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searchaux" style="display:none">US Army general (1887–1961)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Gladeon M. Barnes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Major_General_Gladeon_M._Barnes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Major_General_Gladeon_M._Barnes.JPG/220px-Major_General_Gladeon_M._Barnes.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Major_General_Gladeon_M._Barnes.JPG/330px-Major_General_Gladeon_M._Barnes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Major_General_Gladeon_M._Barnes.JPG/440px-Major_General_Gladeon_M._Barnes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="978" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Birth name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Gladeon Marcus Barnes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1887-06-15</span>)</span>15 June 1887<br /><a href="/wiki/Vermontville,_Michigan" title="Vermontville, Michigan">Vermontville, Michigan</a>, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">15 November 1961<span style="display:none">(1961-11-15)</span> (aged 74)<br /><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>, Arlington County, Virginia, United States</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png/25px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png/38px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png/50px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png 2x" data-file-width="2383" data-file-height="2358" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1910–1946</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O8_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/25px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/38px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/50px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="583" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major general</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Distinguished Service Medal">Army Distinguished Service Medal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal" title="Elliott Cresson Medal">Elliott Cresson Medal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gladeon Marcus Barnes</b> (15 June 1887 – 15 November 1961) was a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">major general</a> who, as Chief of Research and Engineering in the <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance Department">Ordnance Department</a>, was responsible for the development of 1,600 different weapons. He is best known for his involvement in the development of the <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4 Sherman</a> <a href="/wiki/M26_Pershing" title="M26 Pershing">and the M26 Pershing</a> tanks, as well as the <a href="/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC">ENIAC</a> computer. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gladeon_M._Barnes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Barnes was born in <a href="/wiki/Vermontville,_Michigan" title="Vermontville, Michigan">Vermontville, Michigan</a> on 15 June 1887.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAncellMiller199614_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAncellMiller199614-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended <a href="/wiki/Hastings_High_School_(Michigan)" title="Hastings High School (Michigan)">Hastings High School</a>, from which he graduated in 1906. He entered the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, graduating with a Bachelor of Civil Engineering degree in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAncellMiller199614_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAncellMiller199614-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The University of Michigan later awarded him an honorary Master of Civil Engineering degree in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillcox1942207_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillcox1942207-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gladeon_M._Barnes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Baillieu_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sir_Baillieu_1941.jpg/290px-Sir_Baillieu_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sir_Baillieu_1941.jpg/435px-Sir_Baillieu_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Sir_Baillieu_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Inspecting the M3 Lee tank being manufactured at the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Arsenal_(Warren,_Michigan)" title="Detroit Arsenal (Warren, Michigan)">Detroit Arsenal</a>, May 1941. From left, <a href="/wiki/Clive_Baillieu,_1st_Baron_Baillieu" title="Clive Baillieu, 1st Baron Baillieu">Clive Baillieu</a> of the British Purchasing Commission; A. R. Glancy of the Office of Production Management; Brigadier General B. O. Lewis; Brigadier General Gladeon M. Barnes; and Rear Admiral H. A. Sheridan of the British Royal Navy.</figcaption></figure> <p>Commissioned in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Coast_Artillery_Corps" title="United States Army Coast Artillery Corps">Coast Artillery Corps</a> in 1910, Barnes transferred to the Ordnance Department in 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAncellMiller199614_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAncellMiller199614-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">captain</a> in September 1916. During World War I, he was responsible for the design of <a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">coastal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Railway_gun" title="Railway gun">railway artillery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the wars, he served in Germany and Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended the <a href="/wiki/Army_Industrial_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Industrial College">Army Industrial College</a>, from which he graduated in 1936, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_War_College" title="United States Army War College">Army War College</a>, from which he graduated in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAncellMiller199614_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAncellMiller199614-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then became the Chief of the Research and Engineering Office of the Ordnance Department.