CINXE.COM
明朝 - 维基百科
<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="wuu" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>明朝 - 维基百科</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )wuuwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat": "wuu","wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"532ac3a4-29d9-4de4-9767-6aac7c3e73fd","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"明朝","wgTitle":"明朝","wgCurRevisionId":323180,"wgRevisionId":323180,"wgArticleId":25422,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["顶崭个文章","中国朝代"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"wuu","wgPageContentLanguage":"wuu","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"明朝","wgRelevantArticleId":25422,"wgUserVariant":"wuu","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"wuu","pageLanguageDir": "ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["wuu-hans","wuu-hant"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q9903","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready" ,"ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.mirrorsite","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=wuu&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=wuu&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=wuu&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ming_Empire_cca_1580_%28zh-hant%29.svg/1200px-Ming_Empire_cca_1580_%28zh-hant%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1221"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ming_Empire_cca_1580_%28zh-hant%29.svg/800px-Ming_Empire_cca_1580_%28zh-hant%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="814"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ming_Empire_cca_1580_%28zh-hant%29.svg/640px-Ming_Empire_cca_1580_%28zh-hant%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="651"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="明朝 - 维基百科"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//wuu.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑" href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="维基百科 (wuu)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//wuu.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="wuu" href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="wuu-Hans" href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&variant=wuu-hans"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="wuu-Hant" href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&variant=wuu-hant"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.wuu"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="维基百科个Atom订阅" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-明朝 rootpage-明朝 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主菜单</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">囥起來</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="翻到封面[z]" accesskey="z"><span>封面</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E5%8C%BA%E9%97%A8%E5%A0%82" title="有关箇计划,啥好做,应该哪能做"><span>社区门堂</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%BF%91%E6%AE%B5%E8%BE%B0%E5%85%89%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%8B%E4%BD%93" title="寻当前事体个背景信息"><span>近段辰光个事体</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出wiki里箇阶段个变化[r]" accesskey="r"><span>近段辰光个改动</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA" title="随机打开只页面[x]" accesskey="x"><span>随机页面</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助"><span>帮忙</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E9%9D%A2" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-wuu.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.625em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-wuu.svg" width="120" height="16" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜寻维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜寻</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜寻维基百科" aria-label="搜寻维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜寻维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜寻</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="私人家伙"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans" class=""><span>捐款</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="鼓励侬建立只账号并登录;不过也弗是板定要个" class=""><span>建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="鼓励侬登录进来;不过也弗是板定要个[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="私人家伙" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">私人家伙</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>捐款</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="鼓励侬建立只账号并登录;不过也弗是板定要个"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="鼓励侬登录进来;不过也弗是板定要个[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="箇只IP地址个编辑清单[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="有关箇只IP地址编辑个讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讲张</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">囥起來</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-国号" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#国号"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>国号</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-国号-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-统治集团" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#统治集团"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>统治集团</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-统治集团-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关统治集团子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-统治集团-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-朱家子孙" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#朱家子孙"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>朱家子孙</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-朱家子孙-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-淮西权贵" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#淮西权贵"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>淮西权贵</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-淮西权贵-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-江南士绅" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#江南士绅"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>江南士绅</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-江南士绅-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-朱家大一统" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#朱家大一统"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>朱家大一统</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-朱家大一统-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-洪武之治" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#洪武之治"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>洪武之治</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-洪武之治-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-迁都北平" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#迁都北平"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>迁都北平</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-迁都北平-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-收缩搭动荡" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#收缩搭动荡"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>收缩搭动荡</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-收缩搭动荡-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-荒唐皇帝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#荒唐皇帝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>荒唐皇帝</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-荒唐皇帝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-张居正改革" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#张居正改革"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>张居正改革</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-张居正改革-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-万历乱政" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#万历乱政"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>万历乱政</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-万历乱政-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-帝国灭亡" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#帝国灭亡"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>帝国灭亡</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-帝国灭亡-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-疆域" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#疆域"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>疆域</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-疆域-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关疆域子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-疆域-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-北面" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#北面"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>北面</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-北面-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-辽东" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#辽东"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>辽东</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-辽东-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-内亚" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#内亚"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>内亚</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-内亚-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-原大理地区" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#原大理地区"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>原大理地区</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-原大理地区-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-行政区划" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#行政区划"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>行政区划</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-行政区划-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关行政区划子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-行政区划-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-行省设置" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#行省设置"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>行省设置</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-行省设置-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-具体分省" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#具体分省"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>具体分省</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-具体分省-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-军事" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#军事"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>军事</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-军事-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关军事子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-军事-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-分散军权" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分散军权"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>分散军权</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分散军权-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-军事指挥混乱" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#军事指挥混乱"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>军事指挥混乱</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-军事指挥混乱-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-军队阶层低下" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#军队阶层低下"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>军队阶层低下</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-军队阶层低下-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-军队调动缓慢" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#军队调动缓慢"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>军队调动缓慢</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-军队调动缓慢-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-经济" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#经济"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>经济</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-经济-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关经济子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-经济-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-混乱个货币制度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#混乱个货币制度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>混乱个货币制度</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-混乱个货币制度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-严苛个禁海政策" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#严苛个禁海政策"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>严苛个禁海政策</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-严苛个禁海政策-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-重农抑商" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#重农抑商"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>重农抑商</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-重农抑商-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-对外贸易" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#对外贸易"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>对外贸易</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-对外贸易-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-对外关系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#对外关系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>对外关系</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-对外关系-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关对外关系子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-对外关系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-天朝上国搭朝贡" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#天朝上国搭朝贡"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>天朝上国搭朝贡</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-天朝上国搭朝贡-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-蒙古问题" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#蒙古问题"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>蒙古问题</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-蒙古问题-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-女真问题" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#女真问题"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>女真问题</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-女真问题-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-帖木儿搭回疆" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#帖木儿搭回疆"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>帖木儿搭回疆</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-帖木儿搭回疆-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-日本" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#日本"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>日本</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-日本-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-朝鲜" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#朝鲜"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>朝鲜</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-朝鲜-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-琉球" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#琉球"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>琉球</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-琉球-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-台湾岛" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#台湾岛"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>台湾岛</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-台湾岛-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-西洋各国" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#西洋各国"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.9</span> <span>西洋各国</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-西洋各国-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-制度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#制度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>制度</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-制度-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关制度子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-制度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-中央官僚制度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中央官僚制度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>中央官僚制度</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中央官僚制度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-地方官僚制度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地方官僚制度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>地方官僚制度</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-地方官僚制度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-明代江南" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#明代江南"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>明代江南</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-明代江南-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-帝王列表" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#帝王列表"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>帝王列表</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-帝王列表-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-附註" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#附註"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>附註</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-附註-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">明朝</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。