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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Glossary+of+sculpting%22">"Glossary of sculpting"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Glossary+of+sculpting%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Glossary+of+sculpting%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Glossary+of+sculpting%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Glossary+of+sculpting%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Glossary+of+sculpting%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This page describe terms and <a href="/wiki/Jargon" title="Jargon">jargon</a> related to <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a> and sculpting. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="noprint"><div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <div id="toctitle" class="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight:bold;">Contents: </span></div> <div style="margin:auto; display:inline-block;"> <ul><li><a href="#top">Top</a></li> <li><a href="#0–9">0–9</a></li> <li><a href="#A">A</a></li> <li><a href="#B">B</a></li> <li><a href="#C">C</a></li> <li><a href="#D">D</a></li> <li><a href="#E">E</a></li> <li><a href="#F">F</a></li> <li><a href="#G">G</a></li> <li><a href="#H">H</a></li> <li><a href="#I">I</a></li> <li><a href="#J">J</a></li> <li><a href="#K">K</a></li> <li><a href="#L">L</a></li> <li><a href="#M">M</a></li> <li><a href="#N">N</a></li> <li><a href="#O">O</a></li> <li><a href="#P">P</a></li> <li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="#R">R</a></li> <li><a href="#S">S</a></li> <li><a href="#T">T</a></li> <li><a href="#U">U</a></li> <li><a href="#V">V</a></li> <li><a href="#W">W</a></li> <li><a href="#X">X</a></li> <li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li> <li><a href="#Z">Z</a> </li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A">A</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="armature">armature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: armature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armature_(sculpture)" title="Armature (sculpture)">armature (sculpture)</a></div> <dl><dd>An armature is an internal frame or skeleton which supports a <a href="#modeling">modelled</a> sculpture. A typical armature for a small sculpture is made of heavy gauge wire, bent and twisted to form the basic shape. Often the armature is designed to leave one or more pins protruding from the base of the finished sculpture to facilitate attaching it to the <a href="#plinth">plinth</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="additive">additive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: additive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>Is the process by which material is shaped and built up, frequently on an armature, to create the desired image. Traditionally the material used in modeling clay, but plaster is considered a less desirable but also less expensive substitute. Frequently the sculpture created by the additive method is a temporary one, used to create a more permanent version in stone or bronze.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="assemblage">assemblage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: assemblage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>An <a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(art)" title="Assemblage (art)">assemblage</a> is a sculpture constructed from <a href="#found_object">found objects</a>. Typically an assemblage does not disguise the original objects used, rather it either tries to show them in a new light, or forms a figurative sculpture from the collection of shapes.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="B">B</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: B"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="bozzetto">bozzetto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: bozzetto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>(Italian) A small terracotta sketch of a sculpture: see <i>maquette</i>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="C">C</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: C"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="carving">carving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: carving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>Carving is one of the oldest sculptural techniques. It is a subtractive process; starting with a solid block, the sculptor removes material using <a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">chisels</a> and other tools to 'reveal' the finished form. Traditional carving materials include stone, especially <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>, and fine grained <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">woods</a>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="casting">casting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: casting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">casting</a></div> <dl><dd>Casting is a method of producing one or more copies of a sculpture. Typically, the original sculpture is <a href="#_modeling"> modeled</a> as usual and covered with a <a href="#_mold"> molding</a> material that sets hard when dry. The mold is then separated to release the original sculpture. Once the mold is reassembled, at its most simple the casting material is poured into the void and left to set. Traditionally, molten <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> is used as the casting material, but modern alternatives include <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a>. When the cast sculpture has cooled or cured, the mold is again separated to release it and reassembled ready to cast the next copy. When molten bronze is used, it is more typical to use a <a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost wax</a> or similar process so that the finished piece is hollow rather than solid.</dd> <dd>The cast sculpture may then require some finishing work to remove mold lines and other imperfections. The sculptor may also wish to <a href="#patina">patinate</a> the work to produce the final piece...</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ciment_Fondu">Ciment Fondu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ciment Fondu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><b>Ciment Fondu</b> is a proprietary product made by Kerneos (previously Lafarge Aluminates) for industrial use but widely adopted by sculptors. It is a type of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_aluminate_cements" title="Calcium aluminate cements">calcium aluminate cement</a> used for constructing <a href="#mould">moulds</a> or outdoor works. Typically Ciment Fondu needs to be used as a <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite material</a> reinforced with <a href="/wiki/Fibre_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre glass">fibre glass</a>, building up the mould in series of layers. Fast setting, it achieves its full strength in 24 hours.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="cold_cast_bronze">cold cast bronze</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: cold cast bronze"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>A modern method of <a href="#casting">casting</a> sculptures in which the casting material is a <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> mixed with powdered <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>. The finished sculpture has a surface which looks very similar to a traditionally cast <a href="/wiki/Bronze_sculpture" title="Bronze sculpture">bronze</a> although it tends to be much lighter.