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href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Витерит – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Витерит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witherita" title="Witherita – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Witherita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witherit" title="Witherit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Witherit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witherita" title="Witherita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Witherita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witherita" title="Witherita – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Witherita" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="ویتریت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویتریت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/With%C3%A9rite" title="Withérite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Withérite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF" title="Վիտերիտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիտերիտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witherite" title="Witherite – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Witherite" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Витерит – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Витерит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Витерит – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Витерит" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witherit" title="Witherit – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Witherit" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witheriet" title="Witheriet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Witheriet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witheritt" title="Witheritt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Witheritt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiterita" title="Whiterita – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Whiterita" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viterit" title="Viterit – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Viterit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witeryt" title="Witeryt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Witeryt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witherita" title="Witherita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Witherita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witerit%C4%83" title="Witerită – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Witerită" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Витерит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Витерит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Витерит – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Витерит" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Вітерит – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вітерит" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witherit" title="Witherit – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Witherit" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E9%87%8D%E7%9F%B3" title="毒重石 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="毒重石" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Barium carbonate mineral</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">Witherite</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Witherite-48305.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Witherite-48305.jpg/220px-Witherite-48305.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Witherite-48305.jpg/330px-Witherite-48305.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Witherite-48305.jpg/440px-Witherite-48305.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="799" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Witherite from Alston Moor District, Cumbria, England</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">General</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Category</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_mineral" title="Carbonate mineral">Carbonate mineral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(repeating unit)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">BaCO<sub>3</sub></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mineral_symbols" title="List of mineral symbols">IMA symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Wth<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93Strunz_classification" title="Nickel–Strunz classification">Strunz classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5.AB.15</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_system" title="Crystal system">Crystal system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthorhombic">Orthorhombic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal class">Crystal class</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dipyramidal (mmm) <br /><a href="/wiki/H-M_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="H-M symbol">H-M symbol</a>: (2/m 2/m 2/m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Pmcn</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure#Unit_cell" title="Crystal structure">Unit cell</a></th><td class="infobox-data">a = 5.31 <a href="/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ångström">Å</a>, b = 8.9 Å <br />c = 6.43 Å; Z = 4</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">Identification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color</th><td class="infobox-data">Colorless, white, pale gray, with possible tints of pale-yellow, pale-brown, or pale-green</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_habit" title="Crystal habit">Crystal habit</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Striated short prismatic crystals, also botryoidal to spherical, columnar fibrous, granular, massive.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_twinning" title="Crystal twinning">Twinning</a></th><td class="infobox-data">On {110}, universal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(crystal)" title="Cleavage (crystal)">Cleavage</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Distinct on {010} poor on {110}, {012}</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fracture_(mineralogy)" title="Fracture (mineralogy)">Fracture</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Subconchoidal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">hardness</span></th><td class="infobox-data">3.0–3.5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">Luster</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vitreous, resinous on fractures</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Streak_(mineralogy)" title="Streak (mineralogy)">Streak</a></th><td class="infobox-data">White</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">Diaphaneity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Subtransparent to translucent</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">Specific gravity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Optical properties</th><td class="infobox-data">Biaxial (−)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a></th><td class="infobox-data">n<sub>α</sub> = 1.529 n<sub>β</sub> = 1.676 n<sub>γ</sub> = 1.677</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Birefringence" title="Birefringence">Birefringence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">δ = 0.148</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/2V_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="2V angle">2V angle</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Measured: 16°, calculated: 8°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)" title="Dispersion (optics)">Dispersion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Weak</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a> <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Fluorescent and phosphorescent, short UV=bluish white, long UV=bluish white</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">References</th><td class="infobox-data"><sup id="cite_ref-mindat_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mindat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HBM_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBM-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Webmin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webmin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Witherite</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Barium_carbonate" title="Barium carbonate">barium carbonate</a> mineral, <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a><sub>3</sub>, in the <a href="/wiki/Aragonite" title="Aragonite">aragonite</a> group.<sup id="cite_ref-mindat_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mindat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Witherite crystallizes in the <a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthorhombic">orthorhombic</a> system and virtually always is <a href="/wiki/Crystal_twinning" title="Crystal twinning">twinned</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mindat_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mindat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mineral is colorless, milky-white, grey, pale-yellow, green, to pale-brown. The <a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">specific gravity</a> is 4.3, which is high for a translucent mineral.