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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Celtic nations</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Celtic_nations" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Celtic+nations" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> The Celtic nations or Celtic countries<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2006365%E2%80%93366-1">[1]</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">cultural area</a> and collection of geographical <a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">regions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern Europe</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a> and cultural traits have survived.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The term <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> is used in its original sense to mean a people who share a common identity and culture and are identified with a traditional territory.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">according to whom?</a>] <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Celtic_Nations-flag_shades.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Map_of_Celtic_Nations-flag_shades.svg/220px-Map_of_Celtic_Nations-flag_shades.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="424" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Map_of_Celtic_Nations-flag_shades.svg/330px-Map_of_Celtic_Nations-flag_shades.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Map_of_Celtic_Nations-flag_shades.svg/440px-Map_of_Celtic_Nations-flag_shades.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="1300"></a><figcaption>The six Celtic nations <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> The six regions widely considered Celtic countries in modern times are <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (Breizh), <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (Kernow), <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%89ire" title="Éire">Éire</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (Mannin, or Ellan Vannin), <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alba" title="Alba">Alba</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cymru" title="Cymru">Cymru</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2006365%E2%80%93366-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> In each of these six regions a Celtic language is spoken to some extent: <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a> or Brythonic languages are spoken in Brittany (<a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>), Cornwall (<a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>), and Wales (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>), whilst <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a> or Gaelic languages are spoken in Scotland (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>), Ireland (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>), and the Isle of Man (<a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2006365-4">[4]</a> Before the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> and the spread of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> tribes, much of Europe was dominated by Celtic-speaking cultures, leaving behind a legacy of Celtic cultural traits.<a href="#cite_note-scotsman-5">[5]</a> Certain regions with evidence of Celtic influence in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberia</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Galicia,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia, Spain">Galicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturias,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Asturias, Spain">Asturias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Portugal">northern Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Province of León">León</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cantabria" title="Cantabria">Cantabria</a> (historically known as <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astures" title="Astures">Astures</a>), are not typically considered Celtic nations.<a href="#cite_note-alberro-6">[6]</a> Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic languages</a>, there's no record of Celtic languages surviving into the modern era in these regions.<a href="#cite_note-alberro-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2006365,_697,_788%E2%80%93791-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Festival_1-8">[8]</a> Similar evidence of a pattern of Celtic influence without the long-term survival of Celtic languages is also found in various regions across Europe, including parts of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>. The concept of the Celtic nations is widely promoted by <a href="/wiki/Pan-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Celtic">pan-Celtic</a> movements, including political and cultural organizations like the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a> or <a href="/wiki/International_Celtic_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="International Celtic Congress">International Celtic Congress</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Six_recognized_nations">1 Six recognized nations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Other_regions">1.1 Other regions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3"><a href="#Historical_and_Archaeological_Influence">1.1.1 Historical and Archaeological Influence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Toponymy_and_Linguistic_Substrates">1.1.2 Toponymy and Linguistic Substrates</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Cultural_Revitalization_of_Celtic_Heritage">1.1.3 Cultural Revitalization of Celtic Heritage</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Celtic_languages">2 Celtic languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Celtic_identity">3 Celtic identity</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Genetic_studies">3.1 Genetic studies</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Terminology">4 Terminology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Endonyms_and_Celtic_exonyms">4.1 Endonyms and Celtic exonyms</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Territories_of_the_ancient_Celts">5 Territories of the ancient Celts</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Iberian_Peninsula">5.1 Iberian Peninsula</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Formerly_Gaulish_regions">5.2 Formerly Gaulish regions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Italian_Peninsula">5.3 Italian Peninsula</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Central_and_Eastern_European_regions">5.4 Central and Eastern European regions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Celtic_diaspora">6 Celtic diaspora</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Bibliography">9 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Further_reading">10 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Six_recognized_nations">Six recognized nations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Six recognized nations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Each of the six nations has its own <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic language</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Brittany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Wales</a> these have been spoken continuously through time, while <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornwall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Isle of Man</a> have languages that were spoken into modern times but later died as spoken community languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch200634,_365%E2%80%93366,_529,_973,_1053-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In the latter two regions, however, <a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">language revitalisation</a> movements have led to the adoption of these languages by adults and produced a number of native speakers.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Ireland, Wales, Brittany and Scotland contain areas where a Celtic language is used on a daily basis; in Ireland these areas are called the <a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a>; in Wales <a href="/wiki/Y_Fro_Gymraeg" title="Y Fro Gymraeg">Y Fro Gymraeg</a>, Breizh-Izel (Lower Brittany) in western Brittany and Breizh-Uhel (Upper Brittany) in eastern Brittany.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Generally these communities are in the west of their countries and in more isolated upland or island areas. Welsh, however, is much more widespread, with much of the north and west speaking it as a first language, or equally alongside English. Public signage is in dual languages throughout Wales and it is now a requirement to possess at least basic Welsh in order to be employed by the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a>. The term <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Gàidhealtachd</a> historically distinguished the Gaelic-speaking areas of Scotland (the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highlands</a> and islands) from the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Lowland</a> <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> (i.e. Anglo-Saxon-speaking) areas. More recently, this term has also been adopted as the Gaelic name of the <a href="/wiki/Highland_(council_area)" title="Highland (council area)">Highland council area</a>, which includes non-Gaelic speaking areas. Hence, more specific terms such as sgìre Ghàidhlig ("Gaelic-speaking area") are now used.