improvisation can be understood as composing music "on the fly". There have been experiments by Charles Limb, using <a href="/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">functional magnetic resonance imaging</a>, that show the brain activity during musical improvisation.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Limb showed increased activity in the medial prefrontal cortex, which is an area associated with an increase in self-expression. Further, there was decreased activity in the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_prefrontal_cortex" title="Lateral prefrontal cortex">lateral prefrontal cortex</a>, which is an area associated with self-monitoring. This change in activity is thought to reduce the inhibitions that normally prevent individuals from taking risks and improvising. </p><p>Improvisation can take place as a solo performance, or interdependently in an ensemble with other players. When done well, it often elicits gratifying emotional responses from the audience. One notable improvisational pianist is <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>. The origins of Liszt's improvisation in an earlier tradition of playing variations on a theme were mastered and epitomized by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>. </p><p>Notable improvisational musicians from the modern era include <a href="/wiki/Keith_Jarrett" title="Keith Jarrett">Keith Jarrett</a>, an improvisational jazz pianist and multi-instrumentalist who has performed many improvised concerts all over the world;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/W._A._Mathieu" title="W. A. Mathieu">W. A. Mathieu</a> a.k.a. William Allaudin Mathieu, the musical director for <a href="/wiki/The_Second_City" title="The Second City">The Second City</a> in Chicago, the first ongoing improvisational theatre troupe in the United States, and later musical director for another improv theatre, <a href="/wiki/The_Committee_(improv_group)" title="The Committee (improv group)">The Committee</a>, an offshoot of The Second City in San Francisco; <a href="/wiki/Derek_Bailey_(guitarist)" title="Derek Bailey (guitarist)">Derek Bailey</a>, an improvisational guitarist and writer of Improvisation: Its Nature and Practice;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Evan_Parker" title="Evan Parker">Evan Parker</a>; British saxophone player, the iconnical pianists <a href="/wiki/Fred_Van_Hove" title="Fred Van Hove">Fred van Hove</a> (Be) and <a href="/wiki/Misha_Mengelberg" title="Misha Mengelberg">Misha Mengelberg</a> (NL) and more recently the Belgian <a href="/wiki/Seppe_Gebruers" title="Seppe Gebruers">Seppe Gebruers</a> who improvise with two pianos tuned a quartertone apart.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Improvised <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_rap" title="Freestyle rap">freestyle rap</a> is commonly practiced as a part of <a href="/wiki/Rappers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rappers">rappers</a>' creative processes, as a "finished product" for release on recordings (when the improvisation is judged good enough), as a spiritual event, as a means of verbal combat in <a href="/wiki/Battle_rap" title="Battle rap">battle rap</a>, and, simply, for fun. As mentioned above, studies have suggested that improvisation allows a musician to relax the control filters in their mind during this exercise.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It often incorporates insults similar to those in the African-American game <a href="/wiki/The_Dozens" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dozens">The Dozens</a>, and complex rhythmic and sometimes melodic forms comparable to those heard in jazz improvisation. </p><p>In the realm of <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> music, there are a small number of musicians whose work has been recognized as exceptional by critics, scholars and audiences alike; these include <a href="/wiki/Neil_Brand" title="Neil Brand">Neil Brand</a> and John Sweeney, among others who are all performers at the <a href="/wiki/Pordenone_Silent_Film_Festival" title="Pordenone Silent Film Festival">Pordenone Silent Film Festival</a> in Italy. Their performances must match the style and pacing of those films which they accompany and the knowledge of a wide range of musical styles is required, as well as the stamina to play for films which occasionally run more than three hours, without a pause. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theatre">Theatre</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvisation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Improvisational_theatre" title="Improvisational theatre">Improvisational theatre</a></div><p> Improvisation, in theatre, is the playing of dramatic scenes without written dialogue and with minimal or no predetermined dramatic activity. The method has been used for different purposes in theatrical history.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ligue_d%27improvisation_montr%C3%A9alaise_(LIM)_20101031-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ligue_d%27improvisation_montr%C3%A9alaise_%28LIM%29_20101031-01.jpg/180px-Ligue_d%27improvisation_montr%C3%A9alaise_%28LIM%29_20101031-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ligue_d%27improvisation_montr%C3%A9alaise_%28LIM%29_20101031-01.jpg/270px-Ligue_d%27improvisation_montr%C3%A9alaise_%28LIM%29_20101031-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ligue_d%27improvisation_montr%C3%A9alaise_%28LIM%29_20101031-01.jpg/360px-Ligue_d%27improvisation_montr%C3%A9alaise_%28LIM%29_20101031-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1334" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligue_d%27improvisation_montr%C3%A9alaise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ligue d'improvisation montréalaise (page does not exist)">Ligue d'improvisation montréalaise</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_d%27improvisation_montr%C3%A9alaise" class="extiw" title="fr:Ligue d'improvisation montréalaise">fr</a>]</span> (LIM) is a league of improvisational theatre based in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Quebec, Canada</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comedy">Comedy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvisation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Comedy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Improvisational comedy is a theatre art performed throughout the world and has had an on-again, off-again status throughout history. </p><p>Some of the more famous improv theatres and training centers in the world include: <a href="/wiki/IO_Theater" title="IO Theater">i.O.