125种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-125" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">125種閒話</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-dinastie" title="Ming-dinastie – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ming-dinastie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-Dynastie" title="Ming-Dynastie – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ming-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9A%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D_%E1%88%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%88_%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%A5%E1%89%B5" title="የሚንግ ሥርወ መንግሥት – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሚንግ ሥርወ መንግሥት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Ming" title="Dinastía Ming – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dinastía Ming" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="मिंग वंश – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मिंग वंश" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9" title="سلالة مينغ الحاكمة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلالة مينغ الحاكمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC" title="عيلة مينج – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عيلة مينج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Ming" title="Dinastía Ming – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dinastía Ming" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_s%C3%BClal%C9%99si" title="Min sülaləsi – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Min sülaləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="مین سولالهسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مین سولالهسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Мин империяһы – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мин империяһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingu_dinast%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Mingu dinastėjė – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Mingu dinastėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Імперыя Мін – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Імперыя Мін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Дынастыя Мін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дынастыя Мін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Мин – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6" title="মিং রাজবংশ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিং রাজবংশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="མིང་རྒྱལ་རབས། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མིང་རྒྱལ་རབས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierniezh_Ming" title="Tierniezh Ming – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tierniezh Ming" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Ming" title="Dinastija Ming – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dinastija Ming" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Мин улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Мин улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ACng-di%C3%A8u" title="Mìng-dièu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mìng-dièu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Импери Мин – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Импери Мин" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی مینگ – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی مینگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured articles"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%AD%C5%A1e_Ming" title="Říše Ming – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Říše Ming" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D3%97" title="Мин империйӗ – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мин империйӗ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenhinllin_Ming" title="Brenhinllin Ming – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brenhinllin Ming" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-dynastiet" title="Ming-dynastiet – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ming-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-Dynastie" title="Ming-Dynastie – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ming-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Δυναστεία Μινγκ – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυναστεία Μινγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured articles"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ming dynasty" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastio_Ming" title="Dinastio Ming – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dinastio Ming" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Ming" title="Dinastía Ming – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Ming" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingi_d%C3%BCnastia" title="Mingi dünastia – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mingi dünastia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dinastia" title="Ming dinastia – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ming dinastia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دودمان مینگ – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان مینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-dynastia" title="Ming-dynastia – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ming-dynastia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingi_d%C3%BCnastia" title="Mingi dünastia – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Mingi dünastia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured articles"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_Ming" title="Dynastie Ming – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynastie Ming" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-D%C3%BCnastii" title="Ming-Dünastii – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ming-Dünastii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADshliocht_Ming" title="Ríshliocht Ming – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ríshliocht Ming" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E" title="明 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="明" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ACgh-shliochd_nam_Ming" title="Rìgh-shliochd nam Ming – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Rìgh-shliochd nam Ming" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Ming" title="Dinastía Ming – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dinastía Ming" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_%C3%B1emo%C3%B1anga" title="Ming ñemoñanga – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ming ñemoñanga" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ACn-chh%C3%A8u" title="Mìn-chhèu – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mìn-chhèu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured articles"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="שושלת מינג – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שושלת מינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="मिंग राजवंश – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मिंग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" title="Ming Dynasty – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ming Dynasty" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Ming" title="Dinastija Ming – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dinastija Ming" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-dinasztia" title="Ming-dinasztia – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ming-dinasztia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Մին դինաստիա – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մին դինաստիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Ming" title="Dinasti Ming – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Ming" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_a_Dinastia" title="Ming a Dinastia – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ming a Dinastia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastio_Ming" title="Dinastio Ming – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dinastio Ming" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingveldi%C3%B0" title="Mingveldið – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mingveldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E" title="明 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="明" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangsa_Ming" title="Wangsa Ming – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wangsa Ming" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მინის დინასტია – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მინის დინასტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%8B_Kewiya%C9%A3_K%C9%A9%C9%96%C9%9Bza%C9%A3" title="Miŋ Kewiyaɣ Kɩɖɛzaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Miŋ Kewiyaɣ Kɩɖɛzaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Мин династиясы – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мин династиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%84" title="រាជវង្សមិង – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រាជវង្សមិង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%85%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="명나라 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="명나라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternieth_Ming" title="Ternieth Ming – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ternieth Ming" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia_Mim" title="Familia Mim – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Familia Mim" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-Dynastie" title="Ming-Dynastie – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ming-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%87" title="ລາຊະວົງມິງ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລາຊະວົງມິງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming%C5%B3_dinastija" title="Mingų dinastija – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mingų dinastija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minu_dinastija" title="Minu dinastija – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Minu dinastija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Ming" title="Dinasti Ming – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Dinasti Ming" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_(%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Минг (династија) – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Минг (династија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="മിങ് രാജവംശം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മിങ് രാജവംശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Мин улс – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мин улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="मिंग राजवंश – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मिंग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Ming" title="Dinasti Ming – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dinasti Ming" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA" title="မြင်တိုင်းပြည် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြင်တိုင်းပြည်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%87" title="مینگ سلسله – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مینگ سلسله" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-Dynastie" title="Ming-Dynastie – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ming-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="मिङ वंश – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मिङ वंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="मिङ्ग राजवंश – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मिङ्ग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-dynastie" title="Ming-dynastie – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ming-dynastie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming" title="Ming – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ming" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-dynastiet" title="Ming-dynastiet – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ming-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਮਿੰਗ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਿੰਗ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastia_Ming" title="Dynastia Ming – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dynastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="منگ سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="منگ سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AB_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8D" title="منګ واکمنه کورنۍ – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="منګ واکمنه کورنۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured articles"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Империя Мин – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Империя Мин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D2%91" title="Дінастія Мінґ – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Дінастія Мінґ" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Миин династията – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Миин династията" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" title="Ming Dynasty – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ming Dynasty" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Ming" title="Dinastija Ming – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dinastija Ming" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BA" title="මිං රාජවංශය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මිං රාජවංශය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ming dynasty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming" title="Ming – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ming" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Ming" title="Dinastija Ming – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dinastija Ming" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Велико Царство Минг – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велико Царство Минг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Ming" title="Dinasti Ming – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Dinasti Ming" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingdynastin" title="Mingdynastin – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mingdynastin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_(nasaba)" title="Ming (nasaba) – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ming (nasaba)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="மிங் அரசமரபு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மிங் அரசமரபு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="ราชวงศ์หมิง – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์หมิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_imperi%C3%BDasy" title="Min imperiýasy – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Min imperiýasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiyang_Ming" title="Dinastiyang Ming – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dinastiyang Ming" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Hanedan%C4%B1" title="Ming Hanedanı – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ming Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%89%DA%AD_%D8%B3%DB%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="مىڭ سۇلالىسى – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مىڭ سۇلالىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Династія Мін – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Династія Мін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%81" title="منگ شاہی سلسلہ – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="منگ شاہی سلسلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_(sulola)" title="Min (sulola) – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Min (sulola)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured articles"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_Minh" title="Nhà Minh – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà Minh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiya_Ming" title="Dinastiya Ming – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dinastiya Ming" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მინიშ დინასტია – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მინიშ დინასტია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A2" title="מינג דינאסטיע – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מינג דינאסטיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingzciuz" title="Mingzciuz – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Mingzciuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="明朝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E" title="明 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="明" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AAng-ti%C3%A2u" title="Bêng-tiâu – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bêng-tiâu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%8E" title="大明 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大明" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9903#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="名字空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="望内容页[c]" accesskey="c"><span>文章</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="有关内容页面个讨论(页面弗存在)[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">原文</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&variant=wuu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu"><span>原文</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-wuu-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&variant=wuu-hans" lang="wuu-Hans" hreflang="wuu-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-wuu-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&variant=wuu-hant" lang="wuu-Hant" hreflang="wuu-Hant"><span>正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="视图"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit" title="编辑该只页面个源码[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=history" title="该只页面老早个版本[h]" accesskey="h"><span>望历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="家生" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">家生</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">家生</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">囥起來</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit" title="编辑该只页面个源码[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=history"><span>望历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="链到箇里个所有wiki页面个清单[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链进来点啥</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" rel="nofollow" title="箇页链出去个全部页箇阶段变化[k]" accesskey="k"><span>搭界个改动</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=wuu" title="上传文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特别页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&oldid=323180" title="箇页当前版本个老世链接"><span>老世链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&id=323180&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关哪亨引用箇页个信息"><span>引用箇篇文章</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwuu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%2598%258E%25E6%259C%259D"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwuu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%2598%258E%25E6%259C%259D"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D"><span>创建书本</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=show-download-screen"><span>作为PDF下载</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&printable=yes" title="箇页个打印版[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印版</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 别个项目里向 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ming_Dynasty" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9903" title="链接到有关数据存储库项[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">囥起來</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-FA" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A1%B6%E5%B4%AD%E4%B8%AA%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0" title="搿是篇顶崭个文章"><img alt="好文" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自维基百科,自由个百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="wuu" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ming_Empire_cca_1580_(zh-hant).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ming_Empire_cca_1580_%28zh-hant%29.svg/200px-Ming_Empire_cca_1580_%28zh-hant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ming_Empire_cca_1580_%28zh-hant%29.svg/300px-Ming_Empire_cca_1580_%28zh-hant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ming_Empire_cca_1580_%28zh-hant%29.svg/400px-Ming_Empire_cca_1580_%28zh-hant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="2344" /></a><figcaption>明后期中央实际统治个地区。</figcaption></figure> <table class="floatright" cellspacing="1.5px" style="border:1px solid #BBBBBB; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: small; line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;" align="right"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" bgcolor="#EFEEEE" align="center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="中國歷史"><img alt="中國歷史" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/History_of_China.