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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Radioisotope of iodine</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"I125" redirects here. For a train, see <a href="/wiki/InterCity_125" title="InterCity 125">InterCity 125</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Iodine-125, <sup>125</sup>I</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee">General</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Table_of_nuclides" title="Table of nuclides">Symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><sup>125</sup>I</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclides" title="List of nuclides">Names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">iodine-125, 125I, I-125,<br />radioiodine</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Protons</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<i>Z</i>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">53</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Neutron_number" title="Neutron number">Neutrons</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(<i>N</i>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">72</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Table_of_nuclides" title="Table of nuclides">Nuclide data</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">Natural abundance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">Half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(<i>t</i><sub>1/2</sub>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006513146880000000♠"></span>59.392<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.008 d</span><sup id="cite_ref-NUBASE2020_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass">Isotope mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">124.9046306(15)<sup id="cite_ref-AME2020_II_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AME2020_II-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">Da</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parent_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent isotope">Parent isotopes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Xenon-125" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenon-125"><sup>parent_mass</sup><sup>125</sup>Xe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">Decay products</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium-125" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium-125"><sup>decay_mass</sup><sup>125</sup>Te</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee">Decay modes</th></tr><tr style="font-weight:bold"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Decay_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Decay mode">Decay mode</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Decay_energy" title="Decay energy">Decay energy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">MeV</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal">electron capture</span></th><td class="infobox-data">0.035 (35 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">keV</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_iodine" title="Isotopes of iodine">Isotopes of iodine</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Table_of_nuclides" title="Table of nuclides">Complete table of nuclides</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Iodine-125</b> (<sup>125</sup>I) is a <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotope</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> which has uses in <a href="/wiki/Biological_assay" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological assay">biological assays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">nuclear medicine</a> imaging and in <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a> as brachytherapy to treat a number of conditions, including <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uveal_melanoma" title="Uveal melanoma">uveal melanomas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brain_tumor" title="Brain tumor">brain tumors</a>. It is the second longest-lived radioisotope of iodine, after <a href="/wiki/Iodine-129" title="Iodine-129">iodine-129</a>. </p><p>Its <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> is 59.392 days and it decays by <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a> to an excited state of <a href="/wiki/Tellurium-125" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium-125">tellurium-125</a>. This state is not the metastable <sup>125m</sup>Te, but rather a lower energy state that decays immediately by <a href="/wiki/Gamma_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma decay">gamma decay</a> with a maximum energy of 35 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">keV</a>. Some of the excess energy of the excited <sup>125</sup>Te may be <a href="/wiki/Internal_conversion" title="Internal conversion">internally converted</a> ejected electrons (also at 35 keV), or to <a href="/wiki/X-rays" class="mw-redirect" title="X-rays">x-rays</a> (from electron <a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">bremsstrahlung</a>), and also a total of 21 <a href="/wiki/Auger_effect" title="Auger effect">Auger electrons</a>, which are produced at the low energies of 50 to 500 electron volts.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, stable ground state <sup>125</sup>Te is produced as the final decay product. </p><p>In medical applications, the internal conversion and Auger electrons cause little damage outside the cell which contains the isotope atom. The X-rays and gamma rays are of low enough energy to deliver a higher radiation dose selectively to nearby tissues, in "permanent" brachytherapy where the isotope capsules are left in place (<sup>125</sup>I competes with <a href="/wiki/Palladium-103" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium-103">palladium-103</a> in such uses).