<sup id="cite_ref-Eagles_Over_Ireland_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eagles_Over_Ireland-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having witnessed the power of German tanks in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, he designed the <a href="/wiki/37_mm_Gun_M3" class="mw-redirect" title="37 mm Gun M3">37 mm Gun M3</a>, a light but powerful anti-tank gun.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barnes was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a> in October 1940, and <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">major general</a> in March 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAncellMiller199614_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAncellMiller199614-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, he was responsible for the research, development and standardization of 1,600 different weapons. Around $50 billion was spent on them.<sup id="cite_ref-Honored_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honored-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barnes sought to develop medium and heavy tanks, but was stymied by the technical capability of American industry at the time, particularly its inability to develop a sufficiently powerful engine.<sup id="cite_ref-WWII_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWII-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He pressed, without success, for diesel engines,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenThomsonRoots1955278_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenThomsonRoots1955278-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/M6_heavy_tank" title="M6 heavy tank">M6 heavy tank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenThomsonRoots1955236_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenThomsonRoots1955236-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/M3_Lee" title="M3 Lee">M3 Lee</a> tank had a 37 mm gun in the turret, and a <a href="/wiki/75_mm_Gun_M2/M3/M6" class="mw-redirect" title="75 mm Gun M2/M3/M6">75 mm gun</a> mounted in a <a href="/wiki/Sponson" title="Sponson">sponson</a>, an awkward compromise, made worse when the barrel was shortened. On its own initiative, Barnes commenced the design of a successor. The problems of casting a large turret and working with armor plate were overcome, and the result was the <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4 Sherman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WWII_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWII-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1942, he went to London as part of an American Technical Mission,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenThomsonRoots1955269–270_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenThomsonRoots1955269–270-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from 14 December 1942 to 28 January 1943, he accompanied <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_L._Devers" title="Jacob L. Devers">Jacob L. Devers</a>, the Chief of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Armor_Center_and_School" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Armor Center and School">Armored Force</a>, on an inspection tour of the battlefields in North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams201589–93_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams201589–93-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barnes enthusiastically endorsed the <a href="/wiki/Bazooka" title="Bazooka">M1 Rocket Launcher</a> after seeing a makeshift prototype in a demonstration at the <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Proving_Ground" title="Aberdeen Proving Ground">Aberdeen Proving Ground</a> in May 1942. After firing the new weapon himself, Barnes commented: "It sure looks like Bob Burns' bazooka". <a href="/wiki/Bob_Burns_(humorist)" title="Bob Burns (humorist)">Bob Burns</a> was a popular radio comedian, who used a novelty musical instrument which he had devised himself and called a "<a href="/wiki/Bazooka_(instrument)" title="Bazooka (instrument)">bazooka</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name stuck and is still in use as a <a href="/wiki/Generic_trademark" title="Generic trademark">generic term</a> referring to any ground-to-ground <a href="/wiki/Shoulder-fired_missile" title="Shoulder-fired missile">shoulder-fired missile</a> weapon. </p><p>Well aware of the dangers posed by German armor, Barnes was instrumental in getting the <a href="/wiki/90_mm_Gun_M1/M2/M3" class="mw-redirect" title="90 mm Gun M1/M2/M3">90 mm gun</a> in the <a href="/wiki/M36_tank_destroyer" title="M36 tank destroyer">M36 tank destroyer</a> and getting them shipped to Europe over the opposition of the <a href="/wiki/Army_Ground_Forces" title="Army Ground Forces">Army Ground Forces</a>, which believed that the 75 and <a href="/wiki/76_mm_gun_M1" title="76 mm gun M1">76 mm guns</a> were adequate. However, he did not approve of the idea of mounting a 90 mm in the Sherman; rather, he sought to develop a better tank. The <a href="/wiki/T20_Medium_Tank" class="mw-redirect" title="T20 Medium Tank">T20 Medium Tank</a>, developed in May 1942, was faster, with more armor and a lower silhouette than the Sherman. Further development work led to the T23, which incorporated an electrical transmission. The electrical transmission made the tank easier to operate, but at a cost in weight and maintenance, and was therefore rejected by the Army Ground Forces. He therefore reverted to conventional transmissions for the improved T25 and T26 models, mounting the 90 mm gun, which would eventually become the <a href="/wiki/M26_Pershing" title="M26 Pershing">M26 Pershing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayo1968328–330_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayo1968328–330-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1944, Devers, now commanding <a href="/wiki/ETOUSA" class="mw-redirect" title="ETOUSA">ETOUSA</a>, ordered 250 of the new T25 and T26 tanks, but as late as April 1944 Army Ground Forces was suggesting that they be armed with 75 and 76 mm guns. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Normandy">Battle of Normandy</a>, American armor came up against the <a href="/wiki/Tiger_I" title="Tiger I">Tiger I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiger_II" title="Tiger II">Tiger II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panther_tank" title="Panther tank">Panther tanks</a> in large numbers, and the limitations of M4 Sherman and the 75 and 76 mm guns became painfully apparent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayo1968331–332_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayo1968331–332-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> described the failure to develop better tanks a scandal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenThomsonRoots1955278_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenThomsonRoots1955278-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barnes insisted that 20 of the first 40 T26s off the assembly line be shipped directly to Europe rather than conducting further tests at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Knox" title="Fort Knox">Fort Knox</a> that the Army Ground Forces wanted. They arrived in January 1945, and in February a special mission headed by Barnes known as the Zebra Mission went to Europe to instruct tank crews in their use and get the tanks into action as quickly as possible. They found that in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a>, tank crews regarded 75 mm Shermans as death traps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayo1968330–334_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayo1968330–334-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1943, Barnes launched a secret project to create an enormous electronic computer, which came to be called <a href="/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC">ENIAC</a>. He supervised its development by the researchers at the University of Pennsylvania. Costing over $500,000, it used 17,000 glass vacuum tubes, occupied 1,800 square feet (170 m<sup>2</sup>) and weighed nearly 30 short tons (27 t).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barnes pressed the button that started it working at the formal dedication ceremony on 15 February 1946. While it was too late to perform ballistic calculations for World War II, <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a> put it to work performing the complex calculations required by the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bomb">hydrogen bomb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eagles_Over_Ireland_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eagles_Over_Ireland-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1946, Barnes was chosen as the chairman of a committee appointed to oversee experimental firing of 25 captured German <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rockets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his services during the war he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)" title="Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)">Distinguished Service Medal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Honored_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honored-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gladeon_M._Barnes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Barnes retired from the U.S. Army in April 1946,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAncellMiller199614_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAncellMiller199614-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and commenced a second career as vice president of research at <a href="/wiki/Budd_Company" title="Budd Company">Budd Company</a>. He retired from this in 1952. He died at <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed_Army_Medical_Center" title="Walter Reed Army Medical Center">Walter Reed Hospital</a> on 15 November 1961. He was survived by his wife Evelyn née Kopf, and his daughter, Barbara.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arlington_National_Cemetery_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arlington_National_Cemetery-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gladeon_M._Barnes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gladeon_M._Barnes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gladeon M. Barnes"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Gladeon M. Barnes</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAncellMiller199614-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAncellMiller199614_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAncellMiller199614_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAncellMiller199614_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAncellMiller199614_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAncellMiller199614_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAncellMiller199614_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAncellMiller1996">Ancell & Miller 1996</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillcox1942207-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillcox1942207_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillcox1942">Willcox 1942</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_York_Times-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1961/11/16/archives/gladeon-barnes-retired-general-assistant-ordnance-chief-in-war.html">"Gladeon Barnes – Retired General"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>. 