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="D">D</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: D"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="direct_carving">direct carving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: direct carving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>Also referred to as <i>taille directe</i>. A less planned approach to <a href="#carving">carving</a> in which the sculptor carves the finished sculpture without using intermediate models or <a href="#maquette">maquettes</a>. The sculptor typically works from memory, though some such as <a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Van_Auken_Chapin" title="Cornelia Van Auken Chapin">Cornelia Van Auken Chapin</a> would carve with a model in front of them.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice gained prominence in the early 20th century and, in some respects, was seen as a return to the direct approach used in <a href="/wiki/Primitive_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive art">primitive art</a>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="H">H</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: H"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrocal">Hydrocal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hydrocal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hydrocal" redirects here. For the software, see <a href="/wiki/Hydroponics#Software" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics § Software</a>.</div> <dl><dd>Hydrocal is a <a href="/wiki/US_Gypsum" class="mw-redirect" title="US Gypsum">US Gypsum</a> product composed mainly of plaster of Paris and a small amount of Portland cement. Hydrocal, like its similar formulas Hydrostone, Ultracal, Duracal and others are all used for casting sculptures and other art objects as well as molds. Considerably harder and stronger than straight plaster of Paris, these products are for indoor use only as they rapidly degrade in the rain.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="I">I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="indirect">indirect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: indirect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>Indirect carving "involves the use of previously prepared three dimensional models . . . . usually assigned to a professional carver who, with the assistance of a pointing machine, proceeds to duplicate the model in stone. During the latter half of the nineteenth century and extending into the first part of the twentieth virtually all stone sculpture was produced by the indirect method of carving."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="K">K</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: K"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="kinetic_sculpture">kinetic sculpture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: kinetic sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinetic sculpture">Kinetic sculpture</a> is sculpture which is designed to move. The movement can be driven by interaction with the viewer, or automatically using motors or air currents, as in the case of a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_(sculpture)" title="Mobile (sculpture)">mobile</a>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="M">M</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: M"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maquette_ancient_iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Maquette_ancient_iran.jpg/220px-Maquette_ancient_iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Maquette_ancient_iran.jpg/330px-Maquette_ancient_iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Maquette_ancient_iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Adobe Ceramic maquette model of a tower. Dated 13th century BCE. Excavated at <a href="/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil" title="Chogha Zanbil">Chogha Zanbil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="maquette">maquette</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: maquette"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maquette" title="Maquette">Maquette</a></div> <dl><dd>A maquette is a small-scale model for a finished sculpture. It is used to visualize and test shapes and ideas without incurring the cost and effort of producing a full-scale sculpture. It is the analogue of the <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painter</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">cartoon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sketch_(drawing)" title="Sketch (drawing)">sketch</a>.</dd> <dd>For commissioned sculptures, especially monumental public sculptures, a maquette may be used to show the client how the finished work will fit in the proposed site.</dd></dl> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Racso_Jugarap_Wire_Installation_Model.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Racso Jugarap Maquette"><img alt="Racso Jugarap Maquette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Racso_Jugarap_Wire_Installation_Model.jpg/220px-Racso_Jugarap_Wire_Installation_Model.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Racso_Jugarap_Wire_Installation_Model.jpg/330px-Racso_Jugarap_Wire_Installation_Model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Racso_Jugarap_Wire_Installation_Model.jpg/440px-Racso_Jugarap_Wire_Installation_Model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="modeling">modeling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: modeling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>Modeling is one of the most common techniques for sculpting. It is an additive process in which material is steadily built up to produce the finished figure. Unlike <a href="#carving">carving</a>, the sculptor often also has the option of correcting mistakes by removing or reshaping the material. Modeling requires a <a href="/wiki/Malleable" class="mw-redirect" title="Malleable">malleable</a> or plastic material which is later cured or fired to set it hard. Typical modeling materials include <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">papier-mâché</a>.</dd> <dd>Frequently the modeling material has limited structural strength and will need the support of an <a href="#armature">armature</a>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="mould">mould</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: mould"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>A mould is a reversed impression of a sculpture which is used to <a href="#casting">cast</a> replica sculptures. The material used to construct the mould needs to accurately reproduce the surface detail of the original sculpture, while also being strong enough to keep its shape during casting and resilient enough to retain detail after multiple castings.</dd> <dd>Typical moulding materials include <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a> rubber, <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a> and composites such as <i><a href="#Ciment_Fondu">ciment fondu</a></i>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="P">P</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: P"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="papier-mâché"><span id="papier-m.C3.A2ch.C3.A9"></span>papier-mâché</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: papier-mâché"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">Papier-mâché</a></div> <dl><dd>(often misspelled as <b>paper-maché</b>)</dd> <dd><b>Papier-mâché</b> is a construction material that consists of pieces of paper, sometimes reinforced with textiles, stuck together using a wet paste (e.g. glue, starch, or wallpaper adhesive). The crafted object becomes solid when the paste dries.