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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">skrij</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigacija </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Glavna_stran" title="Obiščite glavno stran [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Glavna stran</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%8D:Uvod"><span>Naučite se urejati</span></a></li><li id="n-Izbrani-članki" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Izbrani_%C4%8Dlanki"><span>Izbrani članki</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Naklju%C4%8Dno" title="Naložite naključno stran [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Naključna stran</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:ZadnjeSpremembe" title="Seznam zadnjih sprememb Wikipedije [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Zadnje spremembe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-obcestvo" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-obcestvo" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skupnost </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%8D:Vsebina" title="Kraj, kjer lahko prejmete pomoč"><span>Pomoč</span></a></li><li id="n-Pod-lipo" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Pod_lipo"><span>Pod lipo</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Portal_skupnosti" title="O projektu, kaj lahko storite, kje lahko kaj najdete"><span>Portal skupnosti</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Stik_z_nami"><span>Stik z nami</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Glavna_stran" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" 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id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Videz"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Videz" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Videz</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=sl.wikipedia.org&uselang=sl" class=""><span>Denarni prispevki</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Registracija&returnto=Nikotin" title="Predlagamo vam, da si ustvarite račun in se prijavite, vendar to ni obvezno." class=""><span>Ustvari račun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Prijava&returnto=Nikotin" title="Prijava je zaželena, vendar ni obvezna [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Prijava</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Več možnosti" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Osebna orodja" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Osebna orodja</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Uporabniški meni" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=sl.wikipedia.org&uselang=sl"><span>Denarni prispevki</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Registracija&returnto=Nikotin" title="Predlagamo vam, da si ustvarite račun in se prijavite, vendar to ni obvezno."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Ustvari račun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Prijava&returnto=Nikotin" title="Prijava je zaželena, vendar ni obvezna [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Prijava</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strani za neprijavljene urejevalce <a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%8D:Uvod" aria-label="Več o urejanju"><span>več o tem</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:MojiPrispevki" title="Seznam urejanj s tega IP-naslova [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Prispevki</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:MojPogovor" title="Pogovor o urejanjih s tega IP-naslova [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pogovorna stran</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Vsebina" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Vsebina</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Uvod</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Zgodovina_in_ime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zgodovina_in_ime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Zgodovina in ime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zgodovina_in_ime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kemične_lastnosti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kemične_lastnosti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kemične lastnosti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kemične_lastnosti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optične_lastnosti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optične_lastnosti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Optične lastnosti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optične_lastnosti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Farmakologija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farmakologija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Farmakologija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Farmakologija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vklopi podrazdelek Farmakologija</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Farmakologija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Farmakokinetika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farmakokinetika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Farmakokinetika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farmakokinetika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Načini_odkrivanja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Načini_odkrivanja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Načini odkrivanja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Načini_odkrivanja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medicinsko_odkrivanje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicinsko_odkrivanje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Medicinsko odkrivanje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicinsko_odkrivanje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Farmakodinamika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farmakodinamika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Farmakodinamika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farmakodinamika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Znotraj_centralnega_živčnega_sistema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Znotraj_centralnega_živčnega_sistema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Znotraj centralnega živčnega sistema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Znotraj_centralnega_živčnega_sistema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simpatični_živčni_sistem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simpatični_živčni_sistem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Simpatični živčni sistem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simpatični_živčni_sistem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nadledvični_del_hrbtenjače_(ali_medula)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nadledvični_del_hrbtenjače_(ali_medula)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Nadledvični del hrbtenjače (ali medula)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nadledvični_del_hrbtenjače_(ali_medula)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psihoaktivni_učinki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psihoaktivni_učinki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Psihoaktivni učinki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psihoaktivni_učinki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odvisnost_in_odvajanje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odvisnost_in_odvajanje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Odvisnost in odvajanje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odvisnost_in_odvajanje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toksikologija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toksikologija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Toksikologija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toksikologija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolezni_obtočil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolezni_obtočil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bolezni obtočil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolezni_obtočil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terapevtski_nameni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terapevtski_nameni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Terapevtski nameni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terapevtski_nameni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raziskovalni_potencial_kot_osnova_za_antipsihotično_sredstvo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raziskovalni_potencial_kot_osnova_za_antipsihotično_sredstvo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Raziskovalni potencial kot osnova za antipsihotično sredstvo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raziskovalni_potencial_kot_osnova_za_antipsihotično_sredstvo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glej_tudi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glej_tudi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Glej tudi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glej_tudi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zunanje_povezave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zunanje_povezave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Zunanje povezave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zunanje_povezave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viri_in_literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viri_in_literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Viri in literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viri_in_literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Vsebina" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Kazalo vsebine" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vklopi kazalo vsebine" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vklopi kazalo vsebine</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nikotin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="P9jdi na članek v drugem jeziku. Na voljo v 108 jezikih." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-108" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">108 jezikov</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikotien" title="Nikotien – afrikanščina" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nikotien" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotin" title="Nicotin – nemščina (Švica)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nicotin" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="nemščina (Švica)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotina" title="Nicotina – aragonščina" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nicotina" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="نيكوتين – arabščina" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيكوتين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="نيكوتين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيكوتين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%27%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="নিক'টিন – asamščina" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নিক'টিন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asamščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotina" title="Nicotina – asturijščina" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nicotina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikotin" title="Nikotin – azerbajdžanščina" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nikotin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="نیکوتین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیکوتین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Никотин – baškirščina" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Никотин" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Нікацін – beloruščina" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нікацін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="beloruščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Нікатын – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нікатын" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Никотин – bolgarščina" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Никотин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="নিকোটিন – bengalščina" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিকোটিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikotin" title="Nikotin – bretonščina" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nikotin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikotin" title="Nikotin – bosanščina" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nikotin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotina" title="Nicotina – katalonščina" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nicotina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Никотин – čečenščina" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Никотин" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="čečenščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="نیکۆتین – osrednja kurdščina" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیکۆتین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="osrednja kurdščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikotin" title="Nikotin – češčina" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nikotin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotin" title="Nicotin – valižanščina" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nicotin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="valižanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikotin" title="Nikotin – danščina" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nikotin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotin" title="Nicotin – nemščina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nicotin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Νικοτίνη – grščina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νικοτίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine – angleščina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nicotine" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angleščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikotino" title="Nikotino – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nikotino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotina" title="Nicotina – španščina" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nicotina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikotiin" title="Nikotiin – estonščina" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nikotiin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikotina" title="Nikotina – baskovščina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nikotina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskovščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="نیکوتین – perzijščina" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیکوتین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikotiini" title="Nikotiini – finščina" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nikotiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine – francoščina" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nicotine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francoščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicit%C3%ADn" title="Nicitín – irščina" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nicitín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotina" title="Nicotina – galicijščina" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nicotina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8" title="નિકોટિન – gudžaratščina" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નિકોટિન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudžaratščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicoteen" title="Nicoteen – manščina" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Nicoteen" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ניקוטין – hebrejščina" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניקוטין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="निकोटीन – hindijščina" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निकोटीन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Nicotine" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikotin" title="Nikotin – hrvaščina" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nikotin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="hrvaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikotin" title="Nikotin – madžarščina" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nikotin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="madžarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Նիկոտին – armenščina" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիկոտին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikotin" title="Nikotin – indonezijščina" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nikotin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikotino" title="Nikotino – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nikotino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik%C3%B3t%C3%ADn" title="Nikótín – islandščina" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nikótín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotina" title="Nicotina – italijanščina" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nicotina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3" title="ニコチン – japonščina" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニコチン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikotin" title="Nikotin – javanščina" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nikotin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ნიკოტინი – gruzijščina" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიკოტინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Никотин – kazaščina" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Никотин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ನಿಕೋಟಿನ್ – kanareščina" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಿಕೋಟಿನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kanareščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%BD%94%ED%8B%B4" title="니코틴 – korejščina" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니코틴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AEkot%C3%AEn" title="Nîkotîn – kurdščina" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nîkotîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikotin" title="Nikotin – kornijščina" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Nikotin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Никотин – kirgiščina" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Никотин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinum" title="Nicotinum – latinščina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nicotinum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Никотин – lezginščina" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Никотин" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezginščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotien" title="Nicotien – limburščina" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Nicotien" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikotinas" title="Nikotinas – litovščina" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nikotinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litovščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikot%C4%ABns" title="Nikotīns – latvijščina" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nikotīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik%C3%B4tinina" title="Nikôtinina – malgaščina" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nikôtinina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Никотин – makedonščina" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Никотин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="നിക്കോട്ടിൻ – malajalamščina" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിക്കോട്ടിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalamščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Никотин – mongolščina" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Никотин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikotin" title="Nikotin – malajščina" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nikotin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="निकोटीन – nepalščina" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="निकोटीन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="निकोटिन – nevarščina" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="निकोटिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine – nizozemščina" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nicotine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikotin" title="Nikotin – novonorveščina" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nikotin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="novonorveščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikotin" title="Nikotin – knjižna norveščina" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nikotin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="knjižna norveščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotina" title="Nicotina – okcitanščina" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nicotina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8" title="ਨਿਕੋਟੀਨ – pandžabščina" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਿਕੋਟੀਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikotyna" title="Nikotyna – poljščina" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nikotyna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotin-a" title="Nicotin-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Nicotin-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="نکوٹین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نکوٹین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="نیکوتین – paštunščina" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نیکوتین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštunščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotina" title="Nicotina – portugalščina" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nicotina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotin%C4%83" title="Nicotină – romunščina" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nicotină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romunščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Никотин – ruščina" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Никотин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Нікотін – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нікотін" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Никотин – jakutščina" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Никотин" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%AA%D9%88%D9%BD%D9%8A%D9%86" title="نڪوٽين – sindščina" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نڪوٽين" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikotin" title="Nikotin – srbohrvaščina" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nikotin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srbohrvaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="නිකොටින් – sinhalščina" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නිකොටින්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nicotine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikot%C3%ADn" title="Nikotín – slovaščina" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nikotín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niikotiin" title="Niikotiin – somalščina" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Niikotiin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikotina" title="Nikotina – albanščina" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nikotina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Никотин – srbščina" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Никотин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikotin" title="Nikotin – sundanščina" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Nikotin" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikotin" title="Nikotin – švedščina" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nikotin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikotini" title="Nikotini – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nikotini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="நிக்காட்டீன் – tamilščina" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிக்காட்டீன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="నికోటిన్ – telugijščina" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నికోటిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="นิโคติน – tajščina" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิโคติน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikotin" title="Nikotin – turščina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nikotin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Никотин – tatarščina" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Никотин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Нікотин – ukrajinščina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нікотин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="نکوٹین – urdujščina" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نکوٹین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdujščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikotin" title="Nikotin – uzbeščina" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nikotin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotin" title="Nicotin – vietnamščina" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nicotin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikotina" title="Nikotina – varajščina" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nikotina" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%81" title="尼古丁 – wu-kitajščina" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尼古丁" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu-kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ניקאטין – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ניקאטין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndaengq%27ien" title="Ndaengq'ien – džuangščina" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ndaengq'ien" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="džuangščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%81" title="尼古丁 – kitajščina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼古丁" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AE-ko-tin" title="Nî-ko-tin – min nan kitajščina" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nî-ko-tin" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%81" title="尼古丁 – kantonščina" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="尼古丁" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q28086552#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi medjezikovne povezave" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi povezave</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nikotin" title="Ogled vsebinske strani [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stran</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pogovor:Nikotin" rel="discussion" title="Pogovor o vsebinski strani [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pogovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Spremeni različico jezika" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">slovenščina</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Pogledi"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nikotin"><span>Preberi</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&veaction=edit" title="Uredite to stran [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi stran</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&action=edit" title="Uredi izvorno kodo te strani [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kodo</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&action=history" title="Prejšnje redakcije te strani [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Zgodovina</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Orodja strani"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Orodja" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Orodja</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Orodja</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Več možnosti" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dejanja </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nikotin"><span>Preberi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&veaction=edit" title="Uredite to stran [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi stran</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&action=edit" title="Uredi izvorno kodo te strani [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kodo</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&action=history"><span>Zgodovina</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Splošno </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:KajSePovezujeSem/Nikotin" title="Seznam vseh strani, ki se povezujejo sem [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Kaj se povezuje sem</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:RecentChangesLinked/Nikotin" rel="nofollow" title="Zadnje