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class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Irish_language" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Irish_language" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Irish+language" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Irish_language_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Irish language (disambiguation)">Irish language (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gaoidhealg" redirects here. For the shared literary form that was in use from the 13th to the 16th–18th century, see <a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Niger–Congo language called "Ga", see <a href="/wiki/Ga_language" title="Ga language">Ga language</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Irish (<a href="/wiki/Standard_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Irish">Standard Irish</a>: Gaeilge), also known as Irish Gaelic or simply Gaelic (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɡeɪlɪk/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/95\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Gaelic.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Gaelic.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Gaelic.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Gaelic.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Gaelic.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Flame,_not_lame-Gaelic.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Gaelic.wav">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">GAY-lik</a>),<a href="#cite_note-auto1-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic language family">Celtic language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-OG_18772-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FnG_21-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-4">[3]</a> It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Goidelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Goidelic">Goidelic</a> languages of the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Celtic">Insular Celtic</a> sub branch of the family and is <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">indigenous</a> to the island of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> It was the majority of the population's <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a> until the 19th century, when <a href="/wiki/English_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="English (language)">English</a> gradually became dominant, particularly in the last decades of the century, in what is sometimes characterised as a result of <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">linguistic imperialism</a>. <table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Irish</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Irish Gaelic</li><li>Gaelic</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Irish">Standard Irish</a>: Gaeilge</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Connacht Irish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈɡeːlʲɟə]</a> Munster Irish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈɡeːl̪ˠən̠ʲ]</a> Ulster Irish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈɡeːlʲəc]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: unknown People aged 3+ stating they could speak Irish "very well": (ROI, 2022) 195,029 Daily users outside education system: (ROI, 2022) 71,968 (NI, 2021) 43,557 <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: unknown People aged 3+ stating they could speak Irish: (ROI, 2022) 1,873,997 (NI, 2021) 228,600</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Celtic">Insular Celtic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Goidelic">Goidelic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Irish</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Irish" title="Early Modern Irish">Early Modern Irish</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/An_Caighde%C3%A1n_Oifigi%C3%BAil" title="An Caighdeán Oifigiúil">An Caighdeán Oifigiúil</a> (written only)</td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connacht_Irish" title="Connacht Irish">Connacht Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leinster_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Leinster Irish">Leinster Irish</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munster_Irish" title="Munster Irish">Munster Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland Irish">Newfoundland Irish</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Irish" title="Ulster Irish">Ulster Irish</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish alphabet">Irish alphabet</a>) <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> (historically) <a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=ga">ga</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=164">gle</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/gle" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:gle">gle</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/iris1253">iris1253</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3437">Irish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=50-AAA">50-AAA</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_speakers_in_2011.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Irish_speakers_in_2011.png/320px-Irish_speakers_in_2011.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="410" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Irish_speakers_in_2011.png/480px-Irish_speakers_in_2011.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Irish_speakers_in_2011.png/640px-Irish_speakers_in_2011.png 2x" data-file-width="11541" data-file-height="14788"></a><div style="text-align:left;">Proportion of respondents who said they could speak Irish in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland censuses of 2011</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_60-DE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/320px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/480px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/640px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153"></a><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Irish is classified as Definitely Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a> (2010)</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:MSF_chapter_1.ogg" title="File:MSF chapter 1.ogg">Spoken Irish</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="882" data-mwtitle="MSF_chapter_1.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/MSF_chapter_1.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/MSF_chapter_1.ogg/MSF_chapter_1.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio></div> <div class="description">The first chapter of Mo Sgéal Féin, read by native Irish speaker Mairéad Uí Lionáird in the Muskerry Gaeltacht (Gaeltacht Mhúscraí)</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr>Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Today, Irish is still commonly spoken as a first language in Ireland's <a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a> regions, in which 2% of Ireland's population lived in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-ROI_census_2023-11">[10]</a> The total number of people (aged 3 and over) in Ireland who declared they could speak Irish in April 2022 was 1,873,997, representing 40% of respondents, but of these, 472,887 said they never spoke it and a further 551,993 said they only spoke it within the education system.<a href="#cite_note-ROI_census_2023-11">[10]</a> Linguistic analyses of Irish speakers are therefore based primarily on the number of daily users in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> outside the education system, which in 2022 was 20,261 in the <a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a> and 51,707 outside it, totalling 71,968.<a href="#cite_note-ROI_census_2023-11">[10]</a> In response to the 2021 census of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, 43,557 individuals stated they spoke Irish on a daily basis, 26,286 spoke it on a weekly basis, 47,153 spoke it less often than weekly, and 9,758 said they could speak Irish, but never spoke it.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> From 2006 to 2008, over 22,000 <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish Americans</a> reported speaking Irish as their <a href="/wiki/Native_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Native language">first language at home</a>, with several times that number claiming "some knowledge" of the language.<a href="#cite_note-USA-13">[12]</a> For most of recorded <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Irish history</a>, Irish was the dominant language of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a>, who <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">took it with them to other regions</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a> gave rise to <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a>. It was also, for a period, spoken widely across <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, with an estimated 200,000–250,000 daily Canadian speakers of Irish in 1890.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> On the island of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland Irish">unique dialect</a> of Irish developed before falling out of use in the early 20th century. With a <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a>, dating back to at least the 4th century AD, which was gradually replaced by <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> since the 5th century AD, Irish has <a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">one of the oldest vernacular literatures</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. On the island, the language has three major dialects: <a href="/wiki/Connacht_Irish" title="Connacht Irish">Connacht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munster_Irish" title="Munster Irish">Munster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Irish" title="Ulster Irish">Ulster Irish</a>. All three have distinctions in their <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>. There is also <a href="/wiki/An_Caighde%C3%A1n_Oifigi%C3%BAil" title="An Caighdeán Oifigiúil">An Caighdeán Oifigiúil</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardised</a> written form devised by a parliamentary commission in the 1950s. The traditional <a href="/wiki/Irish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish alphabet">Irish alphabet</a>, a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> with 18 <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</a>, has been succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">standard Latin alphabet</a> (albeit with 7–8 letters used primarily in <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a>). Irish has <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">constitutional</a> status as the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">national and first official language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, and is also an official language of <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Languages of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> and among the official <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">languages of the European Union</a>. The public body <a href="/wiki/Foras_na_Gaeilge" title="Foras na Gaeilge">Foras na Gaeilge</a> is responsible for the promotion of the language throughout the island. Irish has no regulatory body but An Caighdeán Oifigiúil, the standard written form, is guided by a parliamentary service and new vocabulary by a voluntary committee with university input. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Names">1 Names</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#In_Irish">1.1 In Irish</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#In_English">1.2 In English</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Primitive_Irish">2.1 Primitive Irish</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Old_Irish">2.2 Old Irish</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Middle_Irish">2.3 Middle Irish</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Early_Modern_Irish">2.4 Early Modern Irish</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Modern_Irish">2.5 Modern Irish</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Decline">2.5.1 Decline</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#The_Gaelic_Revival">2.5.2 The Gaelic Revival</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Status_and_policy">3 Status and policy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Ireland">3.1 Ireland</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Gaeltacht">3.1.1 Gaeltacht</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Policy">3.2 Policy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Official_Languages_Act_2003">3.2.1 Official Languages Act 2003</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Official_Languages_Scheme_2019%E2%80%932022">3.2.2 Official Languages Scheme 2019–2022</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#20-Year_Strategy_for_the_Irish_Language_2010%E2%80%932030">3.2.3 20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010–2030</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Northern_Ireland">3.3 Northern Ireland</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#European_Parliament">3.4 European Parliament</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Outside_Ireland">3.5 Outside Ireland</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Usage">4 Usage</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Daily_Irish_speakers_in_Gaeltacht_areas_between_2011_and_2022">4.1 Daily Irish speakers in Gaeltacht areas between 2011 and 2022</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Technology">4.2 Technology</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Dialects">5 Dialects</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Connacht">5.1 Connacht</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Munster">5.2 Munster</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Ulster">5.3 Ulster</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Leinster">5.4 Leinster</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#The_Pale">5.4.1 The Pale</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#General_decline">5.4.2 General decline</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Urban_use_from_the_Middle_Ages_to_the_19th_century">5.5 Urban use from the Middle Ages to the 19th century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Modern_urban_usage">5.6 Modern urban usage</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Standardisation">5.7 Standardisation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Phonology">6 Phonology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Syntax_and_morphology">7 Syntax and morphology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Initial_mutations">7.1 Initial mutations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Orthography">8 Orthography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Spelling_reform">8.1 Spelling reform</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Sample_text">9 Sample text</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Notes">11 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#References">12 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Citations">12.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Bibliography">12.2 Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Grammar_and_pronunciation">13.1 Grammar and pronunciation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Dictionaries">13.2 Dictionaries</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Irish">In Irish</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In Irish" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="/wiki/An_Caighde%C3%A1n_Oifigi%C3%BAil" title="An Caighdeán Oifigiúil">An Caighdeán Oifigiúil</a> ("The Official [Written] <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard</a>") the name of the language is Gaeilge, from the south <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a> form, spelled Gaedhilge prior the spelling reform of 1948, in which the silent ⟨dh⟩ was removed. Gaedhilge was originally the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> of Gaedhealg, the form used in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Older spellings include Gaoidhealg <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈɡeːʝəlˠəɡ]</a> in Classical Gaelic and Goídelc <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈɡoiðʲelɡ]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a>. <a href="/wiki/Goidelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Goidelic">Goidelic</a>, used to refer to the language family, is derived from the Old Irish term. <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonyms</a> of the language in the various modern Irish dialects include: Gaeilge <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈɡeːlʲɟə]</a> in Galway, Gaeilg/Gaeilic/Gaeilig <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈɡeːlʲəc]</a> in Mayo and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Irish" title="Ulster Irish">Ulster</a>, Gaelainn/Gaoluinn <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈɡeːl̪ˠən̠ʲ]</a> in West/Cork, Kerry <a href="/wiki/Munster_Irish" title="Munster Irish">Munster</a>, as well as Gaedhealaing in mid and East Kerry/Cork and Waterford <a href="/wiki/Munster_Irish" title="Munster Irish">Munster</a> to reflect local pronunciation.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Gaeilge as a term can apply to the very closely related languages <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a> as well as Irish Gaeilc. When context requires it, these three are distinguished as Gaeilge na hAlban, Gaeilge Mhanann and Gaeilge na hÉireann respectively.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_English">In English</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In English" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In English (including <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a>), the language is usually referred to as Irish, as well as Gaelic and Irish Gaelic.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> The term Irish Gaelic may be seen when English speakers discuss the relationship between the three Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx).<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> Gaelic is a collective term for the Goidelic languages,<a href="#cite_note-auto1-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> and when the context is clear it may be used without qualification to refer to each language individually. When the context is specific but unclear, the term may be qualified, as Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic or Manx Gaelic. Historically the name "Erse" (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɜːrs/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">URS</a>) was also sometimes used in Scots and then in English to refer to Irish;<a href="#cite_note-Erse_cite-24">[23]</a> as well as Scottish Gaelic. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Irish_language" title="History of the Irish language">History of the Irish language</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Irish_language" title="Special:EditPage/Irish language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Irish+language%22">"Irish language"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Irish+language%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Irish+language%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Irish+language%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Irish+language%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Irish+language%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primitive_Irish">Primitive Irish</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Primitive Irish" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a></div> Written Irish is first attested in <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> inscriptions from the 4th century AD,<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> a stage of the language known as <a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a>. These writings have been found throughout Ireland and the west coast of Great Britain. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Irish">Old Irish</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Old Irish" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a></div> Primitive Irish underwent a change into <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> through the 5th century. Old Irish, dating from the 6th century, used the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> and is attested primarily in <a href="/wiki/Marginalia" title="Marginalia">marginalia</a> to Latin manuscripts. During this time, the Irish language absorbed some <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> words, some via <a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical" title="Ecclesiastical">ecclesiastical terms</a>: examples are easpag (bishop) from episcopus, and Domhnach (Sunday, from dominica). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Irish">Middle Irish</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Middle Irish" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a></div> By the 10th century, Old Irish had evolved into <a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a>, which was spoken throughout Ireland, the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. It is the language of a large corpus of literature, including the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster Cycle</a>. From the 12th century, Middle Irish began to evolve into modern Irish in Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> in Scotland, and <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Modern_Irish">Early Modern Irish</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early Modern Irish" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Irish" title="Early Modern Irish">Early Modern Irish</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Irish" title="Early Modern Irish">Early Modern Irish</a>, dating from the 13th century, was the basis of the literary language of both Ireland and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Gaelic-speaking Scotland</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Irish">Modern Irish</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern Irish" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Modern Irish, sometimes called Late Modern Irish, as attested in the work of such writers as <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Keating" title="Geoffrey Keating">Geoffrey Keating</a>, is said to date from the 17th century, and was the medium of popular literature from that time on.