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In Wales, the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh language</a> is a core curriculum (compulsory) subject, which all pupils study.<a href="#cite_note-Cymraeg_1-13">[13]</a> Additionally, 20% of schoolchildren in Wales attend <a href="/wiki/Welsh_medium_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh medium education">Welsh medium schools</a>, where they are taught entirely in the Welsh language.<a href="#cite_note-Welsh_medium_1-14">[14]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, all school children study Irish as one of the three core subjects until the end of secondary school, and 7.4% of primary school education is through Irish medium education, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Gaelscoil" title="Gaelscoil">Gaelscoil</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-Welsh_medium_1-14">[14]</a> In the Isle of Man, there is one Manx-medium primary school, and all schoolchildren have the opportunity to learn Manx.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_regions">Other regions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Other regions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_ruines_du_Castro_de_Baro%C3%B1a,_d%C3%A9tail_d%E2%80%99une_fondation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Les_ruines_du_Castro_de_Baro%C3%B1a%2C_d%C3%A9tail_d%E2%80%99une_fondation.jpg/200px-Les_ruines_du_Castro_de_Baro%C3%B1a%2C_d%C3%A9tail_d%E2%80%99une_fondation.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="122" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4837" data-file-height="2947"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 122px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Les_ruines_du_Castro_de_Baro%C3%B1a%2C_d%C3%A9tail_d%E2%80%99une_fondation.jpg/200px-Les_ruines_du_Castro_de_Baro%C3%B1a%2C_d%C3%A9tail_d%E2%80%99une_fondation.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="122" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Les_ruines_du_Castro_de_Baro%C3%B1a%2C_d%C3%A9tail_d%E2%80%99une_fondation.jpg/300px-Les_ruines_du_Castro_de_Baro%C3%B1a%2C_d%C3%A9tail_d%E2%80%99une_fondation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Les_ruines_du_Castro_de_Baro%C3%B1a%2C_d%C3%A9tail_d%E2%80%99une_fondation.jpg/400px-Les_ruines_du_Castro_de_Baro%C3%B1a%2C_d%C3%A9tail_d%E2%80%99une_fondation.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Castro de Baroña, a Celtic hill fort in Galicia, northwest Spain.</figcaption></figure> Parts of the northern Iberian Peninsula, namely <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantabria" title="Cantabria">Cantabria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a> in Spain, and the <a href="/wiki/North_Region,_Portugal" title="North Region, Portugal">North Region, Portugal</a>, also lay claim to a Celtic heritage. These regions are not traditionally included among the six primary "Celtic nations" due to the absence of a living Celtic language; however, archaeological and historical evidence points to a significant Celtic influence, particularly in the ancient region of <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a>, which encompassed modern Galicia and northern Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-alberro-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_and_Archaeological_Influence">Historical and Archaeological Influence</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical and Archaeological Influence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Numerous archaeological findings, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Castros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castros (page does not exist)">castros</a> (hill forts) and artifacts bearing Celtic motifs, support the presence of Celtic-speaking cultures in Gallaecia dating back to at least the Iron Age.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Classical sources, including Strabo and Pomponius Mela, described the Gallaeci and Astures tribes as Celtic, noting similarities in cultural practices and languages with the broader Celtic world.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Toponymy_and_Linguistic_Substrates">Toponymy and Linguistic Substrates</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Toponymy and Linguistic Substrates" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> While no Celtic language has been spoken in northern Iberia since the early Middle Ages, traces of a Celtic linguistic substratum persist in local place names and vocabulary. Toponyms with Celtic roots, such as those ending in "-briga" (meaning "fortress" or "hill"), are common in Galicia and northern Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cultural_Revitalization_of_Celtic_Heritage">Cultural Revitalization of Celtic Heritage</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cultural Revitalization of Celtic Heritage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In recent decades, there has been a revival of interest in Celtic heritage across Galicia, Asturias, and northern Portugal. These regions actively participate in pan-Celtic events such as the <a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a>, where Galicia and Asturias are recognized alongside the six core Celtic nations. The annual <a href="/wiki/Ortigueira%27s_Festival_of_Celtic_World" title="Ortigueira's Festival of Celtic World">Ortigueira's Festival of Celtic World</a> in Galicia, one of Europe's largest celebrations of Celtic music and culture, attracts performers and audiences from across the Celtic world.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Irish was once widely spoken on the island of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>, but largely disappeared by the early 20th century. Vestiges remain in words found in Newfoundland English, such as scrob for "scratch" and sleeveen for "rascal."<a href="#cite_note-heritage_language-19">[19]</a> There are virtually no known fluent speakers of Irish Gaelic in Newfoundland or Labrador today, though memorized passages survive in traditional tales and songs.<a href="#cite_note-heritage_language-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a> dialects of Scottish Gaelic are still spoken by Gaels in parts of Atlantic Canada, primarily on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> and nearby areas of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>. In 2011, there were 1,275 Gaelic speakers in Nova Scotia,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and 300 residents of the province considered a Gaelic language their "mother tongue."<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Patagonian_Welsh" title="Patagonian Welsh">Patagonian Welsh</a> is spoken principally in <a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chubut_Province" title="Chubut Province">Chubut Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>, with sporadic speakers elsewhere in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. Estimates of the number of Welsh speakers range from 1,500<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> to 5,000.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Celtic_languages">Celtic languages</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Celtic languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> The Celtic languages form a branch of the greater <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a>. <a href="/wiki/SIL_Ethnologue" class="mw-redirect" title="SIL Ethnologue">SIL Ethnologue</a> lists six living Celtic languages, of which four have retained a substantial number of native speakers. These are the <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic languages</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, which are both descended from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic languages</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>, which are both descended from <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a>).<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Taken together, there were roughly one million native speakers of Celtic languages as of the 2000s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2010, there were more than 1.4 million speakers of Celtic languages.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Celtic_identity">Celtic identity</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Celtic identity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Celts (modern)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anoriant3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Group of young men and women, wearing white shirts (some with black waistcoats) and black trousers, marching in a parade, in the sunshine. Each is playing a bagpipe. The bag is a claret colour. The entire picture is full of people. Those not taking part in the parade are watching the procession." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Anoriant3.jpg/220px-Anoriant3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="256"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Anoriant3.jpg/220px-Anoriant3.jpg" data-alt="Group of young men and women, wearing white shirts (some with black waistcoats) and black trousers, marching in a parade, in the sunshine. Each is playing a bagpipe. The bag is a claret colour. The entire picture is full of people. Those not taking part in the parade are watching the procession." data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Anoriant3.jpg/330px-Anoriant3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Anoriant3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Pipers at the <a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></figcaption></figure> Formal cooperation between the Celtic nations is active in many contexts, including politics, languages, culture, music and sports: The <a href="/wiki/Celtic_League_(political_organisation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic League (political organisation)">Celtic League</a> is an inter-Celtic political organisation, which campaigns for the political, language, cultural and social rights, affecting one or more of the Celtic nations.<a href="#cite_note-Celtic_League_1-26">[26]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] Established in 1917, the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a> is a non-political organisation that seeks to promote Celtic culture and languages and to maintain intellectual contact and close cooperation between Celtic peoples.<a href="#cite_note-Celtic_Congress_1-27">[27]</a> Festivals celebrating the culture of the Celtic nations include the <a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ortigueira%27s_Festival_of_Celtic_World" title="Ortigueira's Festival of Celtic World">Ortigueira's Festival of Celtic World</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a> (Ireland), CeltFest Cuba (Havana, Cuba), the National Celtic Festival (<a href="/wiki/Portarlington,_Victoria" title="Portarlington, Victoria">Portarlington</a>, Australia), the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a> (showcasing film and television from the Celtic nations), and the <a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a> (Wales).<a href="#cite_note-Festival_1-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dingle_1-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Festival_3-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Media_1-30">[30]</a> Inter-Celtic music festivals include <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a> (Glasgow), and the <a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Celtic_Festival" title="Hebridean Celtic Festival">Hebridean Celtic Festival</a> (Stornoway).<a href="#cite_note-Celtic_connections_1-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hebridean_Celtic_1-32">[32]</a> Due to immigration, a dialect of Scottish Gaelic (<a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a>) is spoken by some on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> in Nova Scotia, while a <a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Welsh-speaking minority exists</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chubut_Province" title="Chubut Province">Chubut Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. Hence, for certain purposes—such as the <a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a>—<a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> in Nova Scotia are considered three of the nine Celtic nations.<a href="#cite_note-Festival_1-8">[8]</a> Competitions are held between the Celtic nations in sports such as <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pro14" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro14">Pro14</a>—formerly known as the Celtic League), athletics (Celtic Cup) and association football (the <a href="/wiki/Nations_Cup_(football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nations Cup (football)">Nations Cup</a>—also known as the Celtic Cup).<a href="#cite_note-Magners_1-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Athletics_1-34">[34]</a> The Republic of Ireland enjoyed a period of rapid economic growth between 1995 and 2007, leading to the use of the phrase <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a> to describe the country.<a href="#cite_note-Celtic_Tiger_1-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Celtic_Tiger_2-36">[36]</a> Aspirations for Scotland to achieve a similar economic performance to that of Ireland led the Scotland <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Alex_Salmond" title="Alex Salmond">Alex Salmond</a> to set out his vision of a Celtic Lion <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">economy for Scotland</a>, in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-Celtic_Tiger_3-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_studies">Genetic studies</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Genetic studies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A Y-DNA study by an Oxford University research team in 2006 claimed that the majority of Britons, including many of the English, are descended from a group of tribes which arrived from Iberia around 5000 BC, before the spread of Celtic culture into western Europe. However, three major later genetic studies have largely invalidated these claims, instead showing that <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">haplogroup R1b</a> in western Europe, most common in traditionally Celtic-speaking areas of <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic Europe</a> like <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, would have largely expanded in massive migrations from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Indo-European homeland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> along with carriers of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> like <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic">proto-Celtic</a>. Unlike previous studies, large sections of <a href="/wiki/Autosomal_DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal DNA">autosomal DNA</a> were analyzed in addition to paternal <a href="/wiki/Y-DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-DNA">Y-DNA</a> markers. They detected an <a href="/wiki/Autosomal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal">autosomal</a> component present in modern Europeans which was not present in Neolithic or Mesolithic Europeans, and which would have been introduced into Europe with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as the Indo-European languages. This genetic component, labelled as "Yamnaya" in the studies, then mixed to varying degrees with earlier <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> hunter-gatherer or <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> farmer populations already existing in western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Furthermore, a 2016 study also found that Bronze Age remains from <a href="/wiki/Rathlin_Island" title="Rathlin Island">Rathlin Island</a> in Ireland dating to over 4,000 years ago were most genetically similar to modern Irish, Scottish and Welsh, and that the core of the genome of insular Celtic populations was established by this time.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In 2015 a genetic study of the United Kingdom showed that there is no unified 'Celtic' genetic identity compared to 'non-Celtic' areas. The 'Celtic' areas of the United Kingdom (Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales and Cornwall) show the most genetic differences among each other.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The data shows that Scottish and Cornish populations share greater genetic similarity with the English than they do with other 'Celtic' populations, with the Cornish in particular being genetically much closer to other English groups than they are to the Welsh or the Scots.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Terminology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts" title="Names of the Celts">Names of the Celts</a></div> The term Celtic nations derives from the <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> studies of the 16th century scholar <a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">George Buchanan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lhuyd" title="Edward Lhuyd">Edward Lhuyd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Amgueddfa_1-44">[44]</a> As Assistant Keeper and then <a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">Keeper</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum">Ashmolean Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> (1691–1709), Lhuyd travelled extensively in Great Britain, Ireland and Brittany in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Noting the similarity between the languages of Brittany, Cornwall and Wales, which he called "<a href="/wiki/P-Celtic_and_Q-Celtic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="P-Celtic and Q-Celtic languages">P-Celtic</a>" or <a href="/wiki/Brythonic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Brythonic languages">Brythonic</a>, the languages of Ireland, the Isle of Man and Scotland, which he called "<a href="/wiki/P-Celtic_and_Q-Celtic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="P-Celtic and Q-Celtic languages">Q-Celtic</a>" or <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a>, and between the two groups, Lhuyd published <a href="/wiki/Arch%C3%A6ologia_Britannica" title="Archæologia Britannica">Archaeologia Britannica: an Account of the Languages, Histories and Customs of Great Britain, from Travels through Wales, Cornwall, Bas-Bretagne, Ireland and Scotland</a> in 1707. His Archaeologia Britannica concluded that all six <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">languages</a> derived from the same root. Lhuyd theorised that the root language descended from the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">languages</a> spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> tribes of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, whom Greek and Roman writers called <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Archaeologia_1-45">[45]</a> Having defined the languages of those areas as Celtic, the people living in them and speaking those languages became known as Celtic too. There is some dispute as to whether Lhuyd's theory is correct. Nevertheless, the term Celtic to describe the languages and peoples of Brittany, Cornwall and Wales, Ireland, the Isle of Man and Scotland was accepted from the 18th century and is widely used today.