CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Basque music - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"88b0d5c8-fb8e-4ffa-ae8e-c0decbd47935","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Basque_music","wgTitle":"Basque music","wgCurRevisionId":1225363794,"wgRevisionId":1225363794,"wgArticleId":444068,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from May 2014","Pages using sidebar with the child parameter","Basque music","Music of French subdivisions","Music of Spain by autonomous community"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Basque_music","wgRelevantArticleId":444068,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[], "wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3328599","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg/1200px-Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="672"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg/800px-Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="448"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg/640px-Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="358"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Basque music - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_music"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_music"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Basque_music rootpage-Basque_music skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Basque+music" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Basque+music" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Basque+music" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Basque+music" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Traditional music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditional_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditional music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singing_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singing_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Singing tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singing_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A_collective_soul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_collective_soul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>A collective soul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_collective_soul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_soloists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_soloists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Classical soloists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_soloists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Composers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basque_musical_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basque_musical_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Basque musical revival</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Basque_musical_revival-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Basque musical revival subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Basque_musical_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Postwar_desolation_and_first_sprouts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_desolation_and_first_sprouts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Postwar desolation and first sprouts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_desolation_and_first_sprouts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_as_identity_assertion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_as_identity_assertion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Music as identity assertion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_as_identity_assertion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_shift_towards_urban_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_shift_towards_urban_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>A shift towards urban music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_shift_towards_urban_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_rise_of_Basque_punk_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_rise_of_Basque_punk_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>The rise of Basque punk music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_rise_of_Basque_punk_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_popular_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_popular_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Current popular music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_popular_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current popular music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_popular_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>New trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_and_triki_pop_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_and_triki_pop_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Folk and triki pop music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_and_triki_pop_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialization_and_diversification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialization_and_diversification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Specialization and diversification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialization_and_diversification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singer-songwriters_and_gentle_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singer-songwriters_and_gentle_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Singer-songwriters and gentle music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singer-songwriters_and_gentle_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Samples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Basque music</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 3 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-3" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">3 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_basca" title="Música basca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Música basca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_musika" title="Euskal Herriko musika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Euskal Herriko musika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_basque" title="Musique basque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musique basque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3328599#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Basque_music" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Basque_music" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Basque_music"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Basque_music"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Basque_music" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Basque_music" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&oldid=1225363794" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Basque_music&id=1225363794&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBasque_music"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBasque_music"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Basque_music&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Basque_music" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3328599" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Music of the Basque region and people</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color:#CCFFFF;border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Basque_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Basque Country">Culture of Basque Country</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCFFFF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">History</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Basques" title="History of the Basques">History of the Basques</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCFFFF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCFFFF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)#Language" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Basque" title="Standard Basque">Standard Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_dialects" title="Basque dialects">Basque dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gascon language">Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erromintxela_language" title="Erromintxela language">Erromintxela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquitanian_language" title="Aquitanian language">Aquitanian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_surnames" title="Basque surnames">Basque surnames</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Basque_language" title="History of the Basque language">History of the Basque language</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCFFFF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Traditions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fueros#Basque_and_Pyrenean_fueros" class="mw-redirect" title="Fueros">Fueros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertsolaritza" title="Bertsolaritza">Bertsolaritza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_(theatre_of_Soule)" title="Pastoral (theatre of Soule)">Pastoral (theatre of Soule)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beret" title="Beret">Beret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus_(card_game)" title="Mus (card game)">Mus (card game)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_dance" title="Basque dance">Basque dance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;background-color:#CCFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Mythology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCFFFF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Basque_cuisine" title="Basque cuisine">Cuisine</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pincho" title="Pincho">Pincho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Txoko" title="Txoko">Txoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Txakoli" title="Txakoli">Txakoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_cider" title="Basque cider">Basque cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patxaran" title="Patxaran">Patxaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagardotegi" title="Sagardotegi">Cider house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiazabal_cheese" title="Idiazabal