spremembe na straneh, s katerimi se povezuje ta stran [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Povezane spremembe</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:PosebneStrani" title="Seznam vseh posebnih strani [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Posebne strani</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&oldid=6369807" title="Trajna povezava na to redakcijo strani"><span>Trajna povezava</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&action=info" title="Več informacij o tej strani"><span>Podatki o strani</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Navedi&page=Nikotin&id=6369807&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacije o tem, kako navajati to stran"><span>Navedba članka</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNikotin"><span>Pridobi skrajšani URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNikotin"><span>Prenesi kodo QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tiskanje/izvoz </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Nikotin"><span>Ustvari e-knjigo</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:DownloadAsPdf&page=Nikotin&action=show-download-screen"><span>Prenesi kot PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&printable=yes" title="Različica te strani za tisk [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Različica za tisk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> V drugih projektih </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nicotine" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedijina zbirka</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q28086552" title="Povezava na ustrezni predmet v podatkovni shrambi [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Predmet v Wikipodatkih</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Orodja strani"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Videz"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Videz</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Iz Wikipedije, proste enciklopedije</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sl" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5913888">.mw-parser-output .infobox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-spacing:3px;background-color:#f8f9fa;color:black;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;padding:0.2em;float:right;clear:right;font-size:88%;line-height:1.5em;width:22em}.mw-parser-output .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox-below,.mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,.mw-parser-output .infobox-image,.mw-parser-output .infobox-navbar,.mw-parser-output .infobox th,.mw-parser-output .infobox td{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox th,.mw-parser-output .infobox td{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-subheader,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-image,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-below{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-title,.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title"><span title="Mednarodno nezaščiteno ime (INN): Nikotin">Nikotin</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Nicotine_skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Nicotine_skeletal.svg/220px-Nicotine_skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Nicotine_skeletal.svg/330px-Nicotine_skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Nicotine_skeletal.svg/440px-Nicotine_skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="270" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Nicotine-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Nicotine-3D-vdW.png/220px-Nicotine-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Nicotine-3D-vdW.png/330px-Nicotine-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Nicotine-3D-vdW.png/440px-Nicotine-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="732" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Klinični podatki</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zasvojljivost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zasvojljivost (stran ne obstaja)">Zasvojljivost</a></th><td class="infobox-data">srednja do visoka</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Na%C4%8Din_uporabe_zdravila" class="mw-redirect" title="Način uporabe zdravila">Način uporabe</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kajenje_tobaka" title="Kajenje tobaka">kajenje tobaka</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Njuhanje_tobaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Njuhanje tobaka (stran ne obstaja)">njuhanje tobaka</a>, žvečenje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotinska_%C5%BEve%C4%8Dilka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikotinska žvečilka (stran ne obstaja)">nikotinskih žvečilk</a> ...</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomsko-terapevtsko-kemi%C4%8Dni_klasifikacijski_sistem" title="Anatomsko-terapevtsko-kemični klasifikacijski sistem">Oznaka ATC</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5911185">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ATC-koda_N07&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ATC-koda N07 (stran ne obstaja)">N07BA01</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N07BA01">WHO</a></span>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Farmakokinetika" title="Farmakokinetika">Farmakokinetični</a> podatki</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biolo%C5%A1ki_razpolovni_%C4%8Das&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biološki razpolovni čas (stran ne obstaja)">Razpolovni čas</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2 h</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Identifikatorji</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura_Mednarodne_zveze_za_%C4%8Disto_in_uporabno_kemijo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomenklatura Mednarodne zveze za čisto in uporabno kemijo">IUPAC ime</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span style="font-size: 11px;"><i>(S)</i>-3-(1-metil-2-pirolidinil)piridin</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tevilka_CAS" title="Številka CAS">Številka CAS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5911185"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.commonchemistry.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commonchemistry.org/ChemicalDetail.aspx?ref=54-11-5">54-11-5</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><span class="abbr" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted" title="Compound ID">CID</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5911185"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/942">942</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<span class="abbr" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</span>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5911185"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID1020930">DTXSID1020930</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28086552#P3117" title="Uredite to na Wikipodatkih"><img alt="Uredite to na Wikipodatkih" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.177">100.000.177</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28086552#P2566" title="Uredite to na Wikipodatkih"><img alt="Uredite to na Wikipodatkih" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Kemični in fizikalni podatki</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Kemi%C4%8Dna_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemična formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>10</sub><span title="Vodik">H</span><sub>14</sub><span title="Dušik">N</span><sub>2</sub></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molekulska_masa" title="Molekulska masa">Mol. masa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">162.26 g/mol</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Gostota" title="Gostota">Gostota</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.01 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Tali%C5%A1%C4%8De" title="Tališče">Tališče</a></th><td class="infobox-data">-79 °C</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vreli%C5%A1%C4%8De" title="Vrelišče">Vrelišče</a></th><td class="infobox-data">247 °C</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nikotín</b> je <a href="/wiki/Kapljevina" title="Kapljevina">tekoči</a> <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloid</a>, ki se nahaja v <a href="/wiki/Rastlina" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastlina">rastlinah</a> iz družine <a href="/wiki/Razhudnikovke" title="Razhudnikovke">razhudnikovk</a>, zlasti v različnih vrstah <a href="/wiki/Tobak" title="Tobak">tobaka</a> in v <a href="/wiki/Koka" title="Koka">koki</a>, v manjših količinah pa tudi v <a href="/wiki/Paradi%C5%BEnik" title="Paradižnik">paradižniku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krompir" title="Krompir">krompirju</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaj%C4%8Devec" title="Jajčevec">jajčevcih</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paprika" title="Paprika">papriki</a>. Pri tobakovcu predstavlja nikotin 0,6–3 % mase posušene <a href="/wiki/Rastline" title="Rastline">rastline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biosinteza poteka v <a href="/wiki/Korenina" title="Korenina">koreninah</a> tobakovca in se skladišči v <a href="/wiki/List_(rastlina)" class="mw-redirect" title="List (rastlina)">listih</a>. Pri rastlinah ima vlogo obrambe pred <a href="/wiki/Rastlinojedec" title="Rastlinojedec">rastlinojedci</a>. Nikotin je <a href="/wiki/Nevrotoksin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevrotoksin">nevrotoksin</a> in je bil zaradi svojih lastnosti v preteklosti v uporabi kot <a href="/wiki/Insekticid" title="Insekticid">insekticid</a>. Danes se v te namene še vedno uporabljajo njegovi <a href="/wiki/Derivat" title="Derivat">derivati.</a> </p><p>V nizkih <a href="/wiki/Koncentracija" title="Koncentracija">koncentracijah</a> nikotin deluje pri <a href="/wiki/Sesalci" title="Sesalci">sesalcih</a> stimulativno, kar je eden od glavnih razlogov razvoja <a href="/wiki/Zasvojenost" title="Zasvojenost">zasvojenosti</a> pri <a href="/wiki/Kajenje_tobaka" title="Kajenje tobaka">kajenju tobaka</a>. Vsebnost nikotina v cigaretah se je z leti počasi povečala. Ena izmed raziskav dokazuje, da je v letih med 1998 in 2005 bilo povprečno povečanje za 1,6 %. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zgodovina_in_ime">Zgodovina in ime</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi razdelek: Zgodovina in ime" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&action=edit&section=1" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Zgodovina in ime"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nikotin je poimenovan po navadnem tobaku (lat. <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i>). Ime je dobil po francoskem <a href="/wiki/Veleposlani%C5%A1tvo" title="Veleposlaništvo">veleposlaniku</a> na <a href="/wiki/Portugalska" title="Portugalska">Portugalskem</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Nicot" title="Jean Nicot">Jeanu Nicotu</a>, ki je rastlino in njena semena poslal leta <a href="/wiki/1560" title="1560">1560</a> iz <a href="/wiki/Brazilija" title="Brazilija">Brazilije</a> v <a href="/wiki/Pariz" title="Pariz">Pariz</a>. Nikotin sta iz tobakovca prva izolirala nemška kemika Posselt in Reimann leta <a href="/wiki/1828" title="1828">1828</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kemija" title="Kemija">Kemično</a> <a href="/wiki/Molekulska_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Molekulska formula">molekulsko formulo</a> je prvi zapisal Melsens leta <a href="/wiki/1843" title="1843">1843</a>, leta <a href="/wiki/1893" title="1893">1893</a> pa so nikotin prvič sintetizirali. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kemične_lastnosti"><span id="Kemi.C4.8Dne_lastnosti"></span>Kemične lastnosti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi razdelek: Kemične lastnosti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&action=edit&section=2" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Kemične lastnosti"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nikotin je <a href="/wiki/Higroskopnost" title="Higroskopnost">higroskopna</a> oljnata tekočina z <a href="/wiki/Baza_(kemija)" title="Baza (kemija)">bazičnimi</a> lastnostmi, ki se lahko meša z <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">vodo</a> in zlahka prodira skozi <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%BEa" title="Koža">kožo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Optične_lastnosti"><span id="Opti.C4.8Dne_lastnosti"></span>Optične lastnosti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi razdelek: Optične lastnosti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&action=edit&section=3" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Optične lastnosti"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nikotin je optično aktiven. Ima dve enantiomerski obliki. Oblika, ki se nahaja v naravi, je levosučna [a]<sub>D</sub>= –166,4°. Desnosučna oblika nikotina (+) ima le polovico <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiziolo%C5%A1ka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiziološka (stran ne obstaja)">fiziološke</a> aktivnosti levosučne oblike nikotina, zato je potreben večji <a href="/wiki/Odmerek" title="Odmerek">odmerek</a> (–)-nikotina za dosego enakega učinka.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sol" title="Sol">Soli</a> (–)-nikotina so običajno desnosučne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Farmakologija">Farmakologija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi razdelek: Farmakologija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&action=edit&section=4" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Farmakologija"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farmakokinetika"><a href="/wiki/Farmakokinetika" title="Farmakokinetika">Farmakokinetika</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi razdelek: Farmakokinetika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&action=edit&section=5" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Farmakokinetika"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Cigaretni_ogorek.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cigaretni_ogorek.JPG/250px-Cigaretni_ogorek.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cigaretni_ogorek.JPG/375px-Cigaretni_ogorek.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cigaretni_ogorek.JPG/500px-Cigaretni_ogorek.