<a href="#cite_note-Amgueddfa_1-44">[44]</a> These areas of Europe are sometimes referred to as the "Celt belt" or "Celtic fringe" because of their location generally on the western edges of the continent, and of the states they inhabit (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> is in the northwest of France, Cornwall is in the south west of Great Britain, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> in western Great Britain and the <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Gaelic</a>-speaking parts of Ireland and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> are in the west of those countries).<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Additionally, this region is known as the "Celtic Crescent" because of the near <a href="/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">crescent</a> shaped position of the nations in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endonyms_and_Celtic_exonyms">Endonyms and Celtic exonyms</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Endonyms and Celtic exonyms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Celtic names for each nation in each language illustrate some of the similarity between the languages. Despite differences in orthography, there are many sound and lexical correspondences between the <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">endonyms and exonyms</a> used to refer to the Celtic nations. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Breton (Brezhoneg) </th> <th>Welsh (Cymraeg) </th> <th>Cornish<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> (Kernowek) </th> <th>Irish<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> (Gaeilge) </th> <th>Scottish Gaelic<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> (Gàidhlig) </th> <th>Manx (Gaelg) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Brittany </td> <td>Breizh <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">[bʁɛjs, bʁɛχ]</a> </td> <td>Llydaw <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ˈɬədau]</a> </td> <td>Breten Vian </td> <td>an Bhriotáin <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ənˠ ˈvʲɾʲit̪ˠaːnʲ]</a> </td> <td>a' Bhreatainn Bheag <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ə ˈvɾʲɛht̪əɲ ˈvek]</a> </td> <td>yn Vritaan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cornwall </td> <td>Kernev-Veur <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">[ˈkɛʁnev ˈvøːr]</a> </td> <td>Cernyw <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ˈkɛrnɨu]</a> </td> <td>Kernow </td> <td>Corn na Breataine <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈkoːɾˠn̪ˠ n̪ˠə ˈbʲɾʲat̪ˠənʲə]</a> </td> <td>a' Chòrn <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ə ˈxoːrˠn̪ˠ]</a> </td> <td>yn Chorn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ireland </td> <td>Iwerzhon <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">[iˈwɛʁzɔ̃n]</a> </td> <td>Iwerddon <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[iˈwɛrðɔn]</a> </td> <td>Wordhen Iwerdhon </td> <td>Éire <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈeːɾʲə]</a> </td> <td>Èirinn <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈeːɾʲɪɲ]</a> </td> <td>Nerin </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mann Isle of Man </td> <td>Manav <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">[mɑ̃ˈnaw]</a> Enez-Vanav <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">[ˈẽːnes vɑ̃ˈnaw]</a> </td> <td>Manaw <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ˈmanau]</a> Ynys Manaw <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ˈənɨs ˈmanau]</a> </td> <td>Manow Enys Vanow </td> <td>Manainn <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈmˠanˠən̠ʲ]</a> Oileán Mhanann <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈɛlʲaːn̪ˠ ˈwanˠən̪ˠ]</a> </td> <td>Manainn <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈmanɪɲ]</a> Eilean Mhanainn <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈelan ˈvanɪɲ]</a> </td> <td>Mannin <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Manx" title="Help:IPA/Manx">[ˈmanʲɪn]</a> Ellan Vannin <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Manx" title="Help:IPA/Manx">[ˈɛlʲan ˈvanɪnʲ]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Scotland </td> <td>Bro-Skos <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">[bʁo ˈskos]</a> Skos <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">[skos]</a> </td> <td>yr Alban <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ər ˈalban]</a> </td> <td>Alban </td> <td>Albain <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈalˠəbˠənʲ]</a> </td> <td>Alba <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈal̪ˠapə]</a> </td> <td>Nalbin <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Manx" title="Help:IPA/Manx">[ˈnalbənʲ]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wales </td> <td>Kembre <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">[ˈkɛ̃mbʁe]</a> </td> <td>Cymru <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ˈkəmrɨ]</a> </td> <td>Kembra </td> <td>an Bhreatain Bheag <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ənˠ ˈvʲɾʲat̪ˠənʲ ˈvʲaɡ]</a> </td> <td>a' Chuimrigh <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ə ˈxɯmɯɾɪ]</a> </td> <td>Bretin </td></tr> <tr> <td>Celtic nations </td> <td>broioù keltiek <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">[ˈbʁoju ˈkɛltjɛk]</a> </td> <td>gwledydd Celtaidd <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ɡʊˈlɛið ˈkɛltaið]</a> </td> <td>broyow keltek </td> <td>náisiúin Cheilteacha <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈn̪ˠaːʃuːnʲ ˈçɛlʲtʲəxə]</a> </td> <td>nàiseanan Ceilteach <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈn̪ˠaːʃanən ˈkʲʰeltʲəx]</a> </td> <td>ashoonyn Celtiagh </td></tr> <tr> <td>Celtic languages </td> <td>yezhoù keltiek <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">[ˈjeːsu ˈkɛltjɛk]</a> </td> <td>ieithoedd Celtaidd <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ˈjɛiθɔɨð ˈkɛltaið]</a> </td> <td>yethow keltek </td> <td>teangacha Ceilteacha <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈtʲaŋɡəxə ˈcɛlʲtʲəxə]</a> </td> <td>cànanain Cheilteach <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈkʰaːnanɪɲ ˈçeltʲəx]</a> </td> <td>çhengaghyn Celtiagh </td></tr> <tr> <td>Great Britain </td> <td>Breizh-Veur <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">[ˈbʁɛjs ˈvøːʁ]</a> </td> <td>Prydain Fawr <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ˈpr̥ədaɨn ˈvaur]</a> </td> <td>Breten Veur </td> <td>an Bhreatain Mhór <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ənˠ ˈvʲɾʲat̪ˠənʲ ˈwoːɾˠ]</a> </td> <td>Breatainn Mhòr <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ə ˈvɾʲɛht̪əɲ ˈvoːɾ]</a> </td> <td>Bretin Vooar </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Territories_of_the_ancient_Celts">Territories of the ancient Celts</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Territories of the ancient Celts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celts_in_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Celts_in_Europe.png/300px-Celts_in_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="209" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="314"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 209px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Celts_in_Europe.png/300px-Celts_in_Europe.png" data-width="300" data-height="209" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Celts_in_Europe.