cheese">Idiazabal cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateau_Basque" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateau Basque">Gateau Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioja_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rioja (wine)">Rioja (wine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroul%C3%A9guy_AOC" title="Irouléguy AOC">Irouléguy (wine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espelette_pepper" title="Espelette pepper">Espelette pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piquillo_pepper" title="Piquillo pepper">Piquillo pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmitako" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmitako">Marmitako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperade" title="Piperade">Piperade</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCFFFF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Festivals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korrika" title="Korrika">Korrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_festival" title="Basque festival">Basque festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olentzero" title="Olentzero">Olentzero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Eve" title="Saint John's Eve">Saint John's Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskarada_(carnival_of_Soule)" title="Maskarada (carnival of Soule)">Maskarada (carnival of Soule)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herri_Urrats" title="Herri Urrats">Herri Urrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberri_Eguna" title="Aberri Eguna">Aberri Eguna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;background-color:#CCFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Basque_literature" title="Basque literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCFFFF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Basque_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Basque Country">Music</a> and performing arts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Basque music</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCFFFF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)#Sports" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_rural_sports" title="Basque rural sports">Basque rural sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_pelota" title="Basque pelota">Basque pelota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_national_football_team" title="Basque Country national football team">Basque Country national football team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletic_de_Bilbao" class="mw-redirect" title="Athletic de Bilbao">Athletic de Bilbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Sociedad" title="Real Sociedad">Real Sociedad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CA_Osasuna" title="CA Osasuna">CA Osasuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportivo_Alav%C3%A9s" title="Deportivo Alavés">Deportivo Alavés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rugby_union_in_the_Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Category:Rugby union in the Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biarritz_Olympique" title="Biarritz Olympique">Biarritz Olympique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviron_Bayonnais" title="Aviron Bayonnais">Aviron Bayonnais</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCFFFF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Symbols</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Basque_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Basque Country">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Basque_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Basque Country">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauburu" title="Lauburu">Lauburu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurak_Bat" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurak Bat">Laurak Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazpiak_Bat" title="Zazpiak Bat">Zazpiak Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gernikako_Arbola" title="Gernikako Arbola">Gernikako Arbola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilarri" title="Hilarri">Basque stella</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basque_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Basque culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basque_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Basque culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basque_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basque culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Basque music</b> refers to the music made in the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country</a>, reflecting traits related to its society/tradition, and devised by people from that territory. While traditionally more closely associated to rural based and Basque language music, the growing diversification of its production during the last decades has tipped the scale in favour of a broad definition. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_music">Traditional music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Traditional music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leioako_txistulariak_kalejiran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Leioako_txistulariak_kalejiran.jpg/220px-Leioako_txistulariak_kalejiran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Leioako_txistulariak_kalejiran.jpg/330px-Leioako_txistulariak_kalejiran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Leioako_txistulariak_kalejiran.jpg/440px-Leioako_txistulariak_kalejiran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2190" data-file-height="1573" /></a><figcaption>Txistu ensemble in the streets of <a href="/wiki/Leioa" title="Leioa">Leioa</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albokariak_eta_pandero-jolea.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Albokariak_eta_pandero-jolea.JPG/220px-Albokariak_eta_pandero-jolea.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Albokariak_eta_pandero-jolea.JPG/330px-Albokariak_eta_pandero-jolea.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Albokariak_eta_pandero-jolea.JPG/440px-Albokariak_eta_pandero-jolea.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alboka" title="Alboka">Alboka</a> players and a tambourine man playing a tune together</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_txalaparta_players_at_a_performance_in_a_fiesta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Two_txalaparta_players_at_a_performance_in_a_fiesta.jpg/220px-Two_txalaparta_players_at_a_performance_in_a_fiesta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Two_txalaparta_players_at_a_performance_in_a_fiesta.jpg/330px-Two_txalaparta_players_at_a_performance_in_a_fiesta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Two_txalaparta_players_at_a_performance_in_a_fiesta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Txalaparta players in a festival</figcaption></figure> <p>Basque traditional music is a product of the region's historic development and strategic geographical position on the Atlantic arch at a crossroads between mountains (<a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Mountains" title="Cantabrian Mountains">Cantabrian mountain range</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>) and plains (<a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro</a> basin), ocean and inland, European continent and <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. Its culture and music has thus been exposed to a wide number of influences throughout history, ranging from British and northern European to Mediterranean to <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Arabic</a>. For example, traditional overseas commerce with England, or international pilgrimage on the <a href="/wiki/Way_of_St_James" class="mw-redirect" title="Way of St James">Way of St James</a> added greatly to leave an imprint in both instruments and tunes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instruments">Instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Folk instruments widespread in Europe ceased to be used in some places at some point of history and only remained in specific areas, where they took hold and adopted features and a character associated with the region, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Three-hole_pipe" title="Three-hole pipe">three-hole pipe</a> or tabor pipe in widespread use in Europe ultimately resulted in two specific instruments in the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(historical_territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque Country (historical territory)">Basque Country</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Txistu" title="Txistu">txistu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Xirula" title="Xirula">xirula</a>. Accordingly, different instruments may have evolved out of one, such as <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarrese</a> <a href="/wiki/Dulzaina" title="Dulzaina">dulzaina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soule" title="Soule">Souletin</a> <i>txanbela</i>, with slight differences between them.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most instruments adopted in rural and folk circles do not go back more than six centuries, with some having been introduced as late as the 19th century, such as the <a href="/wiki/Trikitixa" class="mw-redirect" title="Trikitixa">trikitixa</a>, or the txistu, shaped in its present-day form during that period, despite the fact that it resulted from a long evolution. Most Basque instruments originated outside the Basque Country and became popular in the territory at some stage, but the <a href="/wiki/Txalaparta" title="Txalaparta">txalaparta</a> is not one of them. </p><p>Some traditional Basque instruments are the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alboka" title="Alboka">Alboka</a>, a difficult double clarinet played in a circular breathing technique similar to that used for the Sardinian <a href="/wiki/Launeddas" title="Launeddas">launeddas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Txalaparta" title="Txalaparta">Txalaparta</a>, a wooden xylophone-like percussion instrument for two players.