<sup id="cite_ref-mindat_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mindat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluoresces</a> light blue under both long- and short-wave <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV</a> light, and is <a href="/wiki/Phosphorescence" title="Phosphorescence">phosphorescent</a> under short-wave UV light.<sup id="cite_ref-mindat_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mindat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Witherite forms in low-temperature <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrothermal">hydrothermal</a> environments. It is commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">fluorite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celestine_(mineral)" title="Celestine (mineral)">celestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galena" title="Galena">galena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barite" class="mw-redirect" title="Barite">barite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aragonite" title="Aragonite">aragonite</a>. Witherite occurrences include: <a href="/wiki/Cave-in-Rock,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave-in-Rock, Illinois">Cave-in-Rock, Illinois</a>, US; Pigeon Roost Mine, Glenwood, Arkansas, US; Settlingstones Mine <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alston_Moor" title="Alston Moor">Alston Moor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anglezarke" title="Anglezarke">Anglezarke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burnhope" title="Burnhope">Burnhope</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay" title="Thunder Bay">Thunder Bay</a> area, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tarnowskie_G%C3%B3ry" title="Tarnowskie Góry">Tarnowskie Góry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajno_Podjeziorne" title="Tajno Podjeziorne">Tajno</a> at <a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki_Region" title="Suwałki Region">Suwałki Region</a>). </p><p>Witherite was named after <a href="/wiki/William_Withering" title="William Withering">William Withering</a> (1741–1799) an <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> physician and naturalist who in 1784 published his research on the new mineral. He could show that barite and the new mineral were two different minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-Webmin_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webmin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witherite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1789 the German geologist <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Gottlob_Werner" title="Abraham Gottlob Werner">Abraham Gottlob Werner</a> named the mineral witherite in honour of William Withering.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Boulton" title="Matthew Boulton">Matthew Boulton</a> mineral collection of <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Museum_and_Art_Gallery" title="Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery">Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery</a> may contain one of the earliest known specimens of witherite. A label in Boulton's handwriting, records: "No.2 Terra Ponderosa Aerata, given me by Dr. Withering".<sup id="cite_ref-Russ_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risk_to_human_health">Risk to human health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witherite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Risk to human health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 18th-century naturalist Dr. Leigh recorded its <a href="/wiki/Lethality" title="Lethality">lethal</a> effects after the death of a farmer's wife and child. James Watt Jnr. experimented with the mineral on animals and he recorded the same lethal properties.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the 18th century farmers at <a href="/wiki/Anglezarke" title="Anglezarke">Anglezarke</a> used the mineral as rat poison.<sup id="cite_ref-minmag_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minmag-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industrial_use">Industrial use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witherite&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Industrial use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An experiment conducted by <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood" title="Josiah Wedgwood">Josiah Wedgwood</a>, led to it being used in his '<a href="/wiki/Jasper_ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Jasper ware">Jasper ware</a>'; the mineral had previously been considered as worthless.<sup id="cite_ref-minmag_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minmag-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Witherite has been used for hardening steel, and for making cement, glass, enamelware, soap, dye and explosives.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Witherite crystallizes in the <a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthorhombic">orthorhombic</a> system. The <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystals</a> are invariably twinned together in groups of three, giving rise to pseudo-hexagonal forms somewhat resembling bipyramidal crystals of <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>, the faces are usually rough and striated horizontally.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It transforms into an hexagonal phase at 1084 K that changes into a cubic phase at 1254 K. The mineral is named after <a href="/wiki/William_Withering" title="William Withering">William Withering</a>, who in 1784 recognized it to be chemically distinct from <a href="/wiki/Baryte" title="Baryte">barytes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It occurs in veins of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hexham" title="Hexham">Hexham</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alston,_Cumbria" title="Alston, Cumbria">Alston</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglezarke" title="Anglezarke">Anglezarke</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Chorley" title="Chorley">Chorley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> and a few other localities. Witherite is readily altered to barium <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a> by the action of water containing <a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfate" title="Calcium sulfate">calcium sulfate</a> in solution and crystals are therefore frequently encrusted with <a href="/wiki/Baryte" title="Baryte">barytes</a>. It is the chief source of barium <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> and is mined in considerable amounts in Northumberland. It is used for the preparation of rat poison, in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a>, and formerly for refining <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also used for controlling the <a href="/wiki/Chromate_and_dichromate" title="Chromate and dichromate">chromate</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a> ratio in <a href="/wiki/Chrome_plating" title="Chrome plating">chromium</a> <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a> baths.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Witherite-216507.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two sharp pseudohexagonal crystals of witherite on calcite from Hardin County, Illinois (size: 6.4 × 5.4 × 3.4 cm)"><img alt="Two sharp pseudohexagonal crystals of witherite on calcite from Hardin County, Illinois (size: 6.4 × 5.4 × 3.4 cm)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Witherite-216507.jpg/281px-Witherite-216507.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Witherite-216507.jpg/423px-Witherite-216507.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Witherite-216507.jpg/563px-Witherite-216507.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two sharp pseudohexagonal crystals of witherite on calcite from <a href="/wiki/Hardin_County,_Illinois" title="Hardin County, Illinois">Hardin County, Illinois</a> (size: 6.4 × 5.4 × 3.4 cm)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Witherite-65711.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Witherite crystal from the Cave-in-Rock Sub-District, Illinois – Kentucky Fluorspar District, Hardin County, Illinois"><img alt="Witherite crystal from the Cave-in-Rock Sub-District, Illinois – Kentucky Fluorspar District, Hardin County, Illinois" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Witherite-65711.jpg/231px-Witherite-65711.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Witherite-65711.jpg/348px-Witherite-65711.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Witherite-65711.jpg/463px-Witherite-65711.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="778" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Witherite crystal from the Cave-in-Rock Sub-District, Illinois – Kentucky Fluorspar District, Hardin County, Illinois</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witherite&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minerals" title="List of minerals">List of minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minerals_named_after_people" title="List of minerals named after people">List of minerals named after people</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witherite&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWarr2021" class="citation journal cs1">Warr, L.N. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43">"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"</a>. <i>Mineralogical Magazine</i>. <b>85</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">291–</span>320. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MinM...85..291W">2021MinM...85..291W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43">10.1180/mgm.2021.43</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235729616">235729616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mineralogical+Magazine&rft.atitle=IMA%E2%80%93CNMNC+approved+mineral+symbols&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E320&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235729616%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021MinM...85..291W&rft.aulast=Warr&rft.aufirst=L.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1180%252Fmgm.2021.43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitherite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mindat-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mindat_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mindat_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mindat_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mindat_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mindat_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-4299.html">Witherite</a> mindat.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HBM-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HBM_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/witherite.pdf">Handbook of Mineralogy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webmin-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Webmin_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Webmin_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webmineral.com/data/Witherite.shtml">Webmineral data</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Witherite">Mineralienatlas</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashburn, J.H., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmm-gallery.org.uk/colguard/6308-30.htm">Mining Witherite in North-West Durham</a></i>, Colliery Guardian, August 1963 (at Durham Mining Museum web-site)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWithering1784" class="citation journal cs1">Withering, William (1784). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dk9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA293">"Experiments and Observations on Terra Poderosa"</a></span>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>74</b>: <span class="nowrap">293–</span>311. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1784.0024">10.1098/rstl.1784.0024</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:186210361">186210361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Experiments+and+Observations+on+Terra+Poderosa&rft.volume=74&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E311&rft.date=1784&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1784.0024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A186210361%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Withering&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDk9FAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitherite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lee2_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217000108/http://www.jameslindlibrary.org/trial_records/17th_18th_Century/withering/withering_biog.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"William Withering (1741–1799): a biographical sketch of a Birmingham Lunatic." M R Lee, <i>James Lind Library</i>, accessed 25 September 2006"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jameslindlibrary.org/trial_records/17th_18th_Century/withering/withering_biog.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22William+Withering+%281741%E2%80%931799%29%3A+a+biographical+sketch+of+a+Birmingham+Lunatic.%22+M+R+Lee%2C+James+Lind+Library%2C+accessed+25+September+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jameslindlibrary.org%2Ftrial_records%2F17th_18th_Century%2Fwithering%2Fwithering_biog.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitherite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russ-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Russ_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkey2011" class="citation journal cs1">Starkey, R. E. (2011). "Matthew Boulton, his mineral collection and the Lunar Men". <i>The Newsletter of the Russell Society</i>. <b>59</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Newsletter+of+the+Russell+Society&rft.atitle=Matthew+Boulton%2C+his+mineral+collection+and+the+Lunar+Men&rft.volume=59&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=R.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitherite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt,_James_Jr.1789" class="citation book cs1">Watt, James Jr. (1789). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oWVIk53Jz5UC&pg=PA598"><i>Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Philosophical Society</i></a>. p. 598.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+and+Proceedings+of+the+Manchester+Philosophical+Society&rft.pages=598&rft.date=1789&rft.au=Watt%2C+James+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoWVIk53Jz5UC%26pg%3DPA598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitherite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-minmag-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-minmag_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-minmag_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Mining Magazine, March 1963, Vol 108, pages 133–139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Looking Back' p10 Hexham Courant 10 January 2014 featuring a photograph of Settlingstones miners in 1905</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Witherite" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Witherite">Witherite</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 759.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Witherite&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=759&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitherite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWithering1784" class="citation journal cs1">Withering, William (1784). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dk9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA293">"Experiments and Observations on Terra Poderosa"</a></span>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>74</b>: <span class="nowrap">293–</span>311. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1784.0024">10.1098/rstl.1784.0024</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:186210361">186210361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Experiments+and+Observations+on+Terra+Poderosa&rft.volume=74&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E311&rft.date=1784&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1784.0024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A186210361%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Withering&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDk9FAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitherite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitelaw2003" class="citation web cs1">Whitelaw, G.P. (2003-10-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finishing.com/Library/Whitelawchrome.html">"Standard Chrome Bath Control"</a>. finishing.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061213072157/http://www.finishing.com/Library/Whitelawchrome.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-11-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Chrome+Bath+Control&rft.pub=finishing.com&rft.date=2003-10-25&rft.aulast=Whitelaw&rft.aufirst=G.P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finishing.com%2FLibrary%2FWhitelawchrome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitherite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witherite&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Witherite" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Witherite">Witherite</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Witherite&oldid=1223527113">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Witherite&oldid=1223527113</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Barium_minerals" title="Category:Barium minerals">Barium minerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carbonate_minerals" title="Category:Carbonate minerals">Carbonate minerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orthorhombic_minerals" title="Category:Orthorhombic minerals">Orthorhombic minerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Minerals_in_space_group_62" title="Category:Minerals in space group 62">Minerals in space group 62</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Luminescent_minerals" title="Category:Luminescent minerals">Luminescent minerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aragonite_group" title="Category:Aragonite group">Aragonite group</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 May 2024, at 18:58<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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