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Cigaretni ogorek v pepelniku</figcaption></figure> <p>Po vstopu nikotina v <a href="/wiki/Organizem" title="Organizem">organizem</a> se ta zelo hitro porazdeli po <a href="/wiki/Sistemski_krvni_obtok" title="Sistemski krvni obtok">sistemskem</a> krvnem obtoku in lahko prehaja <a href="/wiki/Krvno-mo%C5%BEganska_pregrada" title="Krvno-možganska pregrada">krvno-možgansko pregrado</a>. Po inhalaciji, na primer s cigaretnim dimom, nikotin doseže <a href="/wiki/Mo%C5%BEgani" title="Možgani">možgane</a> po sedmih <a href="/wiki/Sekunda" title="Sekunda">sekundah</a>. Razpolovna doba nikotina je okoli dve uri.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Količina nikotina, ki se absorbira iz vdihanega cigaretnega dima, je odvisna od količine nikotina v tobaku in od cigaretnega filtra. Pri njuhanju ali žvečenju tobaka se <a href="/wiki/Absorbirana_doza" title="Absorbirana doza">absorbirajo</a> večje količine nikotina. </p><p>Presnova nikotina poteka zlasti v <a href="/wiki/Jetra" title="Jetra">jetrih</a> s citokromi P450, predvsem z izoobliko CYP2A6. Poglavitni presnovek nikotina je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kotin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kotin (stran ne obstaja)">kotinin</a>. </p><p>Drugi <a href="/wiki/Presnovek" title="Presnovek">presnovki</a> so nikotin N-oksid, nornikotin, nikotin izometonijev ion, 2-hidroksinikotin in nikotina <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glukuronid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glukuronid (stran ne obstaja)">glukuronid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hukkanen2005_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hukkanen2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> V določenih okoliščinah se lahko uporabijo druge <a href="/wiki/Snov" title="Snov">snovi</a>, ki se oblikujejo kot miosmin.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Načini_odkrivanja"><span id="Na.C4.8Dini_odkrivanja"></span>Načini odkrivanja</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi razdelek: Načini odkrivanja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&action=edit&section=6" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Načini odkrivanja"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medicinsko_odkrivanje">Medicinsko odkrivanje</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi razdelek: Medicinsko odkrivanje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&action=edit&section=7" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Medicinsko odkrivanje"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nikotin se lahko nahaja v krvi, <a href="/wiki/Krvna_plazma" title="Krvna plazma">plazmi</a> ali urinu. Pri zaposlovanju in zdravstvenem zavarovanju (zdravstveni presojevalci, zavarovalnice), so pogosta merjenja <a href="/wiki/Koncentracija" title="Koncentracija">koncentracije</a> nikotina v <a href="/wiki/Slina" title="Slina">slini</a> in <a href="/wiki/Urin" class="mw-redirect" title="Urin">urinu</a>. Natančna razlaga rezultatov je pomembna, ker pasivna izpostavljenost tobačnem dimu povzroči kopičenje nikotina, ki mu sledi pojav njegovih presnovkov v telesnih <a href="/wiki/Teko%C4%8Dina" title="Tekočina">tekočinah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farmakodinamika"><a href="/wiki/Farmakodinamika" title="Farmakodinamika">Farmakodinamika</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi razdelek: Farmakodinamika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&action=edit&section=8" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Farmakodinamika"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nikotin deluje na nikotinske holinergične <a href="/wiki/Receptor" class="mw-disambig" title="Receptor">receptorje</a>, posebej na nikotinske receptorje ganglijskega tipa ter na en nikotinski receptor CNS-a. Prvi je prisoten v <a href="/wiki/Nadledvi%C4%8Dnica" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadledvičnica">nadledvičnem podaljšku</a>, drugi pa je prisoten v centralnem živčnem sistemu (CNS). V majhnih koncentracijah, nikotin poveča aktivnost teh receptorjev. Preko določenih posrednih mehanizmov ima nikotin tudi efekte na razne druge nevrotransmiterje. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Znotraj_centralnega_živčnega_sistema"><span id="Znotraj_centralnega_.C5.BEiv.C4.8Dnega_sistema"></span>Znotraj centralnega živčnega <a href="/wiki/Sistem" title="Sistem">sistema</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi razdelek: Znotraj centralnega živčnega sistema" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&action=edit&section=9" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Znotraj centralnega živčnega sistema"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Z vezavo na nikotinsko-acetilholinske receptorje, nikotin poveča nivo nekaterih <a href="/wiki/Nevrotransmitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevrotransmitor">nevrotransmitorjev</a>. Deluje na določene nastavitve njihovega delovanja. Obstaja mnenje, da je povečanje nivoja <a href="/wiki/Dopamin" title="Dopamin">dopamina</a> v možganskih centrih za <a href="/wiki/Nadgradljivost" title="Nadgradljivost">nadgradnjo</a> odgovorno za evforična in sproščena stanja. Samo ena različna <a href="/wiki/Aminokislina" title="Aminokislina">aminokislina</a> med <a href="/wiki/Mo%C5%BEgani" title="Možgani">možganskim</a> in mišičnih acetilholinskih receptorja razlaga, zakaj se nikotin aktivira v centralnem <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDiv%C4%8Dni_sistem" title="Živčni sistem">živčnem</a> sistemu, ne pa v <a href="/wiki/Skeletni_sistem" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeletni sistem">skeletnih</a> <a href="/wiki/Mi%C5%A1ica" title="Mišica">mišicah</a>. Ta bi povzročila takojšnjo <a href="/wiki/Smrt" title="Smrt">smrt</a>. Zaradi tega je nikotinska odvisnost <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biolo%C5%A1ka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biološka (stran ne obstaja)">biološko</a> nenavadna.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tobačni dim vsebuje <a href="/wiki/Inhibitor" title="Inhibitor">inhibitorje</a> (zaviralce) monoaminooksidaze, <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloide</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harman (stran ne obstaja)">harman</a>, norharman,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15582589_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15582589-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> anabasin, anatabin in nornikotin. Te <a href="/wiki/Spojina" title="Spojina">spojine</a> pri kadilcih bistveno zmanjšajo aktivnost monoaminske oksidaze (MAO). <a href="/wiki/Encim" title="Encim">Encimi</a> monoaminoksidaze uničujejo monoaminske nevrotransmiterje kot dopain, <a href="/wiki/Norepinefrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Norepinefrin">norepinefrina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonina</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Simpatični_živčni_sistem"><span id="Simpati.C4.8Dni_.C5.BEiv.C4.8Dni_sistem"></span>Simpatični živčni sistem</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi razdelek: Simpatični živčni sistem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&action=edit&section=10" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Simpatični živčni sistem"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nikotin aktivira tudi simpatično <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDiv%C4%8Devje" class="mw-redirect" title="Živčevje">živčevje</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in sicer preko živčevja v nadledvičnem delu <a href="/wiki/Hrbtenja%C4%8Da" title="Hrbtenjača">hrbtenjače</a> (drugo ime za <a href="/wiki/Hrbtenja%C4%8Da" title="Hrbtenjača">hrbtenjačo</a> je medula), kjer spodbudi izločanje <a href="/wiki/Adrenalin" title="Adrenalin">adrenalina</a>. <a href="/wiki/Acetilholin" title="Acetilholin">Acetilholin</a>, ki se sprošča iz simpatičnih živčnih vlaken, namreč vpliva na nikotinske acetilholinske <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biokemija)" title="Receptor (biokemija)">receptorje</a>, kar povzroča izločanje adrenalina oziroma adrenalina (in nerepinefrina) v krvni obtok. Nikotin ima poleg tega vpliv tudi na <a href="/wiki/Tkivo" title="Tkivo">tkiva</a>, ki vsebujejo <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a>, saj je zaradi svoje predhodne funkcije v sintezi melanina podoben oziroma soroden tkivom melanina. Omenjena trditev je bila potrjena tudi z dejstvom, da je večja odvisnost od nikotina prisotna pri ljudeh temnejše polti.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nadledvični_del_hrbtenjače_(ali_medula)"><span id="Nadledvi.C4.8Dni_del_hrbtenja.C4.8De_.28ali_medula.29"></span>Nadledvični del hrbtenjače (ali medula)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi razdelek: Nadledvični del hrbtenjače (ali medula)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&action=edit&section=11" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Nadledvični del hrbtenjače (ali medula)"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zaradi povezanosti z nikotinskimi receptorji tipa ganglion v nadledvičnem delu hrbtenjače, nikotin povečuje pretok adrenalina (oziroma epinefrina), stimulativnega hormona in <a href="/wiki/Nevrotransmiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevrotransmiter">nevrotransmiterja</a>. Povezava s temi receptorji povzroča celično depolarizacijo in dotok <a href="/wiki/Kalcij" title="Kalcij">kalcija</a> skozi neprevodne <a href="/wiki/Kalcij" title="Kalcij">kalcijeve</a> <a href="/wiki/Kanal" class="mw-disambig" title="Kanal">kanale</a>. Kalcij sproži <a href="/wiki/Eksocitoza" title="Eksocitoza">eksocitozo</a> kromafinskih zrnc, kar nadalje vodi do sproščanja adrenalina (in norepinefrina) v krvni obtok. Večja količina adrenalina vodi do povečanega srčnega utripa, povečanega <a href="/wiki/Krvni_tlak" title="Krvni tlak">krvnega tlaka</a>, pospešenega dihanja v višje ravni <a href="/wiki/Glukoza" title="Glukoza">glukoze</a> v krvi <sup id="cite_ref-Marieb_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marieb-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Razpolovna_doba" class="mw-redirect" title="Razpolovna doba">Razpolovna doba</a> nikotina, <a href="/wiki/Naravne_enote" title="Naravne enote">naravnega</a> <a href="/wiki/Produkt" class="mw-redirect" title="Produkt">produkta</a> <a href="/wiki/Tobak" title="Tobak">tobaka</a>, znaša od ene do dveh ur. <a href="/wiki/Analiza" class="mw-disambig" title="Analiza">Analiza</a> razpolovne dobe nikotina je olajšana predvsem zaradi kotinina, aktivnega metabolita (ali <a href="/wiki/Presnovek" title="Presnovek">presnovka</a>) nikotina, ki v krvi ostane vse od 18 do 20 ur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psihoaktivni_učinki"><span id="Psihoaktivni_u.C4.8Dinki"></span>Psihoaktivni učinki</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi razdelek: Psihoaktivni učinki" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&action=edit&section=12" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Psihoaktivni učinki"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mnenje o učinkih nikotina na spremembe v razpoloženju so različna, saj natančneje predstavlja tako poživilo, kot tudi sprostitev.(<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Učinek poživila se ustvarja zaradi izločanja glukoze in adrenalina, kar posledično povzroča stimulacijo. Uporabniki nikotina pa pogosto omenjajo tudi občutke sproščenosti, umirjenosti in zbranosti.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kot vsako poživilo tudi nikotin redko privede do neprijetnih nevropsihiatričnih učinkov <a href="/wiki/Akatizija" title="Akatizija">akatizije</a>. Zaradi manjšega apetita in izboljšanega <a href="/wiki/Metabolizem" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolizem">metabolizma</a> (oziroma <a href="/wiki/Presnova" title="Presnova">presnove</a>), nekateri kadilci posledično zmanjšajo svojo težo.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Z nikotinom bogata kri od <a href="/wiki/Plju%C4%8Da" title="Pljuča">pljuč</a> do <a href="/wiki/Mo%C5%BEgani" title="Možgani">možganov</a> pride v sedmih sekundah in takoj v tistem trenutku spodbudi izločanje številnih kemijskih substanc, vključno z acetilholinom, norepinefrinom, adrenalinom, dopaminom, avtokrinih agentov in beta endorfinov.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Izločanje nevrotransmiterjev in hormonov ima največ zaslug za učinke nikotina. Nikotin po nekaterih trditvah izboljša <a href="/wiki/Koncentracija" title="Koncentracija">koncentracijo</a> <sup id="cite_ref-rusted_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rusted-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Spomin" title="Spomin">spomin</a>, izboljšuje tudi pozornost, zmanjšuje občutek <a href="/wiki/Bole%C4%8Dina" title="Bolečina">bolečine</a>, zaradi endorfinov pa vpliva tudi na zmanjšanje občutka strahu. Nikotin poleg tega povečuje tudi pozitivne učinke <a href="/wiki/Dopamin" title="Dopamin">dopamina</a> <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in izboljšuje občutljivost možganov za nagrajevanje.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenny_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenny-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Večina cigaret vsebuje od enega do treh miligramov nikotina <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (v tobačnem dimu, ki ga inhaliramo). </p><p>Rezultati raziskav so pokazali, da kadilci, ki želijo doseči stimulatvni oziroma poživljajoč učinek, vpihujejo kratke in hitre vpihe, ki v <a href="/wiki/Kri" title="Kri">krvi</a> proizvajajo nizko stopnjo nikotina, kar stimulira nevrotransmiterje. Sprostijo se z dolgimi vdihi, ki privedejo do visoke stopnje nikotina v krvi, ki znižuje prehod živčnih impulzov, zaradi česar občutijo blag pomirjevalni učinek. Manjši odmerki nikotina močno povečajo delovanje norepinefrina in dopamina v možganih, kar povzroča zdravilni učinek. Pri višjih odmerkih nikotina je povečan učinek serotinina, povečane so tudi aktivnosti opiatov, ki vplivajo na pomirjevalni in protibolečinski učinek. Nikotin je, v primerjavi z ostalimi škodljivimi <a href="/wiki/Droge" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Droge">drogami</a>, edinstven, prav zaradi njegovih tako poživljajočih kot tudi pomirjevalnih in protibolečinskih učinkov. </p><p>Nikotin sam po sebi še ne povzroča odvisnosti, v kolikor je brez primesi, vendar po stiku z zaviralcem monoaminooksidaze (MAOI), nikotin privede do znatne vedenjske preobčutljivosti, ki je eno izmed meril potencialne odvisnosti.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16177026_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16177026-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Učinek lahko primerjamo z učinki <a href="/wiki/Amfetamin" title="Amfetamin">amfetaminov</a>. </p><p>Nikotinske žvečilke navadno prodajajo v odmerkih po 2 mg ali 4 mg. Prav tako so na voljo nikotinski obliži, nikotinske pastile in elektronske sestavine, ki v tobaku ne posedujejo drugih sestavin.