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decline">Decline</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Decline" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> From the 18th century on, the language lost ground in the east of the country. The reasons behind this <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">shift</a> were complex but came down to a number of factors: <ul><li>Discouragement of its use by the Anglo-Irish administration.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>'s support of English over Irish.</li> <li>The spread of bilingualism from the 1750s onwards.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irishin1871.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Irishin1871.jpg/220px-Irishin1871.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="967"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 268px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Irishin1871.jpg/220px-Irishin1871.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="268" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Irishin1871.jpg/330px-Irishin1871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Irishin1871.jpg/440px-Irishin1871.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The distribution of the Irish language in 1871</figcaption></figure> The change was characterised by <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a> (two languages being used by the same community in different social and economic situations) and <a href="/wiki/Transitional_bilingualism" title="Transitional bilingualism">transitional bilingualism</a> (monoglot Irish-speaking grandparents with bilingual children and monoglot English-speaking grandchildren). By the mid-18th century, English was becoming a language of the Catholic middle class, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and public intellectuals, especially in the east of the country. Increasingly, as the value of English became apparent, parents sanctioned the prohibition of Irish in schools.<a href="#cite_note-%C3%93_Gr%C3%A1da-29">[28]</a> Increasing interest in emigrating to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> was also a driver, as fluency in English allowed the new immigrants to get jobs in areas other than farming. An estimated one quarter to one third of US immigrants during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a> were Irish speakers.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Irish was not marginal to Ireland's modernisation in the 19th century, as is often assumed. In the first half of the century there were still around three million people for whom Irish was the primary language, and their numbers alone made them a cultural and social force. Irish speakers often insisted on using the language in law courts (even when they knew English), and Irish was also common in commercial transactions. The language was heavily implicated in the "devotional revolution" which marked the standardisation of Catholic religious practice and was also widely used in a political context. Down to the time of the Great Famine and even afterwards, the language was in use by all classes, Irish being an urban as well as a rural language.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> This linguistic dynamism was reflected in the efforts of certain public intellectuals to counter the decline of the language. At the end of the 19th century, they launched the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_revival" title="Gaelic revival">Gaelic revival</a> in an attempt to encourage the learning and use of Irish, although few adult learners mastered the language.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> The vehicle of the revival was the Gaelic League (<a href="/wiki/Conradh_na_Gaeilge" title="Conradh na Gaeilge">Conradh na Gaeilge</a>), and particular emphasis was placed on the folk tradition, which in Irish is particularly rich. Efforts were also made to develop journalism and a modern literature. Although it has been noted that the Catholic Church played a role in the decline of the Irish language before the Gaelic Revival, the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> also made only minor efforts to encourage use of Irish in a religious context. An Irish translation of the Old Testament by Leinsterman <a href="/wiki/Muircheartach_%C3%93g_%C3%93_C%C3%ADonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Muircheartach Óg Ó Cíonga">Muircheartach Ó Cíonga</a>, commissioned by <a href="/wiki/William_Bedell" title="William Bedell">Bishop Bedell</a>, was published after 1685 along with a translation of the New Testament. Otherwise, Anglicisation was seen as synonymous with 'civilising' the native Irish. Currently, modern day Irish speakers in the church are pushing for language revival.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> It has been estimated that there were around 800,000 <a href="/wiki/Monoglot" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoglot">monoglot</a> Irish speakers in 1800, which dropped to 320,000 by the end of the famine, and under 17,000 by 1911.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Gaelic_Revival">The Gaelic Revival</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Gaelic Revival" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic Revival">Gaelic Revival</a></div> The Gaelic revival (Irish: Athbheochan na Gaeilge) was the late-nineteenth-century national revival of interest in the Irish language <a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> and Irish Gaelic culture (including folklore, mythology, <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic Games">sports</a>, music, arts, etc.). The <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic League">Gaelic League</a> (Conradh na Gaeilge) was established in 1893 by <a href="/wiki/Eoin_MacNeill" title="Eoin MacNeill">Eoin MacNeill</a> and other enthusiasts of Gaelic language and culture. Its first president was <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hyde" title="Douglas Hyde">Douglas Hyde</a>. The objective of the league was to encourage the use of Irish in everyday life in order to counter the ongoing anglicisation of the country. It organised weekly gatherings to discuss Irish culture, hosted conversation meetings, edited and periodically published a newspaper named An Claidheamh Soluis, and successfully campaigned to have Irish included in the school curriculum. The league grew quickly, having more than 48 branches within four years of its foundation and 400 within 10. It had fraught relationships with other cultural movements of the time, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celtic movement</a> and the Irish Literary Revival. Important writers of the Gaelic revival include <a href="/wiki/Peadar_Ua_Laoghaire" title="Peadar Ua Laoghaire">Peadar Ua Laoghaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse">Patrick Pearse</a> (Pádraig Mac Piarais) and <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draic_%C3%93_Conaire" title="Pádraic Ó Conaire">Pádraic Ó Conaire</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Status_and_policy">Status and policy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Status and policy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Irish_language" title="Status of the Irish language">Status of the Irish language</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ireland" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Irish is recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution of Ireland</a> as the national and first official language of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> (English being the other official language). Despite this, almost all government business and legislative debate is conducted in English.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> In 1938, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Conradh_na_Gaeilge" title="Conradh na Gaeilge">Conradh na Gaeilge</a> (Gaelic League), <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hyde" title="Douglas Hyde">Douglas Hyde</a>, was inaugurated as the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President of Ireland</a>. The record of his delivering his inaugural Declaration of Office in <a href="/wiki/County_Roscommon" title="County Roscommon">Roscommon</a> Irish is one of only a few recordings of that dialect.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilingual_sign_Grafton_Street_Dublin_Ireland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bilingual_sign_Grafton_Street_Dublin_Ireland.jpg/220px-Bilingual_sign_Grafton_Street_Dublin_Ireland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1232"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 132px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bilingual_sign_Grafton_Street_Dublin_Ireland.jpg/220px-Bilingual_sign_Grafton_Street_Dublin_Ireland.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bilingual_sign_Grafton_Street_Dublin_Ireland.jpg/330px-Bilingual_sign_Grafton_Street_Dublin_Ireland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bilingual_sign_Grafton_Street_Dublin_Ireland.jpg/440px-Bilingual_sign_Grafton_Street_Dublin_Ireland.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bilingual sign in <a href="/wiki/Grafton_Street" title="Grafton Street">Grafton Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></figcaption></figure> In the 2016 census, 10.5% of respondents stated that they spoke Irish, either daily or weekly, while over 70,000 people (4.2%) speak it as a habitual daily means of communication.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> From the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> in 1922 (see <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">History of the Republic of Ireland</a>), new appointees to the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland">Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Postal_worker" title="Postal worker">postal workers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tax_collector" title="Tax collector">tax collectors</a>, agricultural inspectors, <a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Garda Síochána</a> (police), etc., were required to have some proficiency in Irish. By law, a Garda who was addressed in Irish had to respond in Irish as well.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> In 1974, in part through the actions of protest organisations like the <a href="/wiki/Language_Freedom_Movement" title="Language Freedom Movement">Language Freedom Movement</a>, the requirement for entrance to the public service was changed to proficiency in just one official language. Nevertheless, Irish remains a required subject of study in all schools in the Republic of Ireland that receive public money (see <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education in the Republic of Ireland</a>). Teachers in primary schools must also pass a compulsory examination called Scrúdú Cáilíochta sa Ghaeilge. As of 2005, Garda Síochána recruits need a pass in <a href="/wiki/Leaving_Certificate_(Ireland)" title="Leaving Certificate (Ireland)">Leaving Certificate</a> Irish or English, and receive lessons in Irish during their two years of training. Official documents of the Irish government must be published in both Irish and English or Irish alone (in accordance with the Official Languages Act 2003, enforced by An Coimisinéir Teanga, the Irish language ombudsman). The <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland" title="National University of Ireland">National University of Ireland</a> requires all students wishing to embark on a degree course in the NUI federal system to pass the subject of Irish in the Leaving Certificate or <a href="/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Education" title="General Certificate of Education">GCE</a>/<a href="/wiki/GCSE" title="GCSE">GCSE</a> examinations.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Exemptions are made from this requirement for students who were born or completed primary education outside of Ireland, and students diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">dyslexia</a>. <a href="/wiki/NUI_Galway" class="mw-redirect" title="NUI Galway">NUI Galway</a> is required to appoint people who are competent in the Irish language, as long as they are also competent in all other aspects of the vacancy to which they are appointed. This requirement is laid down by the University College Galway Act, 1929 (Section 3).<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> In 2016, the university faced controversy when it announced the planned appointment of a president who did not speak Irish.<a href="/w/index.php?title=Misneach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Misneach (page does not exist)">Misneach</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] staged protests against this decision. The following year the university announced that <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciar%C3%A1n_%C3%93_h%C3%93gartaigh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciarán Ó hÓgartaigh (page does not exist)">Ciarán Ó hÓgartaigh</a>, a fluent Irish speaker, would be its 13th president. He assumed office in January 2018; in June 2024, he announced he would be stepping down as president at the beginning of the following academic year.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IMG_Creggs2764.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/IMG_Creggs2764.jpg/220px-IMG_Creggs2764.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/IMG_Creggs2764.jpg/220px-IMG_Creggs2764.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/IMG_Creggs2764.jpg/330px-IMG_Creggs2764.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/IMG_Creggs2764.jpg/440px-IMG_Creggs2764.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bilingual road signs in <a href="/wiki/Creggs" title="Creggs">Creggs</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Galway" title="County Galway">County Galway</a></figcaption></figure> For a number of years there has been vigorous debate in political, academic and other circles about the failure of most students in English-medium schools to achieve competence in Irish, even after fourteen years of teaching as one of the three main subjects.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> The concomitant decline in the number of traditional native speakers has also been a cause of great concern.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> In 2007, filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Manch%C3%A1n_Magan" title="Manchán Magan">Manchán Magan</a> found few Irish speakers in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, and faced incredulity when trying to get by speaking only Irish in Dublin. He was unable to accomplish some everyday tasks, as portrayed in his documentary <a href="/wiki/No_B%C3%A9arla" title="No Béarla">No Béarla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> There is, however, a growing body of Irish speakers in urban areas, particularly in Dublin. Many have been educated in schools in which Irish is the language of instruction. Such schools are known as <a href="/wiki/Gaelscoil" title="Gaelscoil">Gaelscoileanna</a> at primary level. These Irish-medium schools report some better outcomes for students than English-medium schools.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> In 2009, a paper suggested that within a generation, non-Gaeltacht habitual users of Irish might typically be members of an urban, middle class, and highly educated minority.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Parliamentary legislation is supposed to be available in both Irish and English but is frequently only available in English. This is notwithstanding that Article 25.4 of the Constitution of Ireland requires that an "official translation" of any law in one official language be provided immediately in the other official language, if not already passed in both official languages.<a href="#cite_note-constitution-1">[1]</a> In November 2016, <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89" title="RTÉ">RTÉ</a> reported that over 2.3 million people worldwide were learning Irish through the <a href="/wiki/Duolingo" title="Duolingo">Duolingo</a> app.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> Irish president <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Higgins" title="Michael D. Higgins">Michael D. Higgins</a> officially honoured several volunteer translators for developing the Irish edition, and said the push for Irish language rights remains an "unfinished project".<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gaeltacht" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentage_stating_they_speak_Irish_daily_outside_the_education_system_in_the_2011_census.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Percentage_stating_they_speak_Irish_daily_outside_the_education_system_in_the_2011_census.png/250px-Percentage_stating_they_speak_Irish_daily_outside_the_education_system_in_the_2011_census.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="352" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="10560" data-file-height="14885"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 352px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Percentage_stating_they_speak_Irish_daily_outside_the_education_system_in_the_2011_census.png/250px-Percentage_stating_they_speak_Irish_daily_outside_the_education_system_in_the_2011_census.png" data-width="250" data-height="352" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Percentage_stating_they_speak_Irish_daily_outside_the_education_system_in_the_2011_census.png/375px-Percentage_stating_they_speak_Irish_daily_outside_the_education_system_in_the_2011_census.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Percentage_stating_they_speak_Irish_daily_outside_the_education_system_in_the_2011_census.png/500px-Percentage_stating_they_speak_Irish_daily_outside_the_education_system_in_the_2011_census.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The percentage of respondents who said they spoke Irish daily outside the education system in the 2011 census in the State.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>]</figcaption></figure> There are rural areas of Ireland where Irish is still spoken daily to some extent as a <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a>. These regions are known individually and collectively as the Gaeltacht (plural Gaeltachtaí). While the fluent Irish speakers of these areas, whose numbers have been estimated at 20–30,000,<a href="#cite_note-Siggins_5-58">[57]</a> are a minority of the total number of fluent Irish speakers, they represent a higher concentration of Irish speakers than other parts of the country and it is only in Gaeltacht areas that Irish continues to be spoken as a community vernacular to some extent. According to data compiled by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Tourism,_Culture,_Arts,_Gaeltacht,_Sport_and_Media" title="Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media">Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media</a>, only 1/4 of households in Gaeltacht areas are fluent in Irish. The author of a detailed analysis of the survey, Donncha Ó hÉallaithe of the <a href="/wiki/Galway-Mayo_Institute_of_Technology" title="Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology">Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology</a>, described the Irish language policy followed by Irish governments as a "complete and absolute disaster". <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>, referring to his analysis published in the Irish language newspaper <a href="/wiki/Foinse" title="Foinse">Foinse</a>, quoted him as follows: "It is an absolute indictment of successive Irish Governments that at the foundation of the Irish State there were 250,000 fluent Irish speakers living in Irish-speaking or semi Irish-speaking areas, but the number now is between 20,000 and 30,000."<a href="#cite_note-Siggins_5-58">[57]</a> In the 1920s, when the Irish Free State was founded, Irish was still a vernacular in some western coastal areas.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> In the 1930s, areas where more than 25% of the population spoke Irish were classified as Gaeltacht. Today, the strongest Gaeltacht areas, numerically and socially, are those of South <a href="/wiki/Connemara" title="Connemara">Connemara</a>, the west of the <a href="/wiki/Dingle_Peninsula" title="Dingle Peninsula">Dingle Peninsula</a>, and northwest Donegal, where many residents still use Irish as their primary language. These areas are often referred to as the Fíor-Ghaeltacht (true Gaeltacht), a term originally officially applied to areas where over 50% of the population spoke Irish. There are Gaeltacht regions in the following counties:<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_Galway" title="County Galway">County Galway</a> (Contae na Gaillimhe) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connemara" title="Connemara">Connemara</a> (Conamara)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aran_Islands" title="Aran Islands">Aran Islands</a> (Oileáin Árann)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carraroe" title="Carraroe">Carraroe</a> (An Cheathrú Rua)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiddal" title="Spiddal">Spiddal</a> (An Spidéal)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht#Mayo_Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">County Mayo</a> (Contae Mhaigh Eo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a> (Contae Dhún na nGall)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">County Kerry</a> (Contae Chiarraí) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dingle_Peninsula" title="Dingle Peninsula">Dingle Peninsula</a> (Corca Dhuibhne)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iveragh_Peninsula" title="Iveragh Peninsula">Iveragh Peninsula</a> (Uibh Rathach)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht#Cork_Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">County Cork</a> (Contae Chorcaí)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht#Waterford_Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">County Waterford</a> (Contae Phort Láirge)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht#Meath_Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">County Meath</a> (Contae na Mí)</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Gweedore" title="Gweedore">Gweedore</a> (Gaoth Dobhair), County Donegal, is the largest Gaeltacht parish in Ireland. Irish language summer colleges in the Gaeltacht are attended by tens of thousands of teenagers annually. Students live with Gaeltacht families, attend classes, participate in sports, go to <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">céilithe</a> and are obliged to speak Irish. All aspects of Irish culture and tradition are encouraged. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policy">Policy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Policy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Official_Languages_Act_2003">Official Languages Act 2003</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Official Languages Act 2003" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Official_Languages_Act_2003" title="Official Languages Act 2003">Official Languages Act 2003</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dublin_airport_sign_in_both_English_and_Irish_Gaelic_languages.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dublin_airport_sign_in_both_English_and_Irish_Gaelic_languages.jpg/220px-Dublin_airport_sign_in_both_English_and_Irish_Gaelic_languages.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2054" data-file-height="1074"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 115px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dublin_airport_sign_in_both_English_and_Irish_Gaelic_languages.jpg/220px-Dublin_airport_sign_in_both_English_and_Irish_Gaelic_languages.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="115" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dublin_airport_sign_in_both_English_and_Irish_Gaelic_languages.jpg/330px-Dublin_airport_sign_in_both_English_and_Irish_Gaelic_languages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dublin_airport_sign_in_both_English_and_Irish_Gaelic_languages.jpg/440px-Dublin_airport_sign_in_both_English_and_Irish_Gaelic_languages.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Dublin airport sign in both English and Irish languages</figcaption></figure>The Act was passed 14 July 2003 with the main purpose of improving the number and quality of public services delivered in Irish by the government and other public bodies.<a href="#cite_note-:12-62">[61]</a> Compliance with the Act is monitored by the <a href="/wiki/An_Coimisin%C3%A9ir_Teanga" title="An Coimisinéir Teanga">An Coimisinéir Teanga</a> (Irish Language Commissioner) which was established in 2004<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> and any complaints or concerns pertaining to the act are brought to them.<a href="#cite_note-:12-62">[61]</a> There are 35 sections in the act detailing different aspects of the use of Irish in official documentation and communication. Included in these sections are subjects such as Irish language use in courts, official publications, and placenames.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> The act was amended in December 2019 in order to strengthen the legislation.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> All changes made took into account data collected from online surveys and written submissions.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Official_Languages_Scheme_2019–2022">Official Languages Scheme 2019–2022</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Official Languages Scheme 2019–2022" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Official Languages Scheme was enacted 1 July 2019 and is an 18-page document that adheres to the guidelines of the Official Languages Act 2003.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> The purpose of the scheme is to provide services through the mediums of Irish and/or English. According to the Department of the Taoiseach, it is meant to "develop a sustainable economy and a successful society, to pursue Ireland's interests abroad, to implement the Government's Programme and to build a better future for Ireland and all her citizens."<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20-Year_Strategy_for_the_Irish_Language_2010–2030">20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010–2030</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010–2030" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/20-Year_Strategy_for_the_Irish_Language_2010%E2%80%932030" title="20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010–2030">20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010–2030</a></div> The strategy was produced on 21 December 2010 and runs to 2030; it targets language vitality and revitalization of the Irish language.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> The 30-page document published by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government of Ireland</a> details the objectives it plans to work towards in an attempt to preserve and promote both the Irish language and the Gaeltacht. It is divided into four phases to improve 9 main areas: <ul><li>"Education"</li> <li>"The Gaeltacht"</li> <li>"Family Transmission of the Language – Early Intervention"</li> <li>"Administration, Services and Community"</li> <li>"Media and Technology"</li> <li>"Dictionaries"</li> <li>"Legislation and Status"</li> <li>"Economic Life"</li> <li>"Cross-cutting Initiatives"<a href="#cite_note-:02-70">[69]</a></li></ul> The general goal for this strategy was to increase the number of daily speakers from 83,000 to 250,000 by the end of its run.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> By 2022, the number of such speakers had fallen to 71,968.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Ireland">Northern Ireland</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Northern Ireland" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Irish language in Northern Ireland">Irish language in Northern Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Multilingual_sign_Department_Culture_Leisure_Arts_Northern_Ireland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Multilingual_sign_Department_Culture_Leisure_Arts_Northern_Ireland.jpg/220px-Multilingual_sign_Department_Culture_Leisure_Arts_Northern_Ireland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="869"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 199px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Multilingual_sign_Department_Culture_Leisure_Arts_Northern_Ireland.jpg/220px-Multilingual_sign_Department_Culture_Leisure_Arts_Northern_Ireland.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="199" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Multilingual_sign_Department_Culture_Leisure_Arts_Northern_Ireland.jpg/330px-Multilingual_sign_Department_Culture_Leisure_Arts_Northern_Ireland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Multilingual_sign_Department_Culture_Leisure_Arts_Northern_Ireland.jpg/440px-Multilingual_sign_Department_Culture_Leisure_Arts_Northern_Ireland.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A sign for the Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure in Northern Ireland, in English, Irish and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Scots language">Ulster Scots</a>.</figcaption></figure> Before the partition of Ireland in 1921, Irish was recognised as a school subject and as "Celtic" in some third level institutions. Between 1921 and 1972, government in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> was devolved. During those years, the political party holding power in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">Stormont Parliament</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a> (UUP), was hostile to the language as it was almost exclusively used by nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> In broadcasting, reporting minority cultural issues was prohibited and Irish was excluded from radio and television for almost the first fifty years of the devolved government.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> After the 1998 <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a>, Irish in Northern Ireland gradually gained a degree of <a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Irish language in Northern Ireland">formal recognition</a> from the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-belfast-75">[74]</a> Then, in 2003, the British government ratified the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a> with respect to the use of Irish in Northern Ireland. In the 2006 <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Agreement" title="St Andrews Agreement">St Andrews Agreement</a>, the British government promised to enact legislation to promote the language<a href="#cite_note-bbc13dec2006-76">[75]</a> and in 2022 it approved legislation to <a href="/wiki/Irish_Language_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Language Act">recognise Irish as an official language</a> alongside English. The bill received <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> on 6 December 2022.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> The status of Irish has often been used as a bargaining chip during government formation in Northern Ireland, prompting protests from organisations and groups such as <a href="/wiki/An_Dream_Dearg" class="mw-redirect" title="An Dream Dearg">An Dream Dearg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Parliament">European Parliament</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: European Parliament" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Irish became an official language of the EU on 1 January 2007, meaning that MEPs fluent in Irish can now speak the language in the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> and at committees, though in the case of the latter they have to give prior notice to a simultaneous interpreter to ensure that what they say can be interpreted into other languages. Although Irish was an official <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">EU language</a>, only co-decision regulations were available until 2022, due to a five-year derogation requested by the Irish government when negotiating the language's new official status. The Irish government had committed itself to train the necessary number of translators and interpreters and to bear the related costs.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> When the derogation ended on 1 January 2022, Irish became a fully recognised EU language for the first time in the Republic's history.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Before Irish became an official language, it was afforded the status of treaty language and only the highest-level documents of the EU were made available in Irish. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_Ireland">Outside Ireland</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Outside Ireland" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Irish_language_outside_Ireland" title="Irish language outside Ireland">Irish language outside Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Newfoundland" title="Irish language in Newfoundland">Irish language in Newfoundland</a></div> The Irish language was carried abroad in the modern period by a vast <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>, chiefly to <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and North America, but also to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. The first large movements began in the 17th century, largely as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a>, which saw many Irish sent to the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>. Irish emigration to the United States was well established by the 18th century, and was reinforced in the 1840s by thousands fleeing from <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">the Famine</a>. This flight also affected Britain. Up until that time most emigrants spoke Irish as their first language, though English was establishing itself as the primary language. Irish speakers had first arrived in Australia in the late 18th century as convicts and soldiers, and many Irish-speaking settlers followed, particularly in the 1860s. New Zealand also received some of this influx. Argentina was the only non-English-speaking country to receive large numbers of Irish emigrants, and there were few Irish speakers among them. Relatively few of the emigrants were literate in Irish, but manuscripts in the language were brought to both Australia and the United States, and it was in the United States that the first newspaper to make significant use of Irish was established: <a href="/wiki/An_Gael" title="An Gael">An Gaodhal</a>. In Australia, too, the language found its way into print. The <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_revival" title="Gaelic revival">Gaelic revival</a>, which started in Ireland in the 1890s, found a response abroad, with branches of <a href="/wiki/Conradh_na_Gaeilge" title="Conradh na Gaeilge">Conradh na Gaeilge</a> being established in all the countries to which Irish speakers had emigrated. The decline of Irish in Ireland and a slowing of emigration helped to ensure a decline in the language abroad, along with natural attrition in the host countries. Despite this, small groups of enthusiasts continued to learn and cultivate Irish in diaspora countries and elsewhere, a trend which strengthened in the second half of the 20th century. Today the language is taught at tertiary level in North America, Australia and Europe, and Irish speakers outside Ireland contribute to journalism and literature in the language. There are significant Irish-speaking networks in the United States and Canada;<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> figures released for the period 2006–2008 show that 22,279 <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish Americans</a> claimed to speak Irish at home.<a href="#cite_note-USA-13">[12]</a> The Irish language is also one of the languages of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a>, a non-governmental organisation that promotes <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>, Celtic identity and culture in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a>. Irish was spoken as a community language until the early 20th century on the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Island of Newfoundland">island of Newfoundland</a>, in a form known as <a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Newfoundland" title="Irish language in Newfoundland">Newfoundland Irish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Certain Irish vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation features are still used in modern <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Usage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> The 2016 census data shows:<blockquote>The total number of people who answered 'yes' to being able to speak Irish in April 2016 was 1,761,420, a slight decrease (0.7 per cent) on the 2011 figure of 1,774,437. This represents 39.8 per cent of respondents compared with 41.4 in 2011... Of the 73,803 daily Irish speakers (outside the education system), 20,586 (27.9%) lived in Gaeltacht areas.<a href="#cite_note-Cens_16_Irish-84">[83]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daily_Irish_speakers_in_Gaeltacht_areas_between_2011_and_2022">Daily Irish speakers in Gaeltacht areas between 2011 and 2022</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Daily Irish speakers in Gaeltacht areas between 2011 and 2022" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Gaeltacht Area </th> <th rowspan="2">2011 </th> <th rowspan="2">2016 </th> <th rowspan="2">2022 </th> <th colspan="2">Change 2011–2022 </th></tr> <tr> <th>No. </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">County Cork </td> <td align="right">982 </td> <td align="right">872 </td> <td align="right">847 </td> <td align="right"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  135 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  13.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">County Donegal </td> <td align="right">7,047 </td> <td align="right">5,929 </td> <td align="right">5,753 </td> <td align="right"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  1,294 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  18.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Galway City </td> <td align="right">636 </td> <td align="right">646 </td> <td align="right">646 </td> <td align="right"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  10 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  1.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">County Galway </td> <td align="right">10,085 </td> <td align="right">9,445 </td> <td align="right">9,373 </td> <td align="right"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  712 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  7.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">County Kerry </td> <td align="right">2,501 </td> <td align="right">2,049 </td> <td align="right">2,131 </td> <td align="right"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  370 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  14.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">County Mayo </td> <td align="right">1,172 </td> <td align="right">895 </td> <td align="right">727 </td> <td align="right"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  445 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  37.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">County Meath </td> <td align="right">314 </td> <td align="right">283 </td> <td align="right">276 </td> <td align="right"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  38 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  12.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">County Waterford </td> <td align="right">438 </td> <td align="right">467 </td> <td align="right">508 </td> <td align="right"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  70 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  15.9% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#DDFFEE;"> <td align="center">All Gaeltacht Areas </td> <td align="right">23,175 </td> <td align="right">20,586 </td> <td align="right">20,261 </td> <td align="right"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  2,914 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  12.5% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="10"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Source:<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> <a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> In 1996, the three electoral divisions in the State where Irish had the most daily speakers were An Turloch (91%+), Scainimh (89%+), Min an Chladaigh (88%+).<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Technology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In recent years, technological advancements have transformed the landscape of learning Irish, making it more accessible and engaging than ever before. Social media has emerged as a powerful avenue for promoting Irish. Influencers on platforms like Instagram and TikTok<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a>, such as Aisling O'Neill and Irish Language Learner, regularly share bite-sized lessons, fun challenges, and everyday phrases in Irish to engage their followers. Through creative content, they help demystify the language and encourage younger audiences to embrace their cultural heritage. On YouTube, channels such as Briathra - The Irish Language and TG Lurgan offer a wealth of instructional videos ranging from pronunciation guides to grammar explanations. TG Lurgan<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a>, in particular, is known for its unique approach of transforming popular songs into Irish versions, promoting both the language and cultural pride through music. They often create music videos that feature Irish lyrics, thus making the learning process entertaining and relatable. Furthermore, the advent of artificial intelligence technology holds significant promise for the future of Irish language learning. Platforms incorporating AI can provide personalized learning experiences, adaptive lessons, and instant feedback, fostering a more engaging educational environment. Innovations like the Gaeilgeoir AI illustrate the potential of leveraging AI to build bridges between traditional language learning and modern technology <a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a>, ultimately enhancing the accessibility and appeal of the Irish language for new generations. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Dialects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Irish is represented by several traditional <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> and by various varieties of "urban" Irish. The latter have acquired lives of their own and a growing number of native speakers. Differences between the dialects make themselves felt in stress, intonation, vocabulary and structural features. Roughly speaking, the three major dialect areas which survive coincide roughly with the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a> (Cúige Chonnacht), <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a> (Cúige Mumhan) and <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> (Cúige Uladh). Records of some dialects of <a href="/wiki/Leinster" title="Leinster">Leinster</a> (Cúige Laighean) were made by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Folklore_Commission" title="Irish Folklore Commission">Irish Folklore Commission</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>, in eastern Canada, had a form of Irish derived from the Munster Irish of the later 18th century (see <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland Irish">Newfoundland Irish</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connacht">Connacht</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Connacht" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Connacht_Irish" title="Connacht Irish">Connacht Irish</a></div> Historically, Connacht Irish represents the westernmost remnant of a dialect area which once stretched from east to west across the centre of Ireland. The strongest dialect of Connacht Irish is to be found in <a href="/wiki/Connemara" title="Connemara">Connemara</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aran_Islands" title="Aran Islands">Aran Islands</a>. Much closer to the larger Connacht Gaeltacht is the dialect spoken in the smaller region on the border between Galway (Gaillimh) and Mayo (Maigh Eo). There are a number of differences between the popular South Connemara form of Irish, the Mid-Connacht/Joyce Country form (on the border between Mayo and Galway) and the Achill and Erris forms in the north of the province. Features in Connacht Irish differing from the official standard include a preference for verbal nouns ending in -achan, e.g. lagachan instead of lagú, "weakening". The non-standard pronunciation of <a href="/wiki/Cois_Fharraige" title="Cois Fharraige">Cois Fharraige</a> with lengthened vowels and heavily reduced endings gives it a distinct sound. Distinguishing features of Connacht and Ulster dialect include the pronunciation of word-final /w/ as [w], rather than as [vˠ] in Munster. For example, sliabh ("mountain") is [ʃlʲiəw] in Connacht and Ulster as opposed to [ʃlʲiəβ] in the south. In addition Connacht and Ulster speakers tend to include the "we" pronoun rather than use the standard compound form used in Munster, e.g. bhí muid is used for "we were" instead of bhíomar. As in Munster Irish, some short vowels are lengthened and others diphthongised before ⟨ll, m, nn, rr, rd⟩, in monosyllabic words and in the stressed syllable of multisyllabic words where the syllable is followed by a consonant. This can be seen in ceann [cɑːn̪ˠ] "head", cam [kɑːmˠ] "crooked", gearr [ɟɑːɾˠ] "short", ord [ouɾˠd̪ˠ] "sledgehammer", gall [gɑːl̪ˠ] "foreigner, non-Gael", iontas [ˈiːn̪ˠt̪ˠəsˠ] "a wonder, a marvel", etc. The form ⟨(a)ibh⟩, when occurring at the end of words like agaibh, tends to be pronounced as [iː]. In South Connemara, for example, there is a tendency to replace word-final /vʲ/ with /bʲ/, in word such as sibh, libh and dóibh (pronounced respectively as "shiv," "liv" and "dófa" in the other areas). This placing of the B-sound is also present at the end of words ending in vowels, such as acu ([ˈakəbˠ]) and 'leo ([lʲoːbˠ]). There is also a tendency to omit /g/ in agam, agat and againn, a characteristic also of other Connacht dialects. All these pronunciations are distinctively regional. The pronunciation prevalent in the <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Country" title="Joyce Country">Joyce Country</a> (the area around <a href="/wiki/Lough_Corrib" title="Lough Corrib">Lough Corrib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lough_Mask" title="Lough Mask">Lough Mask</a>) is quite similar to that of South Connemara, with a similar approach to the words agam, agat and againn and a similar approach to pronunciation of vowels and consonants but there are noticeable differences in vocabulary, with certain words such as doiligh (difficult) and foscailte being preferred to the more usual deacair and oscailte. Another interesting aspect of this sub-dialect is that almost all vowels at the end of words tend to be pronounced as [iː]: eile (other), cosa (feet) and déanta (done) tend to be pronounced as eilí, cosaí and déantaí respectively. The northern Mayo dialect of <a href="/wiki/Erris" title="Erris">Erris</a> (Iorras) and <a href="/wiki/Achill" class="mw-redirect" title="Achill">Achill</a> (Acaill) is in grammar and <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> essentially a Connacht dialect but shows some similarities to Ulster Irish due to large-scale immigration of dispossessed people following the <a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a>. For example, words ending -⟨bh, mh⟩ have a much softer sound, with a tendency to terminate words such as leo and dóibh with ⟨f⟩, giving leofa and dófa respectively. In addition to a vocabulary typical of other area of Connacht, one also finds Ulster words like amharc (meaning "to look"), nimhneach (painful or sore), druid (close), mothaigh (hear), doiligh (difficult), úr (new), and tig le (to be able to – i.e. a form similar to féidir). Irish President <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hyde" title="Douglas Hyde">Douglas Hyde</a> was possibly one of the last speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Roscommon" title="Roscommon">Roscommon</a> dialect of Irish.<a href="#cite_note-auto-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Munster">Munster</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Munster" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Munster_Irish" title="Munster Irish">Munster Irish</a></div> Munster Irish is the dialect spoken in the Gaeltacht areas of the counties of <a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">Cork</a> (Contae Chorcaí), <a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">Kerry</a> (Contae Chiarraí), and <a href="/wiki/County_Waterford" title="County Waterford">Waterford</a> (Contae Phort Láirge). The Gaeltacht areas of Cork can be found in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Clear_Island" title="Cape Clear Island">Cape Clear Island</a> (Oileán Chléire) and <a href="/wiki/Muskerry" title="Muskerry">Muskerry</a> (Múscraí); those of Kerry lie in <a href="/wiki/Corca_Dhuibhne" class="mw-redirect" title="Corca Dhuibhne">Corca Dhuibhne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iveragh_Peninsula" title="Iveragh Peninsula">Iveragh Peninsula</a>; and those of Waterford in <a href="/wiki/Ring,_County_Waterford" title="Ring, County Waterford">Ring</a> (An Rinn) and <a href="/wiki/Old_Parish" title="Old Parish">Old Parish</a> (An Sean Phobal), both of which together form <a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht_na_nD%C3%A9ise" title="Gaeltacht na nDéise">Gaeltacht na nDéise</a>. Of the three counties, the Irish spoken in Cork and Kerry is quite similar while that of Waterford is more distinct. Some typical features of Munster Irish are: <ol><li>The use of <a href="/wiki/Irish_conjugation" title="Irish conjugation">synthetic</a> verbs in parallel with a pronominal subject system, thus "I must" is caithfead in Munster, while other dialects prefer caithfidh mé (mé means "I"). "I was" and "you were" are bhíos and bhís in Munster but more commonly bhí mé and bhí tú in other dialects. These are strong tendencies, and the personal forms bhíos etc. are used in the West and North, particularly when the words are last in the clause.</li> <li>Use of <a href="/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_verb_forms" title="Dependent and independent verb forms">independent/dependent forms of verbs</a> that are not included in the Standard. For example, "I see" in Munster is chím, which is the independent form; Ulster Irish also uses a similar form, tchím, whereas "I do not see" is ní fheicim, feicim being the dependent form, which is used after particles such as ní ("not"). Chím is replaced by feicim in the Standard. Similarly, the traditional form preserved in Munster bheirim "I give"/ní thugaim is tugaim/ní thugaim in the Standard; gheibhim I get/ní bhfaighim is faighim/ní bhfaighim.</li> <li>When before ⟨ll, m, nn, rr, rd⟩ and so on, in monosyllabic words and in the stressed syllable of multisyllabic words where the syllable is followed by a consonant, some short vowels are lengthened while others are <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongised</a>, in ceann [cɑun̪ˠ] "head", cam [kɑumˠ] "crooked", gearr [ɟɑːɾˠ] "short", ord [oːɾˠd̪ˠ] "sledgehammer", gall [gɑul̪ˠ] "foreigner, non-Gael", iontas [uːn̪ˠt̪ˠəsˠ] "a wonder, a marvel", compánach [kəumˠˈpˠɑːnˠəx] "companion, mate", etc.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copular</a> construction involving ea "it" is frequently used. Thus "I am an Irish person" can be said is Éireannach mé and Éireannach is ea mé in Munster; there is a subtle difference in meaning, however, the first choice being a simple statement of fact, while the second brings emphasis onto the word Éireannach. In effect the construction is a type of "<a href="/wiki/Topicalization" title="Topicalization">fronting</a>".</li> <li>Both masculine and feminine words are subject to lenition after insan (sa/san) "in the", den "of the", and don "to/for the": sa tsiopa "in the shop", compared to the Standard sa siopa (the Standard lenites only feminine nouns in the dative in these cases).</li> <li>Eclipsis of ⟨f⟩ after sa: sa bhfeirm, "in the farm", instead of san fheirm.</li> <li>Eclipsis of ⟨t⟩ and ⟨d⟩ after preposition + singular article, with all prepositions except after insan, den and don: ar an dtigh "on the house", ag an ndoras "at the door".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">Stress</a> is generally on the second syllable of a word when the first syllable contains a short vowel, and the second syllable contains a long vowel or diphthong, or is -⟨(e)ach⟩, e.g. Ciarán is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ciəˈɾˠaːn̪ˠ]</a> opposed to [ˈciəɾˠaːn̪ˠ] in Connacht and Ulster.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ulster">Ulster</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Ulster" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Irish" title="Ulster Irish">Ulster Irish</a></div> Ulster Irish is the dialect spoken in the Gaeltacht regions of Donegal. These regions contain all of Ulster's communities where Irish has been spoken in an unbroken line back to when the language was the dominant language of Ireland. The Irish-speaking communities in other parts of Ulster are a result of language revival – English-speaking families deciding to learn Irish. Census data shows that 4,130 people speak it at home. Linguistically, the most important of the <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> dialects today is that which is spoken, with slight differences, in both <a href="/wiki/Gweedore" title="Gweedore">Gweedore</a> (Gaoth Dobhair = Inlet of Streaming Water) and <a href="/wiki/The_Rosses" title="The Rosses">The Rosses</a> (na Rossa). Ulster Irish sounds quite different from the other two main dialects. It shares several features with southern dialects of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a>, as well as having many characteristic words and shades of meanings. However, since the demise of those Irish dialects spoken natively in what is today Northern Ireland, it is probably an exaggeration to see present-day Ulster Irish as an intermediary form between Scottish Gaelic and the southern and western dialects of Irish. Northern Scottish Gaelic has many non-Ulster features in common with Munster Irish. One noticeable trait of Ulster Irish, Scots Gaelic and Manx is the use of the negative particle cha(n) in place of the Munster and Connacht ní. Though southern Donegal Irish tends to use ní more than cha(n), cha(n) has almost ousted ní in northernmost dialects (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Rosguill" title="Rosguill">Rosguill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tory_Island" title="Tory Island">Tory Island</a>), though even in these areas níl "is not" is more common than chan fhuil or cha bhfuil.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> Another noticeable trait is the pronunciation of the first person singular verb ending -(a)im as -(e)am, also common to the Isle of Man and Scotland (Munster/Connacht siúlaim "I walk", Ulster siúlam). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leinster">Leinster</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Leinster" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Down to the early 19th century and even later, Irish was spoken in all twelve counties of Leinster. The evidence furnished by placenames, literary sources and recorded speech indicates that there was no Leinster dialect as such. Instead, the main dialect used in the province was represented by a broad central belt stretching from west Connacht eastwards to the <a href="/wiki/River_Liffey" title="River Liffey">Liffey estuary</a> and southwards to <a href="/wiki/Wexford" title="Wexford">Wexford</a>, though with many local variations. Two smaller dialects were represented by the Ulster speech of counties Meath and Louth, which extended as far south as the <a href="/wiki/River_Boyne" title="River Boyne">Boyne valley</a>, and a Munster dialect found in Kilkenny and south Laois. The main dialect had characteristics which survive today only in the Irish of Connacht. It typically placed the stress on the first syllable of a word, and showed a preference (found in placenames) for the pronunciation ⟨cr⟩ where the standard spelling is ⟨cn⟩. The word cnoc (hill) would therefore be pronounced croc. Examples are the placenames Crooksling (Cnoc Slinne) in County Dublin and Crukeen (Cnoicín) in Carlow. East Leinster showed the same diphthongisation or vowel lengthening as in Munster and Connacht Irish in words like poll (hole), cill (monastery), coill (wood), ceann (head), cam (crooked) and dream (crowd). A feature of the dialect was the pronunciation of ⟨ao⟩, which generally became [eː] in east Leinster (as in Munster), and [iː] in the west (as in Connacht).<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> Early evidence regarding colloquial Irish in east Leinster is found in The Fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge (1547), by the English physician and traveller Andrew Borde.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> The illustrative phrases he uses include the following: <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">English </th> <th colspan="2">Leinster Irish </th></tr> <tr> <th>Anglicised spelling </th> <th>Irish spelling </th></tr> <tr> <td>How are you?</td> <td>Kanys stato?</td> <td>[Conas 'tá tú?] </td></tr> <tr> <td>I am well, thank you</td> <td>Tam a goomah gramahagood.</td> <td>[Tá mé go maith, go raibh maith agat.] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sir, can you speak Irish?</td> <td>Sor, woll galow oket?</td> <td>[Sir, 'bhfuil Gaeilig [Gaela'] agat?] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wife, give me bread!</td> <td>Benytee, toor haran!</td> <td>[A bhean an tí, tabhair arán!] </td></tr> <tr> <td>How far is it to Waterford?</td> <td>Gath haad o showh go part laarg?.</td> <td>[Gá fhad as [a] seo go Port Láirge?] </td></tr> <tr> <td>It is one a twenty mile.</td> <td>Myle hewryht.</td> <td>[Míle a haon ar fhichid.] </td></tr> <tr> <td>When shall I go to sleep, wife?</td> <td>Gah hon rah moyd holow?</td> <td>[Gathain a rachamaoid a chodladh?] </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Pale">The Pale</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: The Pale" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Pale_According_to_the_Statute_of_1488.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_Pale_According_to_the_Statute_of_1488.jpg/190px-The_Pale_According_to_the_Statute_of_1488.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="238" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2208" data-file-height="2760"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 190px;height: 238px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_Pale_According_to_the_Statute_of_1488.jpg/190px-The_Pale_According_to_the_Statute_of_1488.jpg" data-width="190" data-height="238" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_Pale_According_to_the_Statute_of_1488.jpg/285px-The_Pale_According_to_the_Statute_of_1488.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_Pale_According_to_the_Statute_of_1488.jpg/380px-The_Pale_According_to_the_Statute_of_1488.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Pale" title="The Pale">The Pale</a> – According to Statute of 1488</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/The_Pale" title="The Pale">The Pale</a> (An Pháil) was an area around late medieval Dublin under the control of the English government. By the late 15th century it consisted of an area along the coast from <a href="/wiki/Dalkey" title="Dalkey">Dalkey</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, to the garrison town of <a href="/wiki/Dundalk" title="Dundalk">Dundalk</a>, with an inland boundary encompassing <a href="/wiki/Naas" title="Naas">Naas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leixlip" title="Leixlip">Leixlip</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Kildare" class="mw-redirect" title="Earldom of Kildare">Earldom of Kildare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trim,_County_Meath" title="Trim, County Meath">Trim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kells,_County_Meath" title="Kells, County Meath">Kells</a> in County Meath to the north. In this area of "Englyshe tunge" English had never actually been a dominant language – and was moreover a relatively late comer; the first colonisers were Normans who spoke Norman French, and before these Norse. The Irish language had always been the language of the bulk of the population. An English official remarked of the Pale in 1515 that "all the common people of the said half counties that obeyeth the King's laws, for the most part be of Irish birth, of Irish habit and of Irish language".<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> With the strengthening of English cultural and political control, language change began to occur but this did not become clearly evident until the 18th century. Even then, in the decennial period 1771–81, the percentage of Irish speakers in Meath was at least 41%. By 1851 this had fallen to less than 3%.<a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_decline">General decline</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: General decline" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> English expanded strongly in Leinster in the 18th century but Irish speakers were still numerous. In the decennial period 1771–81 certain counties had estimated percentages of Irish speakers as follows (though the estimates are likely to be too low):<a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald-97">[96]</a> <dl><dd>Kilkenny 57%</dd> <dd>Louth 57%</dd> <dd>Longford 22%</dd> <dd>Westmeath 17%</dd></dl> The language saw its most rapid initial decline in counties Dublin, Kildare, Laois, Wexford, and Wicklow. In recent years, County Wicklow has been noted as having the lowest percentage of Irish speakers of any county in Ireland, with only 0.14% of its population claiming to have passable knowledge of the language.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> The proportion of Irish-speaking children in Leinster went down as follows: 17% in the 1700s, 11% in the 1800s, 3% in the 1830s, and virtually none in the 1860s.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> The Irish census of 1851 showed that there were still a number of older speakers in County Dublin.<a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald-97">[96]</a> Sound recordings were made between 1928 and 1931 of some of the last speakers in <a href="/wiki/Omeath" title="Omeath">Omeath</a>, County Louth (now available in digital form).<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> The last known traditional native speaker in Omeath, and in Leinster as a whole, was Annie O'Hanlon (née Dobbin), who died in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-%C3%93_Gr%C3%A1da-29">[28]</a> Her dialect was, in fact, a branch of the Irish of south-east Ulster.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_use_from_the_Middle_Ages_to_the_19th_century">Urban use from the Middle Ages to the 19th century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Urban use from the Middle Ages to the 19th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Irish was spoken as a community language in Irish towns and cities down to the 19th century. In the 16th and 17th centuries it was widespread even in Dublin and the Pale. The English administrator <a href="/wiki/William_Gerard" title="William Gerard">William Gerard</a> (1518–1581) commented as follows: "All English, and the most part with delight, even in Dublin, speak Irish,"<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Normans in Ireland">Old English</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stanihurst" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Stanihurst">Richard Stanihurst</a> (1547–1618) lamented that "When their posterity became not altogether so wary in keeping, as their ancestors were valiant in conquering, the Irish language was free dennized in the English Pale: this canker took such deep root, as the body that before was whole and sound, was by little and little festered, and in manner wholly putrified".<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> The Irish of Dublin, situated as it was between the east Ulster dialect of Meath and Louth to the north and the Leinster-Connacht dialect further south, may have reflected the characteristics of both in phonology and grammar. In County Dublin itself the general rule was to place the stress on the initial vowel of words. With time it appears that the forms of the dative case took over the other case endings in the plural (a tendency found to a lesser extent in other dialects). In a letter written in Dublin in 1691 we find such examples as the following: gnóthuimh (accusative case, the standard form being gnóthaí), tíorthuibh (accusative case, the standard form being tíortha) and leithscéalaibh (genitive case, the standard form being leithscéalta).<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> English authorities of the Cromwellian period, aware that Irish was widely spoken in Dublin, arranged for its official use. In 1655 several local dignitaries were ordered to oversee a lecture in Irish to be given in Dublin. In March 1656 a converted Catholic priest, Séamas Corcy, was appointed to preach in Irish at Bride's parish every Sunday, and was also ordered to preach at <a href="/wiki/Drogheda" title="Drogheda">Drogheda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athy" title="Athy">Athy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> In 1657 the English colonists in Dublin presented a petition to the Municipal Council complaining that in Dublin itself "there is Irish commonly and usually spoken".