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="106" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="84" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="中国历史">中国历史</a>系列文章</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#C1F8F7" colspan="3" rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中国史前文化(页面弗存在)"><b>史<br />前<br />时<br />代</b></a> </td> <td bgcolor="#E1FFE1" colspan="7" style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%A7%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中国旧石器文化列表(页面弗存在)">旧石器时代</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E1FFE1" colspan="7" style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中国中石器文化列表(页面弗存在)">中石器时代</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E1FFE1" colspan="7" style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中国新石器文化列表(页面弗存在)">新石器时代</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFFCE1" colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黄河史前文化(页面弗存在)">黄河文化</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFCE1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%BF%E6%B1%9F%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="长江史前文化(页面弗存在)">长江文化</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="10" style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%A0%E8%AF%B4%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中国传说时代(页面弗存在)"><b>传说时代</b></a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9A%87%E4%BA%94%E5%B8%9D" title="三皇五帝">三皇五帝</a>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E1FFE1" colspan="10" style="height:30px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E6%9C%9D" title="夏朝"><b>夏</b><br /><small style="color:#888">约前21世纪–约前16世纪</small></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFECE1" colspan="10" style="height:30px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E6%9C%9D" title="商朝"><b>商</b><br /><small style="color:#888">约前17世纪–约前11世纪</small></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="3" rowspan="3" style="width:52.5px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9D" title="周朝"><b>周</b><br /><small style="color:#888">前11世纪<br />|<br />前256</small></a> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="7" style="height:25px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%91%A8" title="西周">西周 <small style="color:#888">前11世纪–前771</small> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%91%A8" title="东周">东周<br /><small style="color:#888">前770–前256</small></a> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="4" style="height:25px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" title="春秋时期">春秋 <small style="color:#888">前770–前476</small></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E1FFE1" colspan="4" style="height:25px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E5%9B%BD" title="战国">战国 <small style="color:#888">前476–前221</small></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFECE1" colspan="10" style="width:52.5px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D" title="秦朝"><b>秦</b> <small style="color:#888">前221–前207</small></a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%A5%9A" title="西楚"><small style="color:#888">西楚 前206–前202</small></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E1FFE1" colspan="3" rowspan="3" style="height:60px; width:52.5px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%9C%9D" title="汉朝"><b>汉</b><br /><small style="color:#888">前202<br />|<br />220</small></a> </td> <td bgcolor="#E1FFE1" colspan="7" style="height:25px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B1%89" title="西汉">西汉 <small style="color:#888">前202–8</small></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="7" style="height:25px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%9C%9D" title="新朝"><b>新</b> <small style="color:#888">8–23</small></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E1FFE1" colspan="7" style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%89%E6%9B%B4%E5%A7%8B%E5%B8%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="汉更始帝(页面弗存在)"><small style="color:#888">玄汉 23–25</small></a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89" class="mw-redirect" title="东汉">东汉 <small style="color:#888">25–220</small></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="3" style="width:52.5px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD" title="三国"><b>三国</b><br /><small style="color:#888">220–280</small></a> </td> <td bgcolor="#C1F8F7" colspan="3" style="width:52.5px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E9%AD%8F" title="曹魏">魏<br /><small style="color:#888">220–265</small></a> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="2" style="width:52.5px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%99%E5%90%B4" title="孙吴">吴<br /><small style="color:#888">229–280</small></a> </td> <td bgcolor="#E1FFE1" colspan="2" style="width:52.5px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%80%E6%B1%89" title="蜀汉">蜀汉<br /><small style="color:#888">221–263</small></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFECE1" colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="width:52.5px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="晋朝"><b>晋</b><br /><small style="color:#888">265-420</small> </a> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFECE1" colspan="7" style="height:25px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%8B" title="西晋">西晋 <small style="color:#888">265–316</small></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFECE1" colspan="3" style="height:25px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%99%8B" title="东晋">东晋<br /><small style="color:#888">317–420</small></a> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="4" style="height:25px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%83%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="五胡十六国"><b>十六国</b><br /><small style="color:#888">304–439</small></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#C1F8F7" colspan="3" rowspan="4" style="width:52.5px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝"><b>南<br />北<br />朝</b><br /><small style="color:#888">420<br />|<br />589</small></a> </td> <td bgcolor="#E1FFE1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E5%AE%8B" title="刘宋">宋<br /><small style="color:#888">420–479</small></a> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F" title="北魏">北魏 <br /><small style="color:#888">386–534</small></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E1FFE1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%BD%90" title="南齐">齐<br /><small style="color:#888">479–502</small></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E1FFE1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%81_(%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%9D)" class="mw-redirect" title="梁 (南朝)">梁<br /><small style="color:#888">502–557</small></a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E6%A2%81_(%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%9D)" class="mw-redirect" title="后梁 (南朝)"><small style="color:#888">后梁<br />555–587</small></a> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%AD%8F" title="西魏">西魏<br /><small style="color:#888">535–557</small></a> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E9%AD%8F" title="东魏">东魏<br /><small style="color:#888">534–550</small></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E1FFE1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88_(%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%9D)" class="mw-redirect" title="陈 (南朝)">陈<br /><small style="color:#888">557-589</small></a> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%91%A8" title="北周">北周<br /><small style="color:#888">557–581</small></a> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%90" title="北齐">北齐<br /><small style="color:#888">550–577</small></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFECE1" colspan="10" style="height:25px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="隋朝"><b>隋</b> <small style="color:#888">581–619</small></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="10" style="height:50px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝"><b>唐</b> <small style="color:#888">618–907</small></a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%91%A8" title="武周"><small style="color:#888">武周 690–705</small></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E1FFE1" colspan="6" style="height:25px; width:105px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%BD" title="五代十国"><b>五代十国</b> <small style="color:#888">907–979</small></a> </td> <td bgcolor="#C1F8F7" colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="width:52.5px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="辽朝"><b>辽<br />(契丹)</b><br /><small style="color:#888">916–1125</small></a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%BE%BD" title="西辽"><small style="color:#888">西辽<br />1124-1218</small></a> </td> <td bgcolor="#E1FFE1" colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="width:52.5px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%9A%E9%9A%BE%E8%8A%82%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="定难节度使(页面弗存在)"><small style="color:#888">定难军<br />881–982</small></a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F" title="西夏"><b>西夏</b><br /><small style="color:#888">1038-1227</small></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="width:52.5px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="宋朝"><b>宋</b><br /><small style="color:#888">960<br />|<br />1279</small></a> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="3" style="height:30px; width:52.5px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B" title="北宋">北宋<br /><small style="color:#888">960–1127</small></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="3" style="height:30px; width:52.5px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B" title="南宋">南宋<br /><small style="color:#888">1127–1279</small></a> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="2" style="height:30px; width:52.5px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="金朝"><b>金</b><br /><small style="color:#888">1115-1234</small></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFECE1" colspan="10" style="height:50px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="蒙古帝国"><small style="color:#888">大蒙古国 1206–1271</small></a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D" title="元朝"><b>元</b> <small style="color:#888">1271–1368</small></a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%85%83" title="北元"><small style="color:#888">北元 1368–1388</small></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E1FFE1" colspan="10" style="height:50px; vertical-align:middle;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>明</b> <small style="color:#888">1368–1644</small></a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%98%8E" title="南明"><small style="color:#888">南明 1644–1662</small></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="10" style="height:50px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E9%87%91" title="后金"><small style="color:#888">后金 1616–1636</small></a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝"><b>清</b> <small style="color:#888">1636–1912</small></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#C1F8F7" colspan="10" style="height:25px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD" title="中华民国"><b>中华民国</b> <small style="color:#888">1912至今</small></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#C1F8F7" colspan="6" style="height:25px; width:105px; vertical-align:middle;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD" title="中华民国">中华民国</a></b><br /><b>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="台湾">台湾</a>)</b> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="4" style="height:25px; width:105px; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国"><b>中华人民共和国</b><br /><small style="color:#888">1949至今</small></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#EFEEEE" align="center" colspan="10"><div class="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_dragon.svg/30px-China_dragon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_dragon.svg/45px-China_dragon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_dragon.svg/60px-China_dragon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中国历史年表(页面弗存在)">中国历史年表</a></b></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>明朝</b>(公历1368年1月23号—1644年4月25号)是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="中国历史">中国历史</a>丄个朝代之一,拢总十六代皇帝,两百七十六年。开国皇帝是<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96" class="mw-redirect" title="明太祖">明太祖</a>高皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%85%83%E7%92%8B" title="朱元璋">朱元璋</a>,末代皇帝是<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%80%9D%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="明思宗">明思宗</a>烈皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%94%B1%E6%A3%80" title="朱由检">朱由检</a>。居个朝代是趁元朝末期农民起义个辰光兴起个,灭在<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%97%8F" title="满族">满族</a>人手里向(但是亦有流亡政权在中国南方活动,譬如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%98%8E" title="南明">南明</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E9%83%91" title="明郑">明郑</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="朝鲜王朝">朝鲜国</a>也担渠场自望成功明朝个藩属国)。国家领土伉今朝个<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E7%9C%81" title="汉地十八省">汉地十八省</a>差弗多,并伉今东北地区有军事机构<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E5%84%BF%E5%B9%B2%E9%83%BD%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奴儿干都司(页面弗存在)">奴儿干都司</a>。居个朝代是汉人建立个压末只朝代。在明朝个辰光,皇帝个权力交关集中,原本实行著蛮多年数个<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9E%E7%9B%B8" title="丞相">丞相</a>制度,在明朝废脱。盖咾专制也是家常便饭。明朝按照<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="理学">理学</a>治理国家,妆八股取士,对外战略收缩,对内加紧<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%8C%96" title="汉化">汉化</a>西南地区土著民族。明朝个首都在北京<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BA%E5%A4%A9%E5%BA%9C" title="顺天府">顺天府</a>,当时亦讴京师;陪都是南京<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E5%A4%A9%E5%BA%9C_(%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D)" class="mw-redirect" title="应天府 (明朝)">应天府</a>,是顶早辰光个首都。 </p><p>明朝辰光<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%B6%8A" title="吴越">吴越</a>在行政、商业方面全受著打压,造成功<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="苏州">苏州</a>咾排场许个居民畀渠强制移民到<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A4%E9%98%B3" title="凤阳">凤阳</a>搭<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%B7%AE%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="江淮地区">江淮地区</a>。同时为供给明朝个首都<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BA%E5%A4%A9%E5%BA%9C" title="顺天府">顺天府</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%B6%8A" title="吴越">吴越</a>貤每年提供大部分维持<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%80%E7%BB%9F" title="大一统">大一统</a>帝国个<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%95%E8%BF%90" title="漕运">漕运</a>粮饷。<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%B6%8A" title="吴越">吴越</a>老百姓承受个税赋,是在整个明朝当中顶顶高个。弗过,因为<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%B6%8A" title="吴越">吴越</a>官僚在文化高头个优势,文化搭经济重心也一直在<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%B6%8A" title="吴越">吴越</a>。造成<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA%E8%B0%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="空谈(页面弗存在)">空谈</a>搭弗务正业个文人成为迭个辰光个时代主流。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="国号"><span id=".E5.9B.BD.E5.8F.B7"></span>国号</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节:国号"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E9%87%8D%E5%85%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="朱重八">朱重八</a>定个国号叫大明,表示承袭自小明王韩林儿个号,貤畀人称作<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="皇明">皇明</a>,史称<a class="mw-selflink selflink">明朝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="明代">明代</a>。 朱元璋手下有一部分明教徒,用“明”作国号以示自家个正统地位,也同时应搭<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="明教">明教</a>当中个“明王出世”预言贴近。其次,用明昰个词汇喻火,根据五德终始说,表示明朝取代元朝,是以火克金。同时应为皇帝姓朱,貤叫做<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="朱明">朱明</a></b>。1644年北京畀<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%AF%87" title="流寇">流寇</a>攻克之后,南方个明帝国<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%87%E4%BA%B2%E5%9B%BD%E6%88%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="皇亲国戚(页面弗存在)">皇亲国戚</a>,在官僚搭<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E9%98%80" title="军阀">军阀</a>个推举下,先后建立各类政权,渠场全沿用明帝国个国号,后世担迭些小朝廷叫做<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%98%8E" title="南明">南明</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="统治集团"><span id=".E7.BB.9F.E6.B2.BB.E9.9B.86.E5.9B.A2"></span>统治集团</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节:统治集团"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg/250px-%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg/375px-%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg/500px-%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3080" data-file-height="3932" /></a><figcaption>大明太祖高皇帝</figcaption></figure> <p>明朝个统治集团,主要由三批人组成。分别是<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E6%98%8E%E7%9A%87%E4%BA%B2" title="朱明皇亲">朱明皇亲</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%83%E8%B4%B5%E5%8A%9F%E5%8B%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="权贵功勋(页面弗存在)">权贵功勋</a>搭<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AE%98%E5%A3%AB%E7%BB%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文官士绅(页面弗存在)">文官士绅</a>。兹三批人垄断明帝国控制下大部分个财富、文化搭权利。明帝国个统治者为统治庞大个大一统帝国,通过科举个方式,让一眼地主晋升统治集团,维持人口阶层个流动性。在200许年个辰光里向,套方法全取得成功,个也是朱元璋对帝国顶大个贡献。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="朱家子孙"><span id=".E6.9C.B1.E5.AE.B6.E5.AD.90.E5.AD.99"></span>朱家子孙</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节:朱家子孙"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>帝国建立之后,朱元璋效仿老早个帝王,对自家个后代定落一系列规矩。为著防止大臣叛乱,朱元璋宣布分封渠个儿子。弗过分封制度完全搭大一统官僚政治违背。盖咾朱元璋早期为著平衡两者关系,担自家个儿子大多数封到九边重镇去著。比方讲:代王畀渠封到大同,燕王畀渠封到北平。分封到当地个藩王,拥有财政军个大权,基本丄是独立王国。昰个做法在朱元璋在许个辰光还好,等到渠死脱著之后,逐渐畀后续个统治者慢慢然改革,到朱棣统治个辰光,藩王个权利越来越小,但数目越来越多。为防止渠场谋反,貤弗违背朱元璋个意愿,后来个明朝皇帝对渠场个宗室两极化来险,一方面剥夺渠场所有个行政军事权利,让渠场在封地丄何物也弗好妆,貤弗允许渠场擅自离开封地。另一方面,貤无减封制度,王事繁衍增多,全由政府买单。在昰个弗可思议个制度下,明朝个宗室除脱繁衍也无何物值得一讲个内容。在明武宗辰光叛乱过个宁王算是一个反例。到明朝末年,宗室人口已经有两百多万,消耗明朝大量财政收入。明末流寇兴起,大量宗室畀渠场灭门。其余貤遭受后首满洲帝国屠杀,留落来个寥寥无几。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="淮西权贵"><span id=".E6.B7.AE.E8.A5.BF.E6.9D.83.E8.B4.B5"></span>淮西权贵</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节:淮西权贵"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>朱元璋打天下,靠个是渠场老乡,也就是㬮朝安徽淮河以南,长江以北个军队。在战争当中,个批人有交关建立著功勋,盖咾到开国之后,封渠场为公爵,侯爵。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E9%81%87%E6%98%A5" title="常遇春">常遇春</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E8%BE%BE" title="徐达">徐达</a>等人,全有老大个封赏。洪武初年,淮西权贵垄断著明帝国大部分重要个职位,成为著朱明统治集团里向弗可缺少个一只重要组成部分。淮西个凤阳在昰个辰光也是门庭若市,家家户户全有亲戚做大官。弗过从洪武中期辰光开始,朱元璋为防止权贵对渠个江山产生威胁,逐步削弱渠场个权利;到后期,貤动用恐怖手段,杀脱著几万权贵搭渠场个亲戚,比方<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%9D%E7%8E%89" title="蓝玉">蓝玉</a>就畀渠杀脱,<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%96%84%E9%95%BF" title="李善长">李善长</a>也难逃一死。到朱元璋死个辰光,只有相帮渠镇压云南地区个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%90%E8%8B%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沐英(页面弗存在)">沐英</a>还掌握云南地区一定个权利。听落个弗是畀渠杀脱,就是彻底丧失权利,沦为坐吃山空个浪荡子著。到朱棣辰光,因为篡位个关系,对老早支持建文帝个勋贵后代打压越加明显,勋贵彻底沦为一种摆设,基本退出明朝个统治实权阶层著。弗过在经济丄,勋贵还是有大险大个优势,横行乡里,收拢家奴全是家常便饭,居个也成为著一个严重险个社会问题。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="江南士绅"><span id=".E6.B1.9F.E5.8D.97.E5.A3.AB.E7.BB.85"></span>江南士绅</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节:江南士绅"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>朱元璋虽然邪气嫌鄙江南人,但为著让帝国稳定落来,渠老早就大搞<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E8%82%A1%E5%8F%96%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="八股取士">八股取士</a>。种文化考试制度,让从唐朝就开始繁荣个东南地区占到邪气大个优势,尤其是江南五府为主个吴越地区,更是通过科举产生著无数世代为官个大家族。明朝科举两百多年里向,江南人垄断至少三分之一个进士一直是一只常态;到明朝末年,江南士绅长期处于内阁个核心地位,<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E9%98%B6" title="徐阶">徐阶</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B3%E6%97%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="申时行">申时行</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E9%94%A1%E7%88%B5" title="王锡爵">王锡爵</a>先后出任首辅。江南绍兴个<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%88%E4%BB%81" title="王守仁">王守仁</a>创立心学,让江南在学术搭官僚系统当中全具备绝对个统治力。江南发达个经济加上科举个得意,让江南士绅在明朝个中后期成功成为明帝国个统治集团一部分,担自家个命运搭帝国个命运联系在一淘,盖咾产生著明朝末年个<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%9E%97%E5%85%9A" title="东林党">东林党</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E7%A4%BE" title="复社">复社</a>等组织。