</a> (formerly ImprovOlympic) in Chicago and Los Angeles, <a href="/wiki/The_Second_City" title="The Second City">The Second City</a> in Chicago and Toronto, <a href="/wiki/The_Players_Workshop" title="The Players Workshop">The Players Workshop</a> in Chicago, <a href="/wiki/National_Comedy_Theatre" title="National Comedy Theatre">National Comedy Theatre</a> in San Diego, New York and Phoenix, <a href="/wiki/Upright_Citizens_Brigade" title="Upright Citizens Brigade">Upright Citizens Brigade</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peoples_Improv_Theater" title="Peoples Improv Theater">Peoples Improv Theater</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Magnet_Theater" title="Magnet Theater">Magnet Theater</a> in New York, <a href="/wiki/The_Groundlings" title="The Groundlings">The Groundlings</a> in Los Angeles, <a href="/wiki/BATS_Improv" title="BATS Improv">BATS Improv</a> (Bay Area Theatre Sports) in San Francisco, <a href="/wiki/Wing-It_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing-It Productions">Wing-It Productions</a> in Seattle, <a href="/wiki/Philly_Improv_Theater" title="Philly Improv Theater">Philly Improv Theater</a> in Philadelphia, <a href="/wiki/Brave_New_Workshop" title="Brave New Workshop">Brave New Workshop</a> in Minneapolis, <a href="/wiki/ComedySportz" title="ComedySportz">ComedySportz</a> in Milwaukee, <a href="/wiki/Theatresports" title="Theatresports">Theatresports</a> in Calgary and Improv Comedy Copenhagen. </p><p>There are also many well known university improv teams, including <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Strike_Force" title="Theatre Strike Force">Theatre Strike Force</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a>, Gigglepants at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasable_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erasable Inc. (page does not exist)">Erasable Inc.</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maryland">University of Maryland</a>. Improvisation found a home at universities. The origins of <a href="/wiki/The_Second_City" title="The Second City">the Second City</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Compass_Players" title="Compass Players">Compass Players</a>, an offshoot of theatre programs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> in the 1950s. Later, once improv had been established as an art form, improv groups sprung up on college campuses, starting in the 1980s where crowds were easy to find and teams could perform frequently. Now an improv group is a common staple of college extra curricular activities. </p><p>Notable pioneers in the field of improvisation, comedic or otherwise, include <a href="/wiki/Mike_Myers" title="Mike Myers">Mike Myers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Mullarkey" title="Neil Mullarkey">Neil Mullarkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Merton" title="Paul Merton">Paul Merton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fry" title="Stephen Fry">Stephen Fry</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Sessions" title="John Sessions">John Sessions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josie_Lawrence" title="Josie Lawrence">Josie Lawrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viola_Spolin" title="Viola Spolin">Viola Spolin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sills" title="Paul Sills">Paul Sills</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Shepherd_(producer)" title="David Shepherd (producer)">David Shepherd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Del_Close" title="Del Close">Del Close</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Forsberg" title="Josephine Forsberg">Josephine Forsberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Austin" title="Gary Austin">Gary Austin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_de_Maat" title="Martin de Maat">Martin de Maat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Keith_Johnstone" title="Keith Johnstone">Keith Johnstone</a>. Notable performers include: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Merton" title="Paul Merton">Paul Merton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Carell" title="Steve Carell">Steve Carell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Murray" title="Bill Murray">Bill Murray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Ramis" title="Harold Ramis">Harold Ramis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Townsend_(actor)" title="Robert Townsend (actor)">Robert Townsend</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colin_Mochrie" title="Colin Mochrie">Colin Mochrie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Stiles" title="Ryan Stiles">Ryan Stiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ross_Noble" title="Ross Noble">Ross Noble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Izzard" title="Eddie Izzard">Eddie Izzard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Slattery" title="Tony Slattery">Tony Slattery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_McShane" title="Mike McShane">Mike McShane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandi_Toksvig" title="Sandi Toksvig">Sandi Toksvig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Brady" title="Wayne Brady">Wayne Brady</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Winters" title="Jonathan Winters">Jonathan Winters</a>, <a href="/wiki/T._J._Jagodowski" title="T. J. Jagodowski">T. J. Jagodowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Williams" title="Robin Williams">Robin Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conan_O%27Brien" title="Conan O'Brien">Conan O'Brien</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Pasquesi" title="David Pasquesi">David