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Diachronic distribution of Celtic peoples: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> core <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a> territory, by the 6th century BC</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> maximal Celtic expansion, by 275 BC</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanian</a> area of Iberia where Celtic presence is uncertain</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> the six Celtic nations which retained significant numbers of Celtic speakers into the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> areas where <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a> remain widely spoken today</div> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iberian_Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Iberian Peninsula" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG/200px-Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="630"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 186px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG/200px-Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG" data-width="200" data-height="186" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG/300px-Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG/400px-Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Iberian Peninsula at about 200 BC.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtici" title="Celtici">Celtici</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astures" title="Astures">Astures</a></div> Modern-day <a href="/wiki/Galician_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician people">Galicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Asturian people">Asturians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_people" title="Cantabrian people">Cantabrians</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> claim a Celtic heritage or identity.<a href="#cite_note-alberro-6">[6]</a> Despite the extinction of Iberian Celtic languages in Roman times, Celtic heritage is attested in toponymics and language substratum, ancient texts, folklore and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Galicia,_Cantabria_and_Asturias" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Galicia, Cantabria and Asturias">music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-alberro-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formerly_Gaulish_regions">Formerly Gaulish regions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Formerly Gaulish regions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png/200px-Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="203" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="799"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 203px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png/200px-Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png" data-width="200" data-height="203" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png/300px-Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png/400px-Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Repartition of Gaul <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 54 BC</div></figcaption></figure> Most French people identify with the ancient <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> and are well aware that they were a people that spoke Celtic languages and lived Celtic ways of life.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walloons" title="Walloons">Walloons</a> occasionally characterise themselves as "Celts", mainly in opposition to the "Teutonic" <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> and "Latin" French identities.<a href="#cite_note-Belgium-55">[55]</a> Others think they are Belgian, that is to say Germano-Celtic people different from the Gaulish-Celtic French.<a href="#cite_note-Belgium-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Italian Peninsula" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Este_culture" title="Este culture">Este culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a></div> The Canegrate culture (13th century BC) may represent the first migratory wave of the proto-Celtic<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> population from the northwest part of the Alps that, through the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_passes" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine passes">Alpine passes</a>, had already penetrated and settled in the western <a href="/wiki/Po_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Po River">Po</a> valley between <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maggiore" title="Lake Maggiore">Lake Maggiore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Como" title="Lake Como">Lake Como</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scamozzina_culture" title="Scamozzina culture">Scamozzina culture</a>). It has also been proposed that a more ancient proto-Celtic presence can be traced back to the beginning of the Middle <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> (16th–15th century BC), when North Westwern Italy appears closely linked regarding the production of bronze artifacts, including ornaments, to the western groups of the <a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus culture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, 1600–1200 BC).<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> La Tène cultural material appeared over a large area of mainland Italy,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> the southernmost example being the Celtic helmet from <a href="/wiki/Canosa_di_Puglia" title="Canosa di Puglia">Canosa di Puglia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Italy is home to <a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a>, the oldest attested Celtic language (from the 6th century BC).<a href="#cite_note-Schumacher-60">[60]</a> Anciently spoken in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and in Northern-Central <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> to <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Recueil_des_Inscriptions_Gauloises" class="mw-redirect" title="Recueil des Inscriptions Gauloises">Recueil des Inscriptions Gauloises</a>, more than 760 Gaulish inscriptions have been found throughout present-day <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>—with the notable exception of <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a>—and in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The French- and <a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Provençal language">Arpitan</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> also presents a claim of Celtic heritage.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">Northern League</a> <a href="/wiki/Autonomism_(political_doctrine)" title="Autonomism (political doctrine)">autonomist</a> party often exalts what it claims are the Celtic roots of all <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Padania" title="Padania">Padania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_and_Eastern_European_regions">Central and Eastern European regions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Central and Eastern European regions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Celtic tribes inhabited land in what is now southern Germany and Austria.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Many scholars have associated the earliest Celtic peoples with the <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scordisci" title="Scordisci">Scordisci</a>,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vindelicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vindelicia">Vindelici</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> are some of the tribes that inhabited Central Europe, including what is now Slovakia, Serbia, Croatia, Poland and the Czech Republic as well as Germany and Austria. The Boii gave their name to <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The Boii founded a city on the site of modern Prague, and some of its ruins are now a tourist attraction.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> There are claims among modern Czechs that the Czech people are as much descendants of the Boii as they are from the later Slavic invaders (as well as the historical Germanic peoples of Czech lands). This claim may not only be political: according to a 2000 study by Semino, 35.6% of Czech males have <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)">y-chromosome haplogroup R1b</a>,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> which is common among Celts but rare among Slavs. Celts also founded <a href="/wiki/Singidunum" title="Singidunum">Singidunum</a> near present-day <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, though the Celtic presence in modern-day Serbian regions is limited to the far north (mainly including the historically at least partially Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>). The modern-day capital of Turkey, <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, was once the center of the Celtic culture in Central Anatolia, giving the name to the region—<a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a>—named for a region in modern Switzerland—succeeded the Halstatt era in much of central Europe.