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of its relatively long half-life and emission of low-energy photons which can be detected by <a href="/wiki/Gamma_counter" title="Gamma counter">gamma-counter</a> <a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodide#Thallium-doped_NaI(Tl)_scintillators" title="Sodium iodide">crystal detectors</a>, <sup>125</sup>I is a preferred isotope for <a href="/wiki/Isotopic_labeling" title="Isotopic labeling">tagging</a> <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Radioimmunoassay" title="Radioimmunoassay">radioimmunoassay</a> and other gamma-counting procedures involving <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> outside the body. The same properties of the isotope make it useful for brachytherapy, and for certain nuclear medicine scanning procedures, in which it is attached to proteins (<a href="/wiki/Albumin" title="Albumin">albumin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fibrinogen" title="Fibrinogen">fibrinogen</a>), and where a half-life longer than that provided by <sup>123</sup>I is required for diagnostic or lab tests lasting several days. </p><p>Iodine-125 can be used in <a href="/wiki/Gamma_camera" title="Gamma camera">scanning/imaging</a> the <a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">thyroid</a>, but iodine-123 is preferred for this purpose, due to better <a href="/wiki/Mass_attenuation_coefficient#X-rays" title="Mass attenuation coefficient">radiation penetration</a> and shorter half-life (13 hours). <sup>125</sup>I is useful for <a href="/wiki/Glomerular_filtration_rate" title="Glomerular filtration rate">glomerular filtration rate</a> (GFR) testing in the diagnosis or monitoring of patients with <a href="/wiki/Kidney_disease" title="Kidney disease">kidney disease</a>. Iodine-125 is used <i>therapeutically</i> in <a href="/wiki/Brachytherapy" title="Brachytherapy">brachytherapy</a> treatments of <a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumors</a>. For <a href="/wiki/Radiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotherapy">radiotherapy</a> <a href="/wiki/Ablation" title="Ablation">ablation</a> of tissues that absorb iodine (such as the thyroid), or that absorb an iodine-containing <a href="/wiki/Radiopharmaceutical" title="Radiopharmaceutical">radiopharmaceutical</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Beta_emission" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta emission">beta-emitter</a> <a href="/wiki/Iodine-131" title="Iodine-131">iodine-131</a> is the preferred isotope. </p><p>When studying <a href="/wiki/Plant_immunity" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant immunity">plant immunity</a>, <sup>125</sup>I is used as the <a href="/wiki/Radiolabel" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiolabel">radiolabel</a> in tracking <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligands</a> to determine which <a href="/wiki/Plant_pattern_recognition_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant pattern recognition receptor">plant pattern recognition receptors</a> (PRRs) they bind to.<sup id="cite_ref-Boutrot-Zipfel-2017_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boutrot-Zipfel-2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><sup>125</sup>I is produced by the <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a> decay of <a href="/wiki/Xenon-125" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenon-125"><sup>125</sup>Xe</a>, which is an artificial isotope of <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a>, itself created by <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">neutron capture</a> of near-stable <a href="/wiki/Xenon-124" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenon-124"><sup>124</sup>Xe</a> (it undergoes <a href="/wiki/Double_electron_capture" title="Double electron capture">double electron capture</a> with a half life orders of magnitude larger than the age of the universe), which makes up around 0.1% of naturally occurring xenon. Because of the artificial production route of <sup>125</sup>I and its short half-life, its <a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">natural abundance</a> on Earth is effectively zero. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iodine-125&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup>125</sup>I is a reactor-produced radionuclide and is available in large quantities. Its production involves the two following <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reaction" title="Nuclear reaction">nuclear reactions</a>: </p> <dl><dd><sup>124</sup>Xe (n,γ) → <sup>125m</sup>Xe (57 s) <span class="nowrap"> </span> → <sup>125</sup>I <span class="nowrap">     </span> (<i>t</i><sub>½</sub> = 59.4 d)<br /></dd> <dd><sup>124</sup>Xe (n,γ) → <sup>125g</sup>Xe (19.9 h) → <sup>125</sup>I <span class="nowrap">     </span> (<i>t</i><sub>½</sub> = 59.4 d)</dd></dl> <p>The irradiation target is the <a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial nuclide</a> <sup>124</sup>Xe, which is the target isotope for making <sup>125</sup>I by <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">neutron capture</a>. It is loaded into irradiation capsules of the zirconium alloy <a href="/wiki/Zircaloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Zircaloy">zircaloy-2</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> resisting <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> transparent to <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>) to a pressure of about <span class="nowrap">100 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bar</a></span> <span class="nowrap">(~ 100 <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">atm</a>)</span>. Upon irradiation with <a href="/wiki/Thermal_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal neutron">slow neutrons</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a>, several <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_xenon" title="Isotopes of xenon">radioisotopes of xenon</a> are produced. However, only the decay of <sup>125</sup>Xe leads to a radioiodine: <sup>125</sup>I. The other xenon radioisotopes decay either to stable <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a>, or to various <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_caesium" title="Isotopes of caesium">caesium isotopes</a>, some of them radioactive (a.o., the long-lived <a href="/wiki/Caesium-135" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium-135"><sup>135</sup>Cs</a> (<i>t</i><sub>½</sub> = 1.33 Ma) and <a href="/wiki/Cesium-137" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesium-137"><sup>137</sup>Cs</a> (<i>t</i><sub>½</sub> = 