16 November 1961<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recipients+of+the+Army+Distinguished+Service+Medal&rft.pub=Military+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.homeofheroes.com%2Fvalor%2F02_awards%2Findex_dsm%2F00_armyDSM-index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGladeon+M.+Barnes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arlington_National_Cemetery-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arlington_National_Cemetery_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/gmbarnes.htm">"Gladeon Marcus Barnes, Major General, United States Army"</a>. Arlington National Cemetery<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gladeon+Marcus+Barnes%2C+Major+General%2C+United+States+Army&rft.pub=Arlington+National+Cemetery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arlingtoncemetery.net%2Fgmbarnes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGladeon+M.+Barnes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gladeon_M._Barnes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2015" class="citation book cs1">Adams, John A. (2015). <i>General Jacob Devers: World War II's Forgotten Four Star</i>. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01517-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01517-4"><bdi>978-0-253-01517-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Jacob+Devers%3A+World+War+II%27s+Forgotten+Four+Star&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-253-01517-4&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGladeon+M.+Barnes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAncellMiller1996" class="citation book cs1">Ancell, R. Manning; Miller, Christine (1996). <i>The Biographical Dictionary of World War II Generals and Flag Officers: The US Armed Forces</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29546-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-29546-8"><bdi>0-313-29546-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33862161">33862161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Dictionary+of+World+War+II+Generals+and+Flag+Officers%3A+The+US+Armed+Forces&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33862161&rft.isbn=0-313-29546-8&rft.aulast=Ancell&rft.aufirst=R.+Manning&rft.au=Miller%2C+Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGladeon+M.+Barnes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenThomsonRoots1955" class="citation book cs1">Green, Constance McLaughlin; Thomson, Harry C.; Roots, Peter C. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105129/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/010/10-9/CMH_Pub_10-9.pdf"><i>The Ordnance Department : Planning Munitions for War</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Army in World War II: The Technical Services. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/010/10-9/CMH_Pub_10-9.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ordnance+Department+%3A+Planning+Munitions+for+War&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=United+States+Army+in+World+War+II%3A+The+Technical+Services&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Chief+of+Military+History%2C+Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Constance+McLaughlin&rft.au=Thomson%2C+Harry+C.&rft.au=Roots%2C+Peter+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2F010%2F10-9%2FCMH_Pub_10-9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGladeon+M.+Barnes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2011" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Jon T., ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=42Mh23JI8dQC&q=Colonel+Leslie+A+Skinner+rockets&pg=PA73"><i>A History of Innovation: U.S. Army Adaptation in War and Peace</i></a>. Military Bookshop. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780392899" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780392899"><bdi>978-1780392899</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Innovation%3A+U.S.+Army+Adaptation+in+War+and+Peace&rft.pub=Military+Bookshop&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1780392899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D42Mh23JI8dQC%26q%3DColonel%2BLeslie%2BA%2BSkinner%2Brockets%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGladeon+M.+Barnes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayo1968" class="citation book cs1">Mayo, Lida (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200702072955/https://history.army.mil/html/books/010/10-11/CMH_Pub_10-11.pdf"><i>The Ordnance Department: On Beachhead and Battlefront</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/010/10-11/CMH_Pub_10-11.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ordnance+Department%3A+On+Beachhead+and+Battlefront&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Chief+of+Military+History%2C+Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Mayo&rft.aufirst=Lida&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2F010%2F10-11%2FCMH_Pub_10-11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGladeon+M.+Barnes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRottman2012" class="citation book cs1">Rottman, Gordon L. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dae6CwAAQBAJ&q=Colonel+Leslie+A+Skinner+rockets&pg=PA13"><i>The Bazooka</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849088015" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849088015"><bdi>978-1849088015</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bazooka&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1849088015&rft.aulast=Rottman&rft.aufirst=Gordon+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDae6CwAAQBAJ%26q%3DColonel%2BLeslie%2BA%2BSkinner%2Brockets%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGladeon+M.+Barnes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillcox1942" class="citation book cs1">Willcox, Charles (1942). <i>General Register</i>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Register&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Willcox&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGladeon+M.+Barnes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row 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