弗过,虽然江南士绅成功成为著统治集团个一份子,但渠场个地位比较推板,并无宗藩搭勋贵个世袭保障。还要经常受到特务机关个迫害。居个也是官僚系统在统治阶层里向真实地位个体现。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节:历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="朱家大一统"><span id=".E6.9C.B1.E5.AE.B6.E5.A4.A7.E4.B8.80.E7.BB.9F"></span>朱家大一统</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节:朱家大一统"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蒙古人(页面弗存在)">蒙古人</a>建立个<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="元帝国">元帝国</a>挨末阶段,蒙古贵族对整只帝国个掌控开始力弗从心。在交关场许,渠场本生通过<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%B2%E7%9B%AE%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="色目人(页面弗存在)">色目人</a>建立个监察体系开始崩溃。此外,因得宫廷税负弗足,貤开始大量发行<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B8%E9%92%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="纸钞(页面弗存在)">纸钞</a>,带来通货膨胀,老百姓民弗聊生。激发怨言搭怒气。到1351年,<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%A1%BA%E5%B8%9D" title="元顺帝">元顺帝</a>让自家个亲信<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%BE%E9%B2%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贾鲁(页面弗存在)">贾鲁</a>去修<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="黄河">黄河</a>个水利,调集帝国各地个农民廿万人到黄河周边。激发居帮人个冲动。1351年五月,来自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%96%E5%8C%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="皖北(页面弗存在)">皖北</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%84%E6%B3%9B%E5%8C%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黄泛区(页面弗存在)">黄泛区</a>个<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%B2%E6%95%99" title="白莲教">白莲教</a>信徒<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E5%B1%B1%E7%AB%A5" title="韩山童">韩山童</a>搭<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%98%E7%A6%8F%E9%80%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="刘福通(页面弗存在)">刘福通</a>造反,担宗教当狗皮膏药,自号<b>明王</b>(代表白莲教信仰个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E5%B0%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="明尊(页面弗存在)">明尊</a>下凡),勾结交关<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E6%B0%91" title="农民">农民</a>,创立<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E5%B7%BE%E5%86%9B" title="红巾军">红巾军</a>。之后, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B7%AE%E8%A5%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="淮西(页面弗存在)">淮西</a>个村霸<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%83%AD%E5%AD%90%E5%85%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="郭子兴(页面弗存在)">郭子兴</a>响应渠场个举动,在淮西叛乱。之后攻占<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A4%E9%98%B3" title="凤阳">凤阳</a>。昰个辰光,教化子<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E9%87%8D%E5%85%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="朱重八">朱重八</a>自家主动来投靠红巾军,因为会弄权术,晓得打仗。得到<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%83%AD%E5%AD%90%E5%85%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="郭子兴(页面弗存在)">郭子兴</a>个信任,担自家个养女许畀渠做老安。之后,朱重八离开凤阳,开始发展自家个势力。 </p><p>1356年,朱元璋(已经从<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E9%87%8D%E5%85%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="朱重八">朱重八</a>改名)偷袭<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%86%E5%BA%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="集庆(页面弗存在)">集庆</a>(㬮朝<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%8B%8F%E7%9C%81" title="江苏省">江苏省</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82" title="南京市">南京市</a>),担此地改名叫<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E5%A4%A9%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-disambig" title="应天府">应天府</a>,作为自家个营盘。之后,采取收缩战略,一面对<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="元帝国">元帝国</a>献媚,一面开始网络各路流窜军队搭<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B1%AA%E6%9D%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="豪杰(页面弗存在)">豪杰</a>。到1360年,对西面个<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E5%8F%8B%E8%B0%85" title="陈友谅">陈友谅</a>势力开站,获胜。并且在1363年个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%84%B1%E9%98%B3%E6%B9%96%E6%B0%B4%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鄱阳湖水战(页面弗存在)">鄱阳湖水战</a>当中击溃陈友谅,吞并渠在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9E%E5%BA%AD%E6%B9%96" title="洞庭湖">洞庭湖</a>南北个地盘。并对弗听渠号令个<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97" class="mw-redirect" title="湖南">湖南</a>老百姓展开屠杀。之后,<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%85%83%E7%92%8B" title="朱元璋">朱元璋</a>借口东面个<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E5%A3%AB%E8%AF%9A" title="张士诚">张士诚</a>对元帝国弗忠,开始侵略渠在<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%B6%8A" title="吴越">吴越</a>个地盘。到1367年,渠攻下<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B3%E6%B1%9F%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="平江府(页面弗存在)">平江府</a>,担张士诚杀脱,因为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%99%E8%A5%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="浙西(页面弗存在)">浙西</a>个老百姓全相帮张士诚抵抗渠,朱元璋对此地个老百姓课<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E8%B5%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="重赋(页面弗存在)">重赋</a>,并强制担交关人移民到<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B7%AE%E8%A5%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="淮西(页面弗存在)">淮西</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A4%E9%98%B3" title="凤阳">凤阳</a>。之后,渠进兵<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%99%E4%B8%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="浙东(页面弗存在)">浙东</a>,担统治当地个<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%9B%BD%E7%8F%8D" title="方国珍">方国珍</a>灭脱。 </p><p>1368年正月,<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%85%83%E7%92%8B" title="朱元璋">朱元璋</a>在暗杀<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E6%98%8E%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小明王(页面弗存在)">小明王</a>之后,在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="南京">南京</a>自立为<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="皇帝">皇帝</a>,居个便是后首来个明太祖。之后,渠马上搭老早献媚个<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="元帝国">元帝国</a>翻面孔,让自家个大将<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E8%BE%BE" title="徐达">徐达</a>开始<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E4%BC%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北伐(页面弗存在)">北伐</a>。元帝国基本弗曾抵抗就撤退到<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%A0%E5%8C%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="漠北(页面弗存在)">漠北</a>。1371年,朱元璋貤灭脱重庆个<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E7%8E%89%E7%8F%8D" title="明玉珍">明玉珍</a>势力,1381年,担效忠元帝国并占领原<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E5%9B%BD" title="大理国">大理国</a>全境个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D%E6%A2%81%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="元朝梁王(页面弗存在)">元朝梁王</a>灭脱,强制对当地进行殖民同化。昰个辰光,渠个<b>大一统</b>野心算是基本完成,让东亚大陆大部分地区,貤变成一个大帝国哉。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="洪武之治"><span id=".E6.B4.AA.E6.AD.A6.E4.B9.8B.E6.B2.BB"></span>洪武之治</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节:洪武之治"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>朱元璋从小在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BA%95%E5%B1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会底层(页面弗存在)">社会底层</a>生长,弗曾受过任何正规教育,对社会个发展搭经济运行规律基本无概念。对<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%98%E5%83%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="官僚(页面弗存在)">官僚</a>防备心邪气重,更加痛恨<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%95%86%E8%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="商贾(页面弗存在)">商贾</a>。盖咾,渠在灭脱别个势力之后,开始对<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%95%86%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="商人(页面弗存在)">商人</a>进行打压,先后担交关吴越地区个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%8C%E6%88%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="富户(页面弗存在)">富户</a>强制移民到<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="南京">南京</a>,假使看弗顺眼个,还要抄家充军。之后,渠开始强制对人口进行<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BC%96%E6%88%B7%E9%BD%90%E6%B0%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="编户齐民(页面弗存在)">编户齐民</a>并规定渠场个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%A3%E7%9D%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="衣着(页面弗存在)">衣着</a>,渠对定规矩兴趣老大个,违反渠规矩个,全要杀脱。到晏年,渠更加恐惧<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B7%AE%E8%A5%BF%E6%9D%83%E8%B4%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="淮西权贵(页面弗存在)">淮西权贵</a>对渠<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%9D%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="政权(页面弗存在)">政权</a>个威胁,就担自家个儿子全分封到<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%9D%E8%BE%B9%E9%87%8D%E9%95%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="九边重镇(页面弗存在)">九边重镇</a>当有实际权力个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%A9%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藩王(页面弗存在)">藩王</a>。貤借因头<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B0%8B%E5%8F%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="谋反(页面弗存在)">谋反</a>,先后发起<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%83%9F%E5%BA%B8" title="胡惟庸">胡惟庸</a>搭<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%9D%E7%8E%89" title="蓝玉">蓝玉</a>两场大案。担自家个老乡淮西权贵集团基本全杀脱著。昰个事体在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帝国文人(页面弗存在)">帝国文人</a>个讲述当中邪气有名。 </p><p>朱元璋对读书人弗信任,但要利用渠场来维持自家个<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%80%E7%BB%9F" title="大一统">大一统</a>帝国。所以,渠一方面尊崇<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%9F%E4%B9%8B%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孔孟之道(页面弗存在)">孔孟之道</a>,另外一方面,貤担《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E5%AD%90(%E4%B9%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孟子(书)(页面弗存在)">孟子(书)</a>》当中交关内容删脱。并制定<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E8%82%A1%E5%8F%96%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="八股取士">八股取士</a>个办法,担读书人个思维框煞,弗让渠场有任何非分之想。对于弗肯搭渠合作个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文人(页面弗存在)">文人</a>。渠采取强制措施,假使弗肯出山当渠个官僚,就担昰个人屋里个人捉牢甚至杀脱。昰个做法,貤牵连到交关人。 </p><p>朱元璋晏年眼乌珠瞎脱,貤弗断要求各地根据渠个《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%A1%E5%88%B6%E5%A4%A7%E6%B5%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="御制大浩(页面弗存在)">御制大浩</a>》反贪污,鼓励老百姓到南京来告状,担官员<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%A5%E7%9A%AE%E5%AE%9E%E8%8D%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="剥皮实草(页面弗存在)">剥皮实草</a>。渠死脱著之后,渠个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="皇太孙(页面弗存在)">皇太孙</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%85%81%E7%82%86" title="朱允炆">朱允炆</a>继位,改年号<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%BA%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="建文(页面弗存在)">建文</a>。昰个皇太孙,是欢喜<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a>个一套妆法个。渠搭渠身边个文人,譬如讲<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%90%E6%B3%B0" title="齐泰">齐泰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%AD%90%E6%BE%84" title="黄子澄">黄子澄</a>之类,全觉著<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%A9%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藩王(页面弗存在)">藩王</a>权力忒大,就准备担渠场做脱。弗过,事体做来弗煞根,让<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%85%83%E7%92%8B" title="朱元璋">朱元璋</a>个第四个儿子<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%87%95%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="燕王(页面弗存在)">燕王</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E6%A3%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="朱棣">朱棣</a>有机可趁。用所谓「清君侧,靖内难」个名义叛乱,末脚占领<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="南京">南京</a>,篡夺皇位。昰个就是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%96%E9%9A%BE%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="靖难叛乱(页面弗存在)">靖难叛乱</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="迁都北平"><span id=".E8.BF.81.E9.83.BD.E5.8C.97.E5.B9.B3"></span>迁都北平</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节:迁都北平"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>作为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AF%A1%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="篡位(页面弗存在)">篡位</a>个人物,<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E6%A3%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="朱棣">朱棣</a>专门想弄一眼伟业让老百姓服贴渠。貤因为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="南京">南京</a>是渠篡位辰光攻击过个场许,渠疑心当地百姓对渠弗忠心。盖咾就制造舆论,外加开始在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%B9%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="北平">北平</a>修<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E7%A6%81%E5%9F%8E" title="紫禁城">紫禁城</a>。以<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%B9%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="北平">北平</a>为中心个幽燕地区,是华北平原同草原个交界处,所以北平作为首都比南京能更加结棍个掌控全国走向。同时,为著彰显自家个力道,渠四面发兵,进行扩张。一头频频攻击<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%85%83" title="北元">北元</a>,另一方面,对南许个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%97%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安南国(页面弗存在)">安南国</a>(㬮朝<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a>)干涉内政,趁渠场内乱,担此地收回。此外,还派渠个亲信宦官<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%91%E5%92%8C" title="郑和">郑和</a>带领大批个船舶,走落到西洋去,宣传<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="明帝国">明帝国</a>个“天威”,同时还赚了么佬佬大钿。郑和个活动,听讲还有寻<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E6%96%87%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="建文帝">建文帝</a>个意味在里向。弗过,昰个活动,也无何实际结果。在迁都<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%B9%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="北平">北平</a>之后,紫禁城个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E5%A4%A7%E6%AE%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三大殿(页面弗存在)">三大殿</a>就畀矐睒击中烧脱,让<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="永乐(页面弗存在)">永乐</a>皇帝闷闷弗乐,无几许辰光,就在塞外死脱著。 </p><p>朱棣死脱著之后,渠个长子<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E9%AB%98%E7%86%BE" title="朱高熾">朱高炽</a>继位,号<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E4%BB%81%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="明仁宗">明仁宗</a>。渠当皇帝辰光岁数已经蛮高,本生想担首都迁回<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="南京">南京</a>。弗过过脱一年自家就死脱著。渠顶大个举动是停脱著<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%91%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%8B%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B" title="郑和下西洋">郑和下西洋</a>。明仁宗驾崩,渠个大儿子<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%9E%BB%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="朱瞻基">朱瞻基</a>继位,个就是后势来个<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%AE%A3%E5%AE%97" title="明宣宗">明宣宗</a>。渠欢喜享乐,生活糜烂,邪气欢喜斗<a href="/wiki/%E8%B9%94%F0%A7%89%86" title="蹔𧉆">蹔𧉆</a>,畀老百姓叫做「促織天子」。同时,渠也搭渠场爹爹(da-da)一样,信任<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A6%E5%AE%98" title="宦官">宦官</a>,让<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%8B%E6%8C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="王振(页面弗存在)">王振</a>之类个太监开始干预政治活动。1435年,明宣宗纵欲过度,在壮年就死脱,渠统治个段辰光,明帝国表面丄望起来还算强大,盖咾后世个帝国文人拍马屁,吹捧昰个辰光叫做<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%81%E5%AE%A3%E4%B9%8B%E6%B2%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="仁宣之治(页面弗存在)">仁宣之治</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="收缩搭动荡"><span id=".E6.94.B6.E7.BC.A9.E6.90.AD.E5.8A.A8.E8.8D.A1"></span>收缩搭动荡</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节:收缩搭动荡"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>蹔𧉆天子<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%AE%A3%E5%AE%97" title="明宣宗">明宣宗</a>死脱之后,渠场儿子继位,就是后首来个<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E8%8B%B1%E5%AE%97" title="明英宗">明英宗</a>。昰个皇帝,继位辰光小,邪气相信自家个出窠兄弟宦官<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%8B%E6%8C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="王振(页面弗存在)">王振</a>。王振利用昰个有利条件,开始干涉明帝国个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%9D%E6%94%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朝政(页面弗存在)">朝政</a>,到1442年,对王振有限制作用个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%A0%E5%A4%AA%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="张太皇太后(页面弗存在)">张太皇太后</a>四脱。个辰光,明英宗只有15岁,之后,王振开始越加滥权。到元老<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E6%9D%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三杨(页面弗存在)">三杨</a>死脱之后,王振彻底控制朝政。收买文人,吹捧自家叫做<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%81%E7%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="翁父(页面弗存在)">翁父</a>,渠个兴趣爱好搭别个宦官差弗多,就是受贿贪污之类,弗过因为是宦官,遭到后首来文人个口诛笔伐。 </p><p>1435年,内亚个<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%89%8C" title="瓦剌">瓦剌</a>部落担交关蒙古部落兼并,开始对明帝国个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%9D%E8%BE%B9%E9%87%8D%E9%95%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="九边重镇(页面弗存在)">九边重镇</a>构成威胁。1449年,瓦剌个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E5%B8%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太师(页面弗存在)">太师</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%9F%E5%85%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="也先(页面弗存在)">也先</a>南下,进攻明帝国。王振为彰显<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%A8%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天威(页面弗存在)">天威</a>,教唆明英宗<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%A1%E9%A9%BE%E4%BA%B2%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="御驾亲征(页面弗存在)">御驾亲征</a>,带兵七八万(号称五十万)离开<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%B9%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="北平">北平</a>,一路向西,来到<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%8B%E6%8C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="王振(页面弗存在)">王振</a>个老家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大同(页面弗存在)">大同</a>。并无搭蒙古人打仗,就畏首畏尾,要回撤。回去个道路当中,在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%9C%A8%E5%A0%A1" title="土木堡">土木堡</a>畀蒙古人围住,并彻底歼灭击溃<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="明帝国">明帝国</a>个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%85%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天兵(页面弗存在)">天兵</a>。明帝国自傲个军队,瞬间死脱一大半。个也是<a class="mw-selflink selflink">明朝</a>立国之后顶顶严重个败仗。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%8B%E6%8C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="王振(页面弗存在)">王振</a>畀人杀脱,<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E8%8B%B1%E5%AE%97" title="明英宗">明英宗</a>畀蒙古人<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%93%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生擒(页面弗存在)">生擒</a>,作为俘虏。 </p><p>土木堡事变之后,<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%89%8C" title="瓦剌">瓦剌</a>人乘胜追击,围住<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%B9%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="北平">北平</a>,个辰光,交关帝国大臣要求迁都到南京。弗过,效忠帝国个<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%B6%8A%E4%BA%BA" title="吴越人">吴越人</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E8%B0%A6" title="于谦">于谦</a>(兵部侍郎)死活弗同意,在渠个运作下头,让<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E8%8B%B1%E5%AE%97" title="明英宗">明英宗</a>个阿弟<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%A5%81%E9%88%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="朱祁鈺">朱祁鈺</a>继位,个就是<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E4%BB%A3%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="明代宗">明代宗</a>。改元<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AF%E6%B3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="景泰(页面弗存在)">景泰</a>。渠让于谦负责北平个防卫。于谦担蒙古人击败,在之后两年当中,多趟担瓦剌部落击退。之后,蒙古人服软,1450年担明英宗放回。弗过,因为明代宗弗肯接受<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E8%8B%B1%E5%AE%97" title="明英宗">明英宗</a>复位,还担渠软禁在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南宫(页面弗存在)">南宫</a>。并担皇太子<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%B1%E8%A7%81%E6%B7%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朱见深(页面弗存在)">朱见深</a>废脱。