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirikoketa" title="Kirikoketa">Kirikoketa</a>, a wooden percussion device akin to the txalaparta associated with the <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">cider</a> making process.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toberak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toberak (page does not exist)">Toberak</a>, a percussion instrument made of horizontal metal bars.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Txistu" title="Txistu">Txistu</a>, a local <a href="/wiki/Tabor_pipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabor pipe">pipe</a>.</li> <li>Drum, called <i>danbolin</i>, and usually accompanying the txistu.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabor_(instrument)" title="Tabor (instrument)">Atabal</a>, a double sided, portable flat drum played together with aerophones.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xirula" title="Xirula">Xirula</a>, a three-hole flute, shorter and more high-pitched than txistu.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalterium_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalterium (instrument)">Ttun-ttun</a>, a vertical stringed drum played usually together with the xirula.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trikitixa" class="mw-redirect" title="Trikitixa">Trikitixa</a> or <i>eskusoinua</i>, a lively <a href="/wiki/Diatonic_button_accordion" title="Diatonic button accordion">diatonic button accordion</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambourine#Panderoa" title="Tambourine">Tambourine</a>, usually played together with the <a href="/wiki/Trikitixa" class="mw-redirect" title="Trikitixa">trikitixa</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulzaina" title="Dulzaina">Dulzaina</a>, a Navarre-based pipe belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Shawm" title="Shawm">shawm</a> family.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowing_horn" title="Blowing horn">Blowing horn</a>, an instrument made of ox horn.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singing_tradition">Singing tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Singing tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_collective_soul">A collective soul</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: A collective soul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GaraizarkoMahatsorriakBasilikarekin_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/GaraizarkoMahatsorriakBasilikarekin_01.jpg/220px-GaraizarkoMahatsorriakBasilikarekin_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/GaraizarkoMahatsorriakBasilikarekin_01.jpg/330px-GaraizarkoMahatsorriakBasilikarekin_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/GaraizarkoMahatsorriakBasilikarekin_01.jpg/440px-GaraizarkoMahatsorriakBasilikarekin_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3165" data-file-height="2238" /></a><figcaption>Basque traditional choir</figcaption></figure> <p>The Basque people are especially given to singing. Basque language has stuck to the oral tradition stronger than <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, and its literature was first recorded in writing in the 16th century. There are ballads dating from the 15th century that have been passed from parents to children by word of mouth, e.g. <i>Ozaze Jaurgainian</i> from <a href="/wiki/Soule" title="Soule">Soule</a>, which relates events six centuries ago and has come down to us in different versions (the best known was popularized by <a href="/wiki/Benito_Lertxundi" title="Benito Lertxundi">Benito Lertxundi</a>), or <i>Alostorrea</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Biscay" title="Biscay">Biscay</a>. These ballads were crafted and spread by minstrels or <a href="/wiki/Bertsolari" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertsolari">bertsolaris</a>, were kept in popular memory, and were transmitted in the so-called <i>kopla zaharrak</i>, sets of poems with a characteristic rhythmic pattern that could be sung: this is similar to <a href="/wiki/Oral-formulaic_composition" title="Oral-formulaic composition">traditional practices elsewhere in Europe</a>. So, for example, the first work of literature in Basque <i>Linguæ Vasconum Primitiæ</i> (1545) by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Etxepare" title="Bernard Etxepare">Bernard Etxepare</a> shows long verses that, while deceptively fashioned in metres resembling those used in Romance poetry, follow an internal rhythmic pattern similar to a <i>kopla</i>, so they can be popularly sung. Even today, it is not unusual to see groups of people marching around a town at some local festival singing and asking the neighbours for a food, drink or money donation, while the most famous celebrations following this pattern across the whole Basque Country may be those taking place on Christmas Eve (<a href="/wiki/Olentzero" title="Olentzero">Olentzero</a>) and the <a href="#Samples">Saint Agatha's Eve</a>, with singers dressing up in traditional costumes. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Agenda_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Santa_Agenda_2004.jpg/220px-Santa_Agenda_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Santa_Agenda_2004.jpg/330px-Santa_Agenda_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Santa_Agenda_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>Holding hands in the traditional Saint Agatha's Eve (<a href="/wiki/Altsasu" class="mw-redirect" title="Altsasu">Altsasu</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etxahun_koblakari_pastorala3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Etxahun_koblakari_pastorala3.jpg/220px-Etxahun_koblakari_pastorala3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Etxahun_koblakari_pastorala3.jpg/330px-Etxahun_koblakari_pastorala3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Etxahun_koblakari_pastorala3.jpg/440px-Etxahun_koblakari_pastorala3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_(theatre_of_Soule)" title="Pastoral (theatre of Soule)">pastoral</a>, traditional sung theatre of Soule, focused on Etxahun-Iruri</figcaption></figure> <p>It follows that traditional singing is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Bertsolari" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertsolari">bertsolaris</a>, improvising bards, who even nowadays hold an important status in Basque culture. They voice the people's concerns by means of a formal tradition coming from the people (tunes, linguistic devices), and act as their spokespersons. A considerable corpus of traditional songs was gathered by <a href="/wiki/Resurrecci%C3%B3n_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Azkue" title="Resurrección María de Azkue">Resurrección María de Azkue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aita_Donostia" title="Aita Donostia">Aita Donostia</a>, two religious scholars interested in Basque folk culture, at the turn of the 20th century; and also later on, in <i>Cancionero popular vasco</i> (1918) and <i>Euskal Eres-Sorta. Cancionero Vasco</i> (1922), to mention but a few works. </p><p>In the present day, the band Hiru Truku (comprising the celebrated musicians <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseba_Tapia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseba Tapia (page does not exist)">Joseba Tapia</a>, Ruper Ordorika and Bixente Martinez) has chosen several ancient songs from all over the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(historical_territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque Country (historical territory)">Basque Country</a>, updated the music brilliantly and released them in a number of albums. Another current long-standing and renowned group who elaborate on traditional songs is Oskorri: The band set about singing traditional songs in public performances previously handing out to the audience a repertoire bill including the lyrics and encouraging them to sing along. The band has launched a couple of albums of this kind so far and performed on various tours to public acclaim, becoming especially popular with middle-aged parents. </p><p>A key figure bridging the old singing tradition of <a href="/wiki/Soule" title="Soule">Soule</a> and the folk song revival of the 20th century is Pierre Bordazaharre (1907–1979), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/AKA" class="extiw" title="wikt:AKA">aka</a> Etxahun Iruri. A <a href="/wiki/Xirula" title="Xirula">xirula</a> player and singer, he collected old songs and fashioned new ones, which eventually caught on and spread, take for instance, <i>Agur Xiberoa</i>. He also contributed to new <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_(theatre_of_Soule)" title="Pastoral (theatre of Soule)">pastoral</a> plays in the tradition of Soule, reshaping the pastoral and adding new topics. </p><p>There is also a tradition of <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choral</a> music all over the Basque Country. Church choirs were set up in some towns to meet the religious musical needs. Yet at the turn of the 20th century some ensembles became established outside the ecclesiastical context, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Sociedad_Coral_de_Bilbao" title="Sociedad Coral de Bilbao">Sociedad Coral de Bilbao</a> (founded in 1886), <a href="/wiki/Orfe%C3%B3n_Donostiarra" title="Orfeón Donostiarra">Orfeón Donostiarra</a> (founded in 1897) or the Coral Santa Cecilia from <a href="/wiki/Donostia" class="mw-redirect" title="Donostia">Donostia</a> (founded in 1928). Later on, other ensembles were formed, such as <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldarra" class="extiw" title="fr:Oldarra">Oldarra Abesbatza</a> from <a href="/wiki/Biarritz" title="Biarritz">Biarritz</a> (founded in 1947), made up of men and sometimes putting on performances as an <i>ochote</i> (see below),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the reputed Coral Andra Mari from <a href="/wiki/Errenteria" title="Errenteria">Errenteria</a>, established in 1966, featuring Basque folk music and Aita Donostia's several scores.