Pasquesi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dance">Dance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvisation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dance_improvisation" title="Dance improvisation">Dance improvisation</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Choreography" title="Choreography">choreographic</a> tool: Improvisation is used as a choreographic tool in <a href="/wiki/Dance_composition" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance composition">dance composition</a>. Experimenting with the concepts of shape, space, time, and energy while moving without inhibition or cognitive thinking can create unique and innovative movement designs, spatial configuration, dynamics, and unpredictable rhythms. Improvisation without inhibition allows the choreographer to connect to their deepest creative self, which in turn clears the way for pure invention. This cognitive inhibition is similar to the inhibition described by Limb for musical improvisation, which can be found in the music section above. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Contact_improvisation" title="Contact improvisation">Contact improvisation</a>: a form developed in 1973, that is now practiced around the world. Contact improvisation originated from the movement studies of Steve Paxton in the 1970s and developed through the continued exploration of the <a href="/wiki/Judson_Dance_Theater" title="Judson Dance Theater">Judson Dance Theater</a>. It is a dance form based on weight sharing, partnering, playing with weight, exploring negative space and unpredictable outcomes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sculpture">Sculpture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvisation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sculpture often relies on the enlargement of a small model or <a href="/wiki/Maquette" title="Maquette">maquette</a> to create the final work in a chosen material. Where the material is <i>plastic</i> such as <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, a working structure or <a href="/wiki/Armature_(sculpture)" title="Armature (sculpture)">armature</a> often needs to be built to allow the pre-determined design to be realized. <a href="/wiki/Alan_Thornhill" title="Alan Thornhill">Alan Thornhill</a>'s method for working with clay abandons the maquette,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seeing it as <i>ultimately deadening to creativity</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without the restrictions of the armature, a clay matrix of elements allows that when recognizable forms start to emerge, they can be essentially disregarded by turning the work, allowing for infinite possibility and the chance for the unforeseen to emerge more powerfully at a later stage. </p><p>Moving from <i>adding and taking away</i> to purely reductive working, the architectural considerations of turning the work are eased considerably but continued removal of material through the rejection of forms deemed <i>too obvious</i> can mean one ends up with nothing. Former pupil <a href="/wiki/Jon_Edgar" title="Jon Edgar">Jon Edgar</a> uses Thornhill's method as a creative extension to <a href="/wiki/Direct_carving" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct carving">direct carving</a> in stone and wood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvisation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The director <a href="/wiki/Mike_Leigh" title="Mike Leigh">Mike Leigh</a> uses lengthy improvisations developed over a period of weeks to build characters and story lines for his films.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He starts with some sketch ideas of how he thinks things might develop but does not reveal all his intentions with the cast who discover their fate and act out their responses as their destinies are gradually revealed, including significant aspects of their lives which will not subsequently be shown onscreen. The final filming draws on dialogue and actions that have been recorded during the improvisation period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing">Writing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvisation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Improvisational writing is an exercise that imposes limitations on a writer such as a time limit, word limit, a specific topic, or rules on what can be written. This forces the writer to work within <a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness_(narrative_mode)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream of consciousness (narrative mode)">stream of consciousness</a> and write without judgment of the work they produce. This technique is used for a variety of reasons, such as to bypass <a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_block" title="Writer's block">writer's block</a>, improve creativity, strengthen one's writing instinct and enhance one's flexibility in writing. </p><p>Some improvisational writing is collaborative, focusing on an almost <a href="/wiki/Dadaist" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadaist">dadaist</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_fiction" title="Collaborative fiction">collaborative fiction</a>. This can take a variety of forms, from as basic as passing a notebook around a circle of writers with each writing a sentence, to coded environments that focus on collaborative novel-writing,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> like <i><a href="/wiki/OtherSpace" class="mw-redirect" title="OtherSpace">OtherSpace</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvisation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Science and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engineering">Engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvisation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photography_by_Victor_Albert_Grigas_(1919-2017)_00100_6-12-61-nw_AUG_60_(36845064174).