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Odvisnost_in_odvajanje">Odvisnost in odvajanje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi razdelek: Odvisnost in odvajanje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&action=edit&section=13" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Odvisnost in odvajanje"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članek: <a href="/wiki/Kajenje_tobaka" title="Kajenje tobaka">Kajenje tobaka</a>.</i></div></dd></dl> <p>Sodobne raziskave so pokazale, da nikotin negativno vpliva na možgane. Raziskave glede narave zasvojenosti kažejo, da nikotin aktivira mezolimbično pot ("sistem nagrajevanja") - vezje v možganih, ki uravnava občutek ugodja in evforije.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dopamin" title="Dopamin">Dopamin</a> je eden od ključnih <a href="/wiki/Nevrotransmitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevrotransmitor">nevrotransmitorjev</a>, ki je aktivno vključen v možganih. S povečanjem ravni dopamina znotraj nagrajenih možganskih krogih nikotin deluje kemijsko z intenzivno lastnostjo <a href="/wiki/Zasvojenost" title="Zasvojenost">zasvojenosti</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toksikologija">Toksikologija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Uredi razdelek: Toksikologija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&action=edit&section=14" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Toksikologija"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članek: <a href="/wiki/Vpliv_kajenja_tobaka_na_zdravje" title="Vpliv kajenja tobaka na zdravje">Vpliv kajenja tobaka na zdravje</a>.</i></div></dd></dl> <p>LD50 od nikotina je 50 mg/kg za podgane in 3 mg/kg za miši. 40–60 mg (0,5-1,0 mg/kg) je lahko smrtonosen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odmerka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odmerka (stran ne obstaja)">odmerek</a> za odraslega človeka.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nikotin ima zato visoko <a href="/wiki/Toksin" title="Toksin">toksičnost</a> v primerjavi z mnogimi drugimi <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloidi</a>, kot je kokain, ki ima LD50 od 95,1 mg/kg če ga uporabljamo za miši. Malo verjetno je, da bi oseba samo s kajenjem dobila prevelik odmerek. Lahko pa pride do prevelikega odmerka v kombinaciji z nikotinskimi <a href="/wiki/Obli%C5%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Obliž">obliži</a> ali nikotinsko žvečilko in cigaret ob istem času.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Velika koncentracija nikotina razlita na <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%BEa" title="Koža">koži</a>, lahko povzroči zastrupitev ali celo smrt, saj nikotin hitro prehaja preko kože v krvni obtok.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kancorogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kancorogen (stran ne obstaja)">Kancorogene</a> <a href="/wiki/Rakotvornost" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakotvornost">rakotvorne</a> lastnosti nikotina v samostojni obliki, ločene od tobačnega dima, niso objavljene na strani <a href="/wiki/IARC" class="mw-redirect" title="IARC">IARC</a> (Mednarodna agencija za raziskovanje raka) in ne more biti uradno dodeljena v skupino kancerogenih (rakotvornih) <a href="/wiki/Substanca" class="mw-redirect" title="Substanca">substanc</a>. Trenutno razpoložljive literature kažejo, da nikotin sam ne povzroča aktivni razvoj <a href="/wiki/Rak_(bolezen)" title="Rak (bolezen)">rakavih</a> <a href="/wiki/Celica" title="Celica">celic</a> v zdravem tkivu, ter nima <a href="/wiki/Mutagen" title="Mutagen">mutagenih</a> lastnosti. Vendar pa so raziskave pokazale, da nikotin in povečana aktivnost holinergičnih dejavnosti, ki ovirano povzroča <a href="/wiki/Apoptoza" title="Apoptoza">apoptoze</a>, ki je eden od načinov, kako telo uničuje nezaželene celice (programirana celična smrt). Ker <a href="/wiki/Apoptoza" title="Apoptoza">apoptoza</a> pomaga odstraniti mutirane ali <a href="/wiki/Po%C5%A1kodba" title="Poškodba">poškodovane</a> celice, katere lahko s časoma postanejo <a href="/wiki/Rakava_celica" title="Rakava celica">rakaste</a>, delovanje nikotina ustvari ugodnejše okolje za razvoj raka.<sup id="cite_ref-plosone.org_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plosone.org-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> V eni izmed raziskav so nikotin dajali <a href="/wiki/Mi%C5%A1i" title="Miši">miši</a> oboleli s <a href="/wiki/Tumor" title="Tumor">tumorjem</a>. Posledica tega pa je bila povečana velikost tumorja (dvojno povečanje), <a href="/wiki/Metastaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastaza">metastaze</a>(devetkratno povečanje), in tumor ponovitve (trikratno povečanje).<sup id="cite_ref-plosone.org_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plosone.org-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Na Danskem so opravili raziskavo na 77.000 nosečnic in ugotovili, da ženske, ki uporabljajo nikotinsko žvečilko in obliž v zgodnji fazi <a href="/wiki/Nose%C4%8Dnost" title="Nosečnost">nosečnosti</a> imajo povečano tveganje, da se otrok rodi z okvaro <a href="/wiki/Organizem" title="Organizem">organa</a>. Raziskava je tudi pokazala, da ženske v prvih dvajsetih tednih nosečnosti, ki konzumirajo nikotinsko nadomestilo imajo za 60 % večje tveganje, da se otrok rodi s prirojeno okvaro. </p><p>Urad za okolje 1. aprila, <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a> oceni nevarnost za <a href="/wiki/Zdravje" title="Zdravje">zdravje</a> (OEHHA) Kalifornijska agencija v Zakon o varstvu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Okolja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Okolja (stran ne obstaja)">okolja</a> (predlog zakona 65.) doda nikotin na seznam <a href="/wiki/Kemikalija" title="Kemikalija">kemikalij</a>, ki povzročajo <a href="/wiki/Strup" title="Strup">strupe</a> <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bolezni_obtočil"><span id="Bolezni_obto.C4.8Dil"></span>Bolezni <a href="/wiki/Obto%C4%8Dila" title="Obtočila">obtočil</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Uredi razdelek: Bolezni obtočil" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&action=edit&section=15" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Bolezni obtočil"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nikotin ima zelo močan vpliv na žile po vsem telesu. Nikotin je stimulant, dviguje se krvni pritisk in je vazokonstriktor, zaradi česar srce težje črpa kri skozi zožene <a href="/wiki/Arterija" title="Arterija">arterije</a>. To povzroča, da telo sprosti svoje zaloge <a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%A1%C4%8Dobe" title="Maščobe">maščob</a> in <a href="/wiki/Holesterol" title="Holesterol">holesterola</a> v kri. </p><p>Ni dokazano, a obstaja mnenje, da nikotin poveča tveganje za nastanek krvnih strdkov s povečanjem aktivatorjev plazminogena inhibitor-1. Plazemske koncentracije fibrinogena so povišane pri kadilcih in se še poslabšajo med akutno KOPB. Prav tako je Factor XIII, ki stabilizira fibrin strdkov, se poveča pri kadilcih. Nobena od teh dveh učinkov ni pokazala, da jo je povzročil nikotin <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> od leta 2009 [posodobil]. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terapevtski_nameni">Terapevtski nameni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Uredi razdelek: Terapevtski nameni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&action=edit&section=16" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Terapevtski nameni"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pri zdravljenju od nikotina je glavni terapevtski namen uporaba nikotina, da bi odpravili odvisnost od kajenja in zmanjševanje nevarnosti za zdravje. Z nadzorovanim nivojem nikotina, ki ga pacient prejme skozi obliže, žvečilke, elektronske cigarete ali v obliki pršila si prizadevamo, da se bo oseba odvadila od cigaret oziroma nikotina na splošno. </p><p>Vendar pa je v nekaterih primerih pri terapevtskem zdravljenju opaziti kajenje. Ti primeri so pogosto označeni kot <i>Paradoksi za kadilce</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-cohen_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cohen-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Čeprav se v večini primerov dejanski mehanizem razume le slabo ali pa sploh ne, je splošno prepričanje, da je glavni koristen ukrep zaradi uporabe nikotina, in da je uporaba nikotina brez kajenja lahko koristna, ne da bi bilo povečano tveganje za zdravje zaradi katrana in drugih sestavin ki so najdene v tobaku. </p><p>Nedavne raziskave kažejo, da kadilci manj pogosto potrebujejo, ponavljajoče se <a href="/w/index.php?title=Revaskularizacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revaskularizacija (stran ne obstaja)">revaskularizacije</a> po perkutno koronarno <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intervencija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intervencija (stran ne obstaja)">intervenciji</a> (PCI)<sup id="cite_ref-cohen_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cohen-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pogosto se je pokazala nevarnost ulceroznega kolitisa, da je treba zmanjšati odvisnost od odmerka za vsakega kadilca posamezno. Učinek je, če se izloči posameznika, ki neha kaditi.<sup id="cite_ref-ohcm_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohcm-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verjetno je, da kajenje ovira razvoj <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kopasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kopasi (stran ne obstaja)">Kopasijevega</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarkom" title="Sarkom">sarkoma</a> pri bolnikih s HIV,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Nikotin zmanjša možnost raka na <a href="/wiki/Prsi" title="Prsi">dojkah</a> pri ženskah, ki nosi zelo visoko tveganje gena BRCA,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> preeclampsia,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in atopične motnje, kot so alergijske <a href="/wiki/Astma" title="Astma">astme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verjetnost delovanja mehanizmov v teh primerih je nikotin, ki deluje kot protivnetno sredstvo, in se ne nanaša na vnetja povezana z bolezenskimi procesi, saj ima nikotin vazokonstrikcijske učinke.<sup id="cite_ref-sciam_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciam-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Za tobačni dim se je izkazalo, da vsebuje spojine, ki lahko zavrejo MAO. Monoaminooksidaze je odgovoren za razgradnjo dopamina v možganih. Ko je dopamin razdeljen po MAO-B, se oblikujejo nevrotoksični stranski proizvodi, verjetno prispevajo k <a href="/wiki/Parkinsonova_bolezen" title="Parkinsonova bolezen">Parkinsonovi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alzheimerjeva_bolezen" title="Alzheimerjeva bolezen">Alzheimerjevi</a> bolezni.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mnogo teh listin o Alzheimerjevi bolezni <sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Parkinsonove bolezni <sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> je bilo objavljenih. Nedavne raziskave niso našle nobene koristne povezave med kajenjem in Alzheimerjevo boleznijo, in v nekaterih primerih se kaže, da lahko dejansko povzroči zgodnejši začetek bolezni.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vendar pa so raziskave pokazale, da nikotin odloži začetek Parkinsonove bolezni, raziskave vključujejo <a href="/wiki/Opica" class="mw-redirect" title="Opica">opice</a> in človeka.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vendar pa je raziskava pokazala, zaščitni učinek nikotina samo na nevrone aktivirane zaradi nikotina a7-nAChR in PI3K/Akt, ki zavira AIS. </p><p>Nedavne raziskave so pokazale, da se lahko nikotin uporablja za pomoč odraslim, ki trpijo zaradi <a href="/wiki/Epilepsija" title="Epilepsija">epilepsije</a>. Istih območjih, ki povzročajo napade v tej obliki epilepsije, dogovorni so za obdelavo nikotina v <a href="/wiki/Mo%C5%BEgani" title="Možgani">možganih</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raziskave kažejo povezavo med kajenjem in <a href="/wiki/Shizofrenija" title="Shizofrenija">shizofrenijo</a>, z ocenami skoraj 75% za delež shizofrenih bolnikov, ki kadijo. Čeprav je narava zdravljenja ostala nejasna, saj so pred kratkim trdili, da se poveča kajenje pri shizofreniji zaradi želje po ozdravitvi z nikotinom.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Novejše raziskave so pokazale, da to velja za osebe ki so zelo malo odvisne od nikotina, ne pa tudi tiste, ki so zelo odvisne.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vse te raziskave temeljijo le na opazovanju, vendar natančnih raziskav še ni. V teku so raziskave o alternativni uporabi nikotina kot obliž ali žvečilka. </p><p>Nikotin izboljša simptom na <a href="/wiki/ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADHD">ADHD</a>. Nekatere raziskave se osredotočajo na prednosti nikotina pri zdravljenju odraslih z ADHD.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nikotin (v obliki žvečilke ali transdermalni obliž), ki je kot <a href="/wiki/Eksperiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Eksperiment">eksperimentalno</a> zdravljenje OKM. V nasprotnem primeru manjše raziskave kažejo nekaj uspeha pri zdravljenju neodzivnih.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15610960_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15610960-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15610934_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15610934-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11822995_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11822995-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Raziskovalni_potencial_kot_osnova_za_antipsihotično_sredstvo"><span id="Raziskovalni_potencial_kot_osnova_za_antipsihoti.C4.8Dno_sredstvo"></span>Raziskovalni potencial kot osnova za antipsihotično sredstvo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Uredi razdelek: Raziskovalni potencial kot osnova za antipsihotično sredstvo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&action=edit&section=17" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Raziskovalni potencial kot osnova za antipsihotično sredstvo"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ko so bili delci nikotina izolirani in so primerjali prvi odziv pri <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivali" title="Živali">živalskih</a> možganih in nato še pri človeških možganih. Raziskovali so pri ljudeh s shizofrenijo in se je pokazalo, da so učinki pomagali s kognitivnimi motnjami in negativnimi simptomi shizofrenije. Zato nicotinergični agenti, kot antipsihotiki, ki ne vsebujejo nikotina, delujejo na iste receptorje v možganih. Kažejo delovanje kot dodatek antipsihotiki v zgodnjih fazah raziskav FDA za shizofrenijo. Zato je PPI verjel, da ima obraz, izgradnjo in napovedano veljavnost za motne PPI pri <a href="/wiki/Shizofrenija" title="Shizofrenija">shizofreniji</a>, in se pogosto uporabljajo te motnje kot model za raziskave <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevrobiologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nevrobiologija (stran ne obstaja)">nevrobiologije</a> in za presejalne antipsihotike.