30 a)). </p><p>Long <a href="/wiki/Neutron_activation" title="Neutron activation">irradiation</a> times are disadvantageous. Iodine-125 itself has a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">neutron capture</a> <a href="/wiki/Neutron_cross_section" title="Neutron cross section">cross section</a> of 900 <a href="/wiki/Barn_(unit)" title="Barn (unit)">barns</a>, and consequently during a long irradiation, part of the <sup>125</sup>I formed will be converted to <sup>126</sup>I, a <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta-emitter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission" title="Positron emission">positron-emitter</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 12.93 days,<sup id="cite_ref-NUBASE2020_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is not medically useful. In practice, the most useful irradiation time in the reactor amounts to a few days. Thereafter, the irradiated gas is allowed to decay for three or four days to eliminate short-lived unwanted radioisotopes, and to allow the newly produced xenon-125 (<i>t</i><sub>½</sub> = 17 hours) to decay to iodine-125. </p><p>To isolate radio-iodine, the irradiated capsule is first cooled at low temperature (to <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condense</a> the free iodine gas onto the capsule inner wall) and the remaining Xe gas is vented in a controlled way and recovered for further use. The inner walls of the capsule are then rinsed with a dilute <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">NaOH</a> solution to collect iodine as <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">soluble</a> <a href="/wiki/Iodide" title="Iodide">iodide</a> (I<sup>−</sup>) and <a href="/wiki/Hypoiodite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoiodite">hypoiodite</a> (IO<sup>−</sup>), according to the standard <a href="/wiki/Disproportionation" title="Disproportionation">disproportionation</a> reaction of <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogens</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline">alkaline</a> solution. Any <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a> atom present immediately <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidizes</a> and passes into the water as Cs<sup>+</sup>. In order to eliminate any long-lived <sup>135</sup>Cs and <sup>137</sup>Cs which may be present in small amounts, the solution is passed through a <a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange" title="Ion exchange">cation-exchange</a> column, which exchanges Cs<sup>+</sup> for another non-radioactive <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cation</a> (e.g., Na<sup>+</sup>). The radioiodine (as <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anion</a> I<sup>−</sup> or IO<sup>−</sup>) remains in solution as a mixture iodide/hypoiodite. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Availability_and_purity">Availability and purity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iodine-125&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Availability and purity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iodine-125 is commercially available in dilute <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">NaOH</a> solution as <sup>125</sup>I-iodide (or the <a href="/wiki/Hypohalite" title="Hypohalite">hypohalite</a> sodium <a href="/wiki/Hypoiodite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoiodite">hypoiodite</a>, NaIO). The radioactive concentration lies at 4 to <span class="nowrap">11 GBq/mL</span> and the specific radioactivity is <span class="nowrap">> 75 GBq/μmol</span> <span class="nowrap">(7.5 × 10<sup>16</sup> Bq/mol)</span>. The chemical and radiochemical purity is high. The radionuclidic purity is also high; some <sup>126</sup>I <span class="nowrap">(<i>t</i><sub>1/2</sub> = 12.93 d)</span><sup id="cite_ref-NUBASE2020_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is unavoidable due to the <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">neutron capture</a> noted above. The <sup>126</sup>I tolerable content (which is set by the unwanted isotope interfering with <a href="/wiki/Dosimetry" title="Dosimetry">dose calculations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brachytherapy" title="Brachytherapy">brachytherapy</a>) lies at about <span class="nowrap">0.2 atom %</span> (<a href="/wiki/Mole_fraction" title="Mole fraction">atom fraction</a>) of the total iodine (the rest being <sup>125</sup>I). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Producers">Producers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iodine-125&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Producers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of October 2019, there were two producers of iodine-125, the <a href="/wiki/McMaster_Nuclear_Reactor" title="McMaster Nuclear Reactor">McMaster Nuclear Reactor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada; and a VVR-SM research reactor in Uzbekistan.<sup id="cite_ref-torstar_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torstar-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The McMaster reactor is presently the largest producer of iodine-125, producing approximately 60 per cent of the global supply in 2018;<sup id="cite_ref-mnr_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mnr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the remaining global supply produced at the reactor based in Uzbekistan. Annually, the McMaster reactor produces enough iodine-125 to treat approximately 70,000 patients.<sup id="cite_ref-bw_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bw-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2019, the research reactor in Uzbekistan shut down temporarily in order to facilitate repairs. The temporary shutdown threatened the global supply of the radioisotope by leaving the McMaster reactor as the sole producer of iodine-125 during the period.