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Photography_by_Victor_Albert_Grigas_%281919-2017%29_00100_6-12-61-nw_AUG_60_%2836845064174%29.jpg/200px-Photography_by_Victor_Albert_Grigas_%281919-2017%29_00100_6-12-61-nw_AUG_60_%2836845064174%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Photography_by_Victor_Albert_Grigas_%281919-2017%29_00100_6-12-61-nw_AUG_60_%2836845064174%29.jpg/300px-Photography_by_Victor_Albert_Grigas_%281919-2017%29_00100_6-12-61-nw_AUG_60_%2836845064174%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Photography_by_Victor_Albert_Grigas_%281919-2017%29_00100_6-12-61-nw_AUG_60_%2836845064174%29.jpg/400px-Photography_by_Victor_Albert_Grigas_%281919-2017%29_00100_6-12-61-nw_AUG_60_%2836845064174%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6641" data-file-height="4481" /></a><figcaption>An improvised <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surveyors level</a> made from a <a href="/wiki/Camera_tripod" class="mw-redirect" title="Camera tripod">camera tripod</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Torpedo level">torpedo level</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Sniper_scope" class="mw-redirect" title="Sniper scope">sniper scope</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Improvisation in engineering is to solve a problem with the tools and materials immediately at hand.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of such improvisation was the re-engineering of carbon dioxide scrubbers with the materials on hand during the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a> space mission,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the use of a knife in place of a screwdriver to turn a screw. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ImprovisedDrumLondon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/ImprovisedDrumLondon.jpg/220px-ImprovisedDrumLondon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/ImprovisedDrumLondon.jpg/330px-ImprovisedDrumLondon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/ImprovisedDrumLondon.jpg/440px-ImprovisedDrumLondon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2374" data-file-height="2968" /></a><figcaption>Improvised <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a>, London.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WestBankCowbell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/WestBankCowbell.jpg/220px-WestBankCowbell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/WestBankCowbell.jpg/330px-WestBankCowbell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/WestBankCowbell.jpg/440px-WestBankCowbell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption>An improvised <a href="/wiki/Cowbell" title="Cowbell">cowbell</a>, used for sheep or goats. The bell was found in 1988 in a field near <a href="/wiki/Tuqu%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuqu'">Tuqu'</a> (Tekoa) in the West Bank. The bell's body is made of aluminum, probably a broken kitchen utensil, while the clapper is a brass cartridge case (SMI 25 NATO, probably 7.62×51mm).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TelAvivRainShelter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/TelAvivRainShelter.jpg/220px-TelAvivRainShelter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/TelAvivRainShelter.jpg/330px-TelAvivRainShelter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/TelAvivRainShelter.jpg/440px-TelAvivRainShelter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Improvised hat cover of an Orthodox Jew on a rainy day in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Engineering improvisations may be needed because of emergencies, <a href="/wiki/Embargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Embargo">embargo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obsolescence" title="Obsolescence">obsolescence</a> of a product and the loss of manufacturer support, or just a lack of funding appropriate for a better solution. Users of motor vehicles in parts of Africa develop improvised solutions<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it is not feasible to obtain manufacturer-approved spare parts.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popular television program <a href="/wiki/MacGyver_(1985_TV_series)" title="MacGyver (1985 TV series)"><i>MacGyver</i></a> used as its gimmick a hero who could solve almost any problem with <a href="/wiki/Jury_rig" class="mw-redirect" title="Jury rig">jury rigged</a> devices from everyday materials, a Swiss Army knife and some <a href="/wiki/Duct_tape" title="Duct tape">duct tape</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artificial_intelligence">Artificial intelligence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvisation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Artificial intelligence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Machine_improvisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine improvisation">Machine improvisation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvisation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/improvisation">"IMPROVISATION | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary"</a>. <i>dictionary.cambridge.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.cambridge.org&rft.atitle=IMPROVISATION+%7C+definition+in+the+Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fimprovisation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Speech Chain: The Physics and Biology of Spoken Language</i> (paperback), Peter B. Denes and Elliot N. Pinson. 1966. Worth Publishers; Second Edition (15 February 1993).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpolin1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Viola_Spolin" title="Viola Spolin">Spolin, Viola</a> (1963). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/improvisationfor0000spol_v7u4"><i>Improvisation for the Theater</i></a></span>. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-4008-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-4008-0"><bdi>978-0-8101-4008-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Improvisation+for+the+Theater&rft.place=Evanston%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-8101-4008-0&rft.aulast=Spolin&rft.aufirst=Viola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimprovisationfor0000spol_v7u4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.secondcity.com/people/other/viola-spolin/">"Viola Spolin"</a>. <i>The Second City</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Second+City&rft.atitle=Viola+Spolin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.secondcity.com%2Fpeople%2Fother%2Fviola-spolin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicterms.artopium.com/i/Improvisation.html">Improvisation</a> musicterms.artopium.com <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160625073946/http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/past_issues/fall08/the_science_of_improv.html">"The Science of Improv"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/past_issues/fall08/the_science_of_improv.html">the original</a> on 25 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Improv&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peabody.jhu.edu%2Fpast_issues%2Ffall08%2Fthe_science_of_improv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://downbeat.com/news/detail/new-jarrett-box-chronicles-solo-concerts-from-1996-italian-tour">"New Jarrett Box Chronicles Solo Concerts from 1996 Italian Tour"</a>. <i>downbeat.com</i>. 17 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=downbeat.com&rft.atitle=New+Jarrett+Box+Chronicles+Solo+Concerts+from+1996+Italian+Tour&rft.date=2016-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdownbeat.com%2Fnews%2Fdetail%2Fnew-jarrett-box-chronicles-solo-concerts-from-1996-italian-tour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1993" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Derek (1993). <i>Improvisation: its nature and practice in music</i>. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80528-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80528-8"><bdi>978-0-306-80528-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Improvisation%3A+its+nature+and+practice+in+music&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80528-8&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seppe_Gebruers&oldid=1178816683">"Seppe Gebruers"</a>, <i>Wikipedia</i>, 6 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wikipedia&rft.atitle=Seppe+Gebruers&rft.date=2023-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DSeppe_Gebruers%26oldid%3D1178816683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeak2016" class="citation web cs1">Peak (27 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/peak-wellbeing/the-neuroscience-of-improvisation-where-genius-rap-lyrics-come-from-f7717f3230a5">"The Neuroscience of Improvisation: Where Genius Rap Lyrics Come From"</a>. <i>Medium</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=The+Neuroscience+of+Improvisation%3A+Where+Genius+Rap+Lyrics+Come+From&rft.date=2016-04-27&rft.au=Peak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fpeak-wellbeing%2Fthe-neuroscience-of-improvisation-where-genius-rap-lyrics-come-from-f7717f3230a5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/improvisation-theatre">"Improvisation | theatre"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Improvisation+%7C+theatre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fimprovisation-theatre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d2uNhbq6mk4">Alan Thornhill on the tradition of pre-conceiving sculpture 1989 studio archive footage</a>, YouTube</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alanthornhill.co.uk/Spirit%20in%20Mass%20film.htm">Film: Spirit in Mass – Journey into Sculpture (2007)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512005743/http://www.alanthornhill.co.uk/Spirit%20in%20Mass%20film.htm">Archived</a> 12 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/film-rehearsing-for-another-life-working-on-a-mike-leigh-film-can-be-dangerous-for-your-state-of-1463896.html">"FILM / Rehearsing for another life: Working on a Mike Leigh film can"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 28 August 1993<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=FILM+%2F+Rehearsing+for+another+life%3A+Working+on+a+Mike+Leigh+film+can&rft.date=1993-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Ffilm-rehearsing-for-another-life-working-on-a-mike-leigh-film-can-be-dangerous-for-your-state-of-1463896.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrigan2002" class="citation book cs1">Harrigan, Pat (2002). <i>First person: new media as story, performance, and game</i>. MIT Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-23232-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-23232-6"><bdi>978-0-262-23232-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+person%3A+new+media+as+story%2C+performance%2C+and+game&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-262-23232-6&rft.aulast=Harrigan&rft.aufirst=Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatt2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wes_Platt" class="mw-redirect" title="Wes Platt">Platt, Wes</a> (2002). <i>OtherSpace: End of the World, Arcs IV–V</i>. <a href="/wiki/IUniverse" title="IUniverse">iUniverse</a>. pp. ix–x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-23046-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-23046-4"><bdi>978-0-595-23046-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OtherSpace%3A+End+of+the+World%2C+Arcs+IV%E2%80%93V&rft.pages=ix-x&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-595-23046-4&rft.aulast=Platt&rft.aufirst=Wes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes" class="citation news cs1">Barnes, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegram.com/news/20171001/firefighters-practice-improvising-to-help-accident-victims">"Firefighters practice improvising to help accident victims"</a>. <i>telegram.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=telegram.com&rft.atitle=Firefighters+practice+improvising+to+help+accident+victims&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegram.com%2Fnews%2F20171001%2Ffirefighters-practice-improvising-to-help-accident-victims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2015/04/apollo-13-the-mistakes-the-explosion-and-six-hours-of-live-saving-decisions/2/">"45 years after Apollo 13: Ars looks at what went wrong and why"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=45+years+after+Apollo+13%3A+Ars+looks+at+what+went+wrong+and+why&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2015%2F04%2Fapollo-13-the-mistakes-the-explosion-and-six-hours-of-live-saving-decisions%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalan" class="citation web cs1">Kalan, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/story/20130625-africas-diy-aircraft-builders">"Africa's homemade aircraft builders"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Africa%27s+homemade+aircraft+builders&rft.aulast=Kalan&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Fstory%2F20130625-africas-diy-aircraft-builders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRémy2011" class="citation news cs1">Rémy, Jean-Philippe (9 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2011/aug/09/africa-development-industrial-sector-kenya">"Where are the African carmakers?