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dodatne raziskave so, da obstajajo <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">geni</a> predisponirajoči ljudje s shizofrenijo zaradi uporabe nikotina.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glej_tudi">Glej tudi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Uredi razdelek: Glej tudi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&action=edit&section=18" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Glej tudi"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobak" title="Tobak">Tobak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toba%C4%8Dni_izdelki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tobačni izdelki (stran ne obstaja)">Tobačni izdelki</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zunanje_povezave">Zunanje povezave</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Uredi razdelek: Zunanje povezave" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&action=edit&section=19" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Zunanje povezave"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gorenjske-lekarne.si/si/svetovanje/farmacevtov-nasvet/kajenje-ogroza-nase-zdravje">katera zdravila so v lekarnah na voljo za prenehanje kajenja?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.konoplja.org/klasifikacija_drog/Stimulanti/Nikotin.htm">klasifikacija drog</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101219223321/http://konoplja.org/klasifikacija_drog/Stimulanti/Nikotin.htm">Arhivirano</a> 2010-12-19 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnevnik.si/novice/eu/1042257173">delež kadilcev v Sloveniji je najnižji v EU - članek</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vizita.si/clanek/novice/razkriti-pogubni-ucinki-pasivnega-kajenja-na-otroke.html">razkriti pogubni učinki pasivnega kajenja na otroke - članek</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.klinika-golnik.si/dejavnost-bolnisnice/opis-bolezni-in-preiskav/kronicna-obstruktivna-pljucna-bolezen.php">kronična obstruktivna pljučna bolezen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190910073235/http://www.klinika-golnik.si/dejavnost-bolnisnice/opis-bolezni-in-preiskav/kronicna-obstruktivna-pljucna-bolezen.php">Arhivirano</a> 2019-09-10 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pomurske-lekarne.si/si/index.cfm?id=1572">kaj je dobro vedeti - na kratko 31. maj svetovni dan brez tobaka</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502022047/http://www.pomurske-lekarne.si/si/index.cfm?id=1572">Arhivirano</a> 2015-05-02 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnevnik.si/novice/znanost/1042359457">kemikalije iz cigaretnih ogorkov lahko jeklene cevi varujejo pred korozijo - članek</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kemija.org/index.php/kemija-mainmenu-38/24-kemijacat/185-zakaj-bi-kadili">zakaj bi kadili? - članek</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302210130/http://kemija.org/index.php/kemija-mainmenu-38/24-kemijacat/185-zakaj-bi-kadili">Arhivirano</a> 2009-03-02 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viri_in_literatura">Viri in literatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Uredi razdelek: Viri in literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotin&action=edit&section=20" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Viri in literatura"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5980307">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"»""«""›""‹"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dccps.nci.nih.gov/tcrb/monographs/9/m9_3.PDF">»Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 9«</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Smoking+and+Tobacco+Control+Monograph+No.+9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdccps.nci.nih.gov%2Ftcrb%2Fmonographs%2F9%2Fm9_3.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFGause1941" class="citation book cs1">Gause, G. F. (1941). »Chapter V: Analysis of various biological processes by the study of the differential action of optical isomers«. V Luyet, B. J. (ur.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/stream/opticalactivityl00gauz/opticalactivityl00gauz_djvu.txt"><i>Optical Activity and Living Matter</i></a>. A series of monographs on general physiology. Zv. 2. Normandy, Missouri: Biodynamica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knji%C5%BEni+predmet&rft.atitle=Chapter+V%3A+Analysis+of+various+biological+processes+by+the+study+of+the+differential+action+of+optical+isomers&rft.btitle=Optical+Activity+and+Living+Matter&rft.place=Normandy%2C+Missouri&rft.series=A+series+of+monographs+on+general+physiology&rft.pub=Biodynamica&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Gause&rft.aufirst=G.+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.org%2Fstream%2Fopticalactivityl00gauz%2Fopticalactivityl00gauz_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFBenowitz_NLJacob_P_3rdJones_RTRosenberg_J1982" class="citation journal cs1">Benowitz NL; Jacob P 3rd; Jones RT; Rosenberg J (1982). »Interindividual variability in the metabolism and cardiovascular effects of nicotine in man«. <i>J Pharmacol Exp Ther</i>. <b>221</b> (2): 368–72. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7077531">7077531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=J+Pharmacol+Exp+Ther&rft.atitle=Interindividual+variability+in+the+metabolism+and+cardiovascular+effects+of+nicotine+in+man&rft.volume=221&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=368-72&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7077531&rft.au=Benowitz+NL&rft.au=Jacob+P+3rd&rft.au=Jones+RT&rft.au=Rosenberg+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hukkanen2005-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hukkanen2005_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFHukkanen_JJacob_P_3rdBenowitz_NL2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hukkanen J; Jacob P 3rd; Benowitz NL (Marec 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831085213/http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/57/1/79">»Metabolism and Disposition Kinetics of Nicotine«</a>. <i>Pharmacol Rev</i>. <b>57</b> (1): 79–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fpr.57.1.3">10.1124/pr.57.1.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15734728">15734728</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/57/1/79">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 31. avgusta 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 9. decembra 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Pharmacol+Rev.&rft.atitle=Metabolism+and+Disposition+Kinetics+of+Nicotine&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-115&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1124%2Fpr.57.1.3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15734728&rft.au=Hukkanen+J&rft.au=Jacob+P+3rd&rft.au=Benowitz+NL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpharmrev.aspetjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F57%2F1%2F79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120707103337/http://chromatographyonline.findanalytichem.com/lcgc/News/The-danger-of-third-hand-smoke/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/713385">»arhivska kopija«</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chromatographyonline.findanalytichem.com/lcgc/News/The-danger-of-third-hand-smoke/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/713385">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 7. julija 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 9. decembra 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=arhivska+kopija&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchromatographyonline.findanalytichem.com%2Flcgc%2FNews%2FThe-danger-of-third-hand-smoke%2FArticleStandard%2FArticle%2Fdetail%2F713385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benowitz NL, Hukkanen J, Jacob P. Nicotine chemistry, metabolism, kinetics and biomarkers. Handb. Exp. Pharmacol. 192: 29-60, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Baselt, <i>Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man</i>, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 1103-1107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Katzung, Bertram G. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology (Basic and Clinical Pharmacology). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical, 2006. pages 99-105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15582589-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15582589_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFHerraiz_TChaparro_C2005" class="citation journal cs1">Herraiz T; Chaparro C (2005). »Human monoamine oxidase is inhibited by tobacco smoke: beta-carboline alkaloids act as potent and reversible inhibitors«. <i>Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun</i>. <b>326</b> (2): 378–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbrc.2004.11.033">10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.11.033</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15582589">15582589</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Biochem.+Biophys.+Res.+Commun.&rft.atitle=Human+monoamine+oxidase+is+inhibited+by+tobacco+smoke%3A+beta-carboline+alkaloids+act+as+potent+and+reversible+inhibitors&rft.volume=326&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=378-86&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bbrc.2004.11.033&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15582589&rft.au=Herraiz+T&rft.au=Chaparro+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFYoshida_TSakane_NUmekawa_TKondo_M1994" class="citation journal cs1">Yoshida T; Sakane N; Umekawa T; Kondo M (Januar 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0031-9384(94)90009-4">»Effect of nicotine on sympathetic nervous system activity of mice subjected to immobilization stress«</a>. <i>Physiol Behav</i>. <b>55</b> (1): 53–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0031-9384%2894%2990009-4">10.1016/0031-9384(94)90009-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8140174">8140174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Physiol+Behav.&rft.atitle=Effect+of+nicotine+on+sympathetic+nervous+system+activity+of+mice+subjected+to+immobilization+stress&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-7&rft.date=1994-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0031-9384%2894%2990009-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8140174&rft.au=Yoshida+T&rft.au=Sakane+N&rft.au=Umekawa+T&rft.au=Kondo+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2F0031-9384%2894%2990009-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">King G, Yerger VB, Whembolua GL, Bendel RB, Kittles R, Moolchan ET. Link between facultative melanin and tobacco use among African Americans.(2009). Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 92(4):589-96. <a href="/wiki/Identifikator_digitalnega_objekta" title="Identifikator digitalnega objekta">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2009.02.011">10.1016/j.pbb.2009.02.011</a> <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19268687?dopt=Abstract">PMID 19268687</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marieb-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Marieb_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFElaine_N._MariebKatja_Hoehn2007" class="citation book cs1">Elaine N. Marieb; Katja Hoehn (2007). <i>Human Anatomy & Physiology (7th Ed.)</i>. Pearson. str. ?. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-805-35909-5" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-805-35909-5"><bdi>0-805-35909-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=Human+Anatomy+%26+Physiology+%287th+Ed.%29&rft.pages=%3F&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-805-35909-5&rft.au=Elaine+N.+Marieb&rft.au=Katja+Hoehn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ti.ubc.ca/pages/letter21.htm"><i>Effective Clinical Tobacco Intervention</i></a>, Therapeutics Letter, issue 21, September–October 1997, University of British Columbia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilbert Lagrue, François Lebargy, Anne Cormier, "From nicotinic receptors to smoking dependence: therapeutic prospects" <i>Alcoologie et Addictologie</i> Vol. : 23, N° : 2S, juin 2001, pages 39S - 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Claude Orsini, "Dependence on tobacco smoking and brain systems controlling glycemia and appetite" <i>Alcoologie et Addictologie</i> Vol. : 23, N° : 2S, juin 2001, pages 28S - 36S</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uninews.unimelb.edu.au/articleid_1898.html">Smokers lose their appetite : Media Releases : News : The University of Melbourne</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/par16.htm">Chemically Correct: Nicotine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091201051323/http://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/par16.htm">Arhivirano</a> 2009-12-01 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</i>, Andrew Novick</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rusted-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-rusted_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFRustedGraupnerO'Connell1994" class="citation journal cs1">Rusted, J; Graupner, L; O'Connell, Nicholls (5. maj 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/75034q53031260j8/?p=afde608485604678839ab0e950be77f9&pi=0">»Does nicotine improve cognitive function?