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Celtic_diaspora">Celtic diaspora</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Celtic diaspora" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)#Migration_from_Celtic_countries" title="Celts (modern)">Celts (modern) § Migration from Celtic countries</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people#Scottish_ancestry_abroad" title="Scottish people">Scottish people § Scottish ancestry abroad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people#Welsh_emigration" title="Welsh people">Welsh people § Welsh emigration</a></div> In the years between 1815, when vast industrial changes began to disrupt the old life-styles in Europe, and Canadian Confederation in 1867, when immigration of that era passed its peak, more than 150,000 immigrants from Ireland flooded into <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John</a>. Those who came in the earlier period were largely tradesmen, and many stayed in Saint John, becoming the backbone of its builders. But when the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a> raged between 1845 and 1852, huge waves of Famine refugees flooded these shores. It is estimated that between 1845 and 1847, some 30,000 arrived, more people than were living in the city at the time. In 1847, dubbed "Black 47," one of the worst years of the Famine, some 16,000 immigrants, most of them from Ireland, arrived at <a href="/wiki/Partridge_Island,_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Partridge Island, New Brunswick">Partridge Island</a>, the immigration and quarantine station at the mouth of Saint John Harbour. However, thousands of Irish were living in New Brunswick prior to these events, mainly in Saint John.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Partridge_Island_New_Brunswick_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Partridge_Island_New_Brunswick_Canada.jpg/200px-Partridge_Island_New_Brunswick_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Partridge_Island_New_Brunswick_Canada.jpg/200px-Partridge_Island_New_Brunswick_Canada.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Partridge_Island_New_Brunswick_Canada.jpg/300px-Partridge_Island_New_Brunswick_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Partridge_Island_New_Brunswick_Canada.jpg/400px-Partridge_Island_New_Brunswick_Canada.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Celtic Cross of <a href="/wiki/Partridge_Island_(Saint_John_County)" title="Partridge Island (Saint John County)">Partridge Island</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure> After the partitioning of the British colony of Nova Scotia in 1784 New Brunswick was originally named New Ireland with the capital to be in <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In New Zealand, the southern regions of <a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southland,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Southland, New Zealand">Southland</a> were settled by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a>. Many of the place names in these two regions (such as the main cities of <a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Invercargill" title="Invercargill">Invercargill</a> and the major river, the <a href="/wiki/Clutha_River" title="Clutha River">Clutha</a>) have Scottish Gaelic names,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> and Celtic culture is still prominent in this area.<a href="#cite_note-ODT_34076-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_fusion" title="Celtic fusion">Celtic fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_nationalism" title="Galician nationalism">Galician nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse-Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse-Gaelic">Norse-Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance-speaking Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">Scottish national identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic Europe">Slavic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2006365–366-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2006365%E2%80%93366_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2006365%E2%80%93366_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoch2006">Koch 2006</a>, pp. 365–366. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.celticleague.net/">"The Celtic League - Home"</a>. Retrieved 10 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+League+-+Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.celticleague.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.celticleague.net/constitution/">"Constitution of the League"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">The Celtic League</a>. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100416000214/http://www.celticleague.net:80/constitution/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Celtic+League&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+League&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.celticleague.net%2Fconstitution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2006365-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2006365_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoch2006">Koch 2006</a>, p. 365. </li> <li id="cite_note-scotsman-5"><a href="#cite_ref-scotsman_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2006" class="citation news cs1">Johnston, Ian (21 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/we-re-nearly-all-celts-under-the-skin-1-1141420">"We're nearly all Celts under the skin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Scotsman" title="The Scotsman">The Scotsman</a>. Retrieved 24 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=We%27re+nearly+all+Celts+under+the+skin&rft.date=2006-09-21&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Flifestyle%2Fwe-re-nearly-all-celts-under-the-skin-1-1141420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-alberro-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alberro_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alberro_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alberro_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alberro_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alberro_6-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberro2005" class="citation journal cs1">Alberro, Manuel (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601144123/http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_20/alberro_6_20.html">"Celtic Legacy in Galicia"</a>. E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies. 6: 1005–1035. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_20/alberro_6_20.html">the original</a> on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=E-Keltoi%3A+Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+Celtic+Studies&rft.atitle=Celtic+Legacy+in+Galicia&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1005-%3C%2Fspan%3E1035&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Alberro&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww4.uwm.edu%2Fceltic%2Fekeltoi%2Fvolumes%2Fvol6%2F6_20%2Falberro_6_20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2006365,_697,_788–791-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2006365,_697,_788%E2%80%93791_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoch2006">Koch 2006</a>, pp. 365, 697, 788–791. </li> <li id="cite_note-Festival_1-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Festival_1_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Festival_1_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Festival_1_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100305062016/http://www.festival-interceltique.com/le-monde-des-celtes-et-de-la-celtie.php">"Site Officiel du Festival Interceltique de Lorient"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a>. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.festival-interceltique.com/le-monde-des-celtes-et-de-la-celtie.php">the original</a> on 5 March 2010. 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Iomtoday.co.im. 20 March 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iomtoday.co.im/manx-language/Fockle-ny-ghaa-schoolchildren-take.3901786.jp">the original</a> on 4 July 2009. 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Retrieved 20 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+School+Gate+%E2%80%93+About+School+%E2%80%93+The+Curriculum+at+Primary+School&rft.date=2010-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fwales%2Fschoolgate%2Faboutschool%2Fcontent%2Fcurriculumprimary.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Welsh_medium_1-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Welsh_medium_1_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welsh_medium_1_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7885493.stm">"Local UK languages 'taking off'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. BBC. 12 February 2009. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_20/alberro_6_20.html">the original</a> on 1 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=E-Keltoi%3A+Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+Celtic+Studies&rft.atitle=Celtic+Legacy+in+Galicia&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1005-%3C%2Fspan%3E1035&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Alberro&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww4.uwm.edu%2Fceltic%2Fekeltoi%2Fvolumes%2Fvol6%2F6_20%2Falberro_6_20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2001" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Philip (2001). Ireland and the Classical World. 