<sup id="cite_ref-torstar_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torstar-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bw_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bw-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to 2018, the <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Universal_reactor" title="National Research Universal reactor">National Research Universal</a> (NRU) reactor at <a href="/wiki/Chalk_River_Laboratories" title="Chalk River Laboratories">Chalk River Laboratories</a> in <a href="/wiki/Deep_River,_Ontario" title="Deep River, Ontario">Deep River</a>, Ontario, was one of three reactors to produce iodine-125.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, on March 31, 2018, the NRU reactor was permanently shut down ahead of its scheduled decommissioning in 2028, as a result of a government order.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian nuclear reactor equipped to produce iodine-125, was offline as of December 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-torstar_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torstar-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decay_properties">Decay properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iodine-125&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Decay properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The detailed decay mechanism to form the stable daughter nuclide tellurium-125 is a multi-step process that begins with <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a>. This is followed by a cascade of <a href="/wiki/Electron_excitation" title="Electron excitation">electron relaxation</a> as the core electron hole moves toward the <a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron">valence orbitals</a>. The cascade involves many <a href="/wiki/Auger_effect" title="Auger effect">Auger transitions</a>, each of which cause the atom to become increasingly <a href="/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization">ionized</a>. The electron capture produces a tellurium-125 nucleus in an excited state with a half-life of 1.6 ns, which undergoes <a href="/wiki/Gamma_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma decay">gamma decay</a> emitting a gamma <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Internal_conversion" title="Internal conversion">internal conversion</a> <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> at 35.5 keV. A second electron relaxation cascade follows the gamma decay before the nuclide comes to rest. Throughout the entire process an average of 13.3 electrons are emitted (10.3 of which are <a href="/wiki/Auger_electron" class="mw-redirect" title="Auger electron">Auger electrons</a>), most with energies less than 400 eV (79% of yield).<sup id="cite_ref-PomplunBooz1987_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PomplunBooz1987-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The internal conversion and Auger electrons from the radioisotope have been found in one study to do little cellular damage, unless the radionuclide is directly incorporated chemically into cellular <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, which is not the case for present radiopharmaceuticals which use <sup>125</sup>I as the radioactive label nuclide.<sup id="cite_ref-Narra_1992_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narra_1992-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with other radioisotopes of iodine, accidental iodine-125 uptake in the body (mostly by the <a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">thyroid</a> gland) can be blocked by the prompt administration of stable <a href="/wiki/Iodine-127" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine-127">iodine-127</a> in the form of an iodide salt.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper_1961_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper_1961-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MSU_2013_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSU_2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Potassium_iodide" title="Potassium iodide">Potassium iodide</a> (KI) is typically used for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-NCRP_161_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCRP_161-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, unjustified <a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">self-medicated</a> preventive administration of stable KI is not recommended in order to avoid disturbing the normal <a href="/wiki/Thyroid#Function" title="Thyroid">thyroid function</a>. Such a treatment must be carefully dosed and requires an appropriate KI amount <a href="/wiki/Medical_prescription" title="Medical prescription">prescribed</a> by a specialised physician. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iodine-125&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_iodine" title="Isotopes of iodine">Isotopes of iodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine-123" title="Iodine-123">Iodine-123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine-129" title="Iodine-129">Iodine-129</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine-131" title="Iodine-131">Iodine-131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_in_biology" title="Iodine in biology">Iodine in biology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine">2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine</a> (DOI), often labeled with <sup>125</sup>I</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iodine-125&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE2020-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKondevWangHuangNaimi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ncrponline.org&rft.atitle=NCRP+Report+161+Management+of+persons+contaminated+with+radionuclides+%E2%80%93+National+Council+on+Radiation+Protection+and+Measurements+%28NCRP%29+%E2%80%93+Bethesda%2C+MD&rft.date=2015-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncrponline.org%2Fpublications%2Freports%2Fncrp-report-161%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIodine-125" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diagnostic_radiopharmaceuticals" title="Template:Diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diagnostic_radiopharmaceuticals" title="Template talk:Diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diagnostic_radiopharmaceuticals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diagnostic_radiopharmaceuticals_(V09)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diagnostic <a href="/wiki/Radiopharmacology" title="Radiopharmacology">radiopharmaceuticals</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_V09" title="ATC code V09">V09</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">Central nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technetium-99m" title="Technetium-99m"><sup>99m</sup>Tc</a> (<a href="/wiki/Technetium_(99mTc)_exametazime" title="Technetium (99mTc) exametazime">Exametazime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technetium_(99mTc)_pentetic_acid" title="Technetium (99mTc) pentetic acid">Pentetic acid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine-123" title="Iodine-123"><sup>123</sup>I</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ioflupane_(123I)" title="Ioflupane (123I)">Ioflupane (123I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iofetamine_(123I)" title="Iofetamine (123I)">Iofetamine (123I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iolopride_(123I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iolopride (123I)">Iolopride (123I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iomazenil_(123I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iomazenil (123I)">Iomazenil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine-18" title="Fluorine-18"><sup>18</sup>F</a> (<a href="/wiki/Florbetapir_(18F)" title="Florbetapir (18F)">Florbetapir (18F)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flutemetamol_(18F)" title="Flutemetamol (18F)">Flutemetamol (18F)</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeletal system">Skeletal system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technetium-99m" title="Technetium-99m"><sup>99m</sup>Tc</a> (<a href="/wiki/Technetium_(99mTc)_medronic_acid" title="Technetium (99mTc) medronic acid">Medronic acid</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renal" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal">Renal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iodine-123" title="Iodine-123"><sup>123</sup>I</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodohippurate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium iodohippurate">Sodium iodohippurate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper-64" title="Copper-64"><sup>64</sup>Cu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ETS2" title="ETS2">ETS2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium-99m" title="Technetium-99m"><sup>99m</sup>Tc</a> (<a href="/wiki/Technetium_(99mTc)_mertiatide" title="Technetium (99mTc) mertiatide">Mertiatide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technetium_(99mTc)_pentetic_acid" title="Technetium (99mTc) pentetic acid">Pentetic acid</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal">Gastrointestinal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hepatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatic">Hepatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selenium-75" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenium-75"><sup>75</sup>Se</a> (<a href="/wiki/SeHCAT" title="SeHCAT">SeHCAT</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenon-133" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenon-133"><sup>133</sup>Xe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krypton-81m" class="mw-redirect" title="Krypton-81m"><sup>81m</sup>Kr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium-99m" title="Technetium-99m"><sup>99m</sup>Tc</a> (<a href="/wiki/Technetium_(99mTc)_albumin_aggregated" title="Technetium (99mTc) albumin aggregated"><sup>99m</sup>Tc-MAA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technetium_(99mTc)_pentetic_acid" title="Technetium (99mTc) pentetic acid">Pentetic acid</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Cardiovascular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technetium-99m" title="Technetium-99m"><sup>99m</sup>Tc</a> (<a href="/wiki/Technetium_(99mTc)_sestamibi" title="Technetium (99mTc) sestamibi">Sestamibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium_(99mTc)_tetrofosmin" title="Technetium (99mTc) tetrofosmin">Tetrofosmin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium-111" title="Indium-111"><sup>111</sup>In</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indium_(111In)_imciromab" title="Indium (111In) imciromab">Imciromab</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubidium-82" title="Rubidium-82"><sup>82</sup>Rb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rubidium-82_chloride" title="Rubidium-82 chloride">Rubidium chloride</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><sup>125</sup>I</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iodine_(125I)_human_albumin" title="Iodine (125I) human albumin">Iodinated human albumin</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a>/<a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technetium-99m" title="Technetium-99m"><sup>99m</sup>Tc</a> (<a href="/wiki/Technetium_(99mTc)_exametazime" title="Technetium (99mTc) exametazime">Exametazime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium_(99mTc)_sulesomab" title="Technetium (99mTc) sulesomab">Sulesomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium_(99mTc)_tilmanocept" title="Technetium (99mTc) tilmanocept">Tilmanocept</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium-111" title="Indium-111"><sup>111</sup>In</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium-67" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium-67"><sup>67</sup>Ga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">Tumor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technetium-99m" title="Technetium-99m"><sup>99m</sup>Tc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technetium_(99mTc)_arcitumomab" title="Technetium (99mTc) arcitumomab">Arcitumomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium_(99mTc)_votumumab" title="Technetium (99mTc) votumumab">Votumumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium_(99mTc)_hynic-octreotide" class="mw-redirect" title="Technetium (99mTc) hynic-octreotide">Hynic-octreotide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium-111" title="Indium-111"><sup>111</sup>In</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indium_(111In)_capromab_pendetide" title="Indium (111In) capromab pendetide">Capromab pendetide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium_(111In)_satumomab_pendetide" title="Indium (111In) satumomab pendetide">Satumomab pendetide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><sup>125</sup>I</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Iodine_(125I)_minretumomab" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine (125I) minretumomab">Minretumomab</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine-123" title="Iodine-123"><sup>123</sup>I</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Iobenguane" title="Iobenguane">Iobenguane (123I)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine-131" title="Iodine-131"><sup>131</sup>I</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Iobenguane" title="Iobenguane">Iobenguane (131I)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine-18" title="Fluorine-18"><sup>18</sup>F</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluciclovine_(18F)" title="Fluciclovine (18F)">Fluciclovine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorodeoxyglucose_(18F)" title="Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F)">Fluorodeoxyglucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoroethyl-L-tyrosine_(18F)" title="Fluoroethyl-L-tyrosine (18F)">Fluoroethyltyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluoride" title="Sodium fluoride">Sodium fluoride</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper-64" title="Copper-64"><sup>64</sup>Cu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copper_(64Cu)_oxodotreotide" title="Copper (64Cu) oxodotreotide">Dotatate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piflufolastat_F-18" title="Piflufolastat F-18">Piflufolastat F-18</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_cortex" title="Adrenal cortex">Adrenal cortex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iodine-123" title="Iodine-123"><sup>123</sup>I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><sup>125</sup>I</a> / <a href="/wiki/Iodine-131" title="Iodine-131"><sup>131</sup>I</a> (<a href="/wiki/19-Iodocholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="19-Iodocholesterol">Iodocholesterol</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">Radionuclides</a><br />(including <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_tracer" title="Radioactive tracer">tracers</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positron</a> (<a href="/wiki/PET_radiotracer" title="PET radiotracer">PET</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_PET_radiotracers" title="List of PET radiotracers">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-11" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon-11"><sup>11</sup>C</a> (<a href="/wiki/11C_ME@HAPTHI" title="11C ME@HAPTHI">[<sup>11</sup>C]ME@HAPTHI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/25B-NBOMe" title="25B-NBOMe">25B-NBOMe</a> (Cimbi-36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetate" title="Acetate">Acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-11-choline" title="Carbon-11-choline">Choline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carfentanil" title="Carfentanil">Carfentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DASB" title="DASB">DASB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTBZ" class="mw-redirect" title="DTBZ">DTBZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumazenil" title="Flumazenil">Flumazenil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">Methionine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylspiperone" title="N-Methylspiperone">N-Methylspiperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_compound_B" title="Pittsburgh compound B">Pittsburgh compound B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raclopride" title="Raclopride">Raclopride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verapamil" title="Verapamil">Verapamil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen-13" title="Nitrogen-13"><sup>13</sup>N</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia_(13N)" title="Ammonia (13N)">Ammonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper-64" title="Copper-64"><sup>64</sup>Cu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethoxyfallypride" title="Desmethoxyfallypride">Desmethoxyfallypride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallypride" title="Fallypride">Fallypride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florbetaben_(18F)" title="Florbetaben (18F)">Florbetaben (18F)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florbetapir_(18F)" title="Florbetapir (18F)">Florbetapir (18F)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flortaucipir_(18F)" title="Flortaucipir (18F)">Flortaucipir (18F)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flotufolastat_F-18" title="Flotufolastat F-18">Flotufolastat F-18</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flubatine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flubatine (page does not exist)">Flubatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluciclovine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluciclovine">Fluciclovine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludeoxyglucose_(18F)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fludeoxyglucose (18F)">Fludeoxyglucose (18F)</a> (FDG)-<a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> analogue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumazenil" title="Flumazenil">Flumazenil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine-18" title="Fluorine-18"><sup>18</sup>F</a> (<a href="/wiki/Altanserin" title="Altanserin">Altanserin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorocholine" title="Fluorocholine">Fluorocholine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorodeoxysorbitol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluorodeoxysorbitol (page does not exist)">Fluorodeoxysorbitol</a> (FDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorodopa" title="Fluorodopa">Fluorodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoroestradiol_F-18" title="Fluoroestradiol F-18">Fluoroestradiol F-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorothymidine_F-18" title="Fluorothymidine