改立自家儿子<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%B1%E8%A7%81%E6%B5%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朱见济(页面弗存在)">朱见济</a>当太子。个之后,1457年,明英宗趁明代宗病危辰光发动<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="政变">政变</a>,重新夺得皇位。渠场反过来软禁<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E4%BB%A3%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="明代宗">明代宗</a>,貤担<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E8%B0%A6" title="于谦">于谦</a>杀脱。改元<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E9%A1%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天顺(页面弗存在)">天顺</a>。昰个事体既反映统治集团反复无常个内斗,更表明为帝国卖命个吴越文人个悲惨结局。1464年,明英宗壮年暴毙,渠个儿子朱见深继位,个就是后势来个<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%AE%AA%E5%AE%97" title="明宪宗">明宪宗</a>,改元<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="成化(页面弗存在)">成化</a>。 </p><p>明宪宗是一个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A3%E5%90%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="口吃(页面弗存在)">口吃</a>,对<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%9D%E6%94%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朝政(页面弗存在)">朝政</a>也嘸啥兴趣,弗过因为开始辰光有样学样,担<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E8%B0%A6" title="于谦">于谦</a>“平反”,貤获得交关帝国文人拍马,称呼渠统治辰光叫做“成化新风”。实际浪,渠统治辰光,后宫一片乱象。明宪宗欢喜一个比渠大交关个女人,封渠叫做<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%87%E8%B4%B5%E5%A6%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="万贵妃(页面弗存在)">万贵妃</a>。昰个女人心狠手辣,担怀上明宪宗后代个宫人全杀脱,只有一个明帝国抓到宫里个<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E6%97%8F" title="苗族">苗族</a>女人帮明宪宗生下后代,个就是后势来个<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%AD%9D%E5%AE%97" title="明孝宗">明孝宗</a>。明宪宗欢喜各种娱乐活动,乃朝留有交关渠个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%8C%E4%B9%90%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="行乐图(页面弗存在)">行乐图</a>可以为证。渠还打开<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A6%E5%AE%98" title="宦官">宦官</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%8A%A1%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特务政治(页面弗存在)">特务政治</a>,搞出<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%8E%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西厂(页面弗存在)">西厂</a>,同时,为收揽钱财,为自家使用,貤开设<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%87%E5%BA%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="皇庄(页面弗存在)">皇庄</a>,严重扰乱老百姓个经济生活。到晏年,貤迷信<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%BF%E4%B8%AD%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="房中术(页面弗存在)">房中术</a>搭<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%82%BC%E4%B8%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="炼丹(页面弗存在)">炼丹</a>,让明帝国一片暗无天日。 </p><p>1487年,明宪宗死脱,渠个儿子<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%B1%E7%A5%90%E6%A8%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朱祐樘(页面弗存在)">朱祐樘</a>继位,渠没啥主见,弗过也弗迫害帝国官僚,所以得到文人众口一致个吹捧,讲渠是中興之令主」。实际浪,渠是在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%92%8C%E7%A8%80%E6%B3%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="和稀泥(页面弗存在)">和稀泥</a>。没过几年,就开始学习自家个爷爷搭爸爸,开始大肆挥霍。让国库<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A5%E4%B8%8D%E6%95%B7%E5%87%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="入不敷出(页面弗存在)">入弗敷出</a>。明帝国个财政,进一步恶化。弗过,文人为塑造典型,还是担渠统治辰光吹成<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%98%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弘治中兴(页面弗存在)">弘治中兴</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="荒唐皇帝"><span id=".E8.8D.92.E5.94.90.E7.9A.87.E5.B8.9D"></span>荒唐皇帝</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节:荒唐皇帝"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1505年<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%AD%9D%E5%AE%97" title="明孝宗">明孝宗</a>死脱之后,渠个儿子<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%8E%9A%E7%85%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="朱厚照">朱厚照</a>即位,个就是后势来个<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%AD%A6%E5%AE%97" title="明武宗">明武宗</a>,改年号<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A3%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="正德(页面弗存在)">正德</a>。昰个皇帝欢喜薄相,并弗担<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AE%98%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文官集团(页面弗存在)">文官集团</a>摆在眼里。渠邪气崇信<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A6%E5%AE%98" title="宦官">宦官</a>,外加欢喜到处游山玩水,文官集团弗肯让渠<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%A1%E9%A9%BE%E4%BA%B2%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="御驾亲征(页面弗存在)">御驾亲征</a>塞外,渠就替自家封只官职,叫<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E6%AD%A6%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%86%E5%86%9B%E6%9C%B1%E5%AF%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威武大将军朱寿(页面弗存在)">威武大将军朱寿</a>。自家带亲信到塞外<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%BF%E5%8C%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="剿匪(页面弗存在)">剿匪</a>。渠统治期间,发生宦官<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E7%91%BE" title="刘瑾">刘瑾</a>个专权搭<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%81%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宁王(页面弗存在)">宁王</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%AE%B8%E6%BF%A0" title="朱宸濠">朱宸濠</a>叛乱个大事体。弗过,全一一平定。个当中,<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%B6%8A%E4%BA%BA" title="吴越人">吴越人</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%88%E4%BB%81" title="王守仁">王守仁</a>出力大险。1520年,明武宗借口要去讨伐宁王,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%A1%E9%A9%BE%E4%BA%B2%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="御驾亲征(页面弗存在)">御驾亲征</a>到<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E5%A4%A9%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-disambig" title="应天府">应天府</a>。担已经畀王守仁捉到此地个宁王押送回北平。回去个路浪,在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%9B%B4%E9%9A%B6" title="南直隶">南直隶</a>趁船薄相个辰光落水染病,1521年在自家纵情糜烂个<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%B9%E6%88%BF" title="豹房">豹房</a>驾崩。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%AD%A6%E5%AE%97" title="明武宗">明武宗</a>一个儿子也没,所以,大臣商议,让<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%AD%9D%E5%AE%97" title="明孝宗">明孝宗</a>个侄子,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B4%E7%8C%AE%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="兴献王(页面弗存在)">兴献王</a>个儿子<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%8E%9A%E7%86%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="朱厚熜">朱厚熜</a>继承皇位,个就是后势来个<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%97" title="明世宗">明世宗</a>。明世宗继位之后,担年号改成功<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E9%9D%96" class="mw-redirect" title="嘉靖">嘉靖</a>。从渠开始,明朝进入<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%90%8E%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中后期(页面弗存在)">中后期</a>。 </p><p>嘉靖帝继位前期,为著担自家爷娘追封成功<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="皇帝">皇帝</a>,搭<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大臣(页面弗存在)">大臣</a>个矛盾邪气大,居个就是所谓个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E7%A4%BC%E8%AE%AE%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大礼议之争(页面弗存在)">大礼议之争</a>。末脚,明世宗担自家爷娘纳入著<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="皇帝">皇帝</a>系统。桩事体也让明世宗有机会担反对渠个文官搭宦官全调成功自家个亲信。之后,明世宗开始弗上朝,长年在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8E%E5%AE%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="后宫(页面弗存在)">后宫</a>炼丹。弗过,朝政还是牢牢捏在渠手里。渠统治个后期,让欢喜替渠写<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%92%E8%AF%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="青词(页面弗存在)">青词</a>个<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E5%B5%A9" title="严嵩">严嵩</a>,长期担当<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E9%98%81%E9%A6%96%E8%BE%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="内阁首辅(页面弗存在)">内阁首辅</a>。严嵩趁昰个便当,开始营造自家个势力,渠场儿子<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%A5%E4%B8%96%E8%97%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="严世藩(页面弗存在)">严世藩</a>貤加变本加厉,打压反对自家个大臣。到阿末阶段,帝国开始出现瘫痪迹象。北面个<a href="/wiki/%E9%9E%91%E9%9D%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="鞑靼人">鞑靼人</a>开始进犯;南面因为长期<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E7%A6%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海禁(页面弗存在)">海禁</a>,导致<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%B6%8A%E4%BA%BA" title="吴越人">吴越人</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%97%BD%E8%B6%8A%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="闽越人(页面弗存在)">闽越人</a>联合<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日本海盗(页面弗存在)">日本海盗</a>,形成所谓个<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AD%E5%AF%87" title="倭寇">倭寇</a>,进行走私骚扰活动。有名个<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%91%9E" title="海瑞">海瑞</a>也是在嘉靖统治阿末阶段出名个。嘉靖死脱之前,担严嵩废脱,并杀脱严世藩,用<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%B6%8A%E4%BA%BA" title="吴越人">吴越人</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E9%98%B6" title="徐阶">徐阶</a>取代。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="张居正改革"><span id=".E5.BC.A0.E5.B1.85.E6.AD.A3.E6.94.B9.E9.9D.A9"></span>张居正改革</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节:张居正改革"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhangjuzheng.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Zhangjuzheng.jpg/220px-Zhangjuzheng.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="407" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Zhangjuzheng.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>万历前期个专权大臣张居正</figcaption></figure> <p>1566嘉靖帝死脱之后,渠个儿子<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E8%BC%89%E5%9E%95" class="mw-redirect" title="朱載垕">朱載垕</a>继位,个便是后势来个<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E7%A9%86%E5%AE%97" title="明穆宗">明穆宗</a>。因为渠改元<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%86%E5%BA%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="隆庆(页面弗存在)">隆庆</a>。渠也因此叫做<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%86%E5%BA%86%E5%B8%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="隆庆帝(页面弗存在)">隆庆帝</a>。明穆宗搭<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%AD%9D%E5%AE%97" title="明孝宗">明孝宗</a>有眼类似,是无何物主见个皇帝,蛮听大臣言语。渠登基之后,让<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E9%98%B6" title="徐阶">徐阶</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%8B%B1" title="高拱">高拱</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E5%B1%85%E6%AD%A3" title="张居正">张居正</a>成为自家个内阁大臣。弗过,帮人自家先后内斗,末脚,张居正成为文官权力斗争个胜利者。虽然高拱在隆庆末年回京出任<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%96%E8%BE%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="首辅(页面弗存在)">首辅</a>,弗过还是被张居正击败。隆庆辰光开始,张居正开始实践自家个措施,北面对<a href="/wiki/%E9%9E%91%E9%9D%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="鞑靼人">鞑靼人</a>进行册封,在东南海面,开放<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93" title="贸易">贸易</a>,弗再搞<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E7%A6%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海禁(页面弗存在)">海禁</a>,桩事体叫做<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%86%E5%BA%86%E5%BC%80%E5%85%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="隆庆开关(页面弗存在)">隆庆开关</a>。昰个两桩事体,本生弗难,弗过明帝国个官僚体系效率低险,到昰个辰光,再有应对。从昰歇开始,因为皇帝弗大强势,明帝国个<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%97" title="江南">江南</a>(吴越地区)个文官,对帝国朝政个影响开始越来越大哉。 </p><p>隆庆身体弗好,1572年中风驾崩。渠9岁个儿子<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%BF%8A%E9%88%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="朱翊鈞">朱翊鈞</a>继位,个就是后首来大名鼎鼎个<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E7%A5%9E%E5%AE%97" title="明神宗">明神宗</a>。明神宗继位之后,改元<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%8E%86" title="万历">万历</a>,盖咾也好担渠称呼为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%8E%86%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="万历帝">万历帝</a>。在渠统治个前期,<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E5%B1%85%E6%AD%A3" title="张居正">张居正</a>得到大宦官<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%AF%E4%BF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冯保(页面弗存在)">冯保</a>个支持,继续推行自家个改革。渠个做法,主要是加强<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%87%E6%9D%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="皇权(页面弗存在)">皇权</a>,增加<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%80%E7%BB%9F%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大一统帝国(页面弗存在)">大一统帝国</a>个税赋。并重新丈量土地,打压士绅阶层;盖咾得罪著交关利益相关群体。渠搭<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%9A%E7%BB%A7%E5%85%89" title="戚继光">戚继光</a>关系邪好,喊戚继光领牢著<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%B6%8A%E4%BA%BA" title="吴越人">吴越人</a>组成个军队到<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%9D%E8%BE%B9%E9%87%8D%E9%95%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="九边重镇(页面弗存在)">九边重镇</a>作为帝国个边境部队。弗过,张居正也是一个邪气滥权个大臣,做过交关授人以柄个事体。1582年,张居正死脱,之后,渠就畀<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%8E%86%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="万历帝">万历帝</a>反攻倒算,满门吞没。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="万历乱政"><span id=".E4.B8.87.E5.8E.86.E4.B9.B1.E6.94.BF"></span>万历乱政</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节:万历乱政"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%98%8E%E7%A5%9E%E5%AE%97%E5%83%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/%E6%98%8E%E7%A5%9E%E5%AE%97%E5%83%8F.jpg/220px-%E6%98%8E%E7%A5%9E%E5%AE%97%E5%83%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/%E6%98%8E%E7%A5%9E%E5%AE%97%E5%83%8F.jpg/330px-%E6%98%8E%E7%A5%9E%E5%AE%97%E5%83%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/%E6%98%8E%E7%A5%9E%E5%AE%97%E5%83%8F.jpg/440px-%E6%98%8E%E7%A5%9E%E5%AE%97%E5%83%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>荒唐皇帝明神宗</figcaption></figure> <p>张居正死脱之后,万历再算真正开始亲政。因为之前放开海禁个缘故,在渠当政开始许歇,明帝国在东南面个各个行省飞速繁荣。积累之前两百年根本弗可能积累得著个财富。弗过,万历自家并无几许当皇帝个兴趣。在几十年当中,<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E7%A6%81%E5%9F%8E" title="紫禁城">紫禁城</a>只有出过两三趟,外加全是去看自家个墓。渠因为自家个太子问题,搭大部分大臣关系邪气紧张。到1601年,再担<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%B8%B8%E6%B4%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="朱常洛">朱常洛</a>封成<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太子(页面弗存在)">太子</a>,让自家宠幸个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%83%91%E8%B4%B5%E5%A6%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="郑贵妃(页面弗存在)">郑贵妃</a>生个儿子<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%B8%B8%E6%B4%B5" title="朱常洵">朱常洵</a>封成功<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%8F%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="福王(页面弗存在)">福王</a>。为著报复大臣,渠从1587年开始就弗上朝,整日沉浸在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%B1%E5%A4%A9%E9%85%92%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="花天酒地(页面弗存在)">花天酒地</a>当中,并<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%B4%E5%9C%9F%E6%9C%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大兴土木(页面弗存在)">大兴土木</a>。渠为著弥补自家个消费,貤派宦官到处搜刮税赋,让明帝国本生有眼放松个财政开始吃紧。此外,因得交关<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%B6%8A" title="吴越">吴越</a>地区个文人把持朝政,对<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="江南地区">江南地区</a>个税赋有所放松,盖咾明帝国大部分个财政开始一视同仁追加到各个省份;昰点让交关内亚地区个平民开始觉著压力。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%8E%86%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="万历帝">万历帝</a>弗对官僚系统个大臣任命做何物批示,交关年数之后,官僚当中交关位置全出现著<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA%E7%BC%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="空缺(页面弗存在)">空缺</a>,官僚自家个运转,慢慢然开始出现问题。 </p><p>在昰个辰光,江南官僚越来越多,渠场因为皇帝个弗作为搭自家力量个变强,开始要求越加大个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%9D%E8%AF%AD%E6%9D%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="话语权(页面弗存在)">话语权</a>。为此,渠场用<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a>个一套作为标准。1593年,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%9E%97%E5%85%9A" title="东林党">东林党</a>形成。用自家个对官僚进行拉拢搭打击,之后,交关别个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%8B%E5%85%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朋党(页面弗存在)">朋党</a>也蹿出来,相互进行文人攻击。与此同时,因为明帝国控制力下降,交关地区发生著大规模战争。其中,以<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%87%E5%8E%86%E4%B8%89%E5%A4%A7%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="万历三大征(页面弗存在)">万历三大征</a>顶有名,昰个三大征是:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%81%E5%A4%8F%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宁夏之役(页面弗存在)">宁夏之役</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朝鲜之役(页面弗存在)">朝鲜之役</a>搭<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%92%AD%E5%B7%9E%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="播州之役(页面弗存在)">播州之役</a>,其中对<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C" title="朝鲜">朝鲜</a>个战争是保护自家个藩属国弗畀日本吞并。对播州个<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="战役">战役</a>全科是想吞并居个地区本身个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土司(页面弗存在)">土司</a>势力。三场战争之后,明帝国获得表面高头个光彩,实际丄无任何好处,反倒暴露著自家个国力,国库越加空虚。 </p><p>在万历末年,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%9A" title="东北亚">东北亚</a>个<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F" title="女真">女真</a>部落酋长<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%E5%93%88%E8%B5%A4" title="努尔哈赤">努尔哈赤</a>公开造反。自号<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD%E6%B1%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天命汗(页面弗存在)">天命汗</a>,并在1619年个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E6%B5%92%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="萨尔浒大战(页面弗存在)">萨尔浒大战</a>当中,击溃著明帝国个主力,从此让明帝国在东北亚转向<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%98%E7%95%A5%E6%94%B6%E7%BC%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="战略收缩(页面弗存在)">战略收缩</a>。1620年,明神宗在惊恐当中死脱。渠个长子<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%B8%B8%E6%B4%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="朱常洛">朱常洛</a>继位,个就是明光宗。弗过,无几许辰光渠就因得<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B5%E6%AC%B2%E8%BF%87%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="纵欲过度(页面弗存在)">纵欲过度</a>病倒,并因为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%BB%E8%8D%AF" title="泻药">泻药</a>搭<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A2%E4%B8%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="红丸(页面弗存在)">红丸</a>死脱。个就是所谓个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A2%E4%B8%B8%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="红丸案(页面弗存在)">红丸案</a>。个之后,渠个儿子<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%94%B1%E6%A0%A1" title="朱由校">朱由校</a>继位,改年号<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%90%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天启(页面弗存在)">天启</a>,个就是<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E7%86%B9%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="明熹宗">明熹宗</a>。摇摇欲坠个明帝国,一年里向调著三个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天子(页面弗存在)">天子</a>。到昰个辰光真真是大厦将倾哉。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="帝国灭亡"><span id=".E5.B8.9D.E5.9B.BD.E7.81.AD.E4.BA.A1"></span>帝国灭亡</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节:帝国灭亡"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E7%86%B9%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="明熹宗">明熹宗</a>基本弗曾受过正规教育,大大小小个事体,全听自家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B6%E5%A9%B6%E5%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奶婶婶(页面弗存在)">奶婶婶</a>客氏搭客氏个姘头<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%BF%A0%E8%B4%A4" title="魏忠贤">魏忠贤</a>个言语。开始辰光,渠为著报答东林党人保护渠登基,任用著大量东林党个大臣。弗过,后首发觉帮人弗大肯听自家言话,就失去著耐心,让自家信任个大宦官<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%BF%A0%E8%B4%A4" title="魏忠贤">魏忠贤</a>干涉朝政。魏忠贤担所有反对东林党个势力集结,形成<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%89%E5%85%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阉党(页面弗存在)">阉党</a>。1624年,阉党掌握实权,开始大肆树立自家个威望并打击<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%9E%97%E5%85%9A" title="东林党">东林党</a>。魏忠贤本人是一个毫无文化个村夫,邪气欢喜面子丄个光彩,渠认交关帝国文人当过房儿子,还要求各地为自家修造<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%A5%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生祠(页面弗存在)">生祠</a>。