<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> There is contemporary evidence of the use of Irish in other urban areas at the time. In 1657 it was found necessary to have an Oath of Abjuration (rejecting the authority of the Pope) read in Irish in <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a> so that people could understand it.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Irish was sufficiently strong in early 18th century Dublin to be the language of a coterie of poets and scribes led by Seán and Tadhg Ó Neachtain, both poets of note.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Scribal activity in Irish persisted in Dublin right through the 18th century. An outstanding example was Muiris Ó Gormáin (Maurice Gorman), a prolific producer of manuscripts who advertised his services (in English) in Faulkner's Dublin Journal.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> There were still an appreciable number of Irish speakers in <a href="/wiki/County_Dublin" title="County Dublin">County Dublin</a> at the time of the 1851 census.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> In other urban centres the descendants of medieval Anglo-Norman settlers, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Normans in Ireland">Old English</a>, were Irish-speaking or bilingual by the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> The English administrator and traveller <a href="/wiki/Fynes_Moryson" title="Fynes Moryson">Fynes Moryson</a>, writing in the last years of the 16th century, said that "the English Irish and the very citizens (excepting those of Dublin where the lord deputy resides) though they could speak English as well as we, yet commonly speak Irish among themselves, and were hardly induced by our familiar conversation to speak English with us".<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> In Galway, a city dominated by Old English merchants and loyal to the Crown up to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Irish Confederate Wars</a> (1641–1653), the use of the Irish language had already provoked the passing of an Act of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> (1536), ordaining as follows: <dl><dd><dl><dd>Item, that every inhabitant within oure said towne [Galway] endeavour themselfes to speake English, and to use themselfes after the English facon; and, speciallye, that you, and every one of you, doe put your children to scole, to lerne to speke English...<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> The demise of native cultural institutions in the seventeenth century saw the social prestige of Irish diminish, and the gradual Anglicisation of the middle classes followed.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> The census of 1851 showed, however, that the towns and cities of Munster still had significant Irish-speaking populations. Much earlier, in 1819, James McQuige, a veteran <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> lay preacher in Irish, wrote: "In some of the largest southern towns, Cork, <a href="/wiki/Kinsale" title="Kinsale">Kinsale</a> and even the Protestant town of <a href="/wiki/Bandon,_County_Cork" title="Bandon, County Cork">Bandon</a>, provisions are sold in the markets, and cried in the streets, in Irish".<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> Irish speakers constituted over 40% of the population of Cork even in 1851.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_urban_usage">Modern urban usage</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Modern urban usage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The late 18th and 19th centuries saw a reduction in the number of Dublin's Irish speakers, in keeping with the trend elsewhere. This continued until the end of the 19th century, when the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_revival" title="Gaelic revival">Gaelic revival</a> saw the creation of a strong Irish–speaking network, typically united by various branches of the <a href="/wiki/Conradh_na_Gaeilge" title="Conradh na Gaeilge">Conradh na Gaeilge</a>, and accompanied by renewed literary activity.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> By the 1930s Dublin had a lively literary life in Irish.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> Urban Irish has been the beneficiary, from the last decades of the 20th century, of a rapidly expanding system of <a href="/wiki/Gaelscoil" title="Gaelscoil">Gaelscoileanna</a>, teaching entirely through Irish. As of 2019 there are 37 such primary schools in Dublin alone.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> It has been suggested that Ireland's towns and cities are acquiring a critical mass of Irish speakers, reflected in the expansion of Irish language media.<a href="#cite_note-schism-120">[119]</a> Many are younger speakers who, after encountering Irish at school, made an effort to acquire fluency, while others have been educated through Irish and some have been raised with Irish. Those from an English-speaking background are now often described as nuachainteoirí ("new speakers") and use whatever opportunities are available (festivals, "pop-up" events) to practise or improve their Irish.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> It has been suggested that the comparative standard is still the Irish of the Gaeltacht,<a href="#cite_note-Seoighe-122">[121]</a> but other evidence suggests that young urban speakers take pride in having their own distinctive variety of the language.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> A comparison of traditional Irish and urban Irish shows that the distinction between broad and slender consonants, which is fundamental to Irish phonology and grammar, is not fully or consistently observed in urban Irish. This and other changes make it possible that urban Irish will become a new dialect or even, over a long period, develop into a creole (i.e. a new language) distinct from Gaeltacht Irish.<a href="#cite_note-schism-120">[119]</a> It has also been argued that there is a certain elitism among Irish speakers, with most respect being given to the Irish of native Gaeltacht speakers and with "Dublin" (i.e. urban) Irish being under-represented in the media.<a href="#cite_note-Nic_Mhuiris-124">[123]</a> This, however, is paralleled by a failure among some urban Irish speakers to acknowledge grammatical and phonological features essential to the structure of the language.<a href="#cite_note-schism-120">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standardisation">Standardisation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Standardisation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/An_Caighde%C3%A1n_Oifigi%C3%BAil" title="An Caighdeán Oifigiúil">An Caighdeán Oifigiúil</a></div> There is no single official standard for pronouncing the Irish language. Certain dictionaries, such as Foclóir Póca, provide a single pronunciation. Online dictionaries such as Foclóir Béarla-Gaeilge<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> provide audio files in the three major dialects. The differences between dialects are considerable, and have led to recurrent difficulties in conceptualising a "standard Irish." In recent decades contacts between speakers of different dialects have become more frequent and the differences between the dialects are less noticeable.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> An Caighdeán Oifigiúil ("The Official Standard"), often shortened to An Caighdeán, is a standard for the spelling and grammar of written Irish, developed and used by the Irish government. Its rules are followed by most schools in Ireland, though schools in and near Irish-speaking regions also use the local dialect. It was published by the translation department of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a> in 1953<a href="#cite_note-blas-127">[126]</a> and updated in 2012<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> and 2017. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Phonology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_phonology" title="Irish phonology">Irish phonology</a></div> In pronunciation, Irish most closely resembles its nearest relatives, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a>. One notable feature is that consonants (except /h/) come in pairs, one "broad" (<a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">velarised</a>, pronounced with the back of the tongue pulled back towards the soft palate) and one "slender" (<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalised</a>, pronounced with the middle of the tongue pushed up towards the hard palate). While broad–slender pairs are not unique to Irish (being found, for example, in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>), in Irish they have a grammatical function. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Consonant phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr class="small"> <th><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">broad</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">slender</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">broad</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">slender</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">broad</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">slender</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">pˠ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">pʲ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">t̪ˠ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">tʲ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">bˠ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">bʲ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">d̪ˠ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">dʲ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Continuant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuant consonant">Continuant</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">fˠ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">fʲ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">sˠ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">vʲ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velarized_dental_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized dental lateral approximant">l̪ˠ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">lʲ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">mˠ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">mʲ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">n̪ˠ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">nʲ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Tap</a> </th> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">ɾˠ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ɾʲ</a> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Vowel phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">short</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">short</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">short</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Diphthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongs">diphthongs</a> of Irish are /iə, uə, əi, əu/. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Syntax_and_morphology">Syntax and morphology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Syntax and morphology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Irish_grammar" title="Irish grammar">Irish grammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_declension" title="Irish declension">Irish declension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_conjugation" title="Irish conjugation">Irish conjugation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irish_syntax" title="Irish syntax">Irish syntax</a></div> Irish is a <a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">fusional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verb-subject-object" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb-subject-object">VSO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nominative-accusative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative-accusative language">nominative-accusative language</a>. It is neither <a href="/wiki/Verb_framing" title="Verb framing">verb</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Verb_framing" title="Verb framing">satellite framed</a>, and makes liberal use of <a href="/wiki/Deixis" title="Deixis">deictic</a> verbs. Nouns <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">decline</a> for 3 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number#Singular_versus_plural" title="Grammatical number">singular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual</a> (only in conjunction with the number dhá "two"), <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a>; 2 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a>: masculine, feminine; and 4 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nomino</a>-<a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusative</a> (ainmneach), <a href="/wiki/Vocative" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocative">vocative</a> (gairmeach), <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> (ginideach), and <a href="/wiki/Prepositional_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositional case">prepositional</a>-<a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a> (tabharthach), with fossilised traces of the older <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a> (cuspóireach). <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjectives</a> <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agree</a> with nouns in <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a>. Adjectives generally follow nouns, though some precede or <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a> nouns. <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a> <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> have <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative#Distal_and_proximal_demonstratives" title="Demonstrative">proximal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative#Distal_and_proximal_demonstratives" title="Demonstrative">medial</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative#Distal_and_proximal_demonstratives" title="Demonstrative">distal</a> forms. The <a href="/wiki/Prepositional" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositional">prepositional</a>-<a href="/wiki/Locative" class="mw-redirect" title="Locative">locative</a> case is called the <a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">dative</a> by convention, though it originates in the Proto-Celtic ablative. Verbs <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugate</a> for 3 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tenses</a>: <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past</a>, <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a>, <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a>; 2 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspects</a>: <a href="/wiki/Uses_of_English_verb_forms#perfective" title="Uses of English verb forms">perfective</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperfective" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperfective">imperfective</a>; 2 numbers: <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number#Singular_versus_plural" title="Grammatical number">singular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a>; 4 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">moods</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indicative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative mood">indicative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a>; 2 relative forms, the present and future relative; and in some verbs, <a href="/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_verb_forms" title="Dependent and independent verb forms">independent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_verb_forms" title="Dependent and independent verb forms">dependent</a> forms. Verbs <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugate</a> for 3 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">persons</a> and an impersonal form which is <a href="/wiki/Agent_(grammar)" title="Agent (grammar)">actor</a>-free; the 3rd person singular acts as a person-free personal form that can be followed or otherwise refer to any person or number. There are two verbs for "to be", one for <a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">inherent qualities</a> with only two forms, is "present" and ba "past" and "conditional", and one for <a href="/wiki/Substance_theory#Aristotle" title="Substance theory">transient qualities</a>, with a full complement of forms except for the verbal adjective. The two verbs share the one verbal noun. Irish verb formation employs a mixed system during conjugation, with both <a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">analytic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_language" title="Synthetic language">synthetic</a> methods employed depending on tense, number, mood and person. For example, in the official standard, present tense verbs have conjugated forms only in the 1st person and autonomous forms (i.e. molaim 'I praise', molaimid 'we praise', moltar 'is praised, one praises' ), whereas all other persons are conveyed analytically (i.e. molann sé 'he praises', molann sibh 'you pl. praise'). The ratio of analytic to synthetic forms in a given verb paradigm varies between the various tenses and moods. The conditional, imperative and past habitual forms prefer synthetic forms in most persons and numbers, whereas the subjunctive, past, future and present forms prefer mostly analytical forms. The meaning of the <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive voice</a> is largely conveyed through the autonomous verb form, however there also exist other structures analogous to the <a href="/wiki/English_passive_voice" title="English passive voice">passival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resultative" title="Resultative">resultative</a> constructions. There are also a number of preverbal <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">particles</a> marking the <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_and_negative" class="mw-redirect" title="Affirmative and negative">negative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interrogative" title="Interrogative">interrogative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">relative clauses</a>, etc. There is a <a href="/wiki/Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">verbal noun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verbal_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbal adjective">verbal adjective</a>. Verb forms are highly <a href="/wiki/Inflection#Regular_and_irregular_inflection" title="Inflection">regular</a>, many grammars recognise only <a href="/wiki/Irish_conjugation#Irregular_verbs" title="Irish conjugation">11 irregular verbs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">Prepositions</a> <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflect</a> for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>. Different prepositions <a href="/wiki/Government_(linguistics)" title="Government (linguistics)">govern</a> different <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a>. In Old and Middle Irish, prepositions <a href="/wiki/Government_(linguistics)" title="Government (linguistics)">governed</a> different cases depending on intended <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a>; this has disappeared in Modern Irish except in fossilised form. Irish has no verb to express having; instead, the word ag ("at", etc.) is used in conjunction with the transient "be" verb bheith: <ul><li>Tá leabhar agam. "I have a book." (Literally, "there is a book at me", cf. Russian У меня есть книга, Finnish minulla on kirja, French le livre est à moi)</li> <li>Tá leabhar agat. "You (singular) have a book."</li> <li>Tá leabhar aige. "He has a book."</li> <li>Tá leabhar aici. "She has a book."</li> <li>Tá leabhar againn. "We have a book."</li> <li>Tá leabhar agaibh. "You (plural) have a book."</li> <li>Tá leabhar acu. "They have a book."</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Numerals_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerals (linguistics)">Numerals</a> have three forms: abstract, general and ordinal. The numbers from 2 to 10 (and these in combination with higher numbers) are rarely used for people, numeral nominals being used instead: <ul><li>a dó "Two."</li> <li>dhá leabhar "Two books."</li> <li>beirt "Two people, a couple", beirt fhear "Two men", beirt bhan "Two women".</li> <li>dara, tarna (free variation) "Second."</li></ul> Irish has both decimal and vigesimal systems: 10: a deich 20: fiche 30: vigesimal – a deich is fiche; decimal – tríocha 40: v. daichead, dá fhichead; d. ceathracha 50: v. a deich is daichead; d. caoga (also: leathchéad "half-hundred") 60: v. trí fichid; d. seasca 70: v. a deich is trí fichid; d. seachtó 80: v. cheithre fichid; d. ochtó 90: v. a deich is cheithre fichid; d. nócha 100: v. cúig fichid; d. céad A number such as 35 has various forms: a cúigdéag is fichid "15 and 20" a cúig is tríocha "5 and 30" a cúigdéag ar fhichid "15 on 20" a cúig ar thríochaid "5 on 30" a cúigdéag fichead "15 of 20 (genitive)" a cúig tríochad "5 of 30 (genitive)" fiche 's a cúigdéag "20 and 15" tríocha 's a cúig "30 and 5" The latter is most commonly used in mathematics. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_mutations">Initial mutations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Initial mutations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_initial_mutations" title="Irish initial mutations">Irish initial mutations</a></div> In Irish, there are two classes of initial <a href="/wiki/Consonant_mutation" title="Consonant mutation">consonant mutations</a>, which express grammatical relationship and meaning in verbs, nouns and adjectives: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">Lenition</a> (séimhiú) describes the change of <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">stops</a> into <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricatives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Indicated in <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic type</a> by an <a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)#Overdot" title="Dot (diacritic)">overdot</a> (ponc séimhithe), it is shown in <a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">Roman type</a> by adding an ⟨h⟩. <ul><li>caith! "throw!" – chaith mé "I threw" (lenition as a past-tense marker, caused by the particle do, now generally omitted)</li> <li>gá "requirement" – easpa an ghá "lack of the requirement" (lenition marking the genitive case of a masculine noun)</li> <li>Seán "John" – a Sheáin! "John!" (lenition as part of the vocative case, the vocative lenition being triggered by a, the vocative marker before Sheáin)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_initial_mutations#Eclipsis" title="Irish initial mutations">Eclipsis</a> (urú) covers the voicing of voiceless stops, and <a href="/wiki/Nasalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasalisation">nasalisation</a> of voiced stops. <ul><li>Athair "Father" – ár nAthair "our Father"</li> <li>tús "start", ar dtús "at the start"</li> <li>Gaillimh "Galway" – i nGaillimh "in Galway"</li></ul></li></ul> Mutations are often the only way to distinguish grammatical forms. For example, the only non-contextual way to distinguish <a href="/wiki/Pronoun#Possessive" title="Pronoun">possessive pronouns</a> "her", "his" and "their", is through initial mutations since all meanings are represented by the same word a. <ul><li>his shoe – a bhróg (lenition)</li> <li>their shoe – a mbróg (eclipsis)</li> <li>her shoe – a bróg (unchanged)</li></ul> Due to <a href="/wiki/Irish_initial_mutations" title="Irish initial mutations">initial mutation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">root</a> <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a>, ending <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">sandhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">epenthesis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" title="Assimilation (phonology)">assimilation</a>; the beginning, core, and end of words can each change radically and even simultaneously depending on context. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Orthography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish orthography</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Badge_of_the_Irish_Defence_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Badge_of_the_Irish_Defence_Forces.svg/220px-Badge_of_the_Irish_Defence_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="461"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Badge_of_the_Irish_Defence_Forces.svg/220px-Badge_of_the_Irish_Defence_Forces.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Badge_of_the_Irish_Defence_Forces.svg/330px-Badge_of_the_Irish_Defence_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Badge_of_the_Irish_Defence_Forces.svg/440px-Badge_of_the_Irish_Defence_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The official symbol of the Irish Defence Forces, showing a Gaelic typeface with dot diacritics</figcaption></figure> A native <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a>, was used to write Primitive Irish and Old Irish until <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> was introduced in the 5th century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> Since the introduction of Latin script, the main <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typeface</a> used to write Irish was <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic type</a> until it was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">Roman type</a> during the mid-20th century. The traditional Irish <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> (áibítir) consists of 18 <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</a>: ⟨a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u⟩; it does not contain ⟨j, k, q, v, w, x, y, z⟩.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> However, contemporary Irish uses the full Latin alphabet, with the previously unused letter used in modern <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>; ⟨v⟩ occurs in a small number of (mainly <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeic</a>) native words and <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloquialisms</a>. Vowels may be <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">accented</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> (⟨á, é, í, ó, ú⟩; Irish and <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a>: (síneadh) fada "long (sign)"), but it is ignored for purposes of alphabetisation.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> It is used, among other conventions, to mark <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long vowels</a>, e.g. ⟨e⟩ is /ɛ/ and ⟨é⟩ is /eː/. The <a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)#Overdot" title="Dot (diacritic)">overdot</a> (ponc séimhithe "dot of lenition") was used in traditional <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> to indicate <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenition</a>; An Caighdeán uses a following ⟨h⟩ for this purpose, i.e. the dotted letters (litreacha buailte "struck letters") ⟨ḃ, ċ, ḋ, ḟ, ġ, ṁ, ṗ, ṡ, ṫ⟩ are equivalent to ⟨bh, ch, dh, fh, gh, mh, ph, sh, th⟩. The use of Gaelic type and the overdot today is restricted to when a traditional style is consciously being used, e.g. Óglaiġ na h-Éireann on the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Defence_Forces_cap_badge" title="Irish Defence Forces cap badge">Irish Defence Forces cap badge</a> (see <a href="#Orthography">above</a>). Extending the use of the overdot to Roman type would theoretically have the advantage of making Irish texts significantly shorter, e.g. gheobhaidh sibh "you (pl.) will get" would become ġeoḃaiḋ siḃ. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spelling_reform">Spelling reform</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Spelling reform" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Around the time of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Séamas Daltún, in charge of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rann%C3%B3g_an_Aistri%C3%BAch%C3%A1in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rannóg an Aistriúcháin (page does not exist)">Rannóg an Aistriúcháin</a> [<a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rann%C3%B3g_an_Aistri%C3%BAch%C3%A1in" class="extiw" title="ga:Rannóg an Aistriúcháin">ga</a>] (The Translation Department of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish government">Irish government</a>), issued his own guidelines about how to <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardise</a> Irish <a href="/wiki/Spelling" title="Spelling">spelling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>. This <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> standard was subsequently approved by the State and developed into <a href="/wiki/An_Caighde%C3%A1n_Oifigi%C3%BAil" title="An Caighdeán Oifigiúil">an Caighdeán Oifigiúil</a>, which simplified and standardised the orthography and grammar by removing inter-dialectal <a href="/wiki/Silent_letter" title="Silent letter">silent letters</a> and simplifying vowel combinations. Where multiple versions existed in different dialects for the same word, one was selected, for example: <ul><li>beirbhiughadh → beiriú "cook"</li> <li>biadh → bia "food"</li> <li>Gaedhealg / Gaedhilg / Gaedhealaing / Gaeilic / Gaelainn / Gaoidhealg / Gaolainn → Gaeilge "Irish language"</li></ul> An Caighdeán does not reflect all dialects to the same degree, e.g. cruaidh /kɾˠuəj/ "hard", leabaidh /ˈl̠ʲabˠəj/ "bed", and tráigh /t̪ˠɾˠaːj/ "beach" were standardised as crua, leaba, and trá despite the reformed spellings only reflecting South Connacht realisations [kɾˠuə], [ˈl̠ʲabˠə], and [t̪ˠɾˠaː], failing to represent the other dialectal realisations [kɾˠui], [ˈl̠ʲabˠi], and [t̪ˠɾˠaːi] (in Mayo and Ulster) or [kɾˠuəɟ], [ˈl̠ʲabˠəɟ], and [t̪ˠɾˠaːɟ] (in Munster), which were previously represented by the pre-reformed spellings.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> For this reason, the pre-reform spellings are used by some speakers to reflect the dialectal pronunciations. Other examples include the genitive of bia "food" (/bʲiə/; pre-reform biadh) and saol "life, world" (/sˠeːlˠ/; pre-reform saoghal), realised [bʲiːɟ] and [sˠeːlʲ] in Munster, reflecting the pre-Caighdeán spellings bídh and saoghail, which were standardised as bia and saoil despite not representing the Munster pronunciations.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sample text" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> <table> <tbody><tr> <td>Irish: Saolaítear gach duine den chine daonna saor agus comhionann i ndínit agus i gcearta. Tá bua an réasúin agus an choinsiasa acu agus ba cheart dóibh gníomhú i dtreo a chéile i spiorad an bhráithreachais.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> </td> <td style="padding-left: 1em">English: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arlachas" class="mw-redirect" title="Béarlachas">Béarlachas</a>, Anglicisms in Irish</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunt%C3%BAs_Cainte" title="Buntús Cainte">Buntús Cainte</a>, a course in basic spoken Irish</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Scottish_Gaelic_and_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Scottish Gaelic and Irish">Comparison of Scottish Gaelic and Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumann_Gaelach" title="Cumann Gaelach">Cumann Gaelach</a>, Irish language Society</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_the_Irish_Language" title="Dictionary of the Irish Language">Dictionary of the Irish Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a>, a lapel pin for Irish speakers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Goidelic substrate hypothesis">Goidelic substrate hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Latin" title="Hiberno-Latin">Hiberno-Latin</a>, a variety of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> used in Irish monasteries. It included Greek, Hebrew and Celtic neologisms.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language_outside_Ireland" title="Irish language outside Ireland">Irish language outside Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Irish name</a> and <a href="/wiki/Place_names_in_Ireland" title="Place names in Ireland">Place names in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_words_used_in_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish words used in the English language">Irish words used in the English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_(Junior_Cert)" title="Irish (Junior Cert)">Irish</a>, a subject of the Junior Cycle examination in Secondary schools in Ireland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artists_who_have_released_Irish-language_songs" title="List of artists who have released Irish-language songs">List of artists who have released Irish-language songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Irish_origin" title="List of English words of Irish origin">List of English words of Irish origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ireland-related_topics" title="List of Ireland-related topics">List of Ireland-related topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish-language_given_names" title="List of Irish-language given names">List of Irish-language given names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish-language_media" title="List of Irish-language media">List of Irish-language media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Modern literature in Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Irish_language" title="Status of the Irish language">Status of the Irish language</a>, a detailed account of the current state of the language.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teastas_Eorpach_na_Gaeilge" title="Teastas Eorpach na Gaeilge">Teastas Eorpach na Gaeilge</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Irish is the first official language of the Irish state.<a href="#cite_note-constitution-1">[1]</a> Irish is not widely used as an <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a> in most of Ireland, but its use is encouraged by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">government</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-constitution-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090717092821/http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/attached_files/html%20files/Constitution%20of%20Ireland%20%28Eng%29.htm">"Constitution of Ireland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government of Ireland</a>. 1 July 1937. 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Retrieved 8 January 2021. <q>... between Foras na Gaeilge and Bòrd na Gàidhlig, promoting the use of Irish Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic in Ireland and Scotland ...'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foras+na+Gaeilge&rft.atitle=Our+Role+Supporting+You&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forasnagaeilge.ie%2Fabout%2Fsupporting-you%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Gaelic">"Gaelic: Definition of Gaelic by Merriam-Webster"</a>. Merriam-Webster.com. 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International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Reawakening+the+Irish+Language+through+the+Irish+Education+System%3A+Challenges+and+Priorities%22&rft.pub=International+Electronic+Journal+of+Elementary+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.eric.ed.gov%2Ffulltext%2FEJ1085869.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ROI_census_2023-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ROI_census_2023_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROI_census_2023_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROI_census_2023_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpp8/census2022profile8-theirishlanguageandeducation/irishlanguageandthegaeltacht/">"Irish Language and the Gaeltacht – CSO – Central Statistics Office"</a>. www.cso.ie. 19 December 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cso.ie&rft.atitle=Irish+Language+and+the+Gaeltacht+%E2%80%93+CSO+%E2%80%93+Central+Statistics+Office&rft.date=2023-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Freleasesandpublications%2Fep%2Fp-cpp8%2Fcensus2022profile8-theirishlanguageandeducation%2Firishlanguageandthegaeltacht%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b07.xlsx">"Frequency of Speaking Irish"</a>. nisra.gov.uk. 21 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nisra.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Frequency+of+Speaking+Irish&rft.date=2023-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fstatistics%2Fcensus-2021-ms-b07.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USA-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USA_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USA_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/">"1. Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over for the United States: 2006–2008"</a>, Language (table), Census, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+Detailed+Languages+Spoken+at+Home+and+Ability+to+Speak+English+for+the+Population+5+Years+and+Over+for+the+United+States%3A+2006%E2%80%932008&rft.btitle=Language&rft.pub=Census&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fhhes%2Fsocdemo%2Flanguage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2015" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Danny (2015). Míle Míle i gCéin: The Irish Language in Canada. Ottawa: Borealis Press. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88887-631-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88887-631-7"><bdi>978-0-88887-631-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%ADle+M%C3%ADle+i+gC%C3%A9in%3A+The+Irish+Language+in+Canada&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Borealis+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-88887-631-7&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Danny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinneen1927" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_S._Dinneen" title="Patrick S. Dinneen">Dinneen, Patrick S.</a> (1927). Foclóir Gaedhilge agus Béarla [Irish and English dictionary] (in Irish) (2d ed.). Dublin: Irish Texts Society. pp. 507 s.v. Gaedhealg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-870166-00-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-870166-00-0"><bdi>1-870166-00-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Focl%C3%B3ir+Gaedhilge+agus+B%C3%A9arla&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=507+s.v.+%27%27Gaedhealg%27%27&rft.edition=2d&rft.pub=Irish+Texts+Society&rft.date=1927&rft.isbn=1-870166-00-0&rft.aulast=Dinneen&rft.aufirst=Patrick+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyleGussmann2005" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Aidan; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gussmann" title="Edmund Gussmann">Gussmann, Edmund</a> (2005). An Ghaeilge, Podręcznik Języka Irlandzkiego. Redakcja Wydawnictw Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego. pp. 423k. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-7363-275-1" title="Special:BookSources/83-7363-275-1"><bdi>83-7363-275-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ghaeilge%2C+Podr%C4%99cznik+J%C4%99zyka+Irlandzkiego&rft.pages=423k&rft.pub=Redakcja+Wydawnictw+Katolickiego+Uniwersytetu+Lubelskiego&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=83-7363-275-1&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft.au=Gussmann%2C+Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillonÓ_Cróinín1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Myles_Dillon" title="Myles Dillon">Dillon, Myles</a>; <a href="/wiki/Donncha_%C3%93_Cr%C3%B3in%C3%ADn" title="Donncha Ó Cróinín">Ó Cróinín, Donncha</a> (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TeachYourselfIrish">Teach Yourself Irish</a>. London: <a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Universities_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="English Universities Press (page does not exist)">English Universities Press</a>. p. 227.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teach+Yourself+Irish&rft.place=London&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=English+Universities+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Myles&rft.au=%C3%93+Cr%C3%B3in%C3%ADn%2C+Donncha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTeachYourselfIrish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Dónaill1977" class="citation book cs1">Ó Dónaill, Niall, ed. (1977). Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla. p. 600 s.v. Gaeilge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Focl%C3%B3ir+Gaeilge%E2%80%93B%C3%A9arla&rft.pages=600+s.v.+%27%27Gaeilge%27%27&rft.date=1977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/28/world/europe/28iht-irish.html">"Ireland speaks up loudly for Gaelic"</a>. The New York Times. 29 March 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108141042/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/28/world/europe/28iht-irish.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ireland+speaks+up+loudly+for+Gaelic&rft.date=2005-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F03%2F28%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F28iht-irish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> An example of the use of the word "Gaelic" to describe the language, seen throughout the text of the article. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/gle">"Irish: Ethnologue"</a>. Ethnologue. Retrieved 22 December 2018. <q>Alternate names: Erse, Gaelic Irish, Irish Gaelic</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Irish%3A+Ethnologue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fgle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalton2019" class="citation journal cs1">Dalton, Martha (July 2019). "Nuclear Accents in Four Irish (Gaelic) Dialects". International Conference of Phonetic Science. XVI. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.486.4615">10.1.1.486.4615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Conference+of+Phonetic+Science&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Accents+in+Four+Irish+%28Gaelic%29+Dialects&rft.volume=XVI&rft.date=2019-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.486.4615%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=Martha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-22"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-370204.htm">"Interinstitutional Style Guide: Section 7.2.4. Rules governing the languages of the institutions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. 27 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interinstitutional+Style+Guide%3A+Section+7.2.4.+Rules+governing+the+languages+of+the+institutions&rft.pub=European+Union&rft.date=2016-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.europa.eu%2Fcode%2Fen%2Fen-370204.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Gaelic">"Gaelic"</a>. The Free Dictionary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Free+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Gaelic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2FGaelic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erse_cite-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Erse_cite_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"House of Commons, 1 August 1922: Ireland: Erse language (18)". Hansard. 157. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Houses of Parliament">Houses of Parliament</a>. 1240–1242. 1 August 1922. <q>Sir CHARLES OMAN asked the Secretary of State for the Colonies whether he has protested against the recent attempt of the Provisional Government in Ireland to force compulsory Erse into all official correspondence, in spite of the agreement that Erse and English should be equally permissible .. MR CHURCHILL .. I do not anticipate that Irish Ministers will willingly incur the very great confusion which would inevitably result from the use of Irish for the material parts of their correspondence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hansard&rft.atitle=House+of+Commons%2C+1+August+1922%3A+Ireland%3A+Erse+language+%2818%29&rft.volume=157&rft.pages=1240-1242&rft.date=1922-08-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving" class="citation web cs1">Irving, Jenni. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Ogham/">"Ogham"</a>. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Ogham&rft.aulast=Irving&rft.aufirst=Jenni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FOgham%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2015" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Aidan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NolwCQAAQBAJ">A History of the Irish Language: From the Norman Invasion to Independence</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-872476-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-872476-6"><bdi>978-0-19-872476-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 September 2024. <q>Modern Irish (MI), sometimes called Late Modern Irish (LMI), is regarded as beginning about 1600 and extending to the present day.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Irish+Language%3A+From+the+Norman+Invasion+to+Independence&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-872476-6&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNolwCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2015" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Aidan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NolwCQAAQBAJ">A History of the Irish Language: From the Norman Invasion to Independence</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 75–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-872476-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-872476-6"><bdi>978-0-19-872476-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Irish+Language%3A+From+the+Norman+Invasion+to+Independence&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-872476-6&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNolwCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Fréine1978" class="citation book cs1">De Fréine, Seán (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w2NiAAAAMAAJ">The Great Silence: The Study of a Relationship Between Language and Nationality</a>. Irish Books & Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85342-516-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85342-516-8"><bdi>978-0-85342-516-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Silence%3A+The+Study+of+a+Relationship+Between+Language+and+Nationality&rft.pub=Irish+Books+%26+Media&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-85342-516-8&rft.aulast=De+Fr%C3%A9ine&rft.aufirst=Se%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw2NiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ó_Gráda-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-%C3%93_Gr%C3%A1da_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-%C3%93_Gr%C3%A1da_29-1">b</a> Ó Gráda 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Reilly2015" class="citation news cs1">O'Reilly, Edward (17 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.nyhistory.org/the-unadulterated-irish-language-irish-speakers-in-nineteenth-century-new-york/">""The unadulterated Irish language": Irish Speakers in Nineteenth Century New York"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New-York_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="New-York Historical Society">New-York Historical Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729225257/http://blog.nyhistory.org/the-unadulterated-irish-language-irish-speakers-in-nineteenth-century-new-york/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New-York+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=%22The+unadulterated+Irish+language%22%3A+Irish+Speakers+in+Nineteenth+Century+New+York&rft.date=2015-03-17&rft.aulast=O%27Reilly&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.nyhistory.org%2Fthe-unadulterated-irish-language-irish-speakers-in-nineteenth-century-new-york%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> See the discussion in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf2014" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, Nicholas M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l37VBQAAQBAJ">An Irish-Speaking Island: State, Religion, Community, and the Linguistic Landscape in Ireland, 1770–1870</a>. University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-30274-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-30274-0"><bdi>978-0-299-30274-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Irish-Speaking+Island%3A+State%2C+Religion%2C+Community%2C+and+the+Linguistic+Landscape+in+Ireland%2C+1770%E2%80%931870&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-299-30274-0&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl37VBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> McMahon 2008, pp. 130–131. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ireland.anglican.org/our-faith/apck/the-irish-language-and-the-church-of-ireland">"The Irish language and the Church of Ireland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710061104/https://www.ireland.anglican.org/our-faith/apck/the-irish-language-and-the-church-of-ireland">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+of+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Irish+language+and+the+Church+of+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ireland.anglican.org%2Four-faith%2Fapck%2Fthe-irish-language-and-the-church-of-ireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatsonNic_Ghiolla_Phádraig2009" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, Iarfhlaith; Nic Ghiolla Phádraig, Máire (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/handle/10197/5649">"Is there an educational advantage to speaking Irish? An investigation of the relationship between education and ability to speak Irish"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_the_Sociology_of_Language" title="International Journal of the Sociology of Language">International Journal of the Sociology of Language</a> (199): 143–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2FIJSL.2009.039">10.1515/IJSL.2009.039</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10197%2F5649">10197/5649</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144222872">144222872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+Sociology+of+Language&rft.atitle=Is+there+an+educational+advantage+to+speaking+Irish%3F+An+investigation+of+the+relationship+between+education+and+ability+to+speak+Irish&rft.issue=199&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10197%2F5649&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144222872%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2FIJSL.2009.039&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Iarfhlaith&rft.au=Nic+Ghiolla+Ph%C3%A1draig%2C+M%C3%A1ire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchrepository.ucd.ie%2Fhandle%2F10197%2F5649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.ie/books?id=3uTEll4ZsbcC&pg=PA32&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">https://books.google.ie/books?id=3uTEll4ZsbcC&pg=PA32&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/28/world/europe/28iht-irish.html">"Ireland speaks up loudly for Gaelic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 29 March 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108141042/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/28/world/europe/28iht-irish.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2014. 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Retrieved 6 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RT%C3%89&rft.atitle=Douglas+Hyde%27s+inauguration+%E2%80%93+a+signal+of+a+new+Ireland&rft.date=2018-01-25&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Feile%2Fbrainstorm%2F2018%2F0621%2F972102-douglas-hydes-inauguration-new-ireland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/archives/exhibitions/681-history-of-rte/682-rte-1920s/289997-first-radio-broadcast-from-2rn-1-january-1926/">"Douglas Hyde Opens 2RN 1 January 1926"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_News" title="RTÉ News">RTÉ News</a>. 15 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130106173216/http://www.rte.ie/archives/exhibitions/681-history-of-rte/682-rte-1920s/289997-first-radio-broadcast-from-2rn-1-january-1926/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RT%C3%89+News&rft.atitle=Douglas+Hyde+Opens+2RN+1+January+1926&rft.date=2012-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Farchives%2Fexhibitions%2F681-history-of-rte%2F682-rte-1920s%2F289997-first-radio-broadcast-from-2rn-1-january-1926%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k129076t.r=">"Allocution en irlandais, par M. Douglas Hyde"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>. 28 January 1922. Retrieved 6 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblioth%C3%A8que+nationale+de+France&rft.atitle=Allocution+en+irlandais%2C+par+M.+Douglas+Hyde&rft.date=1922-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k129076t.r%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doegen.ie/taxonomy/term/21756">"The Doegen Records Web Project"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032255/https://doegen.ie/taxonomy/term/21756">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Doegen+Records+Web+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoegen.ie%2Ftaxonomy%2Fterm%2F21756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp10esil/p10esil/">"Census of Population 2016 – Profile 10 Education, Skills and the Irish Language – CSO – Central Statistics Office"</a>. 23 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180212083359/http://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp10esil/p10esil/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+2016+%E2%80%93+Profile+10+Education%2C+Skills+and+the+Irish+Language+%E2%80%93+CSO+%E2%80%93+Central+Statistics+Office&rft.date=2017-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Freleasesandpublications%2Fep%2Fp-cp10esil%2Fp10esil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Murchú1993" class="citation book cs1">Ó Murchú, Máirtín (1993). "Aspects of the societal status of Modern Irish". In Ball, Martin J.; Fife, James (eds.). The Celtic Languages. 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Nui.ie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120705142738/http://www.nui.ie/college/entry-requirements.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NUI+Entry+Requirements+%E2%80%93+Ollscoil+na+h%C3%89ireann+%E2%80%93+National+University+of+Ireland&rft.pub=Nui.ie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nui.ie%2Fcollege%2Fentry-requirements.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051130121122/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA35Y1929S3.html">"Obligation to appoint Irish speakers"</a>. 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Of the 73,803 daily Irish speakers (outside the education system), 20,586 (27.9%) lived in Gaeltacht areas. The total population of all Gaeltacht areas in April 2016 was 96,090</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7.+Irish&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+2016+Census+of+Ireland&rft.place=Dublin%2C+Ireland&rft.pages=66%2C+69&rft.pub=Central+Statistics+Office&rft.date=2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cso.ie/en/csolatestnews/presspages/2017/census2016summaryresults-part1/">"Census 2016 Summary Results – Part 1 – CSO – Central Statistics Office"</a>. 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Retrieved 22 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cur+s%C3%ADos+ar+an+chainteoir+%C3%B3+dh%C3%BAchas+deireannach+%C3%B3n+%C3%93+M%C3%A9ith%2C+Co+L%C3%BA%2C+Anna+U%C3%AD+AnnluainCur+s%C3%ADos+ar+an+chainteoir+%C3%B3+dh%C3%BAchas+deireannach+%C3%B3n+%C3%93+M%C3%A9ith%2C+Co+L%C3%BA%2C+Anna+U%C3%AD+Annluain&rft.pub=RT%C3%89+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Farchives%2Fexhibitions%2F1981-proinsias-o-conluain%2F615547-gaeilgeoir-deireannacha-mith%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> See "Tony Crowley, "The Politics of Language in Ireland 1366–1922: A Sourcebook" and <a href="/wiki/Joep_Leerssen" title="Joep Leerssen">Leerssen, Joep</a>, Mere Irish and Fior-Ghael: Studies in the Idea of Irish Nationality, Its Development and Literary Expression Prior to the Nineteenth Century, University of Notre Dame Press 1997, p. 51. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0268014278" title="Special:BookSources/978-0268014278">978-0268014278</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Ellis, Henry (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.03.0089">The Description of Ireland</a>, An Electronic Edition: Chapter 1 (The Names of Ireland, with the Compasse of the Same, also what Shires or Counties it Conteineth, the Diuision or Partition of the Land, and of the Language of the People) </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> See Ó hÓgáin 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Berresford Ellis, Peter (1975). 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January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180425182331/http://www.oireachtas.ie/parliament/media/translators/An-Caighde%C3%A1n-Oifigi%C3%BAil-2017.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 April 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Caighde%C3%A1n+Oifigi%C3%BAil&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oireachtas.ie%2Fparliament%2Fmedia%2Ftranslators%2FAn-Caighde%25C3%25A1n-Oifigi%25C3%25BAil-2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/book/9783110226607/10.1515/9783110226607.235.xml">"III the morphonology of Irish"</a>. 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An Ghaeilge, Podręcznik Języka Irlandzkiego. Redakcja Wydawnictw Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego. p. 432. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-7363-275-1" title="Special:BookSources/83-7363-275-1"><bdi>83-7363-275-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ghaeilge%2C+Podr%C4%99cznik+J%C4%99zyka+Irlandzkiego&rft.pages=432&rft.pub=Redakcja+Wydawnictw+Katolickiego+Uniwersytetu+Lubelskiego&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=83-7363-275-1&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft.au=Gussmann%2C+Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=gli1">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft.pub=Office+of+the+United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FUDHR%2FPages%2FLanguage.aspx%3FLangID%3Dgli1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Funiversal-declaration-of-human-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>McCabe, Richard A.. Spenser's Monstrous Regiment: Elizabethan Ireland and the Poetics of Difference. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-818734-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-818734-3">0-19-818734-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Hickey" title="Raymond Hickey">Hickey, Raymond</a>. The Dialects of Irish: Study of a Changing Landscape. <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3110238306" title="Special:BookSources/3110238306">3110238306</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Hickey" title="Raymond Hickey">Hickey, Raymond</a>. The Sound Structure of Modern Irish. <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter_Mouton" class="mw-redirect" title="De Gruyter Mouton">De Gruyter Mouton</a> 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022659-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022659-1">978-3-11-022659-1</a>.</li> <li>De Brún, Pádraig. Scriptural Instruction in the Vernacular: The Irish Society and its Teachers 1818–1827. <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Institute_for_Advanced_Studies" title="Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies">Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies</a> 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85500-212-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85500-212-8">978-1-85500-212-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Doyle" title="Aidan Doyle">Doyle, Aidan</a>, A History of the Irish Language: From the Norman Invasion to Independence, Oxford, 2015.</li> <li>Fitzgerald, Garrett, 'Estimates for baronies of minimal level of Irish-speaking amongst successive decennial cohorts, 117–1781 to 1861–1871,' Volume 84, <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Irish_Academy" title="Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy">Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy</a> 1984.</li> <li>Garvin, Tom, Preventing the Future: Why was Ireland so poor for so long?, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gill_and_MacMillan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gill and MacMillan (page does not exist)">Gill and MacMillan</a>, 2005.</li> <li>Hindley, Reg (1991, new ed.). The Death of the Irish Language: A Qualified Obituary. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4150-6481-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4150-6481-1">978-0-4150-6481-1</a></li> <li>McMahon, Timothy G.. Grand Opportunity: The Gaelic Revival and Irish Society, 1893–1910. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a> 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3158-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3158-3">978-0-8156-3158-3</a></li> <li>Ó Gráda, Cormac. 'Cé Fada le Fán' in Dublin Review of Books, Issue 34, 6 May 2013: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drb.ie/essays/c%C3%A9-fada-le-f%C3%A1n">"CÉ FADA LE FÁN"</a>. Drb.ie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011123934/http://www.drb.ie/essays/c%C3%A9-fada-le-f%C3%A1n">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drb.ie&rft.atitle=C%C3%89+FADA+LE+F%C3%81N&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drb.ie%2Fessays%2Fc%25C3%25A9-fada-le-f%25C3%25A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kelly, James & Mac Murchaidh, Ciarán (eds.). Irish and English: Essays on the Linguistic and Cultural Frontier 1600–1900. <a href="/wiki/Four_Courts_Press" title="Four Courts Press">Four Courts Press</a> 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1846823404" title="Special:BookSources/978-1846823404">978-1846823404</a></li> <li>Ní Mhunghaile, Lesa. 'An Eighteenth Century Irish scribe's private library: Muiris Ó Gormáin's books' in <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Irish_Academy" title="Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy">Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy</a>, Volume 110C, 2010, pp. 239–276.</li> <li>Ní Mhuiríosa, Máirín. 'Cumann na Scríbhneoirí: Memoir' in Scríobh 5, ed. Seán Ó Mórdha. Baile Átha Cliath: An Clóchomhar Tta 1981.</li> <li>Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. Labhrann Laighnigh: Téacsanna agus Cainteanna ó Shean-Chúige Laighean. Coiscéim 2011.</li> <li>Ó Laoire, Muiris. Language Use and Language Attitudes in Ireland in Multilingualism in European Bilingual Contexts : Language Use and Attitudes, ed. David Lasagabaster and Ángel Huguet. Multilingual Matters Ltd. 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85359-929-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85359-929-8">1-85359-929-8</a></li> <li>Shibakov, Alexey. Irish Word Forms / Irische Wortformen. epubli 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783745066500" title="Special:BookSources/9783745066500">9783745066500</a></li> <li>Williams, J. E. Caerwyn & Ní Mhuiríosa, Máirín (ed.). Traidisiún Liteartha na nGael. An Clóchomhar Tta 1979.</li> <li>Williams, Nicholas. 'Na Canúintí a Theacht chun Solais' in Stair na Gaeilge, ed. Kim McCone and others. Maigh Nuad 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901519-90-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-901519-90-1">0-901519-90-1</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> the Irish language at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Irish_language" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Irish language">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Irish_language" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Irish language">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Irish" class="extiw" title="b:Irish">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Irish_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="voy:Irish phrasebook">Phrasebook</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 25px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ga:">Irish edition</a> of Wikipedia</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="mul" style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page/Gaeilge" class="extiw" title="oldwikisource:Main Page/Gaeilge">Main Page/Gaeilge</a> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-due.de/DI/">Discover Irish</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/irish/features/8/english/">Learning Irish?