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This turnover invites the possibility of accompanying introduction of Indo-European, perhaps early Celtic, language. Irish Bronze Age haplotypic similarity is strongest within modern Irish, Scottish, and Welsh populations, and several important genetic variants that today show maximal or very high frequencies in Ireland appear at this horizon. These include those coding for lactase persistence, blue eye color, Y chromosome R1b haplotypes, and the hemochromatosis C282Y allele; to our knowledge, the first detection of a known Mendelian disease variant in prehistory. These findings together suggest the establishment of central attributes of the Irish genome 4,000 y ago." </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2015-03-19-who-do-you-think-you-really-are-genetic-map-british-isles">"Who do you think you really are? A genetic map of the British Isles"</a>, University of Oxford, published 18 March 2015, accessed 20 June 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-31905764">DNA study shows Celts are not a unique genetic group</a>, bbc.co.uk. Pallab Ghosh, published 18 March 2015, accessed 21 June 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-Amgueddfa_1-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amgueddfa_1_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amgueddfa_1_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/articles/2007-05-04/Who-were-the-Celts/">"Who were the Celts? ... Rhagor"</a>. Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales website. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_Cardiff" title="National Museum Cardiff">Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales</a>. 4 May 2007. Retrieved 10 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amgueddfa+Cymru+%E2%80%93+National+Museum+Wales+website&rft.atitle=Who+were+the+Celts%3F+...+Rhagor&rft.date=2007-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumwales.ac.uk%2Farticles%2F2007-05-04%2FWho-were-the-Celts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archaeologia_1-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Archaeologia_1_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLhuyd1707" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lhuyd" title="Edward Lhuyd">Lhuyd, Edward</a> (1707). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KmsuAAAAQAAJ&q=Edward+Lhuyd">Archaeologia Britannica: an Account of the Languages, Histories and Customs of Great Britain, from Travels through Wales, Cornwall, Bas-Bretagne, Ireland and Scotland</a>. Oxford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeologia+Britannica%3A+an+Account+of+the+Languages%2C+Histories+and+Customs+of+Great+Britain%2C+from+Travels+through+Wales%2C+Cornwall%2C+Bas-Bretagne%2C+Ireland+and+Scotland&rft.place=Oxford&rft.date=1707&rft.aulast=Lhuyd&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKmsuAAAAQAAJ%26q%3DEdward%2BLhuyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Nathalie Koble, Jeunesse et genèse du royaume arthurien, Paradigme, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-86878-270-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-86878-270-1">2-86878-270-1</a>, p. 145 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> The term Celtic Fringe gained currency in late-Victorian years (Thomas Heyck, A History of the Peoples of the British Isles: From 1870 to Present, Routledge, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-30233-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-30233-1">0-415-30233-1</a>, p. 43) and is now widely attested, e.g. Michael Hechter, Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development, Transaction Publishers, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7658-0475-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7658-0475-1">0-7658-0475-1</a>; Nicholas Hooper and Matthew Bennett, England and the Celtic Fringe: Colonial Warfare in The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-44049-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-44049-1">0-521-44049-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Ian Hazlett, The Reformation in Britain and Ireland, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-08280-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-08280-6">0-567-08280-6</a>, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151105003722/http://www.magakernow.org.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=205a3451-0e49-4216-a825-d4a4ceba9ba2&version=-1">"An English-Cornish Glossary in the Standard Written Form"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magakernow.org.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=205a3451-0e49-4216-a825-d4a4ceba9ba2&version=-1">the original</a> on 5 November 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+English-Cornish+Glossary+in+the+Standard+Written+Form&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.magakernow.org.uk%2Fidoc.ashx%3Fdocid%3D205a3451-0e49-4216-a825-d4a4ceba9ba2%26version%3D-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abair.tcd.ie/?page=transcription&lang=eng">"Phonetics and Speech Laboratory - Trinity College"</a>. Abair.ie. Retrieved 21 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Abair.ie&rft.atitle=Phonetics+and+Speech+Laboratory+-+Trinity+College&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abair.tcd.ie%2F%3Fpage%3Dtranscription%26lang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learngaelic.scot/dictionary/index.jsp">"LearnGaelic Dictionary"</a>. Learn Gaelic. Retrieved 21 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Learn+Gaelic&rft.atitle=LearnGaelic+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearngaelic.scot%2Fdictionary%2Findex.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110226102727/http://www.arkeotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm">"Ethnographic Map of Pre-Roman Iberia (circa 200 b"</a>. Arkeotavira.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arkeotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm">the original</a> on 26 February 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnographic+Map+of+Pre-Roman+Iberia+%28circa+200+b&rft.pub=Arkeotavira.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farkeotavira.com%2FMapas%2FIberia%2FPopuli.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelhuish1998" class="citation book cs1">Melhuish, Martin (1998). Celtic Tides: Traditional Music in a New Age. Ontario, Canada: Quarry Press Inc. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55082-205-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55082-205-2"><bdi>978-1-55082-205-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Tides%3A+Traditional+Music+in+a+New+Age&rft.place=Ontario%2C+Canada&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Quarry+Press+Inc.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-55082-205-2&rft.aulast=Melhuish&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720000644/http://cdis.missouri.edu/exec/data/courses/2313/public/lesson01/lesson01.aspx">"What Is France? Who Are the French?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdis.missouri.edu/exec/data/courses/2313/public/lesson01/lesson01.aspx">the original</a> on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+France%3F+Who+Are+the+French%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdis.missouri.edu%2Fexec%2Fdata%2Fcourses%2F2313%2Fpublic%2Flesson01%2Flesson01.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belgium-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Belgium_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Belgium_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faqs.org/minorities/Western-Europe-and-Scandinavia/Belgium-Flemings-Walloons-and-Germans.html">"Belgium: Flemings, Walloons and Germans"</a>. Retrieved 15 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belgium%3A+Flemings%2C+Walloons+and+Germans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faqs.org%2Fminorities%2FWestern-Europe-and-Scandinavia%2FBelgium-Flemings-Walloons-and-Germans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Venceslas Kruta: La grande storia dei celti. La nascita, l'affermazione e la decadenza, Newton & Compton, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8289-851-2" title="Special:BookSources/88-8289-851-2">88-8289-851-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8289-851-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8289-851-9">978-88-8289-851-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> "The Golasecca civilization is therefore the expression of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> of Italy and included several groups that had the name of Insubres, Laevi, Lepontii, Oromobii (o Orumbovii)". (Raffaele C. De Marinis) </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVitali1996" class="citation journal cs1">Vitali, Daniele (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/mefr_0223-5102_1996_num_108_2_1954">"Manufatti in ferro di tipo La Tène in area italiana : le potenzialità non-sfruttate"</a>. Mélanges de l'École Française de Rome. 