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Where+are+the+African+carmakers%3F&rft.date=2011-08-09&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=R%C3%A9my&rft.aufirst=Jean-Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2011%2Faug%2F09%2Fafrica-development-industrial-sector-kenya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvisation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abbot, John. 2009. <i>Improvisation in Rehearsal</i>. <a href="/wiki/Nick_Hern_Books" title="Nick Hern Books">Nick Hern Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85459-523-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85459-523-2">978-1-85459-523-2</a>.</li> <li>Abbot, John. 2007. <i>The Improvisation Book</i>. <a href="/wiki/Nick_Hern_Books" title="Nick Hern Books">Nick Hern Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85459-961-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85459-961-2">978-1-85459-961-2</a>.</li> <li>Harrigan, Pat. 2002. <i>First Person: New Media as Story, Performance and Game</i>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-23232-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-23232-6">978-0-262-23232-6</a>.</li> <li>Johnston, Chris. 2006. <i>The Improvisation Game: Discovering the Secrets of Spontaneous Performance</i>. <a href="/wiki/Nick_Hern_Books" title="Nick Hern Books">Nick Hern Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85459-668-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85459-668-0">978-1-85459-668-0</a>.</li> <li>Madson, Patricia Ryan. 2005. <i>Improv Wisdom: Don't Prepare, Just Show Up</i>. Bell Tower. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-8188-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-8188-2">978-1-4000-8188-2</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvisation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/improvisation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:improvisation">improvisation</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stop-gap" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:stop-gap">stop-gap</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Improvisation</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Improvisation">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Improvisation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Improvisation">Improvisation</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.criticalimprov.com/public/csi/index.html">Critical studies in improvisation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://piano.7dim.org/index.php">Easy piano improvisation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160412073745/http://piano.7dim.org/index.php">Archived</a> 12 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theatre" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theatre" title="Template:Theatre"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theatre" title="Template talk:Theatre"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theatre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theatre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theatre" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_theatre" title="History of theatre">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_theatre" title="Medieval theatre">Medieval</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance_theatre" title="English Renaissance theatre">English Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age#Lope_de_Vega_and_Spanish_drama" title="Spanish Golden Age">Spanish Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">French Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_comedy" title="Restoration comedy">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_drama" title="Augustan drama">Augustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Classicism" title="Weimar Classicism">Weimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(theatre)" title="Naturalism (theatre)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(theatre)" title="Realism (theatre)">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_theatre" title="Postmodern theatre">Postmodern</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth-century_theatre" title="Nineteenth-century theatre">19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth-century_theatre" title="Twentieth-century theatre">20th century</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_twentieth-century_theatre" title="Timeline of twentieth-century theatre">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">Musical theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvisational_theatre" title="Improvisational theatre">Improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_drama" title="Radio drama">Radio drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variety_show" title="Variety show">Variety show</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Indonesia" title="Theatre of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Japan" title="Theatre of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_theatre" title="Persian theatre">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Poland" title="Theatre of Poland">Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stagecraft" title="Stagecraft">Stagecraft</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Scenography" title="Scenography">Scenography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cue_(theatrical)" title="Cue (theatrical)">Cue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtain_Call" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtain Call">Curtain Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehearsal" title="Rehearsal">Rehearsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_(theatre)" title="Stage (theatre)">Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(structure)" title="Theater (structure)">Theater (structure)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_constraints" title="Theatrical constraints">Theatrical constraints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_superstitions" title="Theatrical superstitions">Theatrical superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_rehearsal" title="Technical rehearsal">Technical rehearsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_week" title="Technical week">Technical week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_design" title="Lighting design">Lighting design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_design" title="Sound design">Sound design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_construction" title="Set construction">Set construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatrical property">Theatrical property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costume_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Costume construction">Costume construction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatre_personnel" title="List of theatre personnel">Personnel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stage_management" title="Stage management">Stage management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_director" title="Technical director">Technical director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_management_(theater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Production management (theater)">Production management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Company management">Company management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpenter_(theatre)" title="Carpenter (theatre)">Carpenter (theatre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrician_(theatre)" title="Electrician (theatre)">Electrician (theatre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_crew" title="Fly crew">Fly crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make-up_artist" title="Make-up artist">Make-up artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_master" title="Property master">Property master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnician" title="Pyrotechnician">Pyrotechnician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running_crew" title="Running crew">Running crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlight_operator" title="Spotlight operator">Spotlight operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagehand" title="Stagehand">Stagehand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_Technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatrical Technician">Theatrical Technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_crew" title="Technical crew">Technical crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardrobe_supervisor" title="Wardrobe supervisor">Wardrobe supervisor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costume_designer" title="Costume designer">Costume designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighting designer">Lighting designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenic_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Scenic designer">Scenic designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound designer">Sound designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Sound engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_design" title="Video design">Video design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Running_crew" title="Running crew">Running crew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_boy_(theatre)" title="Call boy (theatre)">Call boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_management_(theater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Production management (theater)">Production manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_management" title="Stage management">Stage manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagehand" title="Stagehand">Stagehand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_director" title="Technical director">Technical director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_technician" title="Theatrical technician">Theatrical technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpenter_(theatre)" title="Carpenter (theatre)">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_crew" title="Fly crew">Fly crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrician_(theatre)" title="Electrician (theatre)">Electrician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_board_operator" title="Light board operator">Light board operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_technician" title="Lighting technician">Lighting technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlight_operator" title="Spotlight operator">Spotlight operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A2_(theater)" title="A2 (theater)">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound operator">Sound operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_master" title="Property master">Property master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresser_(theatre)" title="Dresser (theatre)">Dresser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardrobe_supervisor" title="Wardrobe supervisor">Wardrobe supervisor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">Musical ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_orchestra" title="Pit orchestra">Pit orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_theater_terms" title="Glossary of theater terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_troupe" title="Theatrical troupe">Theatrical troupe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Theatre" class="extiw" title="wikt:Theatre">Wiktionary</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Theatre" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Theatre">WikiProject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_theatre" title="Outline of theatre">Outline of theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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