«</a>. <i>Psychopharmacology</i>. Springer-Verlag (115): 547–549<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 15. novembra 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Psychopharmacology&rft.atitle=Does+nicotine+improve+cognitive+function%3F&rft.issue=115&rft.pages=547-549&rft.date=1994-05-05&rft.aulast=Rusted&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Graupner%2C+L&rft.au=O%27Connell%2C+Nicholls&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F75034q53031260j8%2F%3Fp%3Dafde608485604678839ab0e950be77f9%26pi%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Mrtva_povezava" title="Wikipedija:Mrtva povezava"><span title=" Mrtva povezava, označena mesec ni naveden">mrtva povezava</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/020328/nicotine.shtml">http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/020328/nicotine.shtml</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenny-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kenny_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFKenny_PJMarkou_A2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kenny PJ; Markou A (Junij 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/npp/journal/v31/n6/full/1300905a.html">»Nicotine self-administration acutely activates brain reward systems and induces a long-lasting increase in reward sensitivity«</a>. <i>Neuropsychopharmacology</i>. <b>31</b> (6): 1203–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1300905">10.1038/sj.npp.1300905</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16192981">16192981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Neuropsychopharmacology&rft.atitle=Nicotine+self-administration+acutely+activates+brain+reward+systems+and+induces+a+long-lasting+increase+in+reward+sensitivity&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1203-11&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1300905&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16192981&rft.au=Kenny+PJ&rft.au=Markou+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnpp%2Fjournal%2Fv31%2Fn6%2Ffull%2F1300905a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/nicotine/nicotine_dose.shtml">Erowid Nicotine Vault : Dosage</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16177026-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16177026_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFGuillem_KVouillac_CAzar_MR2005" class="citation journal cs1">Guillem K; Vouillac C; Azar MR; in sod. (<span dir="ltr">september 2005</span>). »Monoamine oxidase inhibition dramatically increases the motivation to self-administer nicotine in rats«. <i>J. Neurosci</i>. <b>25</b> (38): 8593–600. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.2139-05.2005">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2139-05.2005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16177026">16177026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=J.+Neurosci.&rft.atitle=Monoamine+oxidase+inhibition+dramatically+increases+the+motivation+to+self-administer+nicotine+in+rats&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=8593-600&rft.date=2005-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.2139-05.2005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16177026&rft.au=Guillem+K&rft.au=Vouillac+C&rft.au=Azar+MR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Predloga:Navedi_%C4%8Dasopis" title="Predloga:Navedi časopis">navedi časopis</a>}}</code>: Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Vzdr%C5%BEevanje_CS1:_samodejni_prevod_datuma" title="Kategorija:Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma">povezava</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/12/101216102116.htm">E-Cigs Less Dangerous Than Traditional Cigarettes, Researcher Claims</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nida.nih.gov/researchreports/nicotine/nicotine2.html">NIDA - Research Report Series - Tobacco Addiction - Extent, Impact, Delivery, and Addictiveness</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFOkamoto_MKita_TOkuda_HTanaka_T1994" class="citation journal cs1">Okamoto M; Kita T; Okuda H; Tanaka T; Nakashima T (Julij 1994). »Effects of aging on acute toxicity of nicotine in rats«. <i>Pharmacol Toxicol</i>. <b>75</b> (1): 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0773.1994.tb00316.x">10.1111/j.1600-0773.1994.tb00316.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7971729">7971729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Pharmacol+Toxicol.&rft.atitle=Effects+of+aging+on+acute+toxicity+of+nicotine+in+rats&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=1994-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0773.1994.tb00316.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7971729&rft.au=Okamoto+M&rft.au=Kita+T&rft.au=Okuda+H&rft.au=Tanaka+T&rft.au=Nakashima+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/nicotine.htm#PartTitle:7.%20TOXICOLOGY">IPCS INCHEM</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121151011/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/overdose.html">»arhivska kopija«</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/overdose.html">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 21. januarja 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 11. decembra 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=arhivska+kopija&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flearn.genetics.utah.edu%2Fcontent%2Faddiction%2Fdrugs%2Foverdose.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFLockhart_LP1933" class="citation journal cs1">Lockhart LP (1933). »Nicotine poisoning«. <i>Br Med J</i>. <b>1</b>: 246–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.3762.246-c">10.1136/bmj.1.3762.246-c</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Br+Med+J&rft.atitle=Nicotine+poisoning&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=246-7&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.1.3762.246-c&rft.au=Lockhart+LP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plosone.org-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-plosone.org_29-0">29,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-plosone.org_29-1">29,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0007524">http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0007524</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/files/P65single121809.pdf">http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/files/P65single121809.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cohen-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cohen_32-0">32,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cohen_32-1">32,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFCohenMichelDonald_E.Kalon_K.L.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, David J.; Michel, Doucet; Donald E., Cutlip; Kalon K.L., Ho; Jeffrey J., Popma; Richard E., Kuntz (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.data-yard.net/34/circulation_2001_104_773.htm">»Impact of Smoking on Clinical and Angiographic Restenosis After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention«</a>. <i>Circulation</i>. <b>104</b> (7): 773. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2Fhc3201.094225">10.1161/hc3201.094225</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11502701">11502701</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 6. novembra 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Circulation&rft.atitle=Impact+of+Smoking+on+Clinical+and+Angiographic+Restenosis+After+Percutaneous+Coronary+Intervention&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=773&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1161%2Fhc3201.094225&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11502701&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft.au=Michel%2C+Doucet&rft.au=Donald+E.%2C+Cutlip&rft.au=Kalon+K.L.%2C+Ho&rft.au=Jeffrey+J.%2C+Popma&rft.au=Richard+E.%2C+Kuntz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.data-yard.net%2F34%2Fcirculation_2001_104_773.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohcm-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ohcm_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Longmore, M., Wilkinson, I., Torok, E. Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine (Fifth Edition) p. 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFGreen_JTRichardson_CMarshall_RW2000" class="citation journal cs1">Green JT; Richardson C; Marshall RW; in sod. (<span dir="ltr">november 2000</span>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0269-2813&date=2000&volume=14&issue=11&spage=1429">»Nitric oxide mediates a therapeutic effect of nicotine in ulcerative colitis«</a>. <i>Aliment Pharmacol Ther</i>. <b>14</b> (11): 1429–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2036.2000.00847.x">10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00847.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11069313">11069313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Aliment+Pharmacol+Ther.&rft.atitle=Nitric+oxide+mediates+a+therapeutic+effect+of+nicotine+in+ulcerative+colitis&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1429-34&rft.date=2000-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2036.2000.00847.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11069313&rft.au=Green+JT&rft.au=Richardson+C&rft.au=Marshall+RW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.interscience.wiley.com%2Fresolve%2Fopenurl%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26sid%3Dnlm%3Apubmed%26issn%3D0269-2813%26date%3D2000%26volume%3D14%26issue%3D11%26spage%3D1429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Predloga:Navedi_%C4%8Dasopis" title="Predloga:Navedi časopis">navedi časopis</a>}}</code>: Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Vzdr%C5%BEevanje_CS1:_samodejni_prevod_datuma" title="Kategorija:Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma">povezava</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Mrtva_povezava" title="Wikipedija:Mrtva povezava"><span title=" Mrtva povezava, označena mesec ni naveden">mrtva povezava</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">cite JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst (2002) 94 (22): 1712-1718. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720072737/http://www.data-yard.net/10b/kaposi.htm">»Smoking Cuts Risk of Rare Cancer«</a>. UPI. 29. marec 2001. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.data-yard.net/10b/kaposi.htm">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 20. julija 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 6. novembra 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.atitle=Smoking+Cuts+Risk+of+Rare+Cancer&rft.date=2001-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.data-yard.net%2F10b%2Fkaposi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFRecer1998" class="citation news cs1">Recer, Paul (19. maj 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003052402/http://www.forces.org/evidence/files/brea.htm">»Cigarettes May Have an Up Side«</a>. Associated Press. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forces.org/evidence/files/brea.htm">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 3. oktobra 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 6. novembra 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.atitle=Cigarettes+May+Have+an+Up+Side&rft.date=1998-05-19&rft.aulast=Recer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forces.org%2Fevidence%2Ffiles%2Fbrea.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFLainRobert_W.Marijane_A.Roberta_B.1991" class="citation journal cs1">Lain, Kristine Y.; Robert W., Powers; Marijane A., Krohn; Roberta B., Ness; William R., Crombleholme; James M., Roberts (<span dir="ltr">november 1991</span>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080807165958/http://www.data-yard.net/2/13/ajog.htm">»Urinary cotinine concentration confirms the reduced risk of preeclampsia with tobacco exposure«</a>. <i>American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology</i>. <b>181</b> (5): 908–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2222.2001.01096.x">10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01096.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11422156">11422156</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.data-yard.net/2/13/ajog.htm">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 7. avgusta 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 6. novembra 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Obstetrics+and+Gynecology&rft.atitle=Urinary+cotinine+concentration+confirms+the+reduced+risk+of+preeclampsia+with+tobacco+exposure&rft.volume=181&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=908-14&rft.date=1991-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2222.2001.01096.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11422156&rft.aulast=Lain&rft.aufirst=Kristine+Y.&rft.au=Robert+W.%2C+Powers&rft.au=Marijane+A.%2C+Krohn&rft.au=Roberta+B.%2C+Ness&rft.au=William+R.%2C+Crombleholme&rft.au=James+M.%2C+Roberts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.data-yard.net%2F2%2F13%2Fajog.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Predloga:Navedi_%C4%8Dasopis" title="Predloga:Navedi časopis">navedi časopis</a>}}</code>: Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Vzdr%C5%BEevanje_CS1:_samodejni_prevod_datuma" title="Kategorija:Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma">povezava</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFHjernHedbergHaglundRosen2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hjern, A; Hedberg, A; Haglund, B; Rosen, M (Junij 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.data-yard.net/30/asthma.htm">»Does tobacco smoke prevent atopic disorders? A study of two generations of Swedish residents«</a>. <i>Clin Exp Allergy</i>. <b>31</b> (6): 908–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2222.2001.01096.x">10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01096.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11422156">11422156</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 6. novembra 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Clin+Exp+Allergy&rft.atitle=Does+tobacco+smoke+prevent+atopic+disorders%3F+A+study+of+two+generations+of+Swedish+residents&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=908-14&rft.date=2001-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2222.2001.01096.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11422156&rft.aulast=Hjern&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Hedberg%2C+A&rft.au=Haglund%2C+B&rft.au=Rosen%2C+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.data-yard.net%2F30%2Fasthma.