弗过,渠对守备<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E4%B8%9C" title="辽东">辽东</a>个将领支持蛮大,渠掌权几年,边境事体比较少。1626年,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%B9%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="北平">北平</a>发生<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%8B%E6%81%AD%E5%8E%82%E5%A4%A7%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="王恭厂大爆炸(页面弗存在)">王恭厂大爆炸</a>,死脱靠两万人。第二年,明熹宗死脱,渠个阿弟<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%94%B1%E6%A3%80" title="朱由检">朱由检</a>继位,个就是<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%80%9D%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="明思宗">明思宗</a>,渠担年号改叫<a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E7%A5%AF" title="崇祯">崇祯</a>。崇祯帝也是明帝国阿末一只皇帝。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%80%9D%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="明思宗">明思宗</a>本人受<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a>教条熏陶,一直认为要<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%B1%E7%B2%BE%E5%9B%BE%E6%B2%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="励精图治(页面弗存在)">励精图治</a>。渠登基之后,先担<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%BF%A0%E8%B4%A4" title="魏忠贤">魏忠贤</a>杀脱,貤启用<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%9E%97%E5%85%9A" title="东林党">东林党</a>个大臣当官。昰歇,文人全认为渠要成为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B4%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中兴之主(页面弗存在)">中兴之主</a>。弗过,因为渠实际丄弗信任昰眼大臣,貤面临邪气巨大个内部危机,搭百官个关系马上貤僵脱哉。崇祯二年,帝国西面个贫困省份<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%95%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="陕西">陕西</a>开始爆发<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E5%8F%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="民变(页面弗存在)">民变</a>。崇祯采取交关措施,调著交关将领到许场去围剿。弗过,帮<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%AF%87" title="流寇">流寇</a>用游击战策略,在内亚四面流窜,明帝国无办法彻底击溃。同时,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B3%E5%A4%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="关外(页面弗存在)">关外</a>个后金,在<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E6%9E%81" title="皇太极">皇太极</a>个领导下头越来越强大。在1636年,担国号改成<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大清(页面弗存在)">大清</a>,并定都<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%89%E5%A4%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奉天(页面弗存在)">奉天</a>。成为著明帝国顶顶大个威胁。崇祯一直在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%86%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安内(页面弗存在)">安内</a>搭<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%98%E5%A4%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="攘外(页面弗存在)">攘外</a>当中摇摆弗定,结果两头全失败。1642年,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%BE%E9%94%A6%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="松锦大战(页面弗存在)">松锦大战</a>之后,明帝国彻底丧失在关外个军事存在(只有<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E4%B8%89%E6%A1%82" title="吴三桂">吴三桂</a>个关宁军),1643年,<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E8%87%AA%E6%88%90" title="李自成">李自成</a>破潼关,入<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89" title="西安">西安</a>,建立<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E9%A1%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大顺(页面弗存在)">大顺</a>。1644年3月,李自成个流寇部队从西安出发一路北进,所到个场许,明帝国部队全投降。最后,攻破北进,朱由检逃到<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%85%A4%E5%B1%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="煤山(页面弗存在)">煤山</a>,上吊死脱。明帝国灭亡。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="疆域"><span id=".E7.96.86.E5.9F.9F"></span>疆域</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节:疆域"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="北面"><span id=".E5.8C.97.E9.9D.A2"></span>北面</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节:北面"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在明朝建立个辰光,蒙古帝国个残余力量还在蒙古高原。为打击对手,增加自家个合法性。明军队进攻过<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%85%83" title="北元">北元</a>交关趟数,弗过效果弗大明显。到明英宗辰光,貤搭西蒙古个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%83%E9%9D%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="韃靼(页面弗存在)">韃靼</a>搭<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%89%8C" title="瓦剌">瓦剌</a>作战,弗过昰个辰光开始,已经弗好主动出击,尤其是明英宗灾难性个失败搭俘虏,让明朝放弃进攻政策,开始收缩边界。在15世紀30年代后,边境南移。开始修造长城(当时名为边墙,参见「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="明长城(页面弗存在)">明长城</a>」)。在之后个两百多年辰光里向,明朝搭蒙古个边界就固定在长城丄。明朝为著管理长城,担长城地区设置<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%9D%E8%BE%B9%E9%87%8D%E9%95%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="九边重镇(页面弗存在)">九边重镇</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="辽东半岛">遼東</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%8A%E7%B8%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="薊縣(页面弗存在)">薊州</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E5%AE%B6%E5%8F%A3%E5%B8%82" title="张家口市">宣府</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大同(页面弗存在)">大同</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%B6%E7%B6%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="延綏(页面弗存在)">延綏</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A7%E5%A4%8F%E5%9B%9E%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="寧夏回族自治區">寧夏</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%82%85%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="甘肅省">甘肅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%8E%9F%E5%B8%82" title="太原市">太原</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E5%8E%9F%E5%B8%82" title="固原市">固原</a>)加强防御。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="辽东"><span id=".E8.BE.BD.E4.B8.9C"></span>辽东</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节:辽东"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>明朝开始个辰光,朱元璋在山海关以外设立<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%BD%E4%B8%9C%E9%83%BD%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="辽东都司(页面弗存在)">辽东都司</a>,控制<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="辽东半岛">辽东半岛</a>。昰个也是唐朝中期之后,中原人个帝国再次控制此地。在明朝开始个辰光,经常在女真部落当中炫耀武力,通过敕封土司个做法,遥控交关小部落,<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%88%90%E7%A5%96" title="明成祖">明成祖</a>又设立东北军事机构<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E5%84%BF%E5%B9%B2%E9%83%BD%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奴儿干都司(页面弗存在)">奴儿干都司</a>。 </p><p>到明朝后期,建州女真逐步强大,到<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%E5%93%88%E8%B5%A4" title="努尔哈赤">努尔哈赤</a>个辰光,从明帝国独立,自称大金皇帝(具体参考:<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E9%87%91" title="后金">后金</a>)。貤逐步占领辽东地区交关土地,让明帝国在辽东个统治崩溃。只好退回辽西个宁远孤城。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="内亚"><span id=".E5.86.85.E4.BA.9A"></span>内亚</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节:内亚"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>明朝开始个辰光,在当今个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈密(页面弗存在)">哈密</a>地区有驻兵,因为当地个统治者昰个辰光信奉佛教,所以对明朝老推崇。弗过明朝对渠场没有多少重视,到15世纪初个辰光,哈密卫被废脱,军队龟缩到<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E5%B3%AA%E5%85%B3" title="嘉峪关">嘉峪关</a>,在差弗多同一个辰光,哈密地区个佛教徒也被<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%95%99" title="回教">回教</a>通过圣战彻底消灭,哈密地区成为<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%95%99" title="回教">回教</a>地区,搭东亚个联系减少,明朝也听任渠场发展。总体讲起来,明朝对内亚个经营是失败个,并且对哈密地区个佛教徒没起到保护作用。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="原大理地区"><span id=".E5.8E.9F.E5.A4.A7.E7.90.86.E5.9C.B0.E5.8C.BA"></span>原大理地区</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节:原大理地区"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>洪武十四年(<a href="/wiki/1381%E5%B9%B4" title="1381年">1381年</a>),明帝国担老早大理国控制个地区全吞并脱,此地也成为著明帝国殖民同化个焦点地区。明帝国担此地个贵族打散,拔脱,拉拢一眼听话个贵族,担渠场当<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土司(页面弗存在)">土司</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%A3%E6%85%B0%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宣慰司(页面弗存在)">宣慰司</a>。同时,也从长江中下游流域,引导交关移民来到迭个区域。靠昰个办法,明朝辰光个<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97" class="mw-redirect" title="云南">云南</a>比现在大交关。包括当今个<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="緬甸">緬甸</a>中北部、<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%92%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="老撾">老撾</a>北部、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="泰國">泰國</a>北部一代。 </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="行政区划"><span id=".E8.A1.8C.E6.94.BF.E5.8C.BA.E5.88.92"></span>行政区划</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节:行政区划"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%90%E5%B9%B4%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%EF%BC%88%E7%AE%80%EF%BC%89.png" class="mw-file-description" title="《中国历史地图集》当中个明朝疆域。"><img alt="《中国历史地图集》当中个明朝疆域。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%90%E5%B9%B4%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%EF%BC%88%E7%AE%80%EF%BC%89.png/120px-%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%90%E5%B9%B4%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%EF%BC%88%E7%AE%80%EF%BC%89.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%90%E5%B9%B4%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%EF%BC%88%E7%AE%80%EF%BC%89.png/180px-%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%90%E5%B9%B4%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%EF%BC%88%E7%AE%80%EF%BC%89.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%90%E5%B9%B4%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%EF%BC%88%E7%AE%80%EF%BC%89.png/240px-%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%90%E5%B9%B4%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%EF%BC%88%E7%AE%80%EF%BC%89.png 2x" data-file-width="1343" data-file-height="1158" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE%E9%9B%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中国历史地图集(页面弗存在)">中国历史地图集</a>》当中个明朝疆域。</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="哈佛大学出版的地圖對明朝永乐年间疆域个描繪。"><img alt="哈佛大学出版的地圖對明朝永乐年间疆域个描繪。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg/81px-Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg/121px-Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg/162px-Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="2339" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="哈佛大学">哈佛大学</a>出版的地圖對明朝永乐年间疆域个描繪。</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ming_Dynasty_Administrative_division.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="初期个行政區劃。"><img alt="初期个行政區劃。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ming_Dynasty_Administrative_division.jpg/120px-Ming_Dynasty_Administrative_division.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ming_Dynasty_Administrative_division.jpg/180px-Ming_Dynasty_Administrative_division.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ming_Dynasty_Administrative_division.jpg/240px-Ming_Dynasty_Administrative_division.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3348" data-file-height="2542" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">初期个行政區劃。</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="行省设置"><span id=".E8.A1.8C.E7.9C.81.E8.AE.BE.E7.BD.AE"></span>行省设置</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节:行省设置"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>为达到大一统,割裂地区独立个可能性,<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%85%83%E7%92%8B" title="朱元璋">朱元璋</a>继续采用蒙古人个行政划分方式,貤担交关地方进行调整。具体表现在南方交关身份跨自然分界线个划分高头。 </p><p>在抵抗<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="明">明</a>比较结棍个江南搭湖湘地区,朱元璋担老早宋代个路拆分,形成<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%9B%B4%E9%9A%B6" title="南直隶">南直隶</a>,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B9%96%E5%B9%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="湖广(页面弗存在)">湖广</a>箇浪个跨长江行省,通过北面压制南面,达到渠便于统治个目的。在渠弗大重视个西面搭北面,省份划分就比较粗糙,比方讲,陕西就有老大哥跨度搭面积。 </p><p>朱元璋为限制行省个权利,貤搞出<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布政使(页面弗存在)">布政使</a>,所以明朝实际高头是没有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%81%E4%BB%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="省份(页面弗存在)">省份</a>昰个划分个,一个行省个权力,按照<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布政使(页面弗存在)">布政使</a>,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%89%E5%AF%9F%E4%BD%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="按察使(页面弗存在)">按察使</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E5%85%B5" title="总兵">总兵</a>划分,后期貤有弗常设个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%BB%E7%9D%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="总督(页面弗存在)">总督</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A1%E6%8A%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巡抚(页面弗存在)">巡抚</a>作为监视。让官僚系统邪气庞大。管理交关臃肿。 </p><p>在明朝,通常有所谓个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%A4%E4%BA%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="两京十三省(页面弗存在)">两京十三省</a>,实际来了勒西南搭长城附近,当地个官僚全弗大听命<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布政使(页面弗存在)">布政使</a>,在云南,实际控制权在沐家手里向。所以,明朝实际能够通过官僚系统统治个区域,并弗比北宋大多少,但官僚个臃肿搭效率个推板超过宋代交关。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="具体分省"><span id=".E5.85.B7.E4.BD.93.E5.88.86.E7.9C.81"></span>具体分省</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节:具体分省"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在永乐辰光,明朝担首都迁移到<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%B9%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="北平">北平</a>,并且担此地改名叫做<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC" title="北京">北京</a>,相对个,老早个京师就改叫<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="南京">南京</a>,这也是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="南京">南京</a>称呼个由来。从此之后,明朝<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%A4%E4%BA%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="两京十三省(页面弗存在)">两京十三省</a>个划分就确定下来,之后个两百多年辰光内,全么多少大个变化。 </p><p>所谓两京,是弗设置<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布政使(页面弗存在)">布政使</a>个两个首都直辖地区。分别是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B4%E9%9A%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="直隶(页面弗存在)">直隶</a>搭<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%9B%B4%E9%9A%B6" title="南直隶">南直隶</a>,其中<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B4%E9%9A%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="直隶(页面弗存在)">直隶</a>通过中央政府直接掌控。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%9B%B4%E9%9A%B6" title="南直隶">南直隶</a>通过在南京个留守政府掌控。所以迭两个地区对明朝来讲也是顶重要个地区哉。但具体讲起来,南直隶弗论面积还是经济全较直隶发达交关。直隶完全确保弗了明朝庞大官僚机构在北京个吃住。所以南直隶搭南面个<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%99%E6%B1%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="浙江">浙江</a>,每年全要通过<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%AD%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="京杭大运河">京杭大运河</a>把北方输血。其中顶富裕个苏州、松江地区,上交个财产也是顶多个。高达七成。 </p><p>南方另外两个重要个行省是江西搭浙江。浙江老早是<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%B6%8A%E5%9B%BD" title="吴越国">吴越国</a>个国土,经济发达,文化繁荣。搭南直隶个苏州、松江等地一道,是帝国内部顶发达个文化圈。所以明帝国对浙江一直有交关防范,严格限制浙江沿海个商人搭外国人做生意。对金华地区个农民搭矿工征收沉重个赋税。江西在唐朝开始就比较发达,到明朝,也一直是科举重镇。出脱交关当大官个。弗过明朝对江西个控制明显弗如对浙江严密,在<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%AD%A6%E5%AE%97" title="明武宗">明武宗</a>辰光爆发个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%81%E7%8E%8B%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宁王之乱(页面弗存在)">宁王之乱</a>,就是在此地爆发个。 </p><p>福建在宋朝搭<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D" title="元朝">元朝</a>个辰光一直是贸易发达个地区,明朝开始辰光个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%81%E6%B5%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="禁海(页面弗存在)">禁海</a>对渠场打击交关大,福建个经济水平一直到明朝中央集权衰落个后期才发挥出来,这对福建个发展是老弗好个。 </p><p>南方其他地区在明朝全弗是老发达。湖南地区个人口经历元末动乱之后,一直弗超过500万个水平。湖北也只有武昌府发展起来。四川人口因为蒙古屠杀个关系,一直弗多,文化搭地位也弗好搭宋朝之前相比。广东大部分地区也没开发,弗过广州还算比较发达个地区。 </p><p>在帝国个西南面,设置有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97" class="mw-redirect" title="云南">云南</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="贵州">贵州</a>两个省,迭两个地区是朱元璋建立帝国之后交关年数才控制个,属于新增加个殖民地区,所以统治方法搭其余地方也弗一样。在贵州,明帝国设置交关<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土司(页面弗存在)">土司</a>,把渠场好处,让渠场为帝国效劳。在帝国后期,迭帮土司个军队成为帝国战斗力顶强个军队,比方讲,广西个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%BC%E5%85%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="狼兵(页面弗存在)">狼兵</a>,重庆个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BD%E6%9D%86%E5%85%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="白杆兵(页面弗存在)">白杆兵</a>。在云南,帝国通过<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%90%E8%8B%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沐英(页面弗存在)">沐英</a>搭渠个后代进行军事化统治。交关此地个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%89%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="汉人(页面弗存在)">汉人</a>全是明朝初年迁徙过来个。通过军事碉堡个方式,逐步挤压当地土著各生存空间,最后让土著被消灭,或者同化。所以西南地区尽管全是山,但讲个语言却相当统一。就是昰个原因造成个。 </p><p>帝国个北面因为蒙古人统治个关系,相当萧条。人口保存比较完整个只有山西,弗过此地也是一个贫穷个省份。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97" class="mw-redirect" title="河南">河南</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="山东">山东</a>等地,洪涝天灾弗曾中断。文化素质已经全面落后南方,尤其是江南地区。帝国也晓得迭些地区弗可能对渠个统治有多少支持。所以一般也弗压榨渠场,只有到后期,当江南文人控制政府后,帝国开始对江南减税,貤对江南搭北方一视同仁增加农业税,最后让顶穷个陕西开始暴乱。帝国也因此被灭脱。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="军事"><span id=".E5.86.9B.E4.BA.8B"></span>军事</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节:军事"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>明帝国个军事制度,是在蒙古人军事制度个基础高头,加入交关朱元璋对老早朝代军事制度个总结搞出来个。具体表现为:军事权力分散,军事指挥混乱,军队来源固定,军队调动缓慢四个方面。明朝个军队,总体高头是防御性为主,因为军事制度个关系,弗可能进行大流动性作战。这也让明朝后期个军事带有明显个收缩性质。弗过明朝后期个军队虽然弗是蛮好,但是打打日本佬还是可以的。<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%9A%E7%BB%A7%E5%85%89" title="戚继光">戚继光</a>个军事改革,也让明朝后期个军队变结棍了。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="分散军权"><span id=".E5.88.86.E6.95.A3.E5.86.9B.E6.9D.83"></span>分散军权</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节:分散军权"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%85%83%E7%92%8B" title="朱元璋">朱元璋</a>对将领指挥军队弗放心,认为会威胁到渠子孙个江山。所以弗使用唐朝以来逐渐削弱个藩镇制度,采用彻底担军事系统指挥权利分散个新方法。渠让<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B5%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="兵部(页面弗存在)">兵部</a>负责全国各个地方军队升迁个掌控,平常各地个驻防军队没有命令弗允许有自家个决定搭行动。军队个武官没有决策权利,只好执行帝国中央交把渠场个任务。平常有重大个军事行动,全需要由中央派遣专门个科举官僚作为指挥官。弗仅个能,还需要有一个监督武官搭文官个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%91%E5%86%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="监军(页面弗存在)">监军</a>随行,昰个职位一般全是让皇帝信任个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E7%9B%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太监(页面弗存在)">太监</a>担任个。在中央军事指挥高头,朱元璋老早建立过<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E9%83%BD%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大都督府(页面弗存在)">大都督府</a>,后头废脱,分为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E5%86%9B%E9%83%BD%E6%8A%A4%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="五军都护府(页面弗存在)">五军都护府</a>,政出多门,没啥实际权力。通过昰个方式,让军事指挥决策权利由皇帝掌控,文官命令。老早有老大权利个武官,只好成为附庸。所以明帝国弗推崇有谋略个武官,欢喜没脑子个莽夫。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="军事指挥混乱"><span id=".E5.86.9B.E4.BA.8B.E6.8C.87.E6.8C.A5.E6.B7.B7.E4.B9.B1"></span>军事指挥混乱</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节:军事指挥混乱"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%85%83%E7%92%8B" title="朱元璋">朱元璋</a>制定个制度下头,武官个地位老推板,能管辖个军队也老少,所以一旦有稍许大一点个战争,就需要多方武将协作,这些武官全相互品衔差弗多,有些即使地位比较高,但没有统属关系,所以并弗担对方当一回事体。在作战辰光,全自家顾自家,没有统一个服从观念。尤其是在跨省作战当中,因为辖区个弗同,交关军队只管自家范围内个事体,让<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%AF%87" title="流寇">流寇</a>四处游走,如入无人之境。明朝个<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AD%E5%AF%87" title="倭寇">倭寇</a>、后头个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%97%AF%E8%B4%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="闯贼(页面弗存在)">闯贼</a>全是钻昰个方面个空子发展肆虐个。明朝皇帝也认为昰个是大问题,弗过搭威胁君权相比,就弗哪能重要哉。