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="patina">patina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: patina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Patina" title="Patina">patina</a></div><p> (also <b>patinate</b>, <b>patination</b>) </p><dl><dd>A <b>patina</b> is a natural or applied surface finish to a sculpture piece. Natural patinas may occur by <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> due to long exposure to air or earth — the most common of which is <a href="/wiki/Verdigris" title="Verdigris">verdigris</a> on <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>. Artificial patinas can be created by application of chemical pastes or (below melting point) firing in a chemical <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="plasticene">plasticene</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: plasticene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plasticene" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasticene">Plasticene</a></div></dd> <dd>Plasticene is an oil-based clay used for modelling sculptures; its chief advantages over water clay is it does not shrink, crack or dry out and can be worked on over a long period of time.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="plaster_cast">plaster cast</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: plaster cast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plaster_cast" title="Plaster cast">Plaster cast</a></div></dd> <dd>A plaster cast is a copy of a sculpture, which is <a href="#casting">cast</a> in <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a>. A plaster cast can accurately reproduce the details of the original sculpture, but is usually much less durable. It is often used as a stage in the <a href="#casting">casting</a> process.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="pointing_machine">pointing machine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: pointing machine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pointing_machine" title="Pointing machine">Pointing machine</a></div></dd> <dd>A <b>pointing machine</b> is used to accurately transfer measuring points from a model or maquette into stone or wood, in order to carve an accurate copy. This is called the indirect method of carving.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="R">R</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: R"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="roughing_out">roughing out</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: roughing out"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>The process of carving out the basic shapes of a work before any detail is created.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="S">S</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: S"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="sand_casting">sand casting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: sand casting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>A method of <a href="#casting">casting</a> typically used for casting <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, in which the <a href="#mould">mould</a> is constructed from compacted sand. By its nature, the mould can only be used once and needs to be reformed for each casting<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="T">T</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: T"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taille_directe">Taille directe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Taille directe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>See <a href="#direct_carving">Direct carving</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="truth_to_materials">truth to materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: truth to materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>A process or mode in <a href="#direct_carving">direct carving</a> in which the sculptor responds to the nature of the block being carved as much as the subject. Changes in colouration and imperfections revealed while carving the block are incorporated as features in the finished sculpture. Since the sculptor doesn't know in advance what imperfections will be revealed during the course of carving, a more flexible and fluid approach is required.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_painting_terms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glossary of painting terms (page does not exist)">Glossary of painting terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sculptors" title="List of sculptors">List of sculptors</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sculpting&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Glass, F.J.,<i> Modelling and Sculpture: A Practical Treatise for Students, With a Brief History of the Art,</i> B.T. Batsford LTD., London 1929</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Gross" title="Chaim Gross">Gross, Chaim</a>, <i>The Technique of Wood Sculpture,</i> Vista House Publishers, New York 1957</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvina_Hoffman" title="Malvina Hoffman">Hoffman, Malvina</a>, <i>Sculpture, Insida and Out</i>, Bonanza Books, New York 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sargeant_Jagger" title="Charles Sargeant Jagger">Jagger, Sargeant</a>, <i>Modelling and Sculpture in the Making,</i> The Studio Limited, London 1933</li> <li>Miller, Richard McDermott, <i>Figure Sculpture in Wax and Plaster,</i> Dover Press, New York 1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Putnam" title="Brenda Putnam">Putnam, Brenda</a>, <i>The Sculptor's Way: A Guide to Modelling and Sculpture,</i> Farrar & Rinehart, Inc., New York 1939</li> <li>Rich, Jack C., <i>The Materials and Methods of Sculpture,</i> Oxford University Press, New York 1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Silvercruys" title="Suzanne Silvercruys">Silvercruys, Suzanne</a>,<i> A Primer of Sculpture,</i> G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York 1942</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Slobodkin" title="Louis Slobodkin">Slobodkin, Louis</a>, <i>Sculpture; Principles and Practice,</i> Dover Publications, New York 1973, reprint of 1949 edition</li> <li>Topal, Carol Weisman, <i>Children, Clay and Sculpture,</i> Davis Publications, Worceser, Massachutts 1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Zorach" title="William Zorach">Zorach, William</a>, <i>Zorach Explains Sculpture: What It Means and How It Is Made,</i> Tudor Publishing Company, New York 1960</li></ul> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sculptors’ Guild Travelling Exhibition, 1940-1941’’, Sculptors’ Guild, New York, New York, 1940 p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rich, Jack C., ‘’The Materials and Methods of Sculpture’’, Dover Publications, New York, © 1947, 1974 edition p. 262</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208084529/http://www.artenero.com.au/9_sandcasting/intoductionsand_1.html">"Sand casting explained"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artenero.com.au/9_sandcasting/intoductionsand_1.html">the original</a> on 2012-02-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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