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sciam-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sciam_39-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFLisa_Melton2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lisa Melton (Junij 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&colID=5&articleID=00080902-A2CF-146C-9D1E83414B7F0000">»Body Blazes«</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>: 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Body+Blazes&rft.pages=24&rft.date=2006-06&rft.au=Lisa+Melton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciam.com%2Farticle.cfm%3FchanID%3Dsa006%26colID%3D5%26articleID%3D00080902-A2CF-146C-9D1E83414B7F0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFFratiglioniWang2000" class="citation journal cs1">Fratiglioni, L; Wang, HX (Avgust 2000). »Smoking and Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease: review of the epidemiological studies«. <i>Behav Brain Res</i>. <b>113</b> (1–2): 117–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0166-4328%2800%2900206-0">10.1016/S0166-4328(00)00206-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10942038">10942038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Behav+Brain+Res&rft.atitle=Smoking+and+Parkinson%27s+and+Alzheimer%27s+disease%3A+review+of+the+epidemiological+studies&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=117-20&rft.date=2000-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0166-4328%2800%2900206-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10942038&rft.aulast=Fratiglioni&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Wang%2C+HX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFThompson" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, Carol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061014161057/http://www.forces.org/evidence/carol/carol16.htm">»Alzheimer's disease is associated with non-smoking«</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forces.org/evidence/carol/carol16.htm">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 14. oktobra 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 6. novembra 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Alzheimer%27s+disease+is+associated+with+non-smoking&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forces.org%2Fevidence%2Fcarol%2Fcarol16.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFThompson" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, Carol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061019095337/http://www.forces.org/evidence/carol/carol36.htm">»Parkinson's disease is associated with non-smoking«</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forces.org/evidence/carol/carol36.htm">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 19. oktobra 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 6. novembra 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Parkinson%27s+disease+is+associated+with+non-smoking&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forces.org%2Fevidence%2Fcarol%2Fcarol36.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFDeNoon2006" class="citation web cs1">DeNoon, Daniel (11. avgust 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webmd.com/parkinsons-disease/news/20060811/nicotine-slows-parkinsons-disease">»Nicotine Slows Parkinson's Disease«</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 27. decembra 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Nicotine+Slows+Parkinson%27s+Disease&rft.date=2006-08-11&rft.aulast=DeNoon&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Fparkinsons-disease%2Fnews%2F20060811%2Fnicotine-slows-parkinsons-disease&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFPeck2002" class="citation web cs1">Peck, Peggy (25. julij 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nutraingredients.com/Research/More-vitamin-B6-linked-to-lower-Parkinson-s-risk">»Smoking Significantly Increases Risk of Alzheimer's Disease Among Those Who Have No Genetic Predisposition«</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 27. decembra 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Smoking+Significantly+Increases+Risk+of+Alzheimer%27s+Disease+Among+Those+Who+Have+No+Genetic+Predisposition&rft.date=2002-07-25&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=Peggy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nutraingredients.com%2FResearch%2FMore-vitamin-B6-linked-to-lower-Parkinson-s-risk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFFox2007" class="citation news cs1">Fox, Maggie (24. oktober 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2431402020071024">»Nicotine may ease Parkinson's symptoms: U.S. study«</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 27. decembra 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Nicotine+may+ease+Parkinson%27s+symptoms%3A+U.S.+study&rft.date=2007-10-24&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSN2431402020071024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J Neurochem. 2011 Sep 2. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07466.x.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnsforum.com/commenteditem/3c5dccdc-27fb-4b80-9516-ab81e3e4ea6c/default.aspx">»Nicotine as an antiepileptic agent in ADNFLE: An n-of-one study«</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Nicotine+as+an+antiepileptic+agent+in+ADNFLE%3A+An+n-of-one+study&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnsforum.com%2Fcommenteditem%2F3c5dccdc-27fb-4b80-9516-ab81e3e4ea6c%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFde_Leon_JTracy_JMcCann_EMcGrory_A2002" class="citation journal cs1">de Leon J; Tracy J; McCann E; McGrory A; Diaz FJ (Julij 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S092099640100192X">»Schizophrenia and tobacco smoking: a replication study in another US psychiatric hospital«</a>. <i>Schizophr Res</i>. <b>56</b> (1–2): 55–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0920-9964%2801%2900192-X">10.1016/S0920-9964(01)00192-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12084420">12084420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Schizophr+Res.&rft.atitle=Schizophrenia+and+tobacco+smoking%3A+a+replication+study+in+another+US+psychiatric+hospital&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=55-65&rft.date=2002-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0920-9964%2801%2900192-X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12084420&rft.au=de+Leon+J&rft.au=Tracy+J&rft.au=McCann+E&rft.au=McGrory+A&rft.au=Diaz+FJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS092099640100192X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFde_Leon_JDadvand_MCanuso_CWhite_AO1995" class="citation journal cs1">de Leon J; Dadvand M; Canuso C; White AO; Stanilla JK; Simpson GM (Marec 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7864277">»Schizophrenia and smoking: an epidemiological survey in a state hospital«</a>. <i>Am J Psychiatry</i>. <b>152</b> (3): 453–5. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7864277">7864277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Schizophrenia+and+smoking%3A+an+epidemiological+survey+in+a+state+hospital&rft.volume=152&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=453-5&rft.date=1995-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7864277&rft.au=de+Leon+J&rft.au=Dadvand+M&rft.au=Canuso+C&rft.au=White+AO&rft.au=Stanilla+JK&rft.au=Simpson+GM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fajp.psychiatryonline.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D7864277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFAguilar_MCGurpegui_MDiaz_FJde_Leon_J2005" class="citation journal cs1">Aguilar MC; Gurpegui M; Diaz FJ; de Leon J (Marec 2005). »Nicotine dependence and symptoms in schizophrenia: naturalistic study of complex interactions«. <i>Br J Psychiatry</i>. <b>186</b>: 215–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.186.3.215">10.1192/bjp.186.3.215</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15738502">15738502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Br+J+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Nicotine+dependence+and+symptoms+in+schizophrenia%3A+naturalistic+study+of+complex+interactions&rft.volume=186&rft.pages=215-21&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1192%2Fbjp.186.3.215&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15738502&rft.au=Aguilar+MC&rft.au=Gurpegui+M&rft.au=Diaz+FJ&rft.au=de+Leon+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091018201737/http://adam.about.com/reports/000030_1.htm">»Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder«</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adam.about.com/reports/000030_1.htm">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 18. oktobra 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 21. septembra 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Attention-Deficit+Hyperactivity+Disorder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadam.about.com%2Freports%2F000030_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15610960-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15610960_52-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFPasquini_MGaravini_ABiondi_M2005" class="citation journal cs1">Pasquini M; Garavini A; Biondi M (Januar 2005). »Nicotine augmentation for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. A case report«. <i>Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 157–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pnpbp.2004.08.011">10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.08.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15610960">15610960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Prog.+Neuropsychopharmacol.+Biol.+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Nicotine+augmentation+for+refractory+obsessive-compulsive+disorder.+A+case+report&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=157-9&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pnpbp.2004.08.011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15610960&rft.au=Pasquini+M&rft.au=Garavini+A&rft.au=Biondi+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15610934-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15610934_53-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFLundberg_SCarlsson_ANorfeldt_PCarlsson_ML2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lundberg S; Carlsson A; Norfeldt P; Carlsson ML (<span dir="ltr">november 2004</span>). »Nicotine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder«. <i>Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry</i>. <b>28</b> (7): 1195–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pnpbp.2004.06.014">10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.06.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15610934">15610934</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Prog.+Neuropsychopharmacol.+Biol.+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Nicotine+treatment+of+obsessive-compulsive+disorder&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1195-9&rft.date=2004-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pnpbp.2004.06.014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15610934&rft.au=Lundberg+S&rft.au=Carlsson+A&rft.au=Norfeldt+P&rft.au=Carlsson+ML&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Predloga:Navedi_%C4%8Dasopis" title="Predloga:Navedi časopis">navedi časopis</a>}}</code>: Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Vzdr%C5%BEevanje_CS1:_samodejni_prevod_datuma" title="Kategorija:Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma">povezava</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11822995-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11822995_54-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFTizabi_YLouis_VATaylor_CTWaxman_D2002" class="citation journal cs1">Tizabi Y; Louis VA; Taylor CT; Waxman D; Culver KE; Szechtman H (Januar 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006322301012070">»Effect of nicotine on quinpirole-induced checking behavior in rats: implications for obsessive-compulsive disorder«</a>. <i>Biol. Psychiatry</i>. <b>51</b> (2): 164–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0006-3223%2801%2901207-0">10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01207-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11822995">11822995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Biol.+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Effect+of+nicotine+on+quinpirole-induced+checking+behavior+in+rats%3A+implications+for+obsessive-compulsive+disorder&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=164-71&rft.date=2002-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0006-3223%2801%2901207-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11822995&rft.au=Tizabi+Y&rft.au=Louis+VA&rft.au=Taylor+CT&rft.au=Waxman+D&rft.au=Culver+KE&rft.au=Szechtman+H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0006322301012070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFSuemaru_KKohnomi_SUmeda_KAraki_H2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Suemaru K; Kohnomi S; Umeda K; Araki H (2008). »Alpha7 nicotinic receptor agonists have reported to reverse the PPI disruption«. <i>Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi</i> (v japonščini). <b>28</b> (3): 121–6. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18646597">18646597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Nihon+Shinkei+Seishin+Yakurigaku+Zasshi&rft.atitle=Alpha7+nicotinic+receptor+agonists+have+reported+to+reverse+the+PPI+disruption&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=121-6&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18646597&rft.au=Suemaru+K&rft.au=Kohnomi+S&rft.au=Umeda+K&rft.au=Araki+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFDe_LucaWongMullerWong2004" class="citation journal cs1">De Luca, V; Wong, AH; Muller, DJ; Wong, GW; Tyndale, RF; Kennedy, JL. (2004). »Evidence of association between smoking and alpha7 nicotinic receptor subunit gene in schizophrenia patients«. <i>Neuropsychopharmacology</i>. <b>29</b> (8): 1522–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1300466">10.1038/sj.npp.1300466</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15100704">15100704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Neuropsychopharmacology&rft.atitle=Evidence+of+association+between+smoking+and+alpha7+nicotinic+receptor+subunit+gene+in+schizophrenia+patients&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1522-6&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1300466&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15100704&rft.aulast=De+Luca&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Wong%2C+AH&rft.au=Muller%2C+DJ&rft.au=Wong%2C+GW&rft.au=Tyndale%2C+RF&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+JL.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ANikotin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Normativna_kontrola" title="Wikipedija:Normativna kontrola">Normativna kontrola: Narodne knjižnice</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28086552#identifiers" title="Uredite to na Wikipodatkih"><img alt="Uredite to na Wikipodatkih" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007531422205171">Izrael</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85091817">ZDA</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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