CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "www.mindat.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '91747a7aaa8744c5',cH: 'Tkos_ejgn_B_Oz7IP627RYVJBBpnHlIEmd4LaWON8ew-1740452776-1.2.1.1-ylcSCOf2_Pvs_ZqiUYojWT15vM3Nsfs9jLiWlT65d2I4xIvhjethamMvesUIhgWY',cUPMDTk: "\/min-4299.html?__cf_chl_tk=_r3xK3mIitK0XqJiaSag6jvfbmaV8en2gCSP7DL5m3w-1740452776-1.0.1.1-SRxQorjtyRbTJzxm4lSOu5.AKaTIDBXM5IM4p7q0qvU",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740452776',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/min-4299.html?__cf_chl_f_tk=_r3xK3mIitK0XqJiaSag6jvfbmaV8en2gCSP7DL5m3w-1740452776-1.0.1.1-SRxQorjtyRbTJzxm4lSOu5.AKaTIDBXM5IM4p7q0qvU",md: "V5eAFgl90u8fnoItzy1Y0onQwD29DyDXitHMrLkLxGc-1740452776-1.2.1.1-fUEWn6IQveX5TLCcXuJmOqMoMzs2SnHziocUg.rAWnNjgB2qh5TXxNoZtxTnzbN5Dc9qvRk.5IFZXMTT.dEq8HS7Btlcopl2ApvPRxaV0o1sxRY8_9hU_BaNTECmROWQx21v75UJalOWDm1O9CN1g4RIpRuPrXIUgFRpyffYFiZ5.pid1eJqBED1ebQRaTn7J_HZc71vUReLpkzmgz1Y5SV7mWw_6gdTIUOSfiech0AN1vdWTezdKlT9LZnN.nJzBLw4ub9MAJKvn1j1larcVudoLtedCYdx7UV4psWZvppSRyMT.MMd33RWtHd7PHOXjwPReyAuIY1Z_tDxD33XvP5qm08sH4vk1PtBgbavxm0fOilPKNwisexpRmhiavfpFYhdzko20UOCaEE9KqrnrZIENoAD0YIx2G_n.k_h8IOJ4Ie9pWSH.3VQNVydafbZEt_qAjpUIGmBrbf0ATOHMSNtl3gKICvE6hWOSXubK1XY0esj.tkJ.JOqnGa0xCFDTZO5uVBS_moMAD5nPKD2XJ9xXZ2a8yxRJIm8y7V3ci4BpnnBCwu9DmHDXEWLbuTAXh9Qx1Zm0.3Wfd7Y7tvcGzA.gvsxJIIeLj9mcPp1bvI8YKNYZJPLO8o9zDDGnGMYvEVFwsEgDK4IO5jxBAkACjYS.Wvd_KyiXN8vOW5pXoTyPTHWZZrq4tqb_dIZGTiVvb9pGtOFFH9yJdyDAvbMO5eMTADVKob0UFfVtjrblbUmUep5QeNG_xkBy1i.L1naBxbrgsneZK7K_F3s6n5Oz.e3I1.3aBllDWuaCp7D1FsfnSZgH7zljrHXbsYZoiW0sDY4zWmr8PFHdxrsaSjoYZ4ETPLF4VCgbnah336mCkHirfCjZvifIYI4rSo00L1UH.16hoZUBuWu77NRCExENVf8a9eGH5BiyiLlkaqBy0te_d63CFpqZyd5AZAh_scPZVzT0dMEONKB4rRj0DtlYkvWRrUD1ezJcf7yaNTuipb.hqt_jqVb28SoNBuW3o0b5h5wCtMY0B4bfF4IqYh.nf0iSxZ9RH3NKdpW0AGz1mQTNHI2PLM36NW9_VKmML8SSfXN66oHrPb9KS_LWg06c85N15Ytspv_FdrZW0Evua_OKDv7PvsAp6_Jrak1Hi1tfC2.vxaMLJmurcPfVBF2Se_0c.i2T8zBNWQJ9sUArRMc2VAZ6oW5vKLRVj.xfwE9F2btwM29F4hVlBs3uExNY73Je0jcxjvJNvKHcl3RamN34p5_z78XsL6Fs8BcLyxcuRb6K19oYmnfIz7JQsW_Gx8DZwtU8HgCXAgoOnlmyaH9YTkblJymqmNwWKSo4WRqDQ9DuaNzSRfEqL.AoQifTghnY0FJRMXm72uZWSUqhGXWiTzKiSCLmUKlfT8SKrVd6o.avfv23aDbCXOE8RRMHuotFvqNMSO97CNfVGKpui5O1G31WtsZPkEMA_vzGhULImDwyILEyOxk0cFkCNcDwbYk7fW2iJEcpgoDAi4kWL.oMiBENaKm712zZCj4XlivdwIVJVjtW9xkIA42TdNPYsir.TvJMUUiK8NNNSJOOhriA97V_0BoQ.PO1V1uqZfsMzzfZUHQ7us0alOFCXNdlpNUiP3kml9BG.5W9fzQEpIQniLuefNqPBu_InRkEZvr_xaqGcLL29Jmc0kW6kPLSqILvaEiU.NLDQDRZGFajytHe_RQ4nqzKM2B8Z905ibangT91iKBmy4FZJx6Xr1pZ.GMM3gn4GtffhHIW9JD2KjCfeQyO2.Hgmb3KNeA.MmT0iJ3LS7Kq3wuI9fQFKV7kDEP9olGUY5P8u_B9iSW.E0xwnAwdc1m6PE8iunSbIfSwaujYOnxTuSnlONmbE8RmXAOk9M3_2lb_IBTkfRN6UOgUQFGuNwrI5ke_BFUx.AOhOblN8vjC2Dm0WfijU88BgTQWBGuOe1F.KxM06z4FWQAq1WkojzHiQK1CZKFAClloXSL0ExMh5wWZZbIWk8DJmTvHLTH3tP0JBN4TlaxQeo3U6D7XQoWEjWbNKAlLIvC6Nfe4wsJ1_41.bOx10uCRAC22BIMBiS0SnUgmC8jPK7WOmy.efR9l6QfIR7_te_7VC_ybuHEhlQ0zlgw1M0THq9_hi5KcHF1ZywqzDTEYK5NF0Iwedg5dBqthL9AcRu.Tu.YT9jaI6nZjZOejacJmyjXX03f.YJf24BzEJ1x2.nmKKEIxpJpxEjjwvAGnG19VdW0vlLmid1cSJdQaCFw07obsA967Jqr4ahO8HjcevDyeXuHW4CIDndI9StIfO0Ws9aoJ6rsxnus5jvDtNMDOx2_UNShEw88xE48k.n5Jey5YhlWyTADGWu_6jZ2dpXT6NdldfPMy2U0pxTv9T6WVBkxU0JAymf6ES8ZDL0CnsNeD7UZ8wLKwYLnIpD35zynXgBJMVXqmNPz07_JDPSPeu48W.YVfv1LT.3mVpnj72HKV495sWzYqfZnFhyJZ.yHH8rzCrw9gNNql7Crtsesrw",mdrd: "IU5OhWVgYpROM59M8PtpWShRhQrPvq0z1Hrece6fHFk-1740452776-1.2.1.1-1ESt7qdDEws4Q2J8fD1eL.WeHLqNiCScnGw49f8xB6L4kjZUh5lp8D5xiFrch6BYfaeMPPvZF2QEuP29MsltpKsO_hSpowsAg9LSOn3RYlKuDvAFtsjaK7WXnhWcsyO4v.UUl0WDLZ2txOVYWrdlVNjIddf5x92SeHc7uXxgmnUPy4Hx4JJjJKNdmO6Y5Q475BiSGNHPQLZ7qpy45NqT9Jl7QpHrMVNKAXsFA9RMB1l7ad_LfjJ.K6XeIhWT6h6H_aIgkNrLI.v6tc0G5Mth4zjz8JWqxhN9v5Q87cHgj7yOQto30NT6VpHN2MzEaosKTnuFNisJv7ya8J8c46MQS.tqWwyNY53VUa9x1aUpCovd6hl8MRnIf4RqniBgbgCCUxWbWaoE1ApiuFOsBDIk0.E81rEjoa5N6E_QNDkdUYR8G30JPWcPhKywMkouw4rHuxdoKe3plToZRMRtfBoA_6qILPc5tB_UBm5nWgEEqL15WHjAbMo8gx7.icmNjEOM3e98V5a0GE0qMbz7KAvj67mhl.78_jRS0e7Ih0j3Bw3K1x59TZFFBbucEMr5VX_r.uspjrOst9rGyfHIYEGNnIhxKDd.Nnps2DiRluu1J8u3j_cTw9XDDQpjupkW1mzVwtCyyeXz3q1ic8asWEUf84qtwsUOzLo4vhX9gvmQsp0tdcupGDkyG3Pv4K_72wbpSHrbrpize0Ht3LsNVmZT2Ep21szZuQRE.meu1JE2Zgcu2y9DWt0Gb_9_6rO5JFcPuD60wBiB6JDaT2dVcGOfUIzNllQ.hhbzd.y2pwT945.k4umSnuF_.o34X8ya.fgUoSw3uR2LmJaI3.Fuu8kTJWMa94umFYV31ib7F6PTJ32g60gPydOZcJpVbONLCZHMXya9aSLe4LnPcOdWEGxNOqH.DdYEYyAtmTH5y_tYNyU9jRUc4b8MMXfMYQelfiFgbhFkKYpFDe1Wmo1mQjSueyRMcxg6Cudd026xwyP1EN3ICMVtb.UP6xUcpVyrbyHff5T9PUTQHQ8tse4F0d5.TZZRwb.7kTOB5AIBuMqE8b5c6NQQiHVp0IBiy2l1LWkkarrRXOSVGPTPbq.mK3ZvYO8POIOWpPGv2kIC_nBFpfsHc0Br8fWXY6E6RNsiYnQ0oXo8a6RL1mZIdb2Cq5L6YKTC2QgkiLMyxv8OSeyKBoLET3UrUaDPe6mbx1PbeNwYPtcwECu3sysi_0sv5m4KcZ8r9ve8zI0IEEMWs0mKogk_hEIYDhqVstn2.ROlNnd8AGofJmM5JylcW0izHsrHpVqCzxwGYGLSES2ysDudPwPGQlVw7wplqkeH.XkouP8ki3v5Jfv1lCM5cJIfIJMWBQB4iYJiVWF5ZXiYHY.Q8JEQ.2bkTVyPJBDlmmTDTdqgJMrm4KxPOHvkgefLWRdr8_8ZH6vppKJ.yrg6D5QX8ju9UJzr8vnlVtooWfZFGK7xZlzJurt2tk8i8JBO88VB4z5i5gMEZbnuHgTLJEZ0xyxF1oaKFU7kCk9b0aJD.cM_3VGAa9FS7JrMwipSo7tjjzEvw3G070_o7bauWLlEVcomC6Y7WKGN.SO53a88CUHG1VGkG1xkQlsP2aZ1Wdr4UlHcHhobcmkZN71VUMlyAWAR8pvdWOpjzgXlfCuTF31C9Wa.RQd.kVTGqcxZWQbpO1R4QwKOmve4Ow.quIyQPY8tjs2pj7uw61WKAJRoTPAam4MRq_zbnbV_WUbACeo2mb750Iun.2pmoNIWdy45xMnYKCcIo2xNKe285xTxPehVeeLL6RMm6NpT6r1387P_mVSPnjnMaYT9Jk2kTg2y3cVBKwckqtQx_sErdKWwes2DaAtKYWHpc3Bjqj7h_1HLK.sEvR2HCI_lydTTaG4Cg91CCgQYWrtxwqBkycrT9QRxye.l.n3EkQ99jmtqNV_gCwlcIEhnQfE6MClTAf3zod3Vswo4YhWLKmOF2RnXNQkC"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91747a7aaa8744c5';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/min-4299.html?__cf_chl_rt_tk=_r3xK3mIitK0XqJiaSag6jvfbmaV8en2gCSP7DL5m3w-1740452776-1.0.1.1-SRxQorjtyRbTJzxm4lSOu5.AKaTIDBXM5IM4p7q0qvU" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>