F-18">Fluorothymidine F-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flurpiridaz_(18F)" title="Flurpiridaz (18F)">Flurpiridaz (18F)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluspidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluspidine (page does not exist)">Fluspidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutemetamol" class="mw-redirect" title="Flutemetamol">Flutemetamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FMISO" title="FMISO">FMISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_(68Ga)_gozetotide" title="Gallium (68Ga) gozetotide">Gallium (<sup>68</sup>Ga) gozetotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium-68" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium-68"><sup>68</sup>Ga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefway" class="mw-redirect" title="Mefway">Mefway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPPF" title="MPPF">MPPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylspiperone" title="N-Methylspiperone">N-Methylspiperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifene" title="Nifene">Nifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-(2-fluorethyl)-L-thyrosine" class="mw-redirect" title="O-(2-fluorethyl)-L-thyrosine">FET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen-15" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen-15"><sup>15</sup>O</a> (<a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piflufolastat_F-18" title="Piflufolastat F-18">Piflufolastat F-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubidium-82" title="Rubidium-82"><sup>82</sup>Rb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rubidium-82_chloride" title="Rubidium-82 chloride">Rubidium chloride</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setoperone" title="Setoperone">Setoperone</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a>/<a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Single-photon_emission_computed_tomography" title="Single-photon emission computed tomography">SPECT</a>/<a href="/wiki/Scintigraphy" title="Scintigraphy">scintigraphy</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromium-51" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium-51"><sup>51</sup>Cr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt-57" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt-57"><sup>57</sup>Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium-67" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium-67"><sup>67</sup>Ga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium-111" title="Indium-111"><sup>111</sup>In</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine-123" title="Iodine-123"><sup>123</sup>I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><sup>125</sup>I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine-131" title="Iodine-131"><sup>131</sup>I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krypton-81m" class="mw-redirect" title="Krypton-81m"><sup>81m</sup>Kr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium-153" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarium-153"><sup>153</sup>Sm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium-75" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenium-75"><sup>75</sup>Se</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium-99m" title="Technetium-99m"><sup>99m</sup>Tc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thallium-201" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium-201"><sup>201</sup>Tl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon-133" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenon-133"><sup>133</sup>Xe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Isotopes used: <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-11" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon-11">carbon-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium-51" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium-51">chromium-51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt-57" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt-57">cobalt-57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper-64" title="Copper-64">copper-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine-18" title="Fluorine-18">fluorine-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium-67" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium-67">gallium-67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium-68" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium-68">gallium-68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium-111" title="Indium-111">indium-111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine-123" title="Iodine-123">iodine-123</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">iodine-125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine-131" title="Iodine-131">iodine-131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krypton-81m" class="mw-redirect" title="Krypton-81m">krypton-81m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen-13" title="Nitrogen-13">nitrogen-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen-15" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen-15">oxygen-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubidium-82" title="Rubidium-82">rubidium-82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium-153" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarium-153">samarium-153</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium-75" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenium-75">selenium-75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium-99m" title="Technetium-99m">technetium-99m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thallium-201" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium-201">thallium-201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon-133" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenon-133">xenon-133</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist">See also: <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_V10" title="ATC code V10">Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals (V10)</a> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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