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="军队阶层低下"><span id=".E5.86.9B.E9.98.9F.E9.98.B6.E5.B1.82.E4.BD.8E.E4.B8.8B"></span>军队阶层低下</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节:军队阶层低下"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%85%83%E7%92%8B" title="朱元璋">朱元璋</a>参考蒙古人个制度,让军队成为工匠一样个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%9B%E6%88%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="军户(页面弗存在)">军户</a>,是一种老残酷个低下级别,一家人一代代全要当兵,貤没多少回报。而且弗好从事交关职业或者考科举。这让相当多个人为此逃窜,或者花钞票买通门路,担别人帮自家顶替。军队个管理也搭文官政府分割开来,在长城边浪向还有西南地区,军队全是自给自足个小村落形式。弗哪能搭社会其他方面接触。一些世袭总兵个家族还好,一些低级士兵就老受社会高头别人个歧视。这让<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="明帝国">明帝国</a>个军队缺乏斗志搭战斗力,认为当兵是一种低贱个职业。对明帝国个军队素质造成邪气大个负面影响。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="军队调动缓慢"><span id=".E5.86.9B.E9.98.9F.E8.B0.83.E5.8A.A8.E7.BC.93.E6.85.A2"></span>军队调动缓慢</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节:军队调动缓慢"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>因为古怪个军事制度,明帝国虽然名义高头维持一只巨大个常备军,弗过渠场大部分全是在当地扎根个农民,加上中期之后账面搭实际情况巨大个差异,让明帝国老难在遇到问题个辰光派出足够个军队,一般需要从各个地方调度。比方对日本个战争当中,明朝个军队除脱被认为顶大个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%BD%E4%B8%9C%E9%95%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="辽东镇(页面弗存在)">辽东镇</a>之外,貤从全国十几个地方调来<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%BE%E5%85%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="精兵(页面弗存在)">精兵</a>,有些军队,从帝国南端开到朝鲜,战争已经过去半年哉。这种军事调度高头个低效率,让明朝军队机动性弗灵,老容易被机动性强个军队各个击破,明朝末年个流寇搭满洲人,就利用这点,经常烧杀劫掠,没遇到任何大规模个会战或者抵抗。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="经济"><span id=".E7.BB.8F.E6.B5.8E"></span>经济</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节:经济"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_market_in_the_late_Ming.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/National_market_in_the_late_Ming.svg/220px-National_market_in_the_late_Ming.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/National_market_in_the_late_Ming.svg/330px-National_market_in_the_late_Ming.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/National_market_in_the_late_Ming.svg/440px-National_market_in_the_late_Ming.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>明帝国内部个经济市场</figcaption></figure> <p>明朝个经济是在蒙古统治个基础高头个回升,弗过在北方地区搭巴蜀地区,昰个回升进展缓慢。陕甘地区个经济更是搭<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐朝</a>]、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B" title="北宋">北宋</a>弗好相比。值得讲个地区只有东南几个行省。其中,福建、浙江南部还因为明朝个禁海受到邪气大个打击。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="混乱个货币制度"><span id=".E6.B7.B7.E4.B9.B1.E4.B8.AA.E8.B4.A7.E5.B8.81.E5.88.B6.E5.BA.A6"></span>混乱个货币制度</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节:混乱个货币制度"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>明朝开始个辰光,朱元璋效仿元朝个纸币制度,滥发纸币,弗过由于质地比较推板,推广弗了,老百姓全弗用渠个宝钞,到中期之后,明朝没办法应付宝钞使用个通货膨胀问题,只好默认用银两作为计价货币个事实。昰个做法,是搭宋朝相比个一个大幅度倒退。 </p><p>到16世纪末,<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99" title="葡萄牙">葡萄牙</a>人开始搭明朝展开贸易,通过<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%86%E8%88%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马尼拉大帆船(页面弗存在)">马尼拉大帆船</a>输入白银,让帝国个用钱紧张稍许有一歇歇缓解。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="严苛个禁海政策"><span id=".E4.B8.A5.E8.8B.9B.E4.B8.AA.E7.A6.81.E6.B5.B7.E6.94.BF.E7.AD.96"></span>严苛个禁海政策</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节:严苛个禁海政策"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>从明朝初期开始,帝国就施行严厉个禁海政策,弗允许沿海地区个商人搭国外商人进行交易。原因大致是弗想让迭些地区个地方势力靠贸易致富,威胁到朱明王朝个帝国大一统统治。昰个政策,也是对宋朝辰光海上丝绸之路个一个重大打击。 </p><p>弗过从16世纪中叶开始,由于<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AD%E5%AF%87" title="倭寇">倭寇</a>问题越来越严重,明朝个官兵战斗能力貤大多数比较推板,所以到1567年,总算开放海禁。从此之后,东南地区开始发展,到明朝末年,出现了<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%91%E8%8A%9D%E9%BE%99" title="郑芝龙">郑芝龙</a>等通过海盗、贸易发家个大军阀。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="重农抑商"><span id=".E9.87.8D.E5.86.9C.E6.8A.91.E5.95.86"></span>重农抑商</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节:重农抑商"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>朱元璋对商人一直弗放心,明朝也执行了长期压制商人个政策。一直到中期之后,商人才依靠科举等方式慢慢扩张自家个势力。弗过,明朝辰光商业并弗是老发达,除脱东南地区个徽州商帮之外,只有到明朝末年崛起个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%8B%E5%95%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="晋商(页面弗存在)">晋商</a>值得一提。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="对外贸易"><span id=".E5.AF.B9.E5.A4.96.E8.B4.B8.E6.98.93"></span>对外贸易</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节:对外贸易"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在明朝初年,帝国政府弗允许东南地区个商人直接搭外头个商人做生意,渠场往来个方式全是通过帝国政府有组织个所谓<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%9D%E8%B4%A1%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朝贡贸易(页面弗存在)">朝贡贸易</a>进行。即政府颁布限额,让官方垄断贸易。昰个做法,在初期还可以维持,弗过到15世纪后半夜,已经因为情况个变化弗适合时代。尤其是西方人进入南海之后,对东亚个贸易带来交关大个刺激。1567年开放海禁后,明朝个贸易规模飞速增长。欧洲资本主义个兴旺也带来对中国商品个追求。到17世纪上半夜,帝国搭世界市场个联系变得紧密,马尼拉个大帆船每年全带来交关银两,让帝国后期货币混乱个形式因为白银个流入得到缓解。邪气是贸易发达个福建、广东地区,重新开始富裕。江南地区也通过出口茶叶搭丝绸获得巨大利益。让东南地区搭内亚个发展继续夸大差距。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="对外关系"><span id=".E5.AF.B9.E5.A4.96.E5.85.B3.E7.B3.BB"></span>对外关系</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=33" title="编辑章节:对外关系"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KangnidoMap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/KangnidoMap.jpg/200px-KangnidoMap.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/KangnidoMap.jpg/300px-KangnidoMap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/KangnidoMap.jpg/400px-KangnidoMap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>明代自认为天朝个世界观</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="天朝上国搭朝贡"><span id=".E5.A4.A9.E6.9C.9D.E4.B8.8A.E5.9B.BD.E6.90.AD.E6.9C.9D.E8.B4.A1"></span>天朝上国搭朝贡</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=34" title="编辑章节:天朝上国搭朝贡"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>弗同于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%9C%9D" title="汉朝">汉朝</a>搭<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐朝</a>,明朝对于扩张兴趣弗是老大,在明朝初年控制<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E8%A5%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="河西(页面弗存在)">河西</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E4%B8%9C" title="辽东">辽东</a>搭<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97" class="mw-redirect" title="云南">云南</a>后,<a class="mw-selflink selflink">明朝</a>就开始向内收缩个政策。朱元璋明确制定一系列“弗征讨之国”,强化昰个效力。在对外个经济来往高头,实施<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%9D%E8%B2%A2%E9%AB%94%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朝貢體制(页面弗存在)">朝貢體制</a>,朝貢貿易薄來厚往,是完全弗经济个做法,弗过对于构建明朝为中心个东亚体系有好处。所以被明朝长辰光施行。在此体制下头,搭明朝做生意基本等同于认明朝为渠场个宗主国。因为早期个军事压迫搭经济体量庞大,明朝吸引交关东亚、东南亚小国进行朝贡。郑和下西洋个事体,貤让朝贡贸易搭明朝个儿子国达到一个高位。<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%91%E5%92%8C" title="郑和">郑和</a>甚至到过<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="非洲">非洲</a>東海岸等地,让东南亚个交关国家全晓得天朝个概念哉。在内亚方面,除脱北元之外,也让西面个回教政权来“朝贡”。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="蒙古问题"><span id=".E8.92.99.E5.8F.A4.E9.97.AE.E9.A2.98"></span>蒙古问题</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=35" title="编辑章节:蒙古问题"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4" class="mw-disambig" title="蒙古">蒙古</a>人虽然回到草原,弗过因为历史传承个问题,并没有丢弃元朝个传统。这让自认为“天命所归”个朱明皇帝老弗放心,所以从朱元璋开始到朱棣,明朝一直对蒙古采取进攻形式,尽管朱棣个蒙古攻略没啥根本性个效果,弗过<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%85%83" title="北元">北元</a>个政权也在内斗搭攻击中消失。蒙古草原走向部落纷争,但好景弗长,明朝在1430年代个防线收缩以及1450年代灾难性个<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%9C%A8%E5%A0%A1" title="土木堡">土木堡</a>失败,让明朝彻底丧失对蒙古人个优势,被迫修造长城,进行收缩防御。蒙古人大部分辰光全寻求搭明朝个和平关系,弗过明朝一直强硬弗理睬,代价是边关个百姓长辰光遭到掠夺搭烧杀。一直到16世纪末,因为<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA%E7%AD%94%E6%B1%97" title="俺答汗">俺答汗</a>个归顺以及蒙古人信仰<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a>后人口减少导致个衰落,才让漠南逐渐太平。到明朝末年,<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%B9%E6%B1%97" title="林丹汗">林丹汗</a>搭<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" title="满洲">满洲</a>作战失败,大量蒙古漠南部落倒向满洲,明朝对蒙古丧失影响力。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="女真问题"><span id=".E5.A5.B3.E7.9C.9F.E9.97.AE.E9.A2.98"></span>女真问题</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=36" title="编辑章节:女真问题"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>女真,是生活在东北亚个通古斯民族。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="宋朝">宋朝</a>辰光曾经建立<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%9B%BD" title="金国">金国</a>,到明朝初年女真大部分投降北伐个明朝军队,成为类似西南地区个土司统治地区,弗过因为女真所在个地方环境恶劣,明朝也没移民多少人过去,这让当地个女真人在保存自家文化个同时,也缺少交关开化。女真分裂为好几个大个部落集团,相互之间为争夺权力搭资源进行烧杀。明朝个辽东总兵利用渠场个内部矛盾,一直控制渠场个势力。一直到16世纪末,因为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B0%E8%87%A3%E7%A7%80%E5%90%89" title="丰臣秀吉">丰臣秀吉</a>攻略朝鲜,辽东军队抽调,让有野心个<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%E5%93%88%E8%B5%A4" title="努尔哈赤">努尔哈赤</a>开始崛起。17世纪初年,努尔哈赤统一女真部落,1616年公开从明朝独立,自称大汗,开始搭明朝对立。在一些列个战斗当中,女真人全击败明朝军队。1630年代,<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E6%9E%81" title="皇太极">皇太极</a>对女真人进行改革,改民族称号为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="满(页面弗存在)">满</a>,最终在1644年取代明朝,成为帝国个新统治集团。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="帖木儿搭回疆"><span id=".E5.B8.96.E6.9C.A8.E5.84.BF.E6.90.AD.E5.9B.9E.E7.96.86"></span>帖木儿搭回疆</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=37" title="编辑章节:帖木儿搭回疆"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>明朝初年,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="中亚">中亚</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="河中地区">河中地区</a>个<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%96%E6%9C%A8%E5%84%BF" title="帖木儿">帖木儿</a>崛起,东征西讨,建立大帝国。弗过明朝皇帝对此并弗晓得,由于帖木儿麻痹明朝,长期向明朝朝贡。明朝还当渠场是一只恭顺个小国。1400年初,明朝陷入统治集团皇位争夺个同一辰光,帖木儿扣押明朝个使臣,开始计划进攻明朝。1404年,帖木儿个大军出发逼近回疆。明朝总算晓得渠个异常,弗过还是没有战争个准备。幸运个事体发生在1405年,帖木儿在路丄病死,避免大规模个战争,让明朝逃过一劫。 </p><p>在明朝辰光,玱朞个新疆地区基本弗畀东亚帝国个势力统治。明朝搭昰帮<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%95%99" title="回教">回教</a>国家个关系弗大密切,尽管难般也有官方来往,弗过丝绸之路并弗大畅通。喀什等场许在昰个辰光明显是中亚世界个一部分。好然介讲,明朝搭中亚国家个来往弗大密切。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="日本"><span id=".E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC"></span>日本</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=38" title="编辑章节:日本"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navalzhugenu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Navalzhugenu.jpg/230px-Navalzhugenu.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Navalzhugenu.jpg/345px-Navalzhugenu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Navalzhugenu.jpg/460px-Navalzhugenu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>朝鮮之役繪圖中明朝軍船浪个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%A3%E5%BC%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="連弩(页面弗存在)">連弩</a></figcaption></figure> <p>明朝开始辰光,朱元璋派人到日本要求称臣,弗过,日本担来访个使节杀脱,便无下文哉。到后势来,<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E6%A3%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="朱棣">朱棣</a>辰光,日本个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%95%E5%BA%9C%E5%B0%86%E5%86%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="幕府将军(页面弗存在)">幕府将军</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%B3%E5%88%A9%E4%B9%89%E6%BB%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="足利义满(页面弗存在)">足利义满</a>为担自家个声望拔高,搭明帝国开始贸易,并且接受<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日本国王(页面弗存在)">日本国王</a>个封号。但<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E7%94%BA%E5%B9%95%E5%BA%9C" title="室町幕府">室町幕府</a>个衰败,还是让居种朝贡形同虚设。到<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E4%BB%81%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%B1" title="应仁之乱">应仁之乱</a>后,日本国内形势弗稳定,流亡到东海丄个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%AA%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="浪人(页面弗存在)">浪人</a>增加,渠场搭东南地区个商人一淘,组成功<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AD%E5%AF%87" title="倭寇">倭寇</a>,进行走私活动,搭<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="明帝国">明帝国</a>发生冲突。一直到隆庆辰光,日本战国慢慢走向统一,种事体再稍须少一眼。到<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%8E%86" title="万历">万历</a>辰光, 统一日本个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8B%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天下人(页面弗存在)">天下人</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B3%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="关白(页面弗存在)">关白</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B0%E8%87%A3%E7%A7%80%E5%90%89" title="丰臣秀吉">丰臣秀吉</a>企图发兵攻打明帝国,教训昰只老大政权。十几万日本人从朝鲜登陆。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%87%E5%8E%86%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="万历朝鲜之役(页面弗存在)">万历朝鲜之役</a>爆发。明帝国也派著交关军队前往进行对战。弗过,除脱<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B3%E5%A3%A4%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="平壤之战(页面弗存在)">平壤之战</a>胜利之外,在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%A7%E8%B9%84%E9%A6%86%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="碧蹄馆之战(页面弗存在)">碧蹄馆之战</a>当中陷入僵持,还发生著封赏闹剧。到1597年,战争貤继续开始。居趟,明帝国个表现蛮好,弗有让日本取得任何战果。日本一直缩来庆尚道个海边,没办法朝北进攻。到1598年,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B0%E8%87%A3%E7%A7%80%E5%90%89" title="丰臣秀吉">丰臣秀吉</a>死脱,日本人撤军回国,此事纔算结束。到<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%88%B7%E5%B9%95%E5%BA%9C" title="江户幕府">江户幕府</a>建立之后,两国也未建立官方外交关系。只有吴越、闽越个商船好到日本个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%BF%E5%B4%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="长崎(页面弗存在)">长崎</a>去进行贸易。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="朝鲜"><span id=".E6.9C.9D.E9.B2.9C"></span>朝鲜</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=39" title="编辑章节:朝鲜"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavalry_procession.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cavalry_procession.jpg/220px-Cavalry_procession.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cavalry_procession.jpg/330px-Cavalry_procession.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cavalry_procession.jpg/440px-Cavalry_procession.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>朝鲜服饰 完全照搬明朝宫廷</figcaption></figure> <p>明朝朝贡体系当中,顶让明朝觉著满意个便是朝鲜国。<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C" title="朝鲜">朝鲜</a>昰个名字,也是朱元璋赐畀朝鲜李朝个。朝鲜在明朝辰光个地位相当于一只有实际权力个藩王,使用明朝个年号,大规模效仿明朝个制度,在各个方面全是明朝个翻版。到1590年代,明朝帮助朝鲜抗击日本个入侵,让朝鲜感恩戴德。弗过在17世纪初之后,明朝在搭后金个战争里向屡战屡败,跟随明朝一淘参战个朝鲜也发生著动摇。1630年代,朝鲜畀满洲人侵略著两趟,只得断绝搭明朝个联系,成为著满洲人个附属国。弗过朝鲜人一直怀念明朝,到18世纪来北京朝贺个朝鲜使节,也常庄在记录里对满洲人个统治进行攻击。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="琉球"><span id=".E7.90.89.E7.90.83"></span>琉球</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=40" title="编辑章节:琉球"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>琉球是另外一只让明朝放心个藩国。琉球是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B2%E7%BB%B3%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冲绳群岛(页面弗存在)">冲绳群岛</a>丄个一只小国,立国个根本是靠<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93" title="贸易">贸易</a>,盖咾对明朝一直邪气服帖。明朝封其为中山王,也担渠场当做自家个一只藩国。琉球在居段辰光也接受著交关明朝个制度搭文化,尤其是福建地区个文化,对琉球有深远个影响。17世纪初,日本个<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%91%A9%E8%97%A9" title="萨摩藩">萨摩藩</a>入侵琉球,琉球派使臣到北京求明朝保护,弗过明朝并未当渠一桩事干。从此,琉球便变成功双向朝贡个国家,认帝国搭<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>为渠场个宗主国。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="台湾岛"><span id=".E5.8F.B0.E6.B9.BE.E5.B2.9B"></span>台湾岛</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=41" title="编辑章节:台湾岛"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>明帝国对<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="台湾岛">台湾岛</a>无直接统治,一直担此地当成功<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%A4%96%E4%B9%8B%E9%82%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="化外之邦(页面弗存在)">化外之邦</a>,单清通过<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%8E%E6%B9%96%E5%88%97%E5%B2%9B" title="澎湖列岛">澎湖列岛</a>个海巡机构难般巡逻。弗过,在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%86%E5%BA%86%E5%B8%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="隆庆帝(页面弗存在)">隆庆帝</a>开放海禁之后,开始有蛮多<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%97%BD%E5%8D%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="闽南(页面弗存在)">闽南</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BE%AF%E5%AE%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="侯官(页面弗存在)">侯官</a>家族移民到<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="台湾岛">台湾岛</a>,让昰个地方个南面开始接触著<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%97%BD%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="闽文化(页面弗存在)">闽文化</a>影响。到17世纪初,西方个大帝国<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a>开始从渠场个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%B1%9E%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西属菲律宾(页面弗存在)">西属菲律宾</a>出发,殖民台湾岛个北许(玱朞个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E9%9A%86%E6%B8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基隆港(页面弗存在)">基隆港</a>)。几乎同一辰光,新兴海上强国<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="荷兰">荷兰</a>也从渠场个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E8%BE%BE%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴达维亚殖民地(页面弗存在)">巴达维亚殖民地</a>出发,进入东亚海面。并在17世纪初,登陆台湾岛,控制㬮朝个<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E5%8D%97" class="mw-disambig" title="台南">台南</a>附近,赶脱著<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E4%BA%BA" title="西班牙人">西班牙人</a>,担昰个地方变成功渠自个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%B7%E5%B1%9E%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="荷属台湾殖民地(页面弗存在)">荷属台湾殖民地</a>。直到1662年,明朝灭亡之后交关辰光,因为攻打<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="南京">南京</a>失败个<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%91%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F" title="郑成功">郑成功</a>攻击渠个贸易对手荷兰人,新让此地“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E5%A4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="光复(页面弗存在)">光复</a>”。弗过,昰个辰光已经是清朝哉。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="西洋各国"><span id=".E8.A5.BF.E6.B4.8B.E5.90.84.E5.9B.BD"></span>西洋各国</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=42" title="编辑章节:西洋各国"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macau_oldmap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Macau_oldmap.jpg/220px-Macau_oldmap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Macau_oldmap.jpg/330px-Macau_oldmap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Macau_oldmap.jpg/440px-Macau_oldmap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>葡萄牙人租借个澳门</figcaption></figure> <p>明朝搭西洋国家个接触,是单方面个。主要是通过<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E4%BA%BA" title="葡萄牙人">葡萄牙人</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E4%BA%BA" title="西班牙人">西班牙人</a>进行。到晏期,也受著过<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="荷兰东印度公司">荷兰东印度公司</a>个影响。弗过,总体丄讲起来,还是以<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊比利亚(页面弗存在)">渠比利亚</a>国家为主。其中,搭<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E4%BA%BA" title="葡萄牙人">葡萄牙人</a>个接触辰光顶长,对明朝个影响也顶大。16世纪开始辰光,葡萄牙人就来到东方,想担自家在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B4%8B" title="印度洋">印度洋</a>丄垄断个香料贸易扩张到东亚地区。弗过,因为昰歇辰光明帝国个封闭贸易策略,一直无办法实行。只好到<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8C%E5%B1%BF%E5%B2%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="双屿岛(页面弗存在)">双屿岛</a>进行走私贸易。之后,明帝国灭脱渠场个根据地,渠场便转移到<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E6%B1%9F%E5%8F%A3" title="珠江口">珠江口</a>个澳门进行贸易,1559年,葡萄牙人正式在澳门立足。明帝国虽然打压葡萄牙人,弗过对渠场个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%87%E6%8A%80%E6%B7%AB%E5%B7%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奇技淫巧(页面弗存在)">奇技淫巧</a>也是清爽个。尤其是军事方面个技巧,引入蛮快。比方讲,有名个西洋火器,便全来自搭葡萄牙人个贸易,盖咾也叫<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E6%9C%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗朗机(页面弗存在)">弗朗机</a>(弗朗机是葡萄牙个旧称)。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="制度"><span id=".E5.88.B6.E5.BA.A6"></span>制度</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=43" title="编辑章节:制度"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>明朝个专制制度在朱元璋辰光定型,之后将近300年里向,基本无何大改动: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中央官僚制度"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E5.A4.AE.E5.AE.98.E5.83.9A.E5.88.B6.E5.BA.A6"></span>中央官僚制度</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=44" title="编辑章节:中央官僚制度"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>内阁</b></li></ul> <p>朱元璋在当皇帝后,生怕自家个专制权力畀大臣束缚牢,盖咾担丞相废脱著。