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nowadays many minor choral ensembles, largely offering the Basque folk repertoire, dot the Basque territory. In <a href="/wiki/Bayonne" title="Bayonne">Bayonne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donostia" class="mw-redirect" title="Donostia">Donostia</a> a cheerful informal initiative has grown popular with amateurs in the late noughties, who meet once a month and go bar hopping around the streets of the respective Old Quarters while singing traditional songs. </p><p>Another Basque choral phenomenon is represented by the so-called <i>ochotes</i>, which became popular in the 1930s in the <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a> region: Eight men with deep voices, with a marked taste for local and folk subjects, singing in Spanish and <a href="/wiki/Basque_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque (language)">Basque</a>. This may stem from summer ecclesiastic seminaries and they thrived on the warm atmosphere of the bars after the work shift was over.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually a branch of this genre evolved out into <i>bilbainadas</i> (up to the 1960s, nowadays much in decay). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical_soloists">Classical soloists</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Classical soloists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Awash in the same singing tradition, but shifting towards the refined European trends prevailing in the higher levels of society, certain Basques became renowned as individual singers. Some soloists worth highlighting include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Jean_Garat" title="Pierre-Jean Garat">Pierre-Jean Garat</a> (1764–1823): An early soloist thriving on the heat of <a href="/wiki/Labourd" title="Labourd">Labourd</a>'s Enlightenment.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Gayarre" title="Julián Gayarre">Julián Gayarre</a> (1844–1890): A <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarrese</a> tenor from Roncal with an outstanding tenor voice.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composers">Composers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Composers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Usandizaga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Usandizaga.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="315" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>J.M. Usandizaga, a celebrated Basque composer (early 20th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(historical_territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque Country (historical territory)">Basque Country</a> has been home to various notable composers, writing mainly in the 20th century. Much in step with the artistic trends of the first half of the century (painting,...), some of them developed a liking for <a href="/wiki/Basque_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque people">Basque</a> customs, manners and subjects. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Anchieta" title="Juan de Anchieta">Juan de Anchieta</a> (1462–1523): Composer of the Renaissance hailing from the area of <a href="/wiki/Azpeitia" title="Azpeitia">Azpeitia</a>.</li> <li>Santiago de Herdoiza (<a href="/wiki/Durango,_Biscay" class="mw-redirect" title="Durango, Biscay">Durango</a>, c. 1700)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Crisostomo_Arriaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Crisostomo Arriaga">Juan Crisostomo Arriaga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a>, 1806 – Paris, 1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Usandizaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose Maria Usandizaga">Jose Maria Usandizaga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donostia" class="mw-redirect" title="Donostia">Donostia</a>/San Sebastian, 1887–1915): He is considered along with J. Guridi the father of Basque opera. He drew up orchestral and chamber pieces, like the celebrated <i>Cuarteto de cuerda en Sol, Op. 31</i>, shifting to elaborate <a href="/wiki/Zarzuela" title="Zarzuela">zarzuela</a> as well as opera works at the end of his life (<i>Mendi-Mendiyan</i>, 1910: <i>Las Golondrinas</i>, 1914). He had his increasingly successful career cut short by an early death.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Guridi" title="Jesús Guridi">Jesús Guridi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a>, 1881 – Madrid, 1961): Himself a friend of Usandizaga, whom he met in Paris while attending the <a href="/wiki/Schola_Cantorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Schola Cantorum">Schola Cantorum</a>, he was appointed manager of <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a>'s <i>Sociedad Coral</i> choir in 1912. Influenced by <a href="/wiki/Wagner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner">Wagner</a> and musicians of the Late Romanticism, he found inspiration and phrases for his compositions in Basque folklore. His rich musical education enabled him to deal with different types of music, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Zarzuela" title="Zarzuela">zarzuela</a>, opera, compositions for choir as well as religious pieces for organ. Some acclaimed works include <i>El caserío</i> (1926), <i>Diez melodías vascas</i> (1940), <i>La meiga</i> (1929), <i>Seis canciones castellanas</i> (1939) and <i>Sinfonía pirenaica</i> (1945).</li> <li>Nemesio Otaño (<a href="/wiki/Azkoitia" title="Azkoitia">Azkoitia</a>, 1880 – <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastian</a>, 1956 ): Composer, organist and musicologist. One of the most important figures in 20th century Spanish music history. Director of the Royal Conservatory of Madrid between 1939 and 1956. Among his most known works is '<a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Saint Ignatius</a> March' ('Marcha de San Ignacio'), the patron saint of Biscay and Gipuzkoa. In 1894, he studied in the <i>Colegio Preceptoría</i> of <a href="/wiki/Baliarrain" title="Baliarrain">Baliarrain</a>, in which he composed two of his first <a href="/wiki/Litany" title="Litany">litanies</a> and a <i><a href="/wiki/Zortziko" title="Zortziko">zortziko</a></i> for piano; he was then only fourteen years old, but already played the organ in the school parish. In 1896 he joined the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a> and began his ecclesiastical studies along with the music classes. In 1911, he founded the Schola Cantorum at Comillas: His performances in plainsong and polyphony were highly influential. His works range from popular sacred songs (e.g. Estrella hermosa, Anima Christi, Baldako) to large-scale choral pieces.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Soroz%C3%A1bal" title="Pablo Sorozábal">Pablo Sorozábal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donostia" class="mw-redirect" title="Donostia">Donostia</a>/San Sebastian, 1897 – <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, 1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ciboure" title="Ciboure">Ziburu</a>, 1875 – Paris, 1937): Basque French composer and arranger</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelo_Bernaola" title="Carmelo Bernaola">Carmelo Bernaola</a> (<a href="/wiki/Otxandio" title="Otxandio">Otxandio</a>, 1929 – <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, 2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Escudero_(composer)" title="Francisco Escudero (composer)">Francisco Escudero</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donostia" class="mw-redirect" title="Donostia">Donostia</a>/San Sebastian, 1912–2002), composer of <a href="/wiki/Zigor_(opera)" title="Zigor (opera)">Zigor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gernika_(opera)" title="Gernika (opera)">Gernika)</a>, operas with Basque librettos</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Iradier" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian Iradier">Sebastian Iradier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lanciego" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanciego">Lanciego</a>, 1809 – <a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a>, 1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Bello-Portu" title="Javier Bello-Portu">Javier Bello-Portu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tolosa,_Spain" title="Tolosa, Spain">Tolosa</a>, 1920 – <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastian</a>, 2004)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basque_musical_revival">Basque musical revival</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Basque musical revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_desolation_and_first_sprouts">Postwar desolation and first sprouts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Postwar desolation and first sprouts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Basques#Wartime" title="History of the Basques">Civil War</a> (1936–1937 in the Basque territory), headway made in the Basque culture in the pre-war period ground to a halt: Fear grew amidst harsh repression, famine became an overriding concern, and former cultural figures died or ran for their lives to exile. As an individual singing figure of the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Mariano" title="Luis Mariano">Luis Mariano</a> and his powerful tenor voice should be highlighted. Born in Irun and moving in his 20s to <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, he jumped onto the Spanish and international scene with light-hearted songs in Spanish and French (and, occasionally, in Basque). </p><p>After the hardest postwar years, the younger generation set about putting together duos and small musical groups in <a href="/wiki/Gipuzkoa" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biscay" title="Biscay">Biscay</a>, who gradually began singing original tunes in Basque. Notable bands from the 1960s include Urretxindorrak, Enarak, Soroak and Estitxu (female singer born to fleeing parents near Bayonne). These new bands sought to take advantage of the regime's increasing liberalization, despite the fact that major obstacles that still hindered cultural activity associated with anything Basque. Cultural and political awareness, social rebelliousness and an urge for action emerged in the following generations, resulting in a new left-leaning Basque nationalist movement. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mixel_Labegerie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mixel_Labegerie.jpg/220px-Mixel_Labegerie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mixel_Labegerie.jpg/330px-Mixel_Labegerie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mixel_Labegerie.jpg/440px-Mixel_Labegerie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>Mixel Labeguerie during the 1960s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zazpiribai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zazpiribai.jpg/220px-Zazpiribai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zazpiribai.jpg/330px-Zazpiribai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zazpiribai.jpg/440px-Zazpiribai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>Group "Ez dok amairu"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benito_Lertxundi_1971.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Benito_Lertxundi_1971.jpg/220px-Benito_Lertxundi_1971.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Benito_Lertxundi_1971.jpg/330px-Benito_Lertxundi_1971.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Benito_Lertxundi_1971.jpg/440px-Benito_Lertxundi_1971.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Benito Lertxundi in 1971</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_as_identity_assertion">Music as identity assertion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Music as identity assertion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some people from the southern Basque Country fled the territory to the French <a href="/wiki/Northern_Basque_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Basque Country">Northern Basque Country</a> and seeking shelter. They left their imprint in the traditional Basque society of the Northern Basque Country, contributing to the rise of cultural and political awareness. In this category falls Mixel Labeguerie, who worked and lived in <a href="/wiki/Cambo-les-Bains" title="Cambo-les-Bains">Kanbo</a>, its mayor for more than a decade (1965–1980), Councillor General of <a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es_Atlantiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrénées Atlantiques">the department</a> and a founder of Basque nationalist movement Embata (he walked out later). He had a musical education, soaked up the new European musical trends, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Georges_Brassens" title="Georges Brassens">Brassens</a>, folk music from England and France, and released an album in 1961 with songs that struck a chord, such as <i>Gu gira Euskadiko</i>, <i>Primaderako liliak</i>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was to have influence on the new artistic Basque artist collective "Ez dok amairu" put together in 1965, largely made up of folk singer-songwriters concerned with Basque culture: <a href="/wiki/Benito_Lertxundi" title="Benito Lertxundi">Benito Lertxundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikel_Laboa" title="Mikel Laboa">Mikel Laboa</a> (popular song "Txoriak txori"), <a href="/wiki/Xabier_Lete" title="Xabier Lete">Xabier Lete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lourdes_Iriondo" title="Lourdes Iriondo">Lourdes Iriondo</a>, etc. </p><p>Lourdes Iriondo took up singing accompanied on a guitar for the first time in Basque music, a fact that came in for much criticism on the grounds that the instrument was alien to the native culture. "<a href="/wiki/Ez_Dok_Amairu" title="Ez Dok Amairu">Ez Dok Amairu</a>" broke up in 1972 and its members took up separate paths that eventually confirmed some of them as acclaimed and key folk Basque singers up to the 2000s. Along the lines of singer-songwriter style, Guk, Larralde eta Etxamendi or the beloved duo Pantxoa eta Peio provide the musical background for the 1970s period of struggle, repression and turmoil across the Northern Basque Country. Especially in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lava" title="Álava">Álava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>, Enrike Zelaia (<a href="/wiki/Altsasu" class="mw-redirect" title="Altsasu">Altsasu</a>) and Gorka Knörr struck a chord with a more folkloric and nuanced approach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_shift_towards_urban_music">A shift towards urban music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: A shift towards urban music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meanwhile, new and more urban style musical ensembles and bands sprang up in the 1970s, performing first to other's songs of the time at summer local festivals. They gradually developed their own repertoire fashioned in line with the Basque revival and activism (special focus on the lyrics) and ongoing Western musical trends, e.g. folk (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwendal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gwendal (page does not exist)">Gwendal</a> for one), progressive rock (<a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>,...). As regards choral bands, <a href="/wiki/Mocedades" title="Mocedades">Mocedades</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a> should be highlighted, founded in 1967 initially by <a href="/wiki/Amaya_Uranga" title="Amaya Uranga">Amaya Uranga</a> and two sisters of her. They soon gained public notability by ranking second at the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a>. </p><p>In the same city, the prolific band Oskorri (see above) got together featuring folk music, launching first album in 1976, where they paid homage to poet <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Aresti" title="Gabriel Aresti">Gabriel Aresti</a>, while in the Northern Basque Country Michel Ducau and Anje Duhalde teamed up and put together the first Basque rock band, the celebrated and politically committed Errobi, releasing album <i>Errobi</i> (1975) to critic and public acclaim, <i>Bizi bizian</i> ensued, probably its best, with the record company <a href="/wiki/CBS_Records_International" title="CBS Records International">CBS</a> considering signing up a contract with them. The group disbanded (not definitely) at the top of their popularity (1979); the split came to be regarded as a "suicide".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the mid-60s, <a href="/wiki/Imanol_Larzabal" title="Imanol Larzabal">Imanol Larzabal</a> led a solo career as a singer/songwriter, featuring a deep voice as well as a socially committed and poetic subjects, with the collaboration of domestic and foreign poets and singers. He went through a short period in prison and came back from exile in 1977. Friend of his and son of emigrant <a href="/wiki/Soule" title="Soule">Souletin</a> parents, <a href="/wiki/Niko_Etxart" title="Niko Etxart">Niko Etxart</a> came back to the Basque Country from Paris with brand-new ideas about music in 1972, so turning into a forerunner of Basque rock music (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aA1m2p_mUPA"><i>Euskal Rock&Roll</i></a> in 1973, released in 1979) alongside Errobi, while especially in the traditional Northern Basque Country some lashed out at his looks, manners and music. He alternately performed onstage in <i>verbenas</i> (dancing music in local festivals) with the band Minxoriak up to 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the area of <a href="/wiki/Mutriku" title="Mutriku">Mutriku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itoiz" title="Itoiz">Itoiz</a>, a milestone in Basque folk-pop music, was formed in 1978, with Juan Carlos Perez as its lead vocalist and front-man, releasing that very year the critically acclaimed album <i>Itoiz</i>, which contained such poignant tracks as <i>Hilzori</i>, <i>Lau teilatu</i> etc. Akin ensemble <a href="/wiki/Haizea" title="Haizea">Haizea</a> delivered a couple of good albums during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_rise_of_Basque_punk_music">The rise of Basque punk music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The rise of Basque punk music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zarama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Zarama.jpg/220px-Zarama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Zarama.jpg/330px-Zarama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Zarama.jpg/440px-Zarama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Rock band Zarama live</figcaption></figure> <p>Up to that point, Basque music bands from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Basque_Country" title="Southern Basque Country">Southern Basque Country</a> resorted to labels from Spain to record and release their works. Yet at the end of the 1970s and notably in the early 1980s, new regional publishers arose (Xoxoa, Soñua...), providing a springboard for small bands that previously found it difficult to see their works come to light. </p><p>At the same time, a whole network of youth squats, <a href="/wiki/Squatting#Spain" title="Squatting">the <i>gaztetxes</i></a>, sprang up all over the Basque Country, so furnishing small bands with premises to rehearse and a venue to stage concerts. For the first time, a younger disaffected and unruly generation stemming from urban sprawls and towns could find an outlet to voice its protest along the lines of a punk outlook ("do it yourself"), but could not avoid being badly shaken by drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1984 saw the surge of Basque punk rock, or <i><a href="/wiki/Basque_Radical_Rock" title="Basque Radical Rock">Basque Radical Rock</a></i> (<i>Rock Radical Vasco</i> in Spanish). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kortatu_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kortatu_1.jpg/220px-Kortatu_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kortatu_1.jpg/330px-Kortatu_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kortatu_1.jpg/440px-Kortatu_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kortatu" title="Kortatu">Kortatu</a> onstage in their early years</figcaption></figure> <p>Some popular bands jumping onto the rock scene were <a href="/wiki/Zarama_(band)" title="Zarama (band)">Zarama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eskorbuto" title="Eskorbuto">Eskorbuto</a> from <a href="/wiki/Santurtzi" title="Santurtzi">Santurtzi</a>, hard rock band <a href="/wiki/Barricada" title="Barricada">Barricada</a> and whimsical <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tijuana_in_Blue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tijuana in Blue (page does not exist)">Tijuana in Blue</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Polla_Records" title="La Polla Records">La Polla Records</a> from <a href="/wiki/Salvatierra/Agurain" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvatierra/Agurain">Agurain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kortatu" title="Kortatu">Kortatu</a> and Baldin Bada from <a href="/wiki/Irun" title="Irun">Irun</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hertzainak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hertzainak (page does not exist)">Hertzainak</a>, Cicatriz and Potato from <a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a>, Jotakie, <a href="/wiki/RIP_(band)" title="RIP (band)">RIP</a>, Naste Borraste, MCD, <a href="/wiki/BAP_(Basque_band)" title="BAP (Basque band)">BAP</a>, Zer Bizio, Delirium Tremens, etc. Most of the times Spanish language was used, sometimes Basque, while other times bands were bilingual. </p><p>This new musical trend clashed with the previous singer-songwriter tradition (generation gap), with both linking to different degrees to the leftist and <a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque nationalist">Basque nationalist</a> movement. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Itoiz" title="Itoiz">Itoiz</a> kept its low-profile musical path switching to pop in the accomplished album <i>Musikaz blai</i> (three more LP albums followed), featuring internationally acclaimed songs like <i>To Alice</i>, <i>As Noites da Radio Lisboa</i> or the catchy <i>Marea gora</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other bands of the late 1980s stack to a different path, gentle and even naïve, using Spanish-language lyrics and combining Spanish and international pop trends, take for instance, <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Dhu" title="Duncan Dhu">Duncan Dhu</a> (with leading figure <a href="/wiki/Mikel_Erentxun" title="Mikel Erentxun">Mikel Erentxun</a>), 21 Japonesas or Sanchis y Jocano, bands from the area of <a href="/wiki/Donostia" class="mw-redirect" title="Donostia">Donostia</a>. Duncan Dhu especially attained big levels of popularity on the Spanish and international pop scene, giving rise to a tradition in ensuing years that was to be called "Donosti Sound" (Le Mans, <a href="/wiki/La_Oreja_de_Van_Gogh" title="La Oreja de Van Gogh">La Oreja de Van Gogh</a>,...). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_popular_music">Current popular music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Current popular music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Negu_Gorriak_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Negu_Gorriak_2.jpg/220px-Negu_Gorriak_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Negu_Gorriak_2.jpg/330px-Negu_Gorriak_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Negu_Gorriak_2.jpg/440px-Negu_Gorriak_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>A Negu Gorriak concert in <a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a> (1992)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_trends">New trends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: New trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1990, Basque-language public radio station Euskadi Gaztea was born, intending to target the youth in a young, dynamic and informal manner, besides adding information, dealing with subjects Basque young people may be interested in and encouraging Basque groups. Basque music definitely opened its mind to trends all over the world. </p><p>The flagship Basque rock band <a href="/wiki/Kortatu" title="Kortatu">Kortatu</a> broke up in 1988 (live album <i>Azken guda dantza</i>), and soon after brothers Muguruza put together project <a href="/wiki/Negu_Gorriak" title="Negu Gorriak">Negu Gorriak</a>. They showed a different outlook compared to previous band Kortatu: The new band sang entirely in Basque, their approach showed an open mind, while sticking to the Muguruzas' signature protest song, as showed in their acclaimed video clip <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gdy1Y1s-0Jo"><i>Radio Rahim</i></a>, that conjures up American hip-hop manners.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk</a> fell much in decay, while reggae as well as hardcore took over, e.g. Anestesia, Etsaiak, Sociedad Alkoholika, Su Ta Gar (<a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy</a>), etc. M-ak launched its best album <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g2WexXneK9M"><i>Barkatu ama</i></a> to critical acclaim, featuring styles ranging from hardcore to gentle tracks. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JosebaTapia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/JosebaTapia.JPG/220px-JosebaTapia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/JosebaTapia.JPG/330px-JosebaTapia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/JosebaTapia.JPG/440px-JosebaTapia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trikitixa" class="mw-redirect" title="Trikitixa">Trikitixa</a> player Joseba Tapia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skalariak_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Skalariak_06.jpg/220px-Skalariak_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Skalariak_06.jpg/330px-Skalariak_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Skalariak_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>Skalariak in a 2006 concert</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_and_triki_pop_music">Folk and triki pop music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Folk and triki pop music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early in the 1990s, younger generations took up folk again, finding a public that was eager to listen to milder tunes in Basque, e.g. Sorotan Bele, Mikel Markez, etc. <a href="/wiki/Trikitixa" class="mw-redirect" title="Trikitixa">Trikitixa</a> schools finally bore fruit in the 1990s: The novelties brought about by the duo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapia_eta_Leturia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tapia eta Leturia (page does not exist)">Tapia eta Leturia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kepa_Junkera" title="Kepa Junkera">Kepa Junkera</a> confirmed them as compelling folk references in the Basque Country and even abroad. Novel trikitixa duos tried new ways that caught on, sometimes setting up bands including bass guitar and drums besides the set pair of <a href="/wiki/Diatonic_button_accordion" title="Diatonic button accordion">diatonic button accordion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">tambourine</a> (<i>triki pop</i>), e.g. Maixa eta Ixiar, Alaitz eta Maider, Gozategi.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They usually offered a cheerful repertoire, with Gozategi's song <i>Nirekin</i> ("Emoixtaxux muxutxuek...") hitting the summer charts in 2000 beyond language boundaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialization_and_diversification">Specialization and diversification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Specialization and diversification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rock band Hertzainak disbanded in 1993, while its members followed their own projects. Hertzainak frontman and controversial singer Gari started up a solo and very personal career with some accomplished songs that has established him as a compelling reference in Basque music, while Josu Zabala collaborated with other singers and a <a href="/wiki/Bertsolari" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertsolari">bertsolari</a> group project, i.e. the original brass band Karidadeko Benta (first album 2003). <a href="/wiki/Power_pop" title="Power pop">Power pop</a> band Urtz, formed in 1988, dealt with personal stories that slightly differed from the still prevailing protest topics and harsh language of the late 1980s, besides featuring an unprecedented chorus line that delivered some charming, upbeat and catchy songs. The band broke up in the early 2000s, but staged a comeback in 2013. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2015_berri_txarrak_kortxoenea_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/2015_berri_txarrak_kortxoenea_01.jpg/220px-2015_berri_txarrak_kortxoenea_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/2015_berri_txarrak_kortxoenea_01.jpg/330px-2015_berri_txarrak_kortxoenea_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/2015_berri_txarrak_kortxoenea_01.jpg/440px-2015_berri_txarrak_kortxoenea_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Berri Txarrak in the youth squat Kortxoenea, <a href="/wiki/Donostia" class="mw-redirect" title="Donostia">Donostia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In step with the hardcore punk tradition, the band <a href="/wiki/Berri_Txarrak" title="Berri Txarrak">Berri Txarrak</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lekunberri_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lekunberri (Spain)">Lekunberri</a> got together in 1994, releasing various albums and touring on Europe, where they come in for good reviews and gradually get a reputation that earned them performances and collaborations with important figures of <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a> all over the world. In August 2017, the band announced the recording of its ninth album at <a href="/wiki/The_Blasting_Room" title="The Blasting Room">The Blasting Room</a> studio in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The band PiLT (<a href="/wiki/Mungia" title="Mungia">Mungia</a>), who showed a taste for metal and hard sounds (<a href="/wiki/Clawfinger" title="Clawfinger">Clawfinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soundgarden" title="Soundgarden">Soundgarden</a>), jumped into spotlight in 1995 after winning the bootleg contest "Gaztea Sariak" granted by radio station Euskadi Gaztea, while the definite hit came in 1996 with single <i>Hil da jainkoa</i>, earning them widespread recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> band Latzen came to public prominence after winning with the popular ballad <i>Laztana</i> the 1997 edition of the "Gaztea Sariak". </p><p>The bands Skalariak (1994) and Betagarri (1992) took over the ska tradition, offering boogie inciting and swinging live concerts. In step with other multicultural experiences, such as <a href="/wiki/Fermin_Muguruza" title="Fermin Muguruza">Fermin Muguruza</a> from <a href="/wiki/Negu_Gorriak" title="Negu Gorriak">Negu Gorriak</a> or festive Joxe Ripiau to highlight but a few, in 2003 members of Etsaiak put together Pin pan pun band, a band with good connections in Latin America, releasing in 2005 the DVD <i>Kuba-Mexiko Rock Tour 04</i>, which bore witness to their experience and live powerful