</a>," <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100628023038/http://www.digitalaudioproductions.com/radio-shows/">Giotaí and Top 40 Offigiúla na hÉireann programmes</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Irish_Swadesh_list">Irish Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words</a> (from Wiktionary's <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists">Swadesh-list appendix</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcd.ie/library/exhibitions/directors-choice/first-book-in-irish/">The First Printed Book in Irish</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar_and_pronunciation">Grammar and pronunciation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Grammar and pronunciation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learn101.org/irish.php">Learn Irish</a> Grammar with audio and pronunciation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angaelmagazine.com/pronunciation/introduction.htm">An Gael Magazine</a> – Irish Gaelic Arts, Culture, And History Alive Worldwide Today</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abair.tcd.ie/?page=synthesis&lang=eng">Trinity College Dublin The Irish Language Synthesiser</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictionaries">Dictionaries</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Dictionaries" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teanglann.ie/">Teanglann.ie – Dictionaries and terminology resource</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceantar.org/Dicts/search.html">General Gaelic Dictionaries</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 15 February 2025, at 17:29 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iers-Gaelies" title="Iers-Gaelies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Iers-Gaelies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irische_Sprache" title="Irische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Irische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%AD%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5%E1%8A%9B" title="አየርላንድኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አየርላንድኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="आयरिश भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="आयरिश भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AArisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Īrisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Īrisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Аирланд бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аирланд бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الأيرلندية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الأيرلندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_irland%C3%A9s" title="Idioma irlandés – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma irlandés" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C3%A8lico_irland%C3%AAs" title="Gaèlico irlandês – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Gaèlico irlandês" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_irland%C3%A9s" title="Idioma irlandés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma irlandés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rland_dili" title="İrland dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İrland dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="আইরিশ ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইরিশ ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80i-n%C3%AD-l%C3%A2n-g%C3%AD" title="Ài-ní-lân-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ài-ní-lân-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ірландская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ірландская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ірляндзкая мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ірляндзкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="आयरिश भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आयरिश भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ирландски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ирландски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irische_Sproch" title="Irische Sproch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Irische Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irski_jezik" title="Irski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Irski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwerzhoneg" title="Iwerzhoneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Iwerzhoneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C3%A8lic_irland%C3%A8s" title="Gaèlic irlandès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gaèlic irlandès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Айриш чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Айриш чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C5%A1tina" title="Irština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Irština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyddeleg" title="Gwyddeleg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwyddeleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irsk_(sprog)" title="Irsk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Irsk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iirragiella" title="Iirragiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Iirragiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irische_Sprache" title="Irische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Irische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Iršćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Iršćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iiri_keel" title="Iiri keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iiri keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Ιρλανδική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιρλανδική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_irland%C3%A9s" title="Idioma irlandés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma irlandés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_lingvo" title="Irlanda lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Irlanda lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandako_gaelera" title="Irlandako gaelera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irlandako gaelera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="زبان ایرلندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان ایرلندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_bhasa" title="Irish bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Irish bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Drskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Írskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Írskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandais" title="Irlandais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Irlandais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iersk" title="Iersk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Iersk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_irlandese" title="Lenghe irlandese – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghe irlandese" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ghaeilge" title="An Ghaeilge – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ghaeilge" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yernish" title="Yernish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yernish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A0idhlig_na_h-%C3%88ireann" title="Gàidhlig na h-Èireann – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gàidhlig na h-Èireann" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_irlandesa" title="Lingua irlandesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua irlandesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland-ng%C3%AE" title="Ireland-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ireland-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%99%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B3%D2%AF%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Гәәлгүдин келн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Гәәлгүдин келн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%BC%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C%EC%96%B4" title="아일랜드어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아일랜드어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen_Irish" title="Harshen Irish – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshen Irish" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BC%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Իռլանդերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իռլանդերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="आयरिश भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आयरिश भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Iršćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Iršćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irski_jezik" title="Irski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Irski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandana_linguo" title="Irlandana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Irlandana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Irlandes" title="Pagsasao nga Irlandes – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Irlandes" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Irlandia" title="Bahasa Irlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Irlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_irlandese" title="Lingua irlandese – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua irlandese" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandesi" title="Irlandesi – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Irlandesi" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Ирландиаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ирландиаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Drska" title="Írska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Írska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_irlandese" title="Lingua irlandese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua irlandese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אירית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אירית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ირლანდიური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ირლანდიური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Ирланд тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ирланд тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordhonek" title="Wordhonek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Wordhonek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieire" title="Kieire – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kieire" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Ирландса кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ирландса кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_%C3%AErlend%C3%AE" title="Zimanê îrlendî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê îrlendî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Ирланд тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ирланд тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelich" title="Gaelich – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Gaelich" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Hibernica" title="Lingua Hibernica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Hibernica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAru_valoda" title="Īru valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Īru valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airi%C5%B3_kalba" title="Airių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Airių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengoa_irlandeize" title="Lengoa irlandeize – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengoa irlandeize" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iers" title="Iers – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Iers" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eres_(lingua)" title="Eres (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eres (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_irlandesa" title="Lengua irlandesa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua irlandesa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dr_nyelv" title="Ír nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ír nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ирски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ирски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_irlandey" title="Fiteny irlandey – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny irlandey" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ഐറിഷ് ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഐറിഷ് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_Irlandi%C5%BCa" title="Lingwa Irlandiża – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Irlandiża" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Airangi" title="Reo Airangi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Airangi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="आयरिश भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आयरिश भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ირლანდიური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ირლანდიური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89" title="ايرلاندى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايرلاندى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ایرلندی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایرلندی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Ireland" title="Bahasa Ireland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Ireland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯑꯥꯢꯔꯤꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯥꯢꯔꯤꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Irlandia" title="Bahaso Irlandia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Irlandia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81i-%C4%AB-l%C3%A0ng-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Ái-ī-làng-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ái-ī-làng-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Ирланд хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ирланд хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အိုင်းရစ်ဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိုင်းရစ်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iers" title="Iers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Iers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iers" title="Iers – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Iers" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E8%AA%9E" title="アイルランド語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アイルランド語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Ирландхойн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ирландхойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iirsk" title="Iirsk – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Iirsk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irsk" title="Irsk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Irsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irsk" title="Irsk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Irsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandais" title="Irlandais – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Irlandais" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland%C3%A9s" title="Irlandés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Irlandés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland_tili" title="Irland tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Irland tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਆਇਰਿਸ਼ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਇਰਿਸ਼ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salitan_Irish" title="Salitan Irish – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Salitan Irish" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="آئرش – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آئرش" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandes_(idioma)" title="Irlandes (idioma) – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Irlandes (idioma)" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="ايرلينډي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ايرلينډي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Ир кыв – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Ир кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlind%C3%A9_(langue)" title="Irlindé (langue) – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Irlindé (langue)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_irland%C3%A8isa" title="Lenga irlandèisa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga irlandèisa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Aialan" title="Tok Aialan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tok Aialan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irisch_Spraak" title="Irisch Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Irisch Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_irlandzki" title="Język irlandzki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język irlandzki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_irlandesa" title="Língua irlandesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua irlandesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_irlandez%C4%83" title="Limba irlandeză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba irlandeză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_irlandaisa" title="Lingua irlandaisa – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua irlandaisa" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irihallp%27a_simi" title="Irihallp'a simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Irihallp'a simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Ірьскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ірьскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Ирландский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ирландский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱟᱭᱨᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱭᱨᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelicu_Irlandesu" title="Gaelicu Irlandesu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Gaelicu Irlandesu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erse_leid" title="Erse leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Erse leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irisk" title="Irisk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Irisk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_irlandeze_gaelike" title="Gjuha irlandeze gaelike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha irlandeze gaelike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Irish language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="آئرش ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آئرش ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dr%C4%8Dina" title="Írčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Írčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irska_gel%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Irska gelščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Irska gelščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandzko_godka" title="Irlandzko godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Irlandzko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="زمانی ئیری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ئیری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ирски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ирски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irski_jezik" title="Irski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Irski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iiri" title="Iiri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Iiri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriska" title="Iriska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Iriska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Irlandes" title="Wikang Irlandes – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Irlandes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="ஐரிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐரிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirlandit" title="Tirlandit – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tirlandit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Ирланд теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ирланд теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" title="ภาษาไอริช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาไอริช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Забони ирландӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони ирландӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rlandaca" title="İrlandaca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İrlandaca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayiri%CC%B1t_(a%CC%B1lyem)" title="Ayiri̱t (a̱lyem) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ayiri̱t (a̱lyem)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Ирланд кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Ирланд кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ірландська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ірландська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آئرستانی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آئرستانی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%B1%DB%90%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ئرېلاندىيە تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئرېلاندىيە تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_irlandeze" title="Łéngua irlandeze – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua irlandeze" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandijan_kel%27" title="Irlandijan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Irlandijan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Ireland" title="Tiếng Ireland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Ireland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lirey%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Lireyänapük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lireyänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iiri_kiil" title="Iiri kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Iiri kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland%C3%A8s_(lingaedje)" title="Irlandès (lingaedje) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Irlandès (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iers" title="Iers – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Iers" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="爱尔兰语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爱尔兰语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A9" title="איריש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איריש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Ireland" title="Èdè Ireland – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Ireland" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E8%93%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" title="愛爾蘭蓋爾文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="愛爾蘭蓋爾文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rlandki" title="İrlandki – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İrlandki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="愛爾蘭語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="愛爾蘭語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hata_Irlandia" title="Hata Irlandia – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Hata Irlandia" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Ireland" title="Jaku Ireland – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Ireland" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Irlandia" title="Basa Irlandia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Basa Irlandia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 February 2025, at 17:29 (UTC).</li> 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