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Retrieved 24 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture+%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=2128&rft.pub=ABL-CIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-440-0&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df899xH_quaMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill2006" class="citation journal cs1">O'Neill, Tom (March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218135232/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2006/03/celtic-realm/oneill-text">"The Celtic Realm"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2006/03/celtic-realm/oneill-text">the original</a> on 18 December 2008. Retrieved 30 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=The+Celtic+Realm&rft.date=2006-03&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2006%2F03%2Fceltic-realm%2Foneill-text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Celtic nations at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Celt" class="extiw" title="wikt:Celt">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Celtic_nations_or_regions" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Celtic nations or regions">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q236626" class="extiw" title="d:Q236626">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&oldid=1276525080">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&oldid=1276525080</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 19 February 2025, at 10:21 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacions_celtas" title="Nacions celtas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nacions celtas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naciones_celtes" title="Naciones celtes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Naciones celtes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Кельцкія нацыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кельцкія нацыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejtische_Nationa" title="Kejtische Nationa – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kejtische Nationa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broio%C3%B9_keltiek" title="Broioù keltiek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Broioù keltiek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacions_celtes" title="Nacions celtes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nacions celtes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltsk%C3%A9_n%C3%A1rody" title="Keltské národy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Keltské národy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltiske_nationer" title="Keltiske nationer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Keltiske nationer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltische_Nationen" title="Keltische Nationen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Keltische Nationen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naciones_celtas" title="Naciones celtas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Naciones celtas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltaj_nacioj" title="Keltaj nacioj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Keltaj nacioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazio_zeltak" title="Nazio zeltak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nazio zeltak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ملت‌های سلتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ملت‌های سلتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltiskar_tj%C3%B3%C3%B0ir" title="Keltiskar tjóðir – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Keltiskar tjóðir" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays_celtiques" title="Pays celtiques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pays celtiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_N%C3%A1isi%C3%BAin_Cheilteacha" title="Na Náisiúin Cheilteacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Na Náisiúin Cheilteacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoonyn_Celtiagh" title="Ashoonyn Celtiagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ashoonyn Celtiagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B9thchannan_Ceilteach" title="Dùthchannan Ceilteach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Dùthchannan Ceilteach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naci%C3%B3ns_celtas" title="Nacións celtas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nacións celtas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%88%ED%8A%B8_%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80" title="켈트 국가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="켈트 국가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կելտական շրջաններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կելտական շրջաններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltske_nacije" title="Keltske nacije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Keltske nacije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltneskar_%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0ir" title="Keltneskar þjóðir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Keltneskar þjóðir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazioni_celtiche" title="Nazioni celtiche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nazioni celtiche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="האומות הקלטיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האומות הקלטיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenedhlow_keltek" title="Kenedhlow keltek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kenedhlow keltek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationes_Celticae" title="Nationes Celticae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nationes Celticae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelt%C5%B3_%C5%A1alys" title="Keltų šalys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Keltų šalys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazion_celtege" title="Nazion celtege – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nazion celtege" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltische_naties" title="Keltische naties – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Keltische naties" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="केल्टिक राष्ट्र – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="केल्टिक राष्ट्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E8%AB%B8%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8F" title="ケルト諸語圏 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケルト諸語圏" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C3%A7%C3%B5es_celtas" title="Nações celtas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nações celtas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C8%9Biunile_celte" title="Națiunile celte – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Națiunile celte" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Кельтские регионы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кельтские регионы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natziones_Celticas" title="Natziones Celticas – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Natziones Celticas" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltske_nacije" title="Keltske nacije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Keltske nacije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelttil%C3%A4iset_maat" title="Kelttiläiset maat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kelttiläiset maat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_keltiska_nationerna" title="De keltiska nationerna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="De keltiska nationerna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayang_Seltiko" title="Bayang Seltiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bayang Seltiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelt_halklar%C4%B1" title="Kelt halkları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kelt halkları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="Кельтські нації – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кельтські нації" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1c_qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_Celt" title="Các quốc gia Celt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Các quốc gia Celt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%93%8B%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="蓋爾特地區 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蓋爾特地區" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%B1%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="凱爾特地區 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="凱爾特地區" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b9576b97f-2ckd9","wgBackendResponseTime":301,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.504","walltime":"1.807","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9440,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":342140,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8003,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":25,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":278123,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1500.814 1 -total"," 38.46% 577.190 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.44% 276.675 35 Template:Cite_web"," 14.33% 215.067 22 Template:Navbox"," 9.83% 147.466 19 Template:Lang"," 9.04% 135.710 1 Template:Celtic_nationalism"," 6.84% 102.717 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.19% 92.965 8 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.24% 78.594 5 Template:Sfn"," 5.17% 77.665 14 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