concerts. Etsaiak got together again in 2008 (launched album <i>Apurtu arte</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/French_Basque_Country" title="French Basque Country">French Basque Country</a>, the festive band Sustraia attained great popularity after 15 years on the road, while the sudden death of charismatic frontman Patrick Mixelena in January 2009, a.k.a. Mixu, made the group's future uncertain. </p><p> Doctor Deseo was set up in <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a> in 1986, releasing thereafter various albums during a period that spans more than 20 years. They deal with everyday and personal subjects in a rather poetic manner. <a href="/wiki/Fito_y_los_Fitipaldis" class="mw-redirect" title="Fito y los Fitipaldis">Fito y los Fitipaldis</a> (Bilbao) was formed in 1998 by <a href="/wiki/Platero_y_T%C3%BA" title="Platero y Tú">Platero y Tú</a>'s frontman Fito Cabrales, comprising a variety of styles ranging soul, blues, swing, flamenco, tex-mex or Hawaiian guitars. The project kicked off with <i>A puerta cerrada</i> (40,000 albums sold so far) and grew steadily in popularity, one of the latest hit song being <i>Rojitas las orejas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oreja_De_Van_Gogh_-_Guapa_y_M%C3%A1s_Guapa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Oreja_De_Van_Gogh_-_Guapa_y_M%C3%A1s_Guapa.jpg/220px-Oreja_De_Van_Gogh_-_Guapa_y_M%C3%A1s_Guapa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Oreja_De_Van_Gogh_-_Guapa_y_M%C3%A1s_Guapa.jpg/330px-Oreja_De_Van_Gogh_-_Guapa_y_M%C3%A1s_Guapa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Oreja_De_Van_Gogh_-_Guapa_y_M%C3%A1s_Guapa.jpg/440px-Oreja_De_Van_Gogh_-_Guapa_y_M%C3%A1s_Guapa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>La Oreja de Van Gogh live</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Donostia" class="mw-redirect" title="Donostia">Donostia</a>, youths from university gathered together in the mid-90s to rehearse. Yet they were in need of a singer for the band, so they fixed up a casting meeting with <a href="/wiki/Amaia_Montero" title="Amaia Montero">Amaia Montero</a> that resulted in the creation of <a href="/wiki/La_Oreja_de_Van_Gogh" title="La Oreja de Van Gogh">La Oreja de Van Gogh</a>, who after launching album <i>Dile al sol</i> took off boosted by Amaia's mighty voice and catchy soft tunes trimmed with beautiful arrangements. New hit songs and albums followed. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AnariOrdizian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/AnariOrdizian.jpg/220px-AnariOrdizian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/AnariOrdizian.jpg/330px-AnariOrdizian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/AnariOrdizian.jpg/440px-AnariOrdizian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1636" data-file-height="1438" /></a><figcaption>Anari at the youth squat of <a href="/wiki/Ordizia" title="Ordizia">Ordizia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The band hailing from <a href="/wiki/Zarautz" title="Zarautz">Zarautz</a> <a href="/wiki/Delorean_(band)" title="Delorean (band)">Delorean</a> does electronic&rock with enthralling and trance raising live performances since 2000. It went international setting out on tours abroad including the United States. The band cancelled its 2013 international tour while in Mexico after a strange kidnapping attempt. A consistent career and musical know-how have confirmed several bands as compelling references as of 2014: <a href="/wiki/Gatibu" title="Gatibu">Gatibu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guernica_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernica (town)">Gernika</a>), We Are Standard (<a href="/wiki/Getxo" title="Getxo">Getxo</a>), <a href="/wiki/Atom_Rhumba" title="Atom Rhumba">Atom Rhumba</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken_7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ken 7 (page does not exist)">Ken 7</a> ('minus seven', Gernika), <a href="/wiki/Berri_Txarrak" title="Berri Txarrak">Berri Txarrak</a> (Lekunberri), <a href="/wiki/Capsula" title="Capsula">Capsula</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a>), to mention but a few. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singer-songwriters_and_gentle_music">Singer-songwriters and gentle music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Singer-songwriters and gentle music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gari_-_Josu_-_Hertzainak_Euskaldunan_(05).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gari_-_Josu_-_Hertzainak_Euskaldunan_%2805%29.jpg/220px-Gari_-_Josu_-_Hertzainak_Euskaldunan_%2805%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gari_-_Josu_-_Hertzainak_Euskaldunan_%2805%29.jpg/330px-Gari_-_Josu_-_Hertzainak_Euskaldunan_%2805%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gari_-_Josu_-_Hertzainak_Euskaldunan_%2805%29.jpg/440px-Gari_-_Josu_-_Hertzainak_Euskaldunan_%2805%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption>Hertzainak's reunion concert staged by Gari eta Josu Zabala (<a href="/wiki/Euskalduna_Conference_Centre_and_Concert_Hall" title="Euskalduna Conference Centre and Concert Hall">Euskalduna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a>, 2019)</figcaption></figure> <p>The singer-songwriter approach that waned in the late 1980s shows presently a sound condition in the Basque scene, with some very outstanding figures, like poignant <a href="/wiki/Anari_(musician)" title="Anari (musician)">Anari</a>, renowned for her intense, heartbreaking voice and songs, who is now taking off (live recording <i>Anari Kafe Antzokian Zuzenean</i> released in 2008). Other singer-songwriters include Petti, from <a href="/wiki/Bera,_Navarre" title="Bera, Navarre">Bera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>), with four albums published up to 2008, or the <a href="/wiki/Bertsolari" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertsolari">bertsolari</a> Mikel Urdangarin, featuring somewhat melancholic songs often accompanied on string and brass instruments. </p><p>Following the folk and singer-songwriter tradition, Jabier Muguruza (born 1960) took up a solo career in 1994 after quitting other projects (Les Mecaniciens,...). The veteran musician composes and performs personal, mild songs with strong broody and literary lyrics. Meanwhile, some renowned figures of Basque folk music have kept on performing and creating, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Benito_Lertxundi" title="Benito Lertxundi">Benito Lertxundi</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Oskorri" title="Oskorri">Oskorri</a> (fresh album <i>Banda band</i> in 2007, about to celebrate the ensemble's 35 anniversary). The celebrated singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Mikel_Laboa" title="Mikel Laboa">Mikel Laboa</a>, considered a father figure of modern Basque music, died in December 2008. </p><p>The ensemble <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081222023827/http://www.bidaia.com/">Bidaia</a>, i.e. the couple Mixel Ducau and Caroline Phillips, offers gentle and elaborate folk music, while percussionist <a href="/wiki/Benat_Achiary" class="mw-redirect" title="Benat Achiary">Benat Achiary</a> (born 1947) provides an experimental approach, often featuring improvised passages in his performances (several albums released in the 1990s). <a href="/wiki/Amaia_Zubiria" title="Amaia Zubiria">Amaia Zubiria</a> (born 1947 in Zubieta -<a href="/wiki/Gipuzkoa" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a>-), who has occasionally collaborated with him, holds a long and prolific career in the Basque song panorama: She came to the spotlight with progressive-folk group Haizea, having published some solo albums since and featuring a very pure mezzo-soprano voice. Her latest work is the album <i>Nabil</i> (2008).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Samples">Samples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Samples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SypsdbSgbfk">A footage of Saint Agatha's Eve</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408001014/http://www.xarnege.com/1024x768/english/indexeng.htm">"Basque Instruments"</a>. Xarnege. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xarnege.com/1024x768/english/indexeng.htm">the original</a> on 8 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basque+Instruments&rft.pub=Xarnege&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xarnege.com%2F1024x768%2Fenglish%2Findexeng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408032522/http://www.otxoteup.com/euskara/oldarra_4.htm">"OLDARRA (Biarritz)"</a>. Euskadiko Zortzikote Elkartea. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.otxoteup.com/euskara/oldarra_4.htm">the original</a> on 8 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OLDARRA+%28Biarritz%29&rft.pub=Euskadiko+Zortzikote+Elkartea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.otxoteup.com%2Feuskara%2Foldarra_4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+music" class="Z3988"></span> Site in Basque and Spanish</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coralandramari.com/OrriaEraiki.php?HIZKUNTZA=eusk&SAILA=andramari">"Coral Andra Mari Abesbatza"</a>. Coral Andra Mari Abesbatza. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080407213002/http://www.coralandramari.com/OrriaEraiki.php?HIZKUNTZA=eusk&SAILA=andramari">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coral+Andra+Mari+Abesbatza&rft.pub=Coral+Andra+Mari+Abesbatza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coralandramari.com%2FOrriaEraiki.php%3FHIZKUNTZA%3Deusk%26SAILA%3Dandramari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+music" class="Z3988"></span> Site in Basque and Spanish</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408002740/http://www.festivaloctetosportugalete.com/paginas/03historia/historiaochote.html">"Historia del Ochote"</a>. Festival Internacional de Ochotes de Portugalete. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.festivaloctetosportugalete.com/paginas/03historia/historiaochote.html">the original</a> on 8 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historia+del+Ochote&rft.pub=Festival+Internacional+de+Ochotes+de+Portugalete&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.festivaloctetosportugalete.com%2Fpaginas%2F03historia%2Fhistoriaochote.