废脱丞相个设置以后,觉著办公精力有限,有常时一个人弗来事,盖物便设置著内阁大学士来帮衬帮衬,居个职位后首来虽然未得著丞相个名号,实际丄替丞相个职务是一色个。 </p> <ul><li><b>六部</b></li></ul> <p>六部,讴起来是:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8F%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吏部(页面弗存在)">吏</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B7%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="户部(页面弗存在)">户</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BC%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="礼部(页面弗存在)">礼</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="工部(页面弗存在)">工</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%91%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="刑部(页面弗存在)">刑</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B5%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="兵部(页面弗存在)">兵</a>。该六部,每一部尚书一名,侍郎两名。 </p> <ul><li><b>五寺</b></li></ul> <p>五寺,讴起来是:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E5%AF%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大理寺(页面弗存在)">大理寺</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E5%B8%B8%E5%AF%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太常寺(页面弗存在)">太常寺</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E7%A6%84%E5%AF%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="光禄寺(页面弗存在)">光禄寺</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E4%BB%86%E5%AF%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太仆寺(页面弗存在)">太仆寺</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B8%BF%E8%83%AA%E5%AF%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鸿胪寺(页面弗存在)">鸿胪寺</a>。居五寺,长官叫卿,一名。 </p> <ul><li><b>三法司</b></li></ul> <p>三法司,讴起来是:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E5%AF%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大理寺(页面弗存在)">大理寺</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%91%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="刑部(页面弗存在)">刑部</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%83%BD%E5%AF%9F%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="都察院(页面弗存在)">都察院</a>。居三个机构个用场是监察,都察院下底有监察御史,每只省里向有十几名来场,有事体望上头汇报。 </p> <ul><li><b>厂卫</b></li></ul> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%94%A6%E8%A1%A3%E4%BA%B2%E5%86%9B%E9%83%BD%E6%8C%87%E6%8C%A5%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="锦衣亲军都指挥使司(页面弗存在)">锦衣亲军都指挥使司</a>,讴起来便是今朝名气交关大个锦衣卫,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9C%E7%BC%89%E4%BA%8B%E5%8E%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="东缉事厂(页面弗存在)">东缉事厂</a>,也便是东厂。 </p> <ul><li><b>三公</b></li></ul> <p>荣誉职称,无实际权力个,包括太师、太傅、太保。 </p> <ul><li><b>外三监</b></li></ul> <p>外三监下底有:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AD%90%E7%9B%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国子监(页面弗存在)">国子监</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%A6%E5%A4%A9%E7%9B%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="钦天监(页面弗存在)">钦天监</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8A%E6%9E%97%E8%8B%91%E7%9B%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="上林苑监(页面弗存在)">上林苑监</a>。 </p> <ul><li><b>内宫十二监四司八局</b></li></ul> <p>内十二监下底有:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B8%E7%A4%BC%E7%9B%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="司礼监(页面弗存在)">司礼监</a>、内宫监、御用监、司设监、御马监、神宫监、尚膳监、尚宝监、印绶监、直殿监、尚衣监、都知监。<br /> 内四司讴起来是:惜薪司、钟鼓司、宝钞司、混堂司。<br /> 内八局讴起来是:兵仗局、银作局、浣衣局、巾帽局、针工局、内织染局、酒醋面局,司苑局。 </p> <ul><li><b>宫女六局</b></li></ul> <p>尚宫局、尚仪局、尚服局、尚食局、尚寝局、尚工局 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="地方官僚制度"><span id=".E5.9C.B0.E6.96.B9.E5.AE.98.E5.83.9A.E5.88.B6.E5.BA.A6"></span>地方官僚制度</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=45" title="编辑章节:地方官僚制度"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在地方丄,<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="明帝国">明帝国</a>采取分权个方法,采用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布政使司(页面弗存在)">布政使司</a>然种伉老早元帝国辰光<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%8C%E7%9C%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="行省(页面弗存在)">行省</a>一色个模式进行统治,采取<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="省(页面弗存在)">省</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="府(页面弗存在)">府</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%BF" title="县">县</a>个三级统治方法,除脱昰眼,还在一厘关卡设立<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="州(页面弗存在)">州</a>,譬如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E4%BB%93%E5%B7%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太仓州(页面弗存在)">太仓州</a>。行布政使司个内部,权利进行分割,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布政使(页面弗存在)">布政使</a>掌握民政权利,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%89%E5%AF%9F%E4%BD%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="按察使(页面弗存在)">按察使</a>掌握司法刑事权利,<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E5%85%B5" title="总兵">总兵</a>掌握地方性质个军事权力。到中后期,在渠场上向,还有从<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC" title="北京">北京</a>派过来个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%BB%E7%9D%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="总督(页面弗存在)">总督</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A1%E6%8A%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巡抚(页面弗存在)">巡抚</a>进行控制,让权利分散。弗过,种情况也让总督搭巡抚个权利越来越大,渠场个用场,也从开初辰光个临时钦差大臣,朝后头个常备职务转变。到<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a>辰光,终于成为每只地方或者地区常设个官职哉。 </p><p>在越加低层个水平丄,官僚便弗及省里向然多哉。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%A5%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="知府(页面弗存在)">知府</a>是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A3%E4%BA%94%E5%93%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="正五品(页面弗存在)">正五品</a>或者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%8E%E4%BA%94%E5%93%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="从五品(页面弗存在)">从五品</a>个官员,属于中级官僚,掌握一个府城范围内个大部分权利。渠个帮手包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E7%9F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="同知(页面弗存在)">同知</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%A8%E5%AE%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="推官(页面弗存在)">推官</a>咾啥。还有自家招揽个一眼<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%88%E7%88%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="师爷(页面弗存在)">师爷</a>。到<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%A5%E5%8E%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="知县(页面弗存在)">知县</a>个层面,是帝国官僚体系个终点,作为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A3%E4%B8%83%E5%93%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="正七品(页面弗存在)">正七品</a>个官员,渠场直接面对一个县境内个士绅搭百姓。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%BF%E8%A1%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="县衙(页面弗存在)">县衙</a>内部个官吏大部分弗好算是朝廷个正式官员,包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%BF%E4%B8%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="县丞(页面弗存在)">县丞</a>,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8D%95%E5%BF%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="捕快(页面弗存在)">捕快</a>之类,全数十年服务勒县衙里向,对县城个管理掌握比交关空降个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%A5%E5%8E%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="知县(页面弗存在)">知县</a>还要深刻交关。昰个也使得有种场许出现著县丞架空知县个状况。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="明代江南"><span id=".E6.98.8E.E4.BB.A3.E6.B1.9F.E5.8D.97"></span>明代江南</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=46" title="编辑章节:明代江南"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>虽然朱元璋对江南展开打压,弗过江南文化在明朝还是达著自家个顶峰。由于<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E8%82%A1%E5%8F%96%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="八股取士">八股取士</a>个科举制度,交关江南读书人靠科举走上著官僚道路。明朝历代科举里向,江南人全要占据至少靠三分之一个名额。苏州、松江、绍兴等地,满街全是公卿;秀才在江南,只好去私塾里向教教书。明代后期个<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E9%98%B6" title="徐阶">徐阶</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B3%E6%97%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="申时行">申时行</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E9%94%A1%E7%88%B5" title="王锡爵">王锡爵</a>等首辅,全是江南人。 </p><p>科举个繁荣是依靠强大个经济基础作为支撑个,在明朝晚期,江南已经形成帝国唯一一个城市群。居只城市群由东南个陪都<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="南京">南京</a>作为轴心,囊括吴越地区北部个几乎所有城市。包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="常州">常州</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="苏州">苏州</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%BE%E6%B1%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="松江(页面弗存在)">松江</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E5%85%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="嘉兴">嘉兴</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="湖州">湖州</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%AD%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="杭州">杭州</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8D%E5%85%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="绍兴">绍兴</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%81%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="宁波">宁波</a>等。涌现出交关关心帝国大事个热血读书人,明朝末年个<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%9E%97%E5%85%9A" title="东林党">东林党</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E7%A4%BE" title="复社">复社</a>就是其中个代表 。 </p><p>明朝晚期,江南城市生活丰富多彩,世俗娱乐多种多样,<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E6%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="昆曲">昆曲</a>个发达,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%AD%E6%9E%97%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="园林艺术(页面弗存在)">园林艺术</a>个发展,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E6%89%8D%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="四大才子(页面弗存在)">四大才子</a>个出现,还有<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A8%80%E4%BA%8C%E6%8B%8D" title="三言二拍">三言二拍</a>等新型小说个推出,反应了昰歇辰光江南人五光十色个城市生活。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="帝王列表"><span id=".E5.B8.9D.E7.8E.8B.E5.88.97.E8.A1.A8"></span>帝王列表</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=47" title="编辑章节:帝王列表"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>明朝皇帝 1368年-1644年 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>庙号<sup id="cite_ref-庙号、谥号_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-庙号、谥号-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>谥号<sup id="cite_ref-庙号、谥号_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-庙号、谥号-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>姓名 </th> <th>在位时间 </th> <th>年号 </th> <th>皇陵 </th></tr> <tr> <td>太祖 </td> <td>开天行道肇纪立极大圣至神仁文义武俊德成功<b>高皇帝</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%85%83%E7%92%8B" title="朱元璋">朱元璋</a> </td> <td>1368年-1398年 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="洪武(页面弗存在)">洪武</a> </td> <td>孝陵 </td></tr> <tr> <td>惠宗 </td> <td>嗣天章道诚懿渊功观文扬武克仁笃孝<b>让皇帝</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%85%81%E7%82%86" title="朱允炆">朱允炆</a> </td> <td>1398年-1402年 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%BA%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="建文(页面弗存在)">建文</a> </td> <td>(失踪) </td></tr> <tr> <td>成祖 </td> <td>启天弘道高明肇运圣武神功纯仁至孝<b>文皇帝</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E6%A3%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="朱棣">朱棣</a> </td> <td>1402年-1424年 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="永乐(页面弗存在)">永乐</a> </td> <td>长陵 </td></tr> <tr> <td>仁宗 </td> <td>敬天体道纯诚至德弘文钦武章圣达孝<b>昭皇帝</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E9%AB%98%E7%86%BE" title="朱高熾">朱高炽</a> </td> <td>1424年-1425年 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E7%86%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="洪熙(页面弗存在)">洪熙</a> </td> <td>献陵 </td></tr> <tr> <td>宣宗 </td> <td>宪天崇道英明神圣钦天昭武宽仁纯孝<b>章皇帝</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%9E%BB%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="朱瞻基">朱瞻基</a> </td> <td>1425年-1435年 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%A3%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宣德(页面弗存在)">宣德</a> </td> <td>景陵 </td></tr> <tr> <td>英宗 </td> <td>法天立道仁明诚敬昭文宪武至德广孝<b>睿皇帝</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%A5%81%E9%95%87" class="mw-redirect" title="朱祁镇">朱祁镇</a> </td> <td>1435年-1449年 <p>1457年-1464年 </p> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A3%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="正统(页面弗存在)">正统</a> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E9%A1%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天顺(页面弗存在)">天顺</a> </p> </td> <td>裕陵 </td></tr> <tr> <td>代宗 </td> <td>恭仁康定<b>景皇帝</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%A5%81%E9%88%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="朱祁鈺">朱祁钰</a> </td> <td>1449年-1457年 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AF%E6%B3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="景泰(页面弗存在)">景泰</a> </td> <td>景泰陵 </td></tr> <tr> <td>宪宗 </td> <td>继天凝道诚明仁敬崇文肃武宏德圣孝<b>纯皇帝</b> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%B1%E8%A7%81%E6%B7%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朱见深(页面弗存在)">朱见深</a> </td> <td>1464年-1487年 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="成化(页面弗存在)">成化</a> </td> <td>茂陵 </td></tr> <tr> <td>孝宗 </td> <td>建天明道纯识中正圣文神武至仁大德<b>敬皇帝</b> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%B1%E7%A5%90%E6%A8%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朱祐樘(页面弗存在)">朱祐樘</a> </td> <td>1487年-1505年 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%98%E6%B2%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弘治(页面弗存在)">弘治</a> </td> <td>泰陵 </td></tr> <tr> <td>武宗 </td> <td>承天达道英肃睿哲昭德显功弘文思孝<b>毅皇帝</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%AD%A6%E5%AE%97" title="明武宗">朱厚照</a> </td> <td>1505年-1521年 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A3%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="正德(页面弗存在)">正德</a> </td> <td>康陵 </td></tr> <tr> <td>世宗 </td> <td>钦天履道英毅神圣宣文广武洪仁大孝<b>肃皇帝</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%8E%9A%E7%86%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="朱厚熜">朱厚熜</a> </td> <td>1521年-1567年 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E9%9D%96" class="mw-redirect" title="嘉靖">嘉靖</a> </td> <td>永陵 </td></tr> <tr> <td>穆宗 </td> <td>契天隆道渊懿宽仁显文光武纯德弘孝<b>庄皇帝</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E7%A9%86%E5%AE%97" title="明穆宗">朱载垕</a> </td> <td>1567年-1572年 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%86%E5%BA%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="隆庆(页面弗存在)">隆庆</a> </td> <td>昭陵 </td></tr> <tr> <td>神宗 </td> <td>范天合道哲肃敦简光文章武安仁止孝<b>显皇帝</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%BF%8A%E9%88%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="朱翊鈞">朱翊钧</a> </td> <td>1572年-1620年 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%8E%86" title="万历">万历</a> </td> <td>定陵 </td></tr> <tr> <td>光宗 </td> <td>崇天契道英睿恭纯宪文景武渊仁懿孝<b>贞皇帝</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%B8%B8%E6%B4%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="朱常洛">朱常洛</a> </td> <td>1620年 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%B0%E6%98%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="泰昌(页面弗存在)">泰昌</a> </td> <td>庆陵 </td></tr> <tr> <td>熹宗 </td> <td>达天阐道敦孝笃友章文襄武靖穆庄勤<b>悊皇帝</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%94%B1%E6%A0%A1" title="朱由校">朱由校</a> </td> <td>1620年-1627年 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%90%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天启(页面弗存在)">天启</a> </td> <td>德陵 </td></tr> <tr> <td>思宗 </td> <td>绍天绎道刚明恪俭揆文奋武敦仁懋孝<b>烈皇帝</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%94%B1%E6%A3%80" title="朱由检">朱由检</a> </td> <td>1627年-1644年 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E7%A5%AF" title="崇祯">崇祯</a> </td> <td>思陵 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="附註"><span id=".E9.99.84.E8.A8.BB"></span>附註</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=48" title="编辑章节:附註"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-庙号、谥号-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-庙号、谥号_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-庙号、谥号_1-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">是场庙号、谥号基本全是用后一代或是世宗个叫法,因特殊,代宗采用宪宗个叫法,惠宗忒思宗个采用南明隆武帝个版本。</span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&section=49" title="编辑章节:參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐596956c6cf‐gq97k Cached time: 20241114130217 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.236 seconds Real time usage: 0.388 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1039/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 9376/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 160/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 7/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4298/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.012/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 645214/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 116.813 1 -total 96.27% 112.459 1 Template:好文 90.92% 106.207 1 Template:Top_icon 32.52% 37.985 1 Template:Category_handler 3.29% 3.846 1 Template:中国历史 --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key wuuwiki:pcache:idhash:25422-0!canonical!wuu and timestamp 20241114130217 and revision id 323180. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">取自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=明朝&oldid=323180">https://wuu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=明朝&oldid=323180</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>:<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%A1%B6%E5%B4%AD%E4%B8%AA%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0" title="Category:顶崭个文章">顶崭个文章</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%9D%E4%BB%A3" title="Category:中国朝代">中国朝代</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 箇只页面阿末趟编辑来拉2024年9月15号 (日) 16:24。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">文字内容采用<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">知识共享“署名-相同方式共享”许可协议</a>授权;作兴会应用附加条款。详情见<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>。</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">有关维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/wuu.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//wuu.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-72jvb","wgBackendResponseTime":252,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.236","walltime":"0.388","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1039,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":9376,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":160,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":7,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":4298,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 116.813 1 -total"," 96.27% 112.459 1 Template:好文"," 90.92% 106.207 1 Template:Top_icon"," 32.52% 37.985 1 Template:Category_handler"," 3.29% 3.846 1 Template:中国历史"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.012","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":645214,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-596956c6cf-gq97k","timestamp":"20241114130217","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u660e\u671d","url":"https:\/\/wuu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9903","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9903","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2013-06-26T22:49:25Z","dateModified":"2024-09-15T08:24:00Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/65\/Ming_Empire_cca_1580_%28zh-hant%29.svg","headline":"\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e00\u671d\u4ee3"}</script> </body> </html>