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+music" class="Z3988"></span> Site in Spanish</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604091529/http://www1.euskadi.net/euskara_sustapena/bidegileak/datos/labeguer.pdf">"Mixel Labeguerie (1921–1980)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Eusko Jaurlaritzaren Argitalpen Zerbitzu Nagusia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.euskadi.net/euskara_sustapena/bidegileak/datos/labeguer.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mixel+Labeguerie+%281921%E2%80%931980%29&rft.pub=Eusko+Jaurlaritzaren+Argitalpen+Zerbitzu+Nagusia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.euskadi.net%2Feuskara_sustapena%2Fbidegileak%2Fdatos%2Flabeguer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+music" class="Z3988"></span> Site in Basque</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez_Aguirre2009" class="citation book cs1">Lopez Aguirre, Elena (2009). <i>Historia del Rock Vasco</i>. Vitoria-Gasteiz: Ediciones AIANAI. pp. 114–115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788461516049" title="Special:BookSources/9788461516049"><bdi>9788461516049</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+del+Rock+Vasco&rft.place=Vitoria-Gasteiz&rft.pages=114-115&rft.pub=Ediciones+AIANAI&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9788461516049&rft.aulast=Lopez+Aguirre&rft.aufirst=Elena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lopez Aguirre, E. (2009), pp. 123-124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://progressive.homestead.com/BASKPROG.html">"Basque Progressive Music"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080514055403/http://progressive.homestead.com/BASKPROG.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basque+Progressive+Music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprogressive.homestead.com%2FBASKPROG.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lopez Aguirre, E. (2009), pp. 161-164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lopez Aguirre, E. (2009), pp. 121-123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lopez Aguirre, E. (2009), pp. 291-292</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lopez Aguirre, E. (2009), pp. 356-357</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelez2017" class="citation news cs1">Velez, Nacho (21 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eitb.eus/eu/kultura/musika/osoa/5032608/berri-txarrak-disko-berria-grabatzen-2017an/">"Berri Txarrak, disko berria grabatzen"</a>. <i>EITB</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EITB&rft.atitle=Berri+Txarrak%2C+disko+berria+grabatzen&rft.date=2017-08-21&rft.aulast=Velez&rft.aufirst=Nacho&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eitb.eus%2Feu%2Fkultura%2Fmusika%2Fosoa%2F5032608%2Fberri-txarrak-disko-berria-grabatzen-2017an%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408034907/http://www.mondosonoro.com/detall_entrevista.asp?id=21545">"PiLT, Al Grano"</a>. MONDOSONORO. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mondosonoro.com/detall_entrevista.asp?id=21545">the original</a> on 8 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PiLT%2C+Al+Grano&rft.pub=MONDOSONORO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mondosonoro.com%2Fdetall_entrevista.asp%3Fid%3D21545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+music" class="Z3988"></span> Site in Spanish</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.entzun.com/noticias_view.php?uuid=1699">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"APURTU ARTE", ETSAIAK-EN ZORTZIGARREN DISKOA"</a>. ENTZUN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22APURTU+ARTE%22%2C+ETSAIAK-EN+ZORTZIGARREN+DISKOA&rft.pub=ENTZUN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.entzun.com%2Fnoticias_view.php%3Fuuid%3D1699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+music" class="Z3988"></span> Site in Basque</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todomusica.org/fito_y_fitipaldis/">"Fito y Fitipaldis"</a>. TodoMúsica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080703223042/http://www.todomusica.org/fito_y_fitipaldis/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fito+y+Fitipaldis&rft.pub=TodoM%C3%BAsica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todomusica.org%2Ffito_y_fitipaldis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+music" class="Z3988"></span> Site in Spanish</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080407192929/http://www.pserrano.com/amaia/amaia.html">"Amaia Zubiria"</a>. Producciones Serrano. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pserrano.com/amaia/amaia.html">the original</a> on 7 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amaia+Zubiria&rft.pub=Producciones+Serrano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pserrano.com%2Famaia%2Famaia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+music" class="Z3988"></span> Site in Spanish</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhteian-Keeton,_Teddy1994" class="citation book cs1">Khteian-Keeton, Teddy (1994). <i>Guide to Basque Music</i>. Idaho Arts Archives & Research Center Filer P. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9675042-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9675042-0-1"><bdi>0-9675042-0-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Basque+Music&rft.pub=Idaho+Arts+Archives+%26+Research+Center+Filer+P&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-9675042-0-1&rft.au=Khteian-Keeton%2C+Teddy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartija,_José_Antonio_Aran1985" class="citation book cs1">Martija, José Antonio Aran (1985). <i>Basque Music</i>. Basque Government. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7568-071-2" title="Special:BookSources/84-7568-071-2"><bdi>84-7568-071-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basque+Music&rft.pub=Basque+Government&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=84-7568-071-2&rft.au=Martija%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Antonio+Aran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buber.net/Basque/Music/">Basque Music and Art (Buber's Basque Page)</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cpdl.org/wiki/index.php/Category:Works_in_Basque" class="extiw" title="choralwiki:Category:Works in Basque">Free scores of Basque music</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Choral_Public_Domain_Library" title="Choral Public Domain Library">Choral Public Domain Library</a> (ChoralWiki)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.badok.info/">Badok, information on Basque music run by the daily newspaper <i>Berria</i></a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="background-color: white"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music of Basque regions</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> General topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alboka" title="Alboka">Alboka</a></li> <li>Musicians</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trikitixa" class="mw-redirect" title="Trikitixa">Trikitixa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Txistu" title="Txistu">Txistu</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Regional music</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">French music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Spanish music</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basque_music" title="Template:Basque music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Basque_music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Basque music (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basque_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basque music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&oldid=1225363794">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&oldid=1225363794</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Basque_music" title="Category:Basque music">Basque music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_French_subdivisions" title="Category:Music of French subdivisions">Music of French subdivisions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Spain_by_autonomous_community" title="Category:Music of Spain by autonomous community">Music of Spain by autonomous community</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2014" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2014">Use dmy dates from May 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_sidebar_with_the_child_parameter" title="Category:Pages using sidebar with the child parameter">Pages using sidebar with the child parameter</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 May 2024, at 23:59<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basque_music&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-fb5db9db6-2tzxz","wgBackendResponseTime":158,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.417","walltime":"1.201","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2290,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":53415,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6060,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":22,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":72645,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 958.914 1 -total"," 36.37% 348.751 1 Template:Basquemusic"," 25.14% 241.095 1 Template:Basque_culture"," 23.74% 227.603 1 Template:Culture_of_region"," 23.14% 221.865 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 22.84% 218.974 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.22% 174.753 10 Template:Cite_web"," 10.53% 101.010 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.96% 66.722 1 Template:Music_of_sidebar"," 5.78% 55.378 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.219","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5567276,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-rnl2r","timestamp":"20241122152453","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Basque music","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basque_music","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3328599","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3328599","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-01-27T05:02:56Z","dateModified":"2024-05-23